Building Technology 12 January 2018

CO1. Identify the basic properties and 17.The standard height of window sills for office rooms in
composition of building construction and upper floors is
finishing materials including their application a.1.2 meters b.0.60 meters c.0.90 meters
and articulation in the building envelope.
18. The dimension of commercial acoustic boards for
aluminum T-runners used for dropped-ceiling in offices is
1.Wood coming out from trees with needle leaves, rather
than broad leaves are called a.30” x 60” x 1” b.24” x 50” x 7/8”
a. ironwood b. mahogany c.24” x 48” x ½”
c.softwood d. hardwood
19. Humidification and condensation in exterior walls can
2. Joint employed to reduce restraint by accommodating be minimized by
movement of masonry walls are known as a. Providing stud space between exterior finish and
a. cold joints b. control joints c. blockouts interior finish

3. A system of framing a building in which the studs are b. providing building paper sheathing
continuous to roof supporting second floor joints is c. providing building paper sheathing and space filled
known as
a. post and beam b. western framing CO2. Describe the practical application of building
c. balloon framing materials- its application, installation, fabrication
and maintenance methods and techniques relative
4. Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a to building design and construction
wall with a hand operated machine is
a. tryolean finish b.trowel finish 20. Heat gain through the structure of a habitable room
c.broom stripped finish occur in tropical region at walls and roofs by conduction.
This can be minimized by the use of
5. A principal member of the truss which extends from a.wood b. concrete c.steel
one end to the other primarily to resist bending is a
a. web member b.girt c.chord 21. A material used to remedy vapor flow
a. glossy surfaced asphalt saturated paper, 50 lbs or
6. a composition of two or more metals fused together more
usually to obtain a desired property b.wall paper c.asbestos cement board
a. annealing b.alloy c. built-up
22. Dry walls do not require appreciable amount of
7. The horizontal distance from the face of a lock or latch moisture and they are customarily finished with
to the center of the knob or lock cylinder
a. Backset b.backfill c.built-up a. mortar and cement c. lath and plaster
b.plywood on studs
8. A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for
23. Wallboards or plywood maybe applied over studs.
its corrosion resistance and ductility is They can also be applied over CHB masonry wall by
a. cast iron b.black iron c.wrought iron using
9. The Filipino term for horizontal stud is a. wood battens b.furring c. sheathing
a. Pabalagbag b.Tahilan c.pilareta
24. Identify the miter joint from the following
10. The Filipino term for riser
a.Muldura b.takip silipan c.planehuelda

11. The Filipino term for collar plate is

a.Hardinera b.Guililan c.sinturon

12. The Filipino term for temper (metal work)

a. Suban b.Espolon c.poleva 25. To turn back water whenever joints occur in which
dissimilar materials come together, it is necessary to
13. The Filipino term for plumb line is provide
a.Pantily b.Asintada c.hulog a.flashing material b.binding material
14. A beam that projects beyond one or both its support c.counter flushing
a. continuous b.cantiliver
c. tie 26. The part of a foundation system which supports the
exterior walls of a superstructure and bears directly on
15. A wall (bearing or non-bearing) designed to resist the column footing is a
lateral forces parallel to the wall a. foundation course b.grade beam
a.non-bearing b.prefabricated c.shear c.foundation wall

16. A modern method of installing wood parquet flooring 27.A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along
on wooden boards sub-flooring is by the edges of two parallel boards in the same plane is a

a.gluing/pasting b.nailing into battens a. fillet b.cant strip c.batten

c.wainscoting
 Building Technology 12 January 2018

28.The stressing of unbounded tendons after concrete 42.Plaster or plywood ceiling on nailers or joists below a
has cured is ventilated roof space may show “pattern staining” on the
a. post-tensioning b.pre-casting ceiling. This can be prevented by
c.lift slab a.cleaning b.adequate insulation
c.re-painting
29.The boxing in of covering a joist, beam or girder to
give the appearance of a larger beam is known as 43.Heat gain through the walls in buildings exposed to
a. beam formworks b.beam blocking afternoon sun intensifies discomfort of inhabitants
c.grade beam because of conductivity. However, this can be minimized
by the use of
30. A system of framing a building on which floor joists of a.combination of wood boards and plywood with cavity
each storey rest on the top plates of the storey below between
and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor b.thick reinforced concrete wall
of each storey is known as c.steel sheets
a.balloon framing b.flank framing
c.western framing 44. Sound or noise between bedrooms may be reduced
by using less expensive materials with the application of
31. Pressure exerted against the underground portion of construction techniques
a building created by the presence of water in the soil is
known as a.double wall plywood on horizontal and vertical studs
a.soil bearing pressure b.hydrostatic pressure with absorbents
c.atmospheric pressure b.solid 6” R.C. wall
c. sawali on 2” x 2” studs
32. A window which projects outside the main line of a
building and the compartment in which it is located 45. Dry walls are customarily finished with
extends to the floor is known as
a.bay window b.hopper window a.lath and plaster
c.oriel window b.mortar and hollow blocks
c.reinforced concrete
33. A form of brick bond in which each course is
alternately composed of entirely of headers or of 46. One method of leveling batterboards without the
stretchers is known as transit is the use of
a. common bond b.flemish bond
a. ¼ Ø plastic hose filled with water
c.english bond
b. eyesight
34. A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens c. plumb bob
before the next batch of concrete is placed against it is
a. block out b.cold joint c.control joint 47. A typical block or panel type insulating material used
in flat roof of commercial or industrial building
35.An iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon a. corkboard b.acacia lumber
which has high compressive strength but low tensile c.washed pebbles
strength is
a.pig iron b.cast iron c.wrought iron CO3. Specify appropriately building materials
considering its applicability, practicability and its
36.The Filipino term for plastered course is functionality and in accordance with the standard
a.lastilyas b.moneyka c.kusturada 48. A ferrous metal that offers great resistance to
abrassion and finds important use in the cutting edges of
37.The Filipino term for bottom chord is heavy digging tools is a
a.barakilan b.sibe c.estunyo
a. alloy steel c.manganese steel
b.nickel steel
38.The Filipino term for purlin is
a.tahilan b.balangkas c.reostra
49. A building stone of igneous origin and composed of
quartz, hornblende and mica is a
39.The Filipino term for eave is
a. travertine b. serpentine c. granite
a.sepo b.tabike c.sibe
50. A form of brick bond in which the course consists of
40.The Filipino term for top chord is alternate stretchers and headers in known as
a.tahilan b.baytang c.sinturon
a. flemish bond b. english bond
c. common bond
41.The capacity of a wall to hold moisture is important in
the design of dwelling units. Select the best material
51. The Filipino term for rabbet
which will reduce moisture in a wall when used
a. palitada b.asintada c. vaciada
a. CHB S-cut joint finish
b.1” thick V-cut wood boards 52. The Filipino term for projection is
a. alahado b.bolada c.asinta
c.Synthetic adobe finish on R.C. wall
 Building Technology 12 January 2018

53. These are materials excellent as vapor barrier in the 66. Wood with metal cladding is called
roofing system of residential buildings a. channel strip b.reinforced wood
a. particle board b.lawanit boards c.kalamein
c. aluminium foil sheets
67.The Filipino term for floor joist is
54.This is a material that holds less moisture, is very a. suelo b.guililan c.soleras
light, less water absorptive capacity and is very good in
sidings of dwelling units 68. The Filipino term for bottom chord is
a.vinyl shingles a.tirante b.tahilan c.madre

b.asbestos-cement shingles 69. A vertical line check uses a

c. wood boards a. meter stick b. try square c.plumb bob
55.The finished frame surrounding a door is a 70. A specialized fastener used to pull on to hold mitered
a. door frame b.door jamb c.door casing joints together is
a. vise b. wood screw c.clamp nail
56.A door lock with a spring bolt controlled by one or
both knobs and dead bolt controlled by a key is a 71. Rafters laid diagonally from corner of a plate or girts
a. knob bolt b.knob latch c.knob lock to the ridge
57. A door consisting of two separate leaves, one above a. jack rafter b.valley plate c.hip rafter
the other, this leaves may operate independently or
together is a
a. dwarf door b.dutch door c.window door 72. The horizontal boards nailed to corner post to assist
in the accurate layout of foundation and excavation lines
58. A joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal are called
sheet or plated and joining them by riveting, soldering or a. form boards b. box boards c.batter boards
brazing is a
a. lap joint b.lap seam c.lap splice 73. Columns in which a concrete core is reinforced with
a steel or cast-iron core designed to support a part of
59. A clay roofing tile approximately semi cylindrical in load is
shape laid in courses with units having their convex side a. lally b. composite c.cast-in-place
alternately up and down is a
a. pantile b.mission tile c.roman tile 74. The Filipino term for ceiling joist is
a. kostilyahe b.tirante c.espejo
60.A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for
its corrosion resistance and ductility is a 75. The Filipino term for concrete beam is
a. cast iron b.wrought iron c.pig iron a. biga b. guilihan c.kilo

65. The Filipino term for rafter is 76.Longitudinal beams which rest on the top chord and
preferably at the joints of the truss
a. guililan b.sepo c.kilo a.purlins b.rafters c.girders

CO4. Acquire fundamental knowledge of building 77. Wood flooring finishing material
technology a.T & G wood planks
61. The Filipino term for baseboard is b.V cut wood planks
a. rodapis b.perdano c.batidora
c. gypsum board
62. Rise is the vertical distance between the upper
surface of two consecutive steps. The horizontal CO5. Describe the basic principles of construction
distance between the nosing of two consecutive steps is systems in terms of function, application, operation
the and maintenance
a.“going” b.“string” c.“newel”
78. Identify which figure is a dado wood joint
63. This material holds less moisture, is very light with
less absorptive capacity and is very good in exterior
sidings of residential houses in tropical regions
a. asbestos cement shingles
b. vinyl shingles
c. wood shingles

64. A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes,

ducts, etc. is called
a. alcove b.ductwork c.chase
79. Identify which figure is flemish (double stretcher)
brick
65. The term stone-cut refers to a
a.masonry finish b.adobe stone work
c. wood siding
 Building Technology 12 January 2018

80. Wall partition wooden framing is called

a. joist b.jambs CO6. Apply the knowledge of building systems in
c.studs d.nailers architectural design
81. A common paint film defect where progressive
powdering from the surface inward occurs. It is called 94. When the soil beneath the building is not
a.blistering b.peeling exceptionally well drained and it is necessary to exclude
c.chalking d.alligatoring dampness, the best material to be used which is
installed beneath the concrete slab is
82. A joint where two successive placement of concrete a. pitch or bituminous felt
meet is called b. gravel coarse
a. contraction joint b.construction joint c. aluminum foil
c. expansion joint
95.Narrow, high ceiling spaces where ceiling area is
83. A type of concrete floor which has no beam is called small compared to wall area, will normally require
a.flat slab b.2-way slab c.one way slab acoustical treatment of the
a. wall or part of several walls
84.The vertical surface on face of a stair step is called b. floor and ceiling
a. stair clip b.stair head c. ceiling only
c.nosing d.riser
96. A manual method of squaring the corners of a
85.Tin shear is a building lines in building layout, is the use of
a.painter tool b.masonry tool a. 2-3-4 multiples with the use of transit
c.tinsmithry tool b. 3-4-5 multiples with the use of steel tape measure
c. 4-5-4 multiples and strings
86. Auger bit is part of
a.fastener tool b.testing tool 97. Noise inside the building is of two kinds, namely,
c. bearing tool airborne noise and impact noise . Insulation must be
provided against both of these by internal walls and
floors. Examples of better sound insulation are
87. Wood board should have a thickness specification of a. concrete hollow block walls
b. ¼” double wall on 2” x 4” studs
a. not less than 2” thick x 5” and up wide
c. asbestos board walls on wooden studs
b. not less than 1” thick x 4” and up wide
c. not less than 2” thick x 4” and up wide 98. When dry conditions are demanded of asphalt tile
d. not less than 3” thick x 7” and up wide floor finishes on concrete over earth, apply the
waterproofing (WP) steps
a.felt paper below sub-slab then WP on top of the sub-
88.Wood plank is a piece of lumber that is slab
a. 2” to 5” thick c. 5” to 7” thick b.felt paper below the top slab then WP the earth
b. 6” to 8” thick d. 8” up thick c.WP the earth under slab

89. The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair 99. Due to temperature effects in materials, concrete
flight is called walls, slabs of long buildings, new buildings adjoining
a. spandrel b.pitch existing buildings should be provided with
c.run d.rise a.flashing b.welded joints
c.expansion joints
90. The major horizontal supporting member of the floor
system is called CO7. Identify new trends in construction technology
a. rafter b.girder
c.purlin d.girt 100.A minimal structure that can support weight and
oppose horizontal forces, that uses
COMPRESSION and TENSION, but experience no
91. Wood defects are heart shake, cup shake, star torque.
shake and
a. Tensegrity
a.knots b.discoloration
b. Pneumatic Structures
c.deterioration d.rotten
c. Deployable Structures
92. Dressed lumber is referred to d. Thin Shell Structures
a. covered with plastic for shipment
b. lumber of exact measurement 101. It may be defined as building systems in which
c. smoothed or planed lumber structural components are manufactured in a
d. lumber used for fine carpentry works factory, on or off site, transported and assembled
into a structure with minimal additional site works.
93. The most important component to determine the a. Industrialized Building System
strength of a concrete mix is b. Prefabricated System
c. conventional system
a. cement b.sand
d. Bow building system
c.gravel d.lime
 Building Technology 12 January 2018

111. Noise inside the building is of two kinds, namely,

102. The method of construction which includes airborne noise and impact noise. Insulation must be
assembling components of a structure in a provided against both of these by internal walls and
manufacturing or production site, floors. Examples of better sound insulation are
transporting complete assemblies or partial a. concrete hollow block walls
assemblies to the site where the structure is to be b. ¼” double wall on 2” x 4” studs
located. c. asbestos board walls on wooden studs
a. Conventional c. IBS 112 Identify the board foot of a 2”x4”x10’ (150)?
b. Prefabrication d. Space Frame

103. What structure has a membrane that is stabilized a. 6000 b. 1000 c. 500 d.600
by pressure of compressed air?
a. Pneumatic c. Tensegrity 113 Material best used for stairs in a fire restrictive
b. Thin Shell d. Deployable zone?
a. Steel b. Reinforced concrete
104.Is one that can be transformed, with the addition of c. wood d. Wrought iron
an energy input, from a closed stage or compact
configuration to a predetermined, stable expanded form. 114 What material should be used in a walkway
a. Surface Structure pavement to prevent accidents?
b. Struts Structure a. Tile/brick on cement b. Flagstones
c. deployable structure c. Asphalt d. Concrete tile
d. collapsible frame structure

105Are lightweight and typically curved with a thickness

which is small compared to its other dimensions or
deformations.
a. Pneumatic Structure
b. thin Shell Structure
c. telescopic structure
d. deployable structure

106What concept is used a lot in mechanical devices,

such as cranes, masts, and antennas, but its application
in architecture has not been explored much?
A. Folded structures
B. Telescopic structures
c. pneumatic structures
d. none of the above

107Tensegrity Structure is also known as

________________ Structure.
c. Floating b. Levitating
c. Buoyant d. Drifting

108An almost spherical structure based on a network of

struts arranged on great circles lying on the surface of a
sphere.
d. Geodesic Dome c. IBS
e. Prefabrication d. space frame

109A rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed

from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern.
f. Conventional c. IBS
g. Prefabrication d. space frame

CO8. Apply the knowledge of specifications writing

in architectural design
1110. The dimension of commercial acoustic boards for
aluminum T-runners used for dropped-ceiling in offices is
a.30” x 60” x 1” b.24” x 50” x 7/8”
c.24” x 48” x ½”
1. the following are the desired properties of hardened concrete except one. – Workability

2. a brick or block masonry extending over the thickness of the wall. – Header

3. common size of plywood – 4x8

4. thickness of plyboard - ¾ -1/4 ½

5. among the following which is a lightweight aggregate – Vermiculate

6. which is more fire resistant - concrete

7. given same volume, which is heavier? - concrete
8. how many board foot is there in a 2”x4”12’ wood? – 8bd ft
9. how many can you prevent wood from shrinking and expanding? - Seasoning
10. voids left in concrete due to failure of the mortar to effectively fill the spaces among
coarse aggregates particles? - Honeycomb
11. which is bigger? - Timber
12. what do you call the test to determine the consistency of concrete? – Slump test
13. which is more resistant to corrosion? - Aluminum
14. is stainless steel resistant to corrosion? - yes
15. a steel stand used for prestressing a concrete member. -Tendon
16. weight of concrete -150 pcf
17. which is harder - Granite
18. what glass is being used in buses - Tempered
19. tempered glass is more expensive than annealed glass because it has to go to more
process in its creation. -True
20. concrete that is exposed as an interior or exterior surface in the completed structure. –
Rough Concrete
21. which glass breaks into small square pieces when broken - Tempered
22. which of the following does not fall under the category of masonry -Terrazzo
23. which burned clay unit is the most impressive - Ceramic Tiles
24. sun dried brick made of clay and straw, commonly used in countries with little rainfall -
Adobe
25. this is the term for the material that fuse the cavities found in between wythes or
masonry walls. -Mortar
26. to bond together in layers - Laminate
27. which typed of used in building for its remarkable adhesive qualities . it may also be
used special paints that are chemically resistant and for special caulking compound. - Epoxy
28. which type of plastic is most commonly used in large glass fiber reinforced translucent
parcel that are strong, rigid, and impact resistant. also used for impregnating paper and wood
laminating materials and for contact adhesive. - Polyester
29. which type of plastic refers to a family of polymers called linear polyamides. it is
desired the following properties: exceptionally strong, elastic, abrasion resistant, easy to
wash, resistant to damage from oil, and many chemicals; can be pre-colored or dyed in wide
range of colors and resilient. -Nylon
30. among wood beams, which one has steel component?- Flitch Beam
31. which type of plastic, in spite of its sensitivity to solvent action, it is one of most
important thermoplastics because of its excellent transparency and rigidity and its easy
workability non-water absorbent, it is found in colorful but brittle wall tiles. - Polystyrene
32. which type of plastic combines the transparency of glass (but not scratch proof
quality) with plastic’s shutter proof quality used principally for skylight, skydomes - Acrylic
33. which type of thermosetting plastic is used in paint coatings, and as foams -Urethanes
34. which kind of thermosetting plastic is used for clear water repelllant paints for
concrete and masonry -Silicones
35. which type of thermosetting plastic is used for paints, baked enamels, adhesives
impregnating resins - Phenolics
36. what cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other - Mortar
37. a mortar of cementatious material (lime, gypsum, or cement) sand and water - Plasters
38. first binding coat in plastering is called – Scratch coat
39. second straightening coat in plastering – brown Coat
40. final coat in plastering is called – Finish Coat
41. which type of plaster uses lime putty (hydrated lime and water) mix on the job – Lime
Plaster
42. which type of plaster uses plaster of paris mix with clay – Gypsum Plaster
43. which type of plaster is gypsum plaster mix on the job with water per lite – Lightweight
Gypsum Plaster
44. what is the thickness of plywood used for ceiling purposes – 1/4
45. the filipino term for plumb line - Hulog
46. the process of relocating the point of boundaries – Staking out
47. wood and sticks used as posts sharpen at one end - Stakes
48. are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter - Strings
49. horizontral boards that establishes height of the footing – Batter Board
50. planks placed between soldier beams to retain earth around an excavation - Lagging
51. large funnel with a tube attached used to fill the excavation around a foundation -
Tremie
52. the earth or earthen material used to fill the excavation around the foundation - Backfill
53. a pit design to collect water for removal of water from an excavation -Sump

54 to 59? nwawala

60. what footing should be used if the footing lies along the property line – Cantilever
footing
61. a building type with exterior masonry bearing walls and an interior framework of heavy
timbers and solid – Mill Construction
62. system end bearing or friction piles , pile caps, tie beams, for transfering building loads –
Pile Foundation
63. joins the head of a cluster of piles in order to distribute – Pile cap
64. what type of foundation elevate timber structures – Pole Foundation
65. system of framing a building in which studs are continuous to roof – Balloon Framing
66. min slab thickness – 100mm
67. min concrete cover for steel reinforcement when concrete is cast against and
permanently exposed to earth – 74mm
68. in beams, min concrete cover required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and
corrosion – 38mm
69. which slab is uniformly thick reinforced in one direction and cast integrally with parallel
supporting beams – Oneway slab
70. which of the following is not a two way site cast concrete framing system – Ribbed slab
71. which slab is most efficient when spanning square or nearly square bay and suitable for
carrying intermediate to heavy – Two-way Slab
72. a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or more direction and supported
directly by columns without beam and girder - Two-way Flat plate
73. a flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase its shear strength and moment
resisting capacity - Two-way flat slab
74. each pair of external columns support a long spanning beam/girder – one way beam
system
75. a steel framing system consisting of 2 layers were beams frame into girders – Two way
beam system
76. a steel framing system long spanning plate , girder, or trusses – Three way beam system
77. light weight shop fabricated steel members having a trussed web – Open web steel
joints

81. which is not frequently used in buildings construction except for the fabrication of steel
windows and other frames - Zees
82. which of the following steel section is uneconomical to use as column because the whirl
– I-Beam
83. which of the following steel section has the shape of unsymmetrical balance consisting
of 2 flanges on 2 sides - Channels
84. which flange section are designated as w-12x24 - The flange has a depth of 24cm and weighs
12kg per meter length
85. these are usually h-shaped sections formed by a combination of plates and angles –
Built Up columns
86. columns made up of cylindrical – Lally Column

88. structural framework composed of a series of straight members - Truss

89. the members of the truss which are framed between and join the top – Web member
90. a truss where the entire support is at one and only – Cantilever Span
91. consist of 2 columns and a beam or girder that are rigidly connected and at their joints
– Rigid Frame
92. is a short pin, of malleable metal such as iron, steel or copper - Rivet
93. type of weld that is approx. triangular section joining two surfaces approx. at right
angles to each other – Filler Weld
94. sheeting is the most common method for supporting a slope in an excavated area –
Slurry wall
95. structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged that forces are transferred
in a 3 dimensional manner – Space Frame
96. steel dome structures having members that follow the 3 principles – Geodesic dome
97. buckminster fuller was an American – R Buckminster Fuller
98. thin curved plate structure usually constructed reinforced concrete with steel mesh –
Shell Structure
99. of ten monolothic structures that dispursed applied load in a multidirectional pattern -
Plate Structure
100. composed of thin deep elements joined rigidly along their boundaries – Folded plate
101. 3d structure frame based on rigidity of triangle composed of – Space Frame

104. tranformable structure capable of performing large shape changes – Tensegrity bridge
105. construction product purchase by casting concrete in a reusable – Thin Shell Structure
106. which of the following no advantage of precast concrete – Labor Intensive
107. refers to multi-storey structure composed of large wall and floor concrete panels
connected the vertical and horizontal direction – Large Panel System
108. highly technical way of building on-site with little room – Tilt up Construction
109. which of the following is not true in tilt-up construction - A
110. this are the strucure supported by air – Pneumatic Structure

114. foundation works where a buildings superstructures already proceeds before

substructures is totally completed – Updown Construction
115. the process of placing new foundation beneath an existing structure - Underpinning
116. 2x2x12 - 4
117. identidy the required bag of cements measuring 3x3x.10 using 40kg class c mixture –
9bags
118. identify the required volume of sand for a concrete slab measuring 3x3x.10 using class c
- .45
119. identify the required volume of gravel - .9
120. no. of chb 3x10 - 375
A roofing tile which has the shape of an “S” laid on its side is a

Mission tile
pantile
French tile
A roofing tile which has the shape of an “S” laid on its side is a

Mission tile
pantile
French tile
That part of the building foundation which forms the permanent
retaining wall of the structure below grade is a

foundation course
grade beam
foundation wall
That part of the building foundation which forms the permanent
retaining wall of the structure below grade is a

foundation course
grade beam
foundation wall
Joint employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of
masonry walls are known as

cold joints
control joints
block outs
Joint employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of
masonry walls are known as

cold joints
control joints
block outs
A system of framing a building in which the studs are continuous to
roof supporting second floor joints is known as

post and beam

western framing
balloon framing
A system of framing a building in which the studs are continuous to
roof supporting second floor joints is known as

post and beam

western framing
balloon framing
Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a
hand operated machine is

tryolean finish
trowel finish
broom stripped finish
Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a
hand operated machine is

tryolean finish
trowel finish
broom stripped finish
A principal member of the truss which extends from one end to the
other primarily to resist bending is a

web member
girt
chord
A principal member of the truss which extends from one end to the
other primarily to resist bending is a

web member
girt
chord
A protein: the chief nitrogenous ingredient in milk is

Casein
Tempera
alabaster
A protein: the chief nitrogenous ingredient in milk is

Casein
Tempera
alabaster
a composition of two or more metals fused together usually to
obtain a desired property

annealing
alloy
built-up
a composition of two or more metals fused together usually to
obtain a desired property

annealing
alloy
built-up
The horizontal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center
of the knob or lock cylinder

Backset
backfill
built-up
The horizontal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center
of the knob or lock cylinder

Backset
backfill
built-up
A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion
resistance and ductility is

cast iron
black iron
wrought iron
A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion
resistance and ductility is

cast iron
black iron
wrought iron
The Filipino term for horizontal stud is

Pabalagbag
Tahilan
pilareta
The Filipino term for horizontal stud is

Pabalagbag
Tahilan
pilareta
The Filipino term for riser

Muldura
takip silipan
planehuelda
The Filipino term for riser

Muldura
takip silipan
planehuelda
The Filipino term for collar plate is

Hardinera
Guililan
sinturon
The Filipino term for collar plate is

Hardinera
Guililan
sinturon
The Filipino term for temper (metal work)

Suban
Espolon
poleva
The Filipino term for temper (metal work)

Suban
Espolon
poleva
The Filipino term for plumb line is

Pantilya
Asintada
hulog
The Filipino term for plumb line is

Pantilya
Asintada
hulog
A beam that projects beyond one or both its support

continuous
cantiliver
tie
A beam that projects beyond one or both its support

continuous
cantiliver
tie
A wall (bearing or non-bearing) designed to resist lateral forces
parallel to the wall

non-bearing
prefabricated
shear
A wall (bearing or non-bearing) designed to resist lateral forces
parallel to the wall

non-bearing
prefabricated
shear
Using stair tread-riser proportion formula RT = 75, given riser
equals 6 ¼ “ how many risers will there be between two floors
having floor line to floor line distance of 7.8125 feet?

15
17
19
Using stair tread-riser proportion formula RT = 75, given riser
equals 6 ¼ “ how many risers will there be between two floors
having floor line to floor line distance of 7.8125 feet?

15
17
19
A modern method of installing wood parquet flooring on wooden
boards sub-flooring is by

gluing/pasting
nailing into battens
wainscoting
A modern method of installing wood parquet flooring on wooden
boards sub-flooring is by

gluing/pasting
nailing into battens
wainscoting
The standard height of window sills for office rooms in upper floors
is

1.2 meters
0.60 meters
0.90 meters
The standard height of window sills for office rooms in upper floors
is

1.2 meters
0.60 meters
0.90 meters
The dimension of commercial acoustic boards for aluminum T-
runners used for dropped-ceiling in offices is

30” x 60” x 1”
24” x 50” x 7/8”
24” x 48” x ½”
The dimension of commercial acoustic boards for aluminum T-
runners used for dropped-ceiling in offices is

30” x 60” x 1”
24” x 50” x 7/8”
24” x 48” x ½”
The total floor area 16 feet wide by 60 feet deep needs one inch
(1”) x 4”(commercial size) T & G flooring. Assuming that the
available T & G is 1” x 4” x 16” and the effective width is 3.5” , the
total board feet needed is

1,280 bf
1,098 bf
1,330 bf
The total floor area 16 feet wide by 60 feet deep needs one inch
(1”) x 4”(commercial size) T & G flooring. Assuming that the
available T & G is 1” x 4” x 16” and the effective width is 3.5” , the
total board feet needed is

1,280 bf
1,098 bf
1,330 bf
In the design of a large shopping centers where space is required,
intervals of columns can be wider than the ordinary by adopting a
structural method of construction called

compressioning
post-tensioning
pre-casting
In the design of a large shopping centers where space is required,
intervals of columns can be wider than the ordinary by adopting a
structural method of construction called

compressioning
post-tensioning
pre-casting
Humidification and condensation in exterior walls can be minimized
by

providing stud space between exterior finish and interior finish

providing building paper sheathing
providing building paper sheathing and space filled
Humidification and condensation in exterior walls can be minimized
by

providing stud space between exterior finish and interior finish

providing building paper sheathing
providing building paper sheathing and space filled
Heat gain through the structure of a habitable room occur in tropical
region at walls and roofs by conduction. This can be minimized by
the use of

wood
concrete
steel
Heat gain through the structure of a habitable room occur in tropical
region at walls and roofs by conduction. This can be minimized by
the use of

wood
concrete
steel
 A material used to remedy vapor flow

glossy surfaced asphalt saturated paper, 50 lbs or more

wall paper
asbestos cement board
 A material used to remedy vapor flow

glossy surfaced asphalt saturated paper, 50 lbs or more

wall paper
asbestos cement board
Dry walls do not require appreciable amount of moisture and they
are customarily finished with

mortar and cement

plywood on studs
lath and plaster
Dry walls do not require appreciable amount of moisture and they
are customarily finished with

mortar and cement

plywood on studs
lath and plaster
Wallboards or plywood maybe applied over studs. They can also
be applied over CHB masonry wall by using

wood battens
furring
sheathing
Wallboards or plywood maybe applied over studs. They can also
be applied over CHB masonry wall by using

wood battens
furring
sheathing
Identify the miter joint from the following
Identify the miter joint from the following
To turn back water whenever joints occur in which dissimilar
materials come together, it is necessary to provide

flashing material
binding material
counter flushing
To turn back water whenever joints occur in which dissimilar
materials come together, it is necessary to provide

flashing material
binding material
counter flushing
The part of a foundation system which supports the exterior walls of
a superstructure and bears directly on the column footing is a

foundation course
grade beam
foundation wall
The part of a foundation system which supports the exterior walls of
a superstructure and bears directly on the column footing is a

foundation course
grade beam
foundation wall
A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of
two parallel boards in the same plane is a

fillet
cant strip
batten
A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of
two parallel boards in the same plane is a

fillet
cant strip
batten
The stressing of unbounded tendons after concrete has cured is

post-tensioning
pre-casting
lift slab
The stressing of unbounded tendons after concrete has cured is

post-tensioning
pre-casting
lift slab
The boxing in of covering a joist, beam or girder to give the
appearance of a larger beam is known as

beam formworks
beam blocking
grade beam
The boxing in of covering a joist, beam or girder to give the
appearance of a larger beam is known as

beam formworks
beam blocking
grade beam
 A system of framing a building on which floor joists of each storey
rest on the top plates of the storey below and the bearing walls and
partitions rest on the subfloor of each storey is known as

balloon framing
flank framing
western framing
 A system of framing a building on which floor joists of each storey
rest on the top plates of the storey below and the bearing walls and
partitions rest on the subfloor of each storey is known as

balloon framing
flank framing
western framing
Pressure exerted against the underground portion of a building
created by the presence of water in the soil is known as

soil bearing pressure

hydrostatic pressure
atmospheric pressure
Pressure exerted against the underground portion of a building
created by the presence of water in the soil is known as

soil bearing pressure

hydrostatic pressure
atmospheric pressure
A window which projects outside the main line of a building and the
compartment in which it is located extends to the floor is known as

bay window
hopper window
oriel window
A window which projects outside the main line of a building and the
compartment in which it is located extends to the floor is known as

bay window
hopper window
oriel window
A form of brick bond in which each course is alternately composed
of entirely of headers or of stretchers is known as

common bond
flemish bond
english bond
A form of brick bond in which each course is alternately composed
of entirely of headers or of stretchers is known as

common bond
flemish bond
english bond
A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next
batch of concrete is placed against it is

block out
cold joint
control joint
A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next
batch of concrete is placed against it is

block out
cold joint
control joint
An iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon which has high
compressive strength but low tensile strength is

pig iron
cast iron
wrought iron
An iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon which has high
compressive strength but low tensile strength is

pig iron
cast iron
wrought iron
The Filipino term for plastered course is

lastilyas
moneyka
kusturada
The Filipino term for plastered course is

lastilyas
moneyka
kusturada
The Filipino term for bottom chord is

barakilan
sibe
estunyo
The Filipino term for bottom chord is

barakilan
sibe
estunyo
The Filipino term for perlin is

tahilan
balangkas
reostra
The Filipino term for perlin is

tahilan
balangkas
reostra
The Filipino term for eave is

sopo
tabike
sibe
The Filipino term for eave is

sopo
tabike
sibe
The Filipino term for top chord is

tahilan
baytang
sinturon
The Filipino term for top chord is

tahilan
baytang
sinturon
The capacity of a wall to hold moisture is important in the design of
dwelling units. Select the best material which will reduce moisture
in a wall when used

CHB S-cut joint finish

1” thick V-cut wood boards
Synthetic adobe finish on R.C. wall
The capacity of a wall to hold moisture is important in the design of
dwelling units. Select the best material which will reduce moisture
in a wall when used

CHB S-cut joint finish

1” thick V-cut wood boards
Synthetic adobe finish on R.C. wall
 Plaster or plywood ceiling on nailers or joists below a ventilated
roof space may show “pattern staining” on the ceiling. This can be
prevented by

cleaning
adequate insulation
re-painting
 Plaster or plywood ceiling on nailers or joists below a ventilated
roof space may show “pattern staining” on the ceiling. This can be
prevented by

cleaning
adequate insulation
re-painting
Heat gain through the walls in buildings exposed to afternoon sun
intensifies discomfort of inhabitants because of conductivity.
However, this can be minimized by the use of

combination of wood boards and plywood with cavity between

thick reinforced concrete wall
steel sheets
Heat gain through the walls in buildings exposed to afternoon sun
intensifies discomfort of inhabitants because of conductivity.
However, this can be minimized by the use of

combination of wood boards and plywood with cavity between

thick reinforced concrete wall
steel sheets
Sound or noise between bedrooms may be reduced by using less
expensive materials with the application of construction techniques

double wall plywood on horizontal and vertical studs with absorbents

solid 6” R.C. wall
sawali on 2” x 2” studs
 Sound or noise between bedrooms may be reduced by using less
expensive materials with the application of construction techniques

double wall plywood on horizontal and vertical studs with absorbents

solid 6” R.C. wall
sawali on 2” x 2” studs
The staircase of a house has a total run of 3 meters and a total rise
of 2.16 meters, the tread width is 11 inches and riser is 7 7/8”,
therefore, the stringer length is

3.20 meters
3.69 meters
3.75 meters
The staircase of a house has a total run of 3 meters and a total rise
of 2.16 meters, the tread width is 11 inches and riser is 7 7/8”,
therefore, the stringer length is

3.20 meters
3.69 meters
3.75 meters
Dry walls are customarily finished with

lath and plaster

mortar and hollow blocks
reinforced concrete
Dry walls are customarily finished with

lath and plaster

mortar and hollow blocks
reinforced concrete
The riser of a stair is 6 ½ inches. What is the run using formula R/T
= tan (R-3) x 8 degrees

12.2247 inches
12.1000 inches
11.8975 inches
The riser of a stair is 6 ½ inches. What is the run using formula R/T
= tan (R-3) x 8 degrees

12.2247 inches
12.1000 inches
11.8975 inches
One method of leveling batterboards without the transit is the use
of

¼ Ø plastic hose filled with water

eyesight
plumb bob
One method of leveling batterboards without the transit is the use
of

¼ Ø plastic hose filled with water

eyesight
plumb bob
A manual method of squaring the corners of a building lines in
building layout, is the use of

2-3-4 multiples with the use of transit

3-4-5 multiples with the use of steel tape measure
4-5-4 multiples and strings
A manual method of squaring the corners of a building lines in
building layout, is the use of

2-3-4 multiples with the use of transit

3-4-5 multiples with the use of steel tape measure
4-5-4 multiples and strings
When dry conditions are demanded of asphalt tile floor finishes on
concrete over earth, apply the waterproofing (WP) steps

felt paper below sub-slab then WP on top of the sub-slab

felt paper below the top slab then WP the earth
WP the earth under slab
When dry conditions are demanded of asphalt tile floor finishes on
concrete over earth, apply the waterproofing (WP) steps

felt paper below sub-slab then WP on top of the sub-slab

felt paper below the top slab then WP the earth
WP the earth under slab
 Due to temperature effects in materials, concrete walls, slabs of
long buildings, new buildings adjoining existing buildings should be
provided with

flashing
welded joints
expansion joints
 Due to temperature effects in materials, concrete walls, slabs of
long buildings, new buildings adjoining existing buildings should be
provided with

flashing
welded joints
expansion joints
A typical block or panel type insulating material used in flat roof of
commercial or industrial building

corkboard
acacia lumber
washed pebbles
A typical block or panel type insulating material used in flat roof of
commercial or industrial building

corkboard
acacia lumber
washed pebbles
 What is the height of the RC curtain wall surrounding a water tank
located at the penthouse whose capacity is 5000 U.S. gallons. The
diameter of the tank is 2.5 meters (I.D.) and freeboard of 0.30
meters. The wall shall be as high as the water tank.

4.00 meters
4.19 meters
4.16 meters
 What is the height of the RC curtain wall surrounding a water tank
located at the penthouse whose capacity is 5000 U.S. gallons. The
diameter of the tank is 2.5 meters (I.D.) and freeboard of 0.30
meters. The wall shall be as high as the water tank.

4.00 meters
4.19 meters
4.16 meters
Select the grouping one subject of which is a criterion used by
architects in planning and design of buildings

columns, splices, materials, lot

roofing sheets, function, elevation
concrete, lumber, steel, cement
Select the grouping one subject of which is a criterion used by
architects in planning and design of buildings

columns, splices, materials, lot

roofing sheets, function, elevation
concrete, lumber, steel, cement
Narrow, high ceiling spaces where ceiling area is small compared
to wall area, will normally require acoustical treatment of the

wall or part of several walls

floor and ceiling
ceiling only
Narrow, high ceiling spaces where ceiling area is small compared
to wall area, will normally require acoustical treatment of the

wall or part of several walls

floor and ceiling
ceiling only
A ferrous metal that offers great resistance to abrassion and finds
important use in the cutting edges of heavy digging tools is a

alloy steel
nickel steel
manganese steel
A ferrous metal that offers great resistance to abrassion and finds
important use in the cutting edges of heavy digging tools is a

alloy steel
nickel steel
manganese steel
A building stone of igneous origin and composed of quartz,
hornblende and mica is a

travertine
serpentine
granite
A building stone of igneous origin and composed of quartz,
hornblende and mica is a

travertine
serpentine
granite
A form of brick bond in which the course consists of alternate
stretchers and headers in known as

flemish bond
english bond
common bond
A form of brick bond in which the course consists of alternate
stretchers and headers in known as

flemish bond
english bond
common bond
A system of framing a building on which floor joist of each storey
rests on the top plates of the storey below and the bearing walls
and partitions rest on the subfloor of each storey is known as

western framing
balloon framing
flank framing
A system of framing a building on which floor joist of each storey
rests on the top plates of the storey below and the bearing walls
and partitions rest on the subfloor of each storey is known as

western framing
balloon framing
flank framing
The Filipino term for rabbet

palitada
asintada
vaciada
The Filipino term for rabbet

palitada
asintada
vaciada
The Filipino term for projection is

alahado
bolada
asinta
The Filipino term for projection is

alahado
bolada
asinta
Given a riser equals six inches and using the stair tread-riser
proportion formula 2R + T = 25, how many risers wil there be
between two levels having a vertical distance of 9’-0”

18 risers
16 risers
17 risers
Given a riser equals six inches and using the stair tread-riser
proportion formula 2R + T = 25, how many risers wil there be
between two levels having a vertical distance of 9’-0”

18 risers
16 risers
17 risers
A geological or ground condition considered in determining the size
and type of foundation of the building

soil chemistry
soil bearing pressure
particle size distribution
A geological or ground condition considered in determining the size
and type of foundation of the building

soil chemistry
soil bearing pressure
particle size distribution
These are materials excellent as vapor barrier in the roofing system
of residential buildings

particle board
lawanit boards
aluminum foil sheets
These are materials excellent as vapor barrier in the roofing system
of residential buildings

particle board
lawanit boards
aluminum foil sheets
The chief structural materials, used for tall buildings are

built-up beams, girders, foundations

cement, deformed wrought iron, gravel and sand
reinforced concrete and high grade steel
The chief structural materials, used for tall buildings are

built-up beams, girders, foundations

cement, deformed wrought iron, gravel and sand
reinforced concrete and high grade steel
These are classified as good and less expensive insulating
materials used in buildings

glass blocks, 5000 psi concrete

porous concrete, glass fibers, guilt materials
steel plates, marble slabs, granite
These are classified as good and less expensive insulating
materials used in buildings

glass blocks, 5000 psi concrete

porous concrete, glass fibers, guilt materials
steel plates, marble slabs, granite
This is a material that holds less moisture, is very light, less water
absorptive capacity and is very good in sidings of dwelling units

vinyl shingles
asbestos-cement shingles
wood boards
This is a material that holds less moisture, is very light, less water
absorptive capacity and is very good in sidings of dwelling units

vinyl shingles
asbestos-cement shingles
wood boards
 The toilet bathroom floor finish is designed to be at least one inch
below the bedroom floor finish. What should be the vertical
distance between the bedroom floor finish and the top line of the 2”
x 6” yacal floor joists which carry the toilet bath floor system
assuming that ¼” thick mosaic vitrified tiles will be used in the toilet
bathroom on 4” RC slab with membrane waterproofing, using
standard acceptable measurement of materials for residential
houses

3 ½ inches
3 ¼ inches
6 ¼ inches
 The toilet bathroom floor finish is designed to be at least one inch
below the bedroom floor finish. What should be the vertical
distance between the bedroom floor finish and the top line of the 2”
x 6” yacal floor joists which carry the toilet bath floor system
assuming that ¼” thick mosaic vitrified tiles will be used in the toilet
bathroom on 4” RC slab with membrane waterproofing, using
standard acceptable measurement of materials for residential
houses

3 ½ inches
3 ¼ inches
6 ¼ inches
A Howe Truss is being considered to support the roofing system of
a residential building. The pitch of the truss is 1 vertical 3
horizontal. What is the total length of the top chord, if the span of
truss is 12 meters and the eave is 1.5 meters horizontally?

7.555 meters
7.906 meters
7.567 meters
A Howe Truss is being considered to support the roofing system of
a residential building. The pitch of the truss is 1 vertical 3
horizontal. What is the total length of the top chord, if the span of
truss is 12 meters and the eave is 1.5 meters horizontally?

7.555 meters
7.906 meters
7.567 meters
The finished frame surrounding a door is a

door frame
door jamb
door casing
The finished frame surrounding a door is a

door frame
door jamb
door casing
A door lock with a spring bolt controlled by one or both knobs and
dead bolt controlled by a key is a

knob bolt
knob latch
knob lock
A door lock with a spring bolt controlled by one or both knobs and
dead bolt controlled by a key is a

knob bolt
knob latch
knob lock
A door consisting of two separate leaves, one above the other, this
leaves may operate independently or together is a

dwarf door
dutch door
window door
A door consisting of two separate leaves, one above the other, this
leaves may operate independently or together is a

dwarf door
dutch door
window door
A joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal sheet or plated
and joining them by riveting, soldering or brazing is a

lap joint
lap seam
lap splice
A joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal sheet or plated
and joining them by riveting, soldering or brazing is a

lap joint
lap seam
lap splice
 A clay roofing tile approximately semi cylindrical in shape laid in
courses with units having their convex side alternately up and down
is a

pantile
mission tile
roman tile
 A clay roofing tile approximately semi cylindrical in shape laid in
courses with units having their convex side alternately up and down
is a

pantile
mission tile
roman tile
The part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of
the super structure and bears directly on the column footing is a

grade beam
foundation wall
foundation course
The part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of
the super structure and bears directly on the column footing is a

grade beam
foundation wall
foundation course
A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion
resistance and ductility is a

cast iron
wrought iron
pig iron
The wall of Intramuros is

an aqueduct
a fortification
a moat
The wall of Intramuros is

an aqueduct
a fortification
a moat
The Filipino term for rafter is

guililan
sepo
kilo
The Filipino term for rafter is

guililan
sepo
kilo
The Filipino term for baseboard is

rodapis
perdano
batidora
The Filipino term for baseboard is

rodapis
perdano
batidora
A climatic factor that is considered in the structural and architectural
design of tall buildings

thunderstorm
gusts
lightning
A climatic factor that is considered in the structural and architectural
design of tall buildings

thunderstorm
gusts
lightning
This is a ground condition that determines the size, type and shape
of the building footing/foundation

soil bearing pressure

loam and clay formation
adobe underlay
This is a ground condition that determines the size, type and shape
of the building footing/foundation

soil bearing pressure

loam and clay formation
adobe underlay
What is the height of a curtain wall for a downfeed water tank at the
deck roof with 60,000 gallons capacity and diameter of 3 meters,
freeboard of 0.30 meters, shall be as high as the water tank

3.513 meters
3.550 meters
3.625 meters
What is the height of a curtain wall for a downfeed water tank at the
deck roof with 60,000 gallons capacity and diameter of 3 meters,
freeboard of 0.30 meters, shall be as high as the water tank

3.513 meters
3.550 meters
3.625 meters
Select the grouping one subject of which is a general criterion used
by architects in planning and design of buildings

colored roofing sheets, esthetics, symmetry of windows

columns, doors, windows, split type
concrete, steel and wood, type of floor finish
Select the grouping one subject of which is a general criterion used
by architects in planning and design of buildings

colored roofing sheets, esthetics, symmetry of windows

columns, doors, windows, split type
concrete, steel and wood, type of floor finish
The most common materials used for roofing of urban residential
houses

R.C. slabs
wood shingles
G.I. sheets
The most common materials used for roofing of urban residential
houses

R.C. slabs
wood shingles
G.I. sheets
 For very large roof spans (for auditoria, transport buildings,
exhibition halls) of over 150 ft these structures are suggested
economical solutions

pre-stressed concrete
reinforced concrete
space frames, light steel skeleton structures
 For very large roof spans (for auditoria, transport buildings,
exhibition halls) of over 150 ft these structures are suggested
economical solutions

pre-stressed concrete
reinforced concrete
space frames, light steel skeleton structures
 Rise is the vertical distance between the upper surface of two
consecutive steps. The horizontal distance between the nosing of
two consecutive steps is the

“going”
“string”
“newel”
 Rise is the vertical distance between the upper surface of two
consecutive steps. The horizontal distance between the nosing of
two consecutive steps is the

“going”
“string”
“newel”
Noise inside the building is o two kinds, namely, airborne noise and
impact noise . Insulation must be provided against both of these by
internal walls and floors. Examples of better sound insulation are

concrete hollow block walls

¼” double wall on 2” x 4” studs
asbestos board walls on wooden studs
Noise inside the building is o two kinds, namely, airborne noise and
impact noise . Insulation must be provided against both of these by
internal walls and floors. Examples of better sound insulation are

concrete hollow block walls

¼” double wall on 2” x 4” studs
asbestos board walls on wooden studs
When the soil beneath the building is not exceptionally well drained
and it is necessary to exclude dampness, the best material to be
used which is installed beneath the concrete slab is

pitch or bituminous felt

gravel coarse
aluminum foil
When the soil beneath the building is not exceptionally well drained
and it is necessary to exclude dampness, the best material to be
used which is installed beneath the concrete slab is

pitch or bituminous felt

gravel coarse
aluminum foil
 This material holds less moisture, is very light with less absorptive
capacity and is very good in exterior sidings of residential houses in
tropical regions

asbestos cement shingles

vinyl shingles
wood shingles
 This material holds less moisture, is very light with less absorptive
capacity and is very good in exterior sidings of residential houses in
tropical regions

asbestos cement shingles

vinyl shingles
wood shingles
Standard size overlap for corrugated G.I. roofing is

2 corr.
2 ½ corr.
3 corr.
Standard size overlap for corrugated G.I. roofing is

2 corr.
2 ½ corr.
3 corr.
A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc. is
called

alcove
ductwork
chase
A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc. is
called

alcove
ductwork
chase
A twisting force is

torsion
shear
moment
A twisting force is

torsion
shear
moment
A barrier or diaphragm formed to prevent the movement of soil to
stabilize foundation, etc. is

pile foundation
sheet piling
retaining wall
A barrier or diaphragm formed to prevent the movement of soil to
stabilize foundation, etc. is

pile foundation
sheet piling
retaining wall
The term stone-cut refers to a

masonry finish
adobe stone work
wood siding
The term stone-cut refers to a

masonry finish
adobe stone work
wood siding
Wood with metal cladding is called

channel strip
reinforced wood
kalamein
Wood with metal cladding is called

channel strip
reinforced wood
kalamein
The Filipino term for floor joist is

suelo
guililan
soleras
The Filipino term for floor joist is

suelo
guililan
soleras
The Filipino term for bottom chord is

tirante
tahilan
madre
The Filipino term for bottom chord is

tirante
tahilan
madre
Standard concrete mix for beams, girders, slabs, stairs and
columns is

“AA”
“A”
“B”
Standard concrete mix for beams, girders, slabs, stairs and
columns is

“AA”
“A”
“B”
Chord splice connectors for trusses is

split-ring
wood block
fish plate
Chord splice connectors for trusses is

split-ring
wood block
fish plate
A vertical line check uses a

meter stick
try square
plumb bob
A vertical line check uses a

meter stick
try square
plumb bob
A specialized fastener used to pull on to hold mitered joints
together is

vise
wood screw
clamp nail
A specialized fastener used to pull on to hold mitered joints
together is

vise
wood screw
clamp nail
Most waterproofed type of mortar joints for wall is

raked
struck
weathered
Most waterproofed type of mortar joints for wall is

raked
struck
weathered
Rafters laid diagonally from corner of a plate or girts to the ridge

jack rafter
valley plate
hip rafter
Rafters laid diagonally from corner of a plate or girts to the ridge

jack rafter
valley plate
hip rafter
The horizontal boards nailed to corner post to assist in the accurate
layout of foundation and excavation lines are called

form boards
box boards
batter boards
The horizontal boards nailed to corner post to assist in the accurate
layout of foundation and excavation lines are called

form boards
box boards
batter boards
Columns in which a concrete core is reinforced with a steel or cast-
iron core designed to support a part of load is

lally
composite
cast-in-place
Columns in which a concrete core is reinforced with a steel or cast-
iron core designed to support a part of load is

lally
composite
cast-in-place
The Filipino term for ceiling joist is

kostilyahe
tirante
espejo
The Filipino term for ceiling joist is

kostilyahe
tirante
espejo
The Filipino term for concrete beam is

biga
guilihan
kilo
The Filipino term for concrete beam is

biga
guilihan
kilo
Instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check is
called

plumb bob
spirit level
try square
caliper
Instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check is
called

plumb bob
spirit level
try square
caliper
The vertical and horizontal surface is reinforced concrete where
concreting was stopped and continued later is called

expansion joint
control joint
cold joint
construction joint
The vertical and horizontal surface is reinforced concrete where
concreting was stopped and continued later is called

expansion joint
control joint
cold joint
construction joint
A twisting force is

shear
bending
moment
torsion
A twisting force is

shear
bending
moment
torsion
A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc. is
called

alcove
chase
ductworks
pipeline
A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc. is
called

alcove
chase
ductworks
pipeline
It is a special type of plate girder consisting of tees, angles and
multiple web

box girder
hybrid girder
T-flange girder
bridging
It is a special type of plate girder consisting of tees, angles and
multiple web

box girder
hybrid girder
T-flange girder
bridging
When the ratio of short span to the long span of a slab is less than
0.50, slab is a

one-way slab
slab on fill
two-way slab
cantilever slab
When the ratio of short span to the long span of a slab is less than
0.50, slab is a

one-way slab
slab on fill
two-way slab
cantilever slab
Longitudinal beams which rest on the top chord and preferably at
the joints of the truss

purlins
jack rafter
rafters
girders
Longitudinal beams which rest on the top chord and preferably at
the joints of the truss

purlins
jack rafter
rafters
girders
 A three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls
composed of interconnected laterally supported so as to function as
a complete self-contained unit with or without the aids of horizontal
diaphragms or floor-bracing system

box system
space frame
freeform
braced frame
 A three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls
composed of interconnected laterally supported so as to function as
a complete self-contained unit with or without the aids of horizontal
diaphragms or floor-bracing system

box system
space frame
freeform
braced frame
Concrete slab should have a minimum clearance of

20 mm
40 mm
15 mm
30 mm
Concrete slab should have a minimum clearance of

20 mm
40 mm
15 mm
30 mm
It is designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall

bearing wall
curtain wall
grade wall
shear wall
It is designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall

bearing wall
curtain wall
grade wall
shear wall
The section of which the moment changes from positive to negative
is called

neutral axis
inflection point
section of zero shear
maximum moment
The section of which the moment changes from positive to negative
is called

neutral axis
inflection point
section of zero shear
maximum moment
What is the appropriate painting material type for wood surfaces?

zinc chromate
alkyd
latex
polyurethane
What is the appropriate painting material type for wood surfaces?

zinc chromate
alkyd
latex
polyurethane
Commercially made corrugated G.I. sheets, of gauge 26, having
standard corrugation are coated both sides with

aluminum coating
laminations
paints
pure virgin spoiter
Commercially made corrugated G.I. sheets, of gauge 26, having
standard corrugation are coated both sides with

aluminum coating
laminations
paints
pure virgin spoiter
Wood flooring finishing material

7 & 6 wood planks

V cut wood planks
gypsum board
ply board panel
Wood flooring finishing material

7 & 6 wood planks

V cut wood planks
gypsum board
ply board panel
What hardware/material is needed to fasten an asphalt strip roof
shingle on wooden sheets/planks?

CV nail
staple wire
tekscrew
fin nail
What hardware/material is needed to fasten an asphalt strip roof
shingle on wooden sheets/planks?

CV nail
staple wire
tekscrew
fin nail
The time required for the removal of a form works of a concrete
footing

24 hours
36 hours
48 hours
12 hours
The time required for the removal of a form works of a concrete
footing

24 hours
36 hours
48 hours
12 hours
Identify which figure is a dado wood joint
Identify which figure is a dado wood joint
Identify which figure is flemish (double stretcher) brickwork
Identify which figure is flemish (double stretcher) brickwork
Wall partition wooden framing is called

joist
jambs
studs
nailers
Wall partition wooden framing is called

joist
jambs
studs
nailers
How many corrugation is required as the minimum side lap of an
ordinary standard G.I. sheet roofing?

1½
2½
2
1
How many corrugation is required as the minimum side lap of an
ordinary standard G.I. sheet roofing?

1½
2½
2
1
Identify which letter in the target is a valley jack rafter?
Identify which letter in the target is a valley jack rafter?
What is the appropriate paint material for G.I. sheet roofing?

alkyd type
acrylic latex type
lacquer type
urethane
What is the appropriate paint material for G.I. sheet roofing?

alkyd type
acrylic latex type
lacquer type
urethane
Identify which figure is a dado wood joint
Identify which figure is a dado wood joint
The paint finishing material of long-span pre-painted roofing sheet
is

acrylic paint
duco paint
polyester paint
automotive paint
The paint finishing material of long-span pre-painted roofing sheet
is

acrylic paint
duco paint
polyester paint
automotive paint
What hardware/material is needed to fasten corrugated asbestos
cement roofing sheet on a steel purlin

metal screw
L hook bolt
m bolt
aluminum screw
What hardware/material is needed to fasten corrugated asbestos
cement roofing sheet on a steel purlin

metal screw
L hook bolt
m bolt
aluminum screw
A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the
surface inward occurs. It is called

blistering
peeling
chalking
alligatoring
A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the
surface inward occurs. It is called

blistering
peeling
chalking
alligatoring
Identify which figure is a blind and sub-mortise and tenon joint
Identify which figure is a blind and sub-mortise and tenon joint
A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet is called

truss joint
contraction joint
construction joint
expansion joint
A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet is called

truss joint
contraction joint
construction joint
expansion joint
A wall which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight without
the benefit of a complete vertical load carrying space frame is
called

retaining wall
curtain wall
shearing wall
bearing wall
A wall which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight without
the benefit of a complete vertical load carrying space frame is
called

retaining wall
curtain wall
shearing wall
bearing wall
A type of concrete floor which has no beam is called

flat slab
2-way slab
one way slab
ribbed floor
A type of concrete floor which has no beam is called

flat slab
2-way slab
one way slab
ribbed floor
 A one-way concrete slab are used when

the slab is being supported by two parallel beams

the slab has no cantilevered portion
the concrete slab is reinforced on the near bottom side
the concrete slab is sloping to all side
 A one-way concrete slab are used when

the slab is being supported by two parallel beams

the slab has no cantilevered portion
the concrete slab is reinforced on the near bottom side
the concrete slab is sloping to all side
 Level tool is a

tool used for guiding and testing the work to a vertical and horizontal position
a tool for checking height elevation
tool used to check the water level
the tool designated the different ranking of tool usage
 Level tool is a

tool used for guiding and testing the work to a vertical and horizontal
position
a tool for checking height elevation
tool used to check the water level
the tool designated the different ranking of tool usage
 Steel square is a

a small try square

tool for testing and for framing work
a steel square for use of signage
tool of the steel man
 Steel square is a

a small try square

tool for testing and for framing work
a steel square for use of signage
tool of the steel man
The vertical surface on face of a stair step is called

stair clip
stair head
nosing
riser
The vertical surface on face of a stair step is called

stair clip
stair head
nosing
riser
Tin shear is a

painter tool
masonry tool
tinsmithry tool
electrical tool
Tin shear is a

painter tool
masonry tool
tinsmithry tool
electrical tool
Auger bit is part of

fastener tool
guiding testing tool
bearing tool
rough facing tool
Auger bit is part of

fastener tool
guiding testing tool
bearing tool
rough facing tool
The complete records of test conduction (slump, compression test,
etc.) shall be preserved and made available for inspection during
the progress of construction and after completion of the projects for
a period of not less than

5 years
3 years
4 years
2 years
The complete records of test conduction (slump, compression test,
etc.) shall be preserved and made available for inspection during
the progress of construction and after completion of the projects for
a period of not less than

5 years
3 years
4 years
2 years
Wood board should have a thickness specification of

not less than 2” thick x 5” and up wide

not less than 1” thick x 4” and up wide
not less than 2” thick x 4” and up wide
not less than 3” thick x 7” and up wide
Wood board should have a thickness specification of

not less than 2” thick x 5” and up wide

not less than 1” thick x 4” and up wide
not less than 2” thick x 4” and up wide
not less than 3” thick x 7” and up wide
Wood plank is a piece of lumber that is

2” to 5” thick
6” to 8” thick
5” to 7” thick
8” up thick
Wood plank is a piece of lumber that is

2” to 5” thick
6” to 8” thick
5” to 7” thick
8” up thick
The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight is called

spandrel
pitch
run
rise
The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight is called

spandrel
pitch
run
rise
A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth
cutting and curving on solid wood is called

surface planner
dado place
portable hand router
lathe machine
A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth
cutting and curving on solid wood is called

surface planner
dado place
portable hand router
lathe machine
The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system is
called

rafter
girder
purlin
girt
The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system is
called

rafter
girder
purlin
girt
Wood defects are heart shake, cup shake, star shake and

knots
discoloration
deterioration
rotten
Wood defects are heart shake, cup shake, star shake and

knots
discoloration
deterioration
rotten
 Dressed lumber is referred to

covered with plastic for shipment

lumber of exact measurement
smoothed or planed lumber
lumber used for fine carpentry works
 Dressed lumber is referred to

covered with plastic for shipment

lumber of exact measurement
smoothed or planed lumber
lumber used for fine carpentry works
The other kind of handsaw other than rip-cut saw is

diagonal cut saw

cross-cut
circular saw
coping saw
The other kind of handsaw other than rip-cut saw is

diagonal cut saw

cross-cut
circular saw
coping saw
Walls that support weight from above as well as their own dead
weight

load bearing walls

curtain walls
shoring walls
none of the above
Walls that support weight from above as well as their own dead
weight

load bearing walls

curtain walls
shoring walls
none of the above
It refers to the occupancy load which either partially or fully in place
or may not be present at all is called

live load
dead load
concentrated load
distributed load
It refers to the occupancy load which either partially or fully in place
or may not be present at all is called

live load
dead load
concentrated load
distributed load
The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks
is called

development length
cross sectional area
effective length
equivalent distance
The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks
is called

development length
cross sectional area
effective length
equivalent distance
The amount of space measured in cubic units

none of these
perimeter
volume
area
The amount of space measured in cubic units

none of these
perimeter
volume
area
An expansion joints adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected
movements between them is called

contraction joint
truss joint
construction joint
conduction joint
An expansion joints adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected
movements between them is called

contraction joint
truss joint
construction joint
conduction joint
To find the volume of water in a cylindrical tank, multiply the area of
its base by its

diameter
radius
height
none of these
To find the volume of water in a cylindrical tank, multiply the area of
its base by its

diameter
radius
height
none of these
The most important component to determine the strength of a
concrete mix is

cement
sand
gravel
lime
The most important component to determine the strength of a
concrete mix is

cement
sand
gravel
lime
A beam that projects beyond one or both its support is called

overhanging beam
continuous beam
intermediate beam
cantilever beam
A beam that projects beyond one or both its support is called

overhanging beam
continuous beam
intermediate beam
cantilever beam
Jack rafter is used for

hip roof support

long span beam
cantilevered truss
none of these
Jack rafter is used for

hip roof support

long span beam
cantilevered truss
none of these
The total of all the tread widths in a stair is called

total riser
total run
winder
none of these
The total of all the tread widths in a stair is called

total riser
total run
winder
none of these
The face or front elevation of a building

facade
front view
face plate
frontal approach
The face or front elevation of a building

facade
front view
face plate
frontal approach
A pit in a basement floor made to collect water into which a pump is
placed to pump the liquid to the sewer pipe

sump
drain hole
slump
none of these
A pit in a basement floor made to collect water into which a pump is
placed to pump the liquid to the sewer pipe

sump
drain hole
slump
none of these
 Prefabrication refers to

design of a factory
pre-construction of components as a part of a whole
a system of material audit
preliminary building procedure
 Prefabrication refers to

design of a factory
pre-construction of components as a part of a whole
a system of material audit
preliminary building procedure
An opening in the roof for admitting light is called

natural lighting
ocules lighting
none of these
skylight
An opening in the roof for admitting light is called

natural lighting
ocules lighting
none of these
skylight
Wood coming out from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad
leaves are called

ironwood
mahogany
softwood
hardwood
Wood coming out from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad
leaves are called

ironwood
mahogany
softwood
hardwood
A kind of brick used for high temperature

fly-ash brick
thermal brick
firebrick
cinder block
A kind of brick used for high temperature

fly-ash brick
thermal brick
firebrick
cinder block
The building frame construction system that uses one piece
structural stud from the foundation to the roof

balloon framing
lath framing
wall framing
upright framing
The building frame construction system that uses one piece
structural stud from the foundation to the roof

balloon framing
lath framing
wall framing
upright framing
A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to
act as guide and support for finish trim around openings and near
the base of the wall

none of these
plaster ground
gravel stop
trimming guard
A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to
act as guide and support for finish trim around openings and near
the base of the wall

none of these
plaster ground
gravel stop
trimming guard
The distance between two structural supports

overall distance
bay
span
none of these
The distance between two structural supports

overall distance
bay
span
none of these
The scientific name for wood is

CITEM
XYLEM
APTG
TANG
The scientific name for wood is

CITEM
XYLEM
APTG
TANG
In designing a stair, to find the height of the riser, divide the height
of the stair by the number of

newel post
risers
balustrade
balusters
In designing a stair, to find the height of the riser, divide the height
of the stair by the number of

newel post
risers
balustrade
balusters
A kind of roof that has four sloping sides

gable roof
mansard roof
hip roof
lean to
A kind of roof that has four sloping sides

gable roof
mansard roof
hip roof
lean to
Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion

rip-rap
embankment
flag stone
border stone
Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion

rip-rap
embankment
flag stone
border stone
A tough used for carrying off water

gutter
none of these
moat
valley duet
A tough used for carrying off water

gutter
none of these
moat
valley duet
The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete

stripping
clearing
none of these
deforming works
The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete

stripping
clearing
none of these
deforming works
A structural member spanning from truss-to-truss or supporting
rafters

floor joist
purlin
girts
girder
A structural member spanning from truss-to-truss or supporting
rafters

floor joist
purlin
girts
girder
A threaded steel bent inserted of masonry construction for securing
wood or metal plates to concrete construction

anchor bolt
U-bolt
gusset plate
strut
A threaded steel bent inserted of masonry construction for securing
wood or metal plates to concrete construction

anchor bolt
U-bolt
gusset plate
strut
 A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top
of door or window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the
opening

none of these
lintel
transome beam
transverse rafter
 A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top
of door or window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the
opening

none of these
lintel
transome beam
transverse rafter
The placing of glass in windows or doors

none of these
glazing
puttying
glassing
The placing of glass in windows or doors

none of these
glazing
puttying
glassing
A rejected building material because of its below standard grade is
called

out-limber
run-of-the mill
cult
none of these
A rejected building material because of its below standard grade is
called

out-limber
run-of-the mill
cult
none of these
Another word for handmill on a stair construction

balustrade
banister
hand guard
stringer
Another word for handmill on a stair construction

balustrade
banister
hand guard
stringer
A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials

sandwiched joint
butt joint
dado joint
lap joint
A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials

sandwiched joint
butt joint
dado joint
lap joint
 Green lumber is

wolmanized lumber
creasate treated lumber
talanized lumber
lumber that still contains moisture or sap
 Green lumber is

wolmanized lumber
creasate treated lumber
talanized lumber
lumber that still contains moisture or sap
The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof is called

canal
gutter
valley
ridge cap
The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof is called

canal
gutter
valley
ridge cap
A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters. It is a part of
the cornice

facia
decorative board
face over
construction board
A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters. It is a part of
the cornice

fascia
decorative board
face over
construction board
A large heavy nail is referred to as

spike
anchorage hardware
none of these
dowel rod
A large heavy nail is referred to as

spike
anchorage hardware
none of these
dowel rod
In designing a stair, to find the number of riser divide the height of
the stair by the height of each

newel post
risers
balusters
nosing
In designing a stair, to find the number of riser divide the height of
the stair by the height of each

newel post
risers
balusters
nosing
Underwater watertight chamber to allow construction work to be
done

bent chamber
submersible air chamber
caisson
none of these
Underwater watertight chamber to allow construction work to be
done

bent chamber
submersible air chamber
caisson
none of these
 Stakes and batter board in a construction layouting procedure
refers to

building components where permanent horizontal and vertical measurement are indicated

initial formworks done in construction

vertical and horizontal wood sticks and lumber used to determine the elevation and ditances of
the reference points of the proposed building

a cliché for layouting work

 Stakes and batter board in a construction layouting procedure
refers to

building components where permanent horizontal and vertical measurement are indicated

initial formworks done in construction

vertical and horizontal wood sticks and lumber used to determine the elevation and
ditances of the reference points of the proposed building

a cliché for layouting work

Lumber specification S4S means

smooth for surfacing jobs

square on four sides
first class lumber
smooth on four sides
Lumber specification S4S means

smooth for surfacing jobs

square on four sides
first class lumber
smooth on four sides
The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof
or bridge truss

rafter
chord
beam
tie
The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof
or bridge truss

rafter
chord
beam
tie
Strips of hardwood, usually 2x2” laid over a concrete slab floor

sleepers
leveling blocks
wood anchor blocks
wood saddle
Strips of hardwood, usually 2x2” laid over a concrete slab floor

sleepers
leveling blocks
wood anchor blocks
wood saddle
Miter square is a guiding and testing tool that has a permanent
blade set at

30
45
20
60
Miter square is a guiding and testing tool that has a permanent
blade set at

30
45
20
60
A wall that holds back on earth embankment

shoring wall
retaining wall
buttress wall
foundation wall
A wall that holds back on earth embankment

shoring wall
retaining wall
buttress wall
foundation wall
In structural steel section joints, it is recommended NOT to use

rivets
nuts and bolts
oxy/acetyline welding
electric arch welding
In structural steel section joints, it is recommended NOT to use

rivets
nuts and bolts
oxy/acetyline welding
electric arch welding
A wall that serves two (2) dwelling units, known also as party wall

common wall
property wall
exterior wall
perimeter wall
A wall that serves two (2) dwelling units, known also as party wall

common wall
property wall
exterior wall
perimeter wall
Pertaining to a material description that resembles glass

alabaster
vitreous
fiberglass
cellulose
Pertaining to a material description that resembles glass

alabaster
vitreous
fiberglass
cellulose
To allow concrete to dry by keeping it moist to attain maximum
strength

permentate
stabilize
tempering
cure
To allow concrete to dry by keeping it moist to attain maximum
strength

permentate
stabilize
tempering
cure
The hardware on a door to accommodate the knob and lockset
keyhole

escutcheon
embellisher
door lock cup
push plate
The hardware on a door to accommodate the knob and lockset
keyhole

escutcheon
embellisher
door lock cup
push plate
 The material used for the process of making watertight the roof
intersection and other exposed areas on the exterior of a building

caping
flashing
fascia
gutter
 The material used for the process of making watertight the roof
intersection and other exposed areas on the exterior of a building

caping
flashing
fascia
gutter
A vertical space in a building intended for ducts, pipes, wire and
cables

niche
crevice
chase
trench
A vertical space in a building intended for ducts, pipes, wire and
cables

niche
crevice
chase
trench
The term to describe the putting up of the skeleton of the building

roughing-in
stakes and butterboards
shell work
formworks
The term to describe the putting up of the skeleton of the building

roughing-in
stakes and butterboards
shell work
formworks
 The zig-zag rule is a

a road builder tool for measuring zig-zag

the law governing intricate road network
an all-metal tape measuring tool
carpenter measuring tool
 The zig-zag rule is a

a road builder tool for measuring zig-zag

the law governing intricate road network
an all-metal tape measuring tool
carpenter measuring tool
 Keystone is

a wedge-shaped stone of an arch

a kind of grinding every stone
a stone shaped like a key
a brand of vehicular tire
 Keystone is

a wedge-shaped stone of an arch

a kind of grinding every stone
a stone shaped like a key
a brand of vehicular tire
 Kalomein door is

a fireproof door with metal covering

an indoor decorative door
a door product of Kuala Lumpur
none of these
 Kalomein door is

a fireproof door with metal covering

an indoor decorative door
a door product of Kuala Lumpur
none of these
Lumber that is notsquared or finished

green lumber
milled lumber
undressed lumber
scaled lumber
Lumber that is notsquared or finished

green lumber
milled lumber
undressed lumber
scaled lumber
How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement
constructed

90 degree bend plus 10 db extension, at free end of bar

90 degree bend plus 12 db extension, at free end of bar
90 degree bend plus 6 db extension, at free end of bar
90 degree bend plus 4 db extension, at free end of bar
How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement
constructed

90 degree bend plus 10 db extension, at free end of bar

90 degree bend plus 12 db extension, at free end of bar
90 degree bend plus 6 db extension, at free end of bar
90 degree bend plus 4 db extension, at free end of bar
 Good high-strength-bolted connection for steel should have the
following physical characteristic for good workmanship. Which of
the following listed is NOT ideal?

High-strength-bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be separated
by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material

Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened washed
under the nut or bolt head, whichever is the element turned in tightening

When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free of
scale, except tight mill scale, dirt and burns

Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut shall have a slope of not more than 1:10 with
respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis
 Good high-strength-bolted connection for steel should have the
following physical characteristic for good workmanship. Which of
the following listed is NOT ideal?

High-strength-bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be separated
by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material

Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened washed
under the nut or bolt head, whichever is the element turned in tightening

When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free of
scale, except tight mill scale, dirt and burns

Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut shall have a slope of not more than 1:10
with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis
What are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical?

guide piles
batter piles
slope piles
fender piles
What are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical?

guide piles
batter piles
slope piles
fender piles
 Which of the following criteria for bundle bars, do NOT apply?

bars larger than 32 mm shall not be bundled in beams

bundle bars shall not be enclosed within stirrups or ties

group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to three in
any one bundle

individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at
different points with at least 40 db staggered
 Which of the following criteria for bundle bars, do NOT apply?

bars larger than 32 mm shall not be bundled in beams

bundle bars shall not be enclosed within stirrups or ties

group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to
three in any one bundle

individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at
different points with at least 40 db staggered
What is a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide
foundation for the superstructure?

strap beam
gerber beam
grade beam
tie beam
What is a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide
foundation for the superstructure?

strap beam
gerber beam
grade beam
tie beam
What is a round steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry use to
hold down machinery, steel columns or beams, casting, shoes,
beams plates and engine heads?

retaining bolts
foundation bolts
anchor bolts
friction bolts
What is a round steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry use to
hold down machinery, steel columns or beams, casting, shoes,
beams plates and engine heads?

retaining bolts
foundation bolts
anchor bolts
friction bolts
 A concrete flooring and finish which transforms ordinary plain
concrete into an elegant and decorative textured surface. This is
done by adding dust-on-color pigments to the concrete to give a
fast color and imprinted with a patented pattern and texture while
the concrete is still plastic to create the look and finish of stone,
slate or brick

impressio-crete
textfloor-crete
stucco floor finish
concrete block cushion
 A concrete flooring and finish which transforms ordinary plain
concrete into an elegant and decorative textured surface. This is
done by adding dust-on-color pigments to the concrete to give a
fast color and imprinted with a patented pattern and texture while
the concrete is still plastic to create the look and finish of stone,
slate or brick

impressio-crete
textfloor-crete
stucco floor finish
concrete block cushion
Vernacular term for Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) laying

palitada
mitsa
rebokada
asintada
Vernacular term for Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) laying

palitada
mitsa
rebokada
asintada
An installation method where the cabinet covers is recessed and
flushed with the cabinet sidings

inset or interior
concealed
party wall or half lap
full lap or over lap
An installation method where the cabinet covers is recessed and
flushed with the cabinet sidings

inset or interior
concealed
party wall or half lap
full lap or over lap
Type of carpet weave important for an architect/designer to know to
guide him as to what type of construction and specification should
he recommend. What simplest type of fiber carpet weaving where
pile forms as the wrap yarns loop over removable “wires” inserted
consecutively across the loom?

axminster
wilton
velvet
knitted
Type of carpet weave important for an architect/designer to know to
guide him as to what type of construction and specification should
he recommend. What simplest type of fiber carpet weaving where
pile forms as the wrap yarns loop over removable “wires” inserted
consecutively across the loom?

axminster
wilton
velvet
knitted
 A pretreatment of poured concrete such as walls beams and
columns where a thin layer of lean cement grout mixed with flexible
base additives is splattered by tampico brush or masonry spoon to
the surface to give a “tooth” for excellent plaster adhesion

scratch coat
splash coat
cement roughing
concrete roughing by chiseling
 A pretreatment of poured concrete such as walls beams and
columns where a thin layer of lean cement grout mixed with flexible
base additives is splattered by tampico brush or masonry spoon to
the surface to give a “tooth” for excellent plaster adhesion

scratch coat
splash coat
cement roughing
concrete roughing by chiseling
Local species of wood commonly used for wall studding, cabinet
framing, and flush door framing, though scarcely available in the
market now due to forestry ban. This type of species is due to
cheaper cost than the other listed below

narra
molave
mahogany
tanguile
Local species of wood commonly used for wall studding, cabinet
framing, and flush door framing, though scarcely available in the
market now due to forestry ban. This type of species is due to
cheaper cost than the other listed below

narra
molave
mahogany
tanguile
A special coating system with a high gloss shine while maintaining
the natural wood qualities, maintenance free, used to finish and
topcoat wood flooring

polyethylene floor coating

tile floor coating
epoxy floor coating
polyurethane floor coating
A special coating system with a high gloss shine while maintaining
the natural wood qualities, maintenance free, used to finish and
topcoat wood flooring

polyethylene floor coating

tile floor coating
epoxy floor coating
polyurethane floor coating
 A common and cheap masonry finish wherein dry consistency
mortar mix is sprayed by mechanical or pneumatic means. The
sprayed cement is left to dry and give a rustic finish. Optional paint
coat maybe required

spraytex
anay finish
stucco finish
sandblast
 A common and cheap masonry finish wherein dry consistency
mortar mix is sprayed by mechanical or pneumatic means. The
sprayed cement is left to dry and give a rustic finish. Optional paint
coat maybe required

spraytex
anay finish
stucco finish
sandblast
 What criterion conforms to good construction practice for the
earliest time to remove scaffolding for concrete flooring other than
early-strength concrete if no anticipated load is expected over
poured floor?

25% of scaffoldings can be removed at slab area after 21 days of pouring and 100% of scaffolds after 28 days

50% of scaffolding can be removed after 14 days and 100% of scaffolds after 2 days

50% of scaffoldings can be removed over slab area after 28 days of pouring and 100% of scaffolding after 36
days

25% of scaffoldings can be removed at slab area after 14 days and 100% of scaffolds after 21 days after
pouring
 What criterion conforms to good construction practice for the
earliest time to remove scaffolding for concrete flooring other than
early-strength concrete if no anticipated load is expected over
poured floor?

25% of scaffoldings can be removed at slab area after 21 days of pouring and 100% of scaffolds after 28 days

50% of scaffolding can be removed after 14 days and 100% of scaffolds after 2 days

50% of scaffoldings can be removed over slab area after 28 days of pouring and 100% of scaffolding after 36
days

25% of scaffoldings can be removed at slab area after 14 days and 100% of scaffolds after 21 days
after pouring
A type of wood end joint where both wood are cut at equal angles
diagonally

finger
lap
splice
scarf
A type of wood end joint where both wood are cut at equal angles
diagonally

finger
lap
splice
scarf
When utilizing “knock-down” modular system of cabinets and
furniture, an end user is constrain of using:

longer assembly time

standard sizes, shapes and forms
needs additional finishing
labor intensive during production and assembly
When utilizing “knock-down” modular system of cabinets and
furniture, an end user is constrain of using:

longer assembly time

standard sizes, shapes and forms
needs additional finishing
labor intensive during production and assembly
 A type of terazzo floor described by its physical appearance
whereby the stone or pebble is intentionally exposed while the
cement matrix is depressed

palladiana terazzo
rustic terazzo
venetian terazzo
standard terazzo
 A type of terazzo floor described by its physical appearance
whereby the stone or pebble is intentionally exposed while the
cement matrix is depressed

palladiana terazzo
rustic terazzo
venetian terazzo
standard terazzo
 Which of the following concrete handling criterion impairs the
quality of concrete?

re-tempting concrete shall not be used and discard by approved means

concrete shall be carried on at such a rate that concrete is at all times plastic and flows readily
into space between reinforcement

concrete that has initially set, shall be mixed with new concrete and shall be deposited in the
structure with approved means

top surfaces or vertically formed lifts shall be generally level

 Which of the following concrete handling criterion impairs the
quality of concrete?

re-tempting concrete shall not be used and discard by approved means

concrete shall be carried on at such a rate that concrete is at all times plastic and flows
readily into space between reinforcement

concrete that has initially set, shall be mixed with new concrete and shall be deposited in the
structure with approved means

top surfaces or vertically formed lifts shall be generally level

A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90 degrees to
180 degrees about the header and sill or about the side jamb

combination
pivoted
awning
jalousie
A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90 degrees to
180 degrees about the header and sill or about the side jamb

combination
pivoted
awning
jalousie
To prevent cement plaster from improper adhesion, the substrate
must be roughened while observing the following:

cure the cement plaster slowly

cure the cement plaster rapidly
add more cement to the cement plaster
keep the cement plaster as thin as possible
To prevent cement plaster from improper adhesion, the substrate
must be roughened while observing the following:

cure the cement plaster slowly

cure the cement plaster rapidly
add more cement to the cement plaster
keep the cement plaster as thin as possible
A type of “hands of door” where the hinge is at the left and the door
leaf swings inside the room to the left

right hand reverse

right hand
left hand reverse
left hand
A type of “hands of door” where the hinge is at the left and the door
leaf swings inside the room to the left

right hand reverse

right hand
left hand reverse
left hand
What type of joint is used to install a glass into a lite of a French
window?

dado
rabbet
tenon
mortise
What type of joint is used to install a glass into a lite of a French
window?

dado
rabbet
tenon
mortise
An equipment to uniformly distribute tile adhesive at the underside
of a ________ tile during installation

masonry wall
notch trowel
edge strip trowel
flat steel trowel
An equipment to uniformly distribute tile adhesive at the underside
of a ________ tile during installation

masonry wall
notch trowel
edge strip trowel
flat steel trowel
 A water-mixed product mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime
activity in new masonry surface. Without preparing the surface with
this mixture will cause the subsequent painting to be defective

acrylic emulsion
masonry neutralizer
etching solution
aquaseal
 A water-mixed product mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime
activity in new masonry surface. Without preparing the surface with
this mixture will cause the subsequent painting to be defective

acrylic emulsion
masonry neutralizer
etching solution
aquaseal
 A paint defect which indicates imperfect adhesion of paint to the
surface, with the film getting stripped off in a relatively large pieces
due to application on damp or greasy surface

peeling
bleeding
alligatoring
cracking
 A paint defect which indicates imperfect adhesion of paint to the
surface, with the film getting stripped off in a relatively large pieces
due to application on damp or greasy surface

peeling
bleeding
alligatoring
cracking
A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with
glass to allow natural light only

figured wired glass

smoked glass
etched glass
bevel glass
A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with
glass to allow natural light only

figured wired glass

smoked glass
etched glass
bevel glass
Vernacular term for rough plastering

baldosa
asintada
rebokada
kostura
Vernacular term for rough plastering

baldosa
asintada
rebokada
kostura
 Aggregates should conform to PNS or ASTM standards and must
be well graded, easy workability and method of consolidated are
such that the concrete can be poured without honeycomb or voids.
What is the nominal maximum size of a course aggregate when
working spaces between reinforcements for proper bonding>

Course aggregates shall be no larger than ½ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

Course aggregates shall be no larger than 5/8 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars
or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

Course aggregates shall be no larger than 7/8 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars
or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

Course aggregates shall be no larger than ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts
 Aggregates should conform to PNS or ASTM standards and must
be well graded, easy workability and method of consolidated are
such that the concrete can be poured without honeycomb or voids.
What is the nominal maximum size of a course aggregate when
working spaces between reinforcements for proper bonding>

Course aggregates shall be no larger than ½ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

Course aggregates shall be no larger than 5/8 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars
or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

Course aggregates shall be no larger than 7/8 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars
or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

Course aggregates shall be no larger than ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual
reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts
What is the minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of
beams and columns not exposed to earth or weather for precast
manufactured under plant control conditions?

db but not less than 25 mm

db but not less than 15 mm and need not exceed 40 mm
db but not less than 20 mm and not to exceed 50 mm
db but not less than 30 mm
What is the minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of
beams and columns not exposed to earth or weather for precast
manufactured under plant control conditions?

db but not less than 25 mm

db but not less than 15 mm and need not exceed 40 mm
db but not less than 20 mm and not to exceed 50 mm
db but not less than 30 mm
What is the act of excavating or filling of earth or any sound
material or combination thereof, in preparation for a finishing
surface such as paving?

cut and fill

grading
benching
site preparation
What is the act of excavating or filling of earth or any sound
material or combination thereof, in preparation for a finishing
surface such as paving?

cut and fill

grading
benching
site preparation
A floor finish commercially size 1” x 12” x 12” utilizing clay and fired
in traditional manner making interesting and attractive rustic clay
shade patterns. Because of the rustic effect the floor is finished
rough and simply adhere by cement with some irregularities

cement non skid blocks

vigan tiles
adobe cobbled stones
mosaic tiles
A floor finish commercially size 1” x 12” x 12” utilizing clay and fired
in traditional manner making interesting and attractive rustic clay
shade patterns. Because of the rustic effect the floor is finished
rough and simply adhere by cement with some irregularities

cement non skid blocks

vigan tiles
adobe cobbled stones
mosaic tiles
What is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a
bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress to concrete?

prestress cables
reinforcement
tenon cables
tendon
What is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a
bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress to concrete?

prestress cables
reinforcement
tenon cables
tendon
 S A T U R D A Y, N O V E M B E R 1 5 , 2 0 0 8

Review Questions Building Technology UAPGA

1. A wall jointly used by two parties under easement agreement

a. Fire block
b. Party Wall
c. Shear Wall
d. Exterior Wall

2. Type hinge containing one or more springs, when a door is opened, the hinge
returns it to the open position automatically, may act in one direction only, or
in both directions.
a. Spring hinge
b. Butt hinge
c. Olive knuckle hinge
d. Loose joint hinge

3. A group of more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to provide a

protective surface coating at the same time they allow the original surface to
show but add a lustrous and glossy finish to it
a. Enamel
b. Shellac
c. Varnishes
d. Fillers

4. A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate from which gypsum

plaster is made (by heating); colorless when pure used as a retarder in Portland
cement.
a. Plywood
b. Gypsum
c. Hardboard
d. Chipboard

5. Basic ingredient in clay

a. Metal
b. Plastic
c. Wood
d. Brick

6. A class of rock composed silica grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown
and red
a. Limestone
b. Granite
c. Sandstone
d. Marble

7. A vent that does not serve as drain and is located where if is not exposed to
back up waste from drainage pipe
a. Dry Vent
b. Air Vent
c. Relief Vent
d. Ventilation

8. A vent installed so as to permit additional circulation of air between the

drainage and vent system where the drainage system might otherwise be air
bound.
a. Dry Vent
b. Air Vent
c. Relief Vent
d. Ventilation

9. Written or printed description of work to be done describing the qualities of

materials and mode of construction.
a. Specification
b. Material Specifications
c. Bid Bulletin
d. Punch list

10. Additional information contract documents

a. Specification
b. Material Specifications
c. Bid Bulletin
d. Punch list

11. Given the span of the slab as 5.40 m of 18 ft. The depth of the girder shall
be __________.
a. 16 inches or .41 m
b. 15 inches or .38 m
c. 16 inches or .46 m
d. 16 inches or .30 m

12. Given the depth of the girder mentioned above, what shall be the size of
its breadth?
a. 10 inches or .25 m
b. 8 inches o .20 m
c. 9 inches o .23 m
d. 6 inches o .15 m

13. Space in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space

below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height.
a. Slab on fill
b. Substructure
c. Superstructure
d. Crawl Space

14. The ability of a material to fix itself and cling to an entirely different
material.
a. Adhesiveness
b. Elasticity
c. Cohesiveness
d. Flexibility

15. The ability of particles of a material to cling tightly to one another.

a. Adhesiveness
b. Elasticity
c. Cohesiveness
d. Flexibility
16. Which of the following is not a nonferrous metal?
a. Aluminum
b. Tin
c. Led
d. Steel

17. A hard, brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent;

produced by melting a mixture of silica, a flux and stabilizer.
a. Brick
b. Metal
c. Glass
d. Wood

18. Materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of moisture through the
concrete. Reduces permeability.
a. Damproofers
b. Water Reducing Admixtures
c. Retarders
d. Accelerators

19. An admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete. Such a
material maybe added to the mix to increase the rate of early-strength
development for several reasons
a. Damproofers
b. Water Reducing Admixtures
c. Retarders
d. Accelerators

20. A traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and

beauty. It has great ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition,
wood has freedom from rust and corrosion, is comparatively light in weight,
and is adaptable to countless variety of purpose.
a. Metal
b. Brick
c. Wood
d. Plastic

21. A mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring

pigments, adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and
thinners, which when applied on a surface, forms as adherent continuous film
which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification and other
functional properties.
a. Stickwell
b. Thinner
c. Sealant
d. Paint

22. Is a cellular framework of squared steel, concrete, or timber members,

assembled in layers at right angles, and filled with earth or stones.
a. Bin Wall
b. Riprap
c. Cribbling
d. Gabions

23. Bigger than ceiling joist usually placed every 1.20m o.c.
a. Nailers
b. Bridging
c. Ceiling rafters
d. Girders

24. Used for bearing walls of light buildings, the height usually restricted to
four stories. Structural load bearing wall tile are made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in
thickness.
a. Floor tile
b. Fireproofing tile
c. Load bearing wall tile
d. Back-up tile

25. What should be the maximum spacing of stirrups applied if the depth of the
girder is 0.40 m?
a. 4 inches
b. 8 inches
c. 10 inches
d. 12 inches

26. A wall which separates two abutting living units as to resist the spread of
fire.
a. Fire Block
b. Party Wall
c. Shear Wall
d. Exterior Wall

27. Measures the density of granular soils and the consistency of some clay.
a. Shearing Strength
b. Maximum Dry Density
c. SPT – Standard Penetration Test
d. Allowable Bearing Capacity

28. Materials often added to the concrete or applied to the surface of freshly
placed concrete to produce some special result
a. Retarders
b. Concrete Additives
c. Air-entraining agents
d. Accelerators

29. Which of the following is not a Sheet Glass?

a. Picture Glass
b. Window Glass
c. Heavy Sheet Glass
d. Insulating Glass

30. A door made up of small horizontal interlocking metal slats which are
guided in a track; the configuration coils about an overhead drum which is
housed at the head of the opening, either manual or motor-driven.
a. Roll-up door
b. Panel door
c. Flush door
d. Overhead Swing-up door

31. The minimum length of splice needed for column.

a. 60 cm
b. 50 cm
c. 30 cm
d. 40 cm

32. Minimum angle of inclination of an escalator

a. 35 degree
b. 45 degree
c. 25 degree
d. 85 degree

33. Which are timber, steel, or pre-cast planks driven side by side to retain
earth and prevent water from seeping into the exaction?
a. Sheet piles
b. Wales
c. Rakers
d. Lagging

34. The main feed line of an electrical circuit to which branch circuits are
connected.
a. Service Line
b. Circuit Breaker
c. Distribution Line
d. Feeder line

35. Are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at once end driven into the
ground to serve as boundaries?
a. Stakes
b. Batter Boards
c. Ledger
d. Brace or the Diagonal
Posted by RSG at 12:54 PM 0 comments
Labels: Building Technology Review, Review Questions
 F R I D A Y, O C T O B E R 3 1 , 2 0 0 8

Answers to Building Technology Review Questions Parts 2 to 6

1. a.

2. b.

3. d

4. b

5. c

6. b.

7. b. pantile

8. c. foundation wall

9. b. control joints

10. c. balloon framing

11. a. tryolean finish

12. c. chord

13. a. Casein

14. b. alloy

15. a. Backset

16. c. wrought iron

17. a. Pabalagbag

18. b. takip silipan

19. c. sinturon

20. c. poleva

21. c. hulog

22. b. cantiliver

23. c. shear

24. a. 15

25. a. gluing/pasting

26. c. 0.90 meters

27. c. 24” x 48” x ½”

28. b. 1,098 bf

29. b. post-tensioning

30. b. post-tensioning

31. c. providing building paper sheathing and space filled

32. a. wood

33. a. glossy surfaced asphalt saturated paper, 50 lbs or more

34. c. lath and plaster

35. b. furring

36. a. flashing material

37. b. grade beam

38. c. batten

39. a. post-tensioning

40. b. beam blocking

41. c. western framing

42. c. atmospheric pressure

43. a. bay window

44. b. flemish bond

45. b. cold joint

46. b. cast iron

47. c. kusturada

48. c. estunyo

49. c. reostra

50. a. sopo

51. a. tahilan

52. b. 1” thick V-cut wood boards

53. b. adequate insulation

54. a. combination of wood boards and plywood with cavity between

55. a. double wall plywood on horizontal and vertical studs with absorbents

56. b. 3.69 meters

57. a. lath and plaster

58. a. 12.2247 inches

59. a. ¼ Ø plastic hose filled with water

60. b. 3-4-5 multiples with the use of steel tape measure

61. a. felt paper below sub-slab then WP on top of the sub-slab

62. c. expansion joints

63. a. corkboard

64. c. 4.16 meters

65. a. columns, splices, materials, lot

66. a. columns, splices, materials, lot

67. c. ceiling only

68. b. nickel steel

69. b. serpentine

70. a. flemish bond

71. a. western framing

72. c. vaciada

73. b. bolada

74. a. 18 risers

75. b. soil bearing pressure

76. c. aluminum foil sheets

77. c. reinforced concrete and high grade steel

78. b. porous concrete, glass fibers, guilt materials

79. b. asbestos-cement shingles

80. c. 6 ¼ inches

81. b. 7.906 meters

82. b. door jamb

83. a. knob bolt

84. b. dutch door

85. b. lap seam

86. b. lap seam

87. b. mission tile

88. a. grade beam

89. b. a fortification

90. c. kilo

91. a. rodapis

92. c. lightning

93. a. soil bearing pressure

94. a. 3.513 meters

95. c. concrete, steel and wood, type of floor finish

96. c. G.I. sheets

97. c. space frames, light steel skeleton structures

98. a. “going”

99. b. ¼” double wall on 2” x 4” studs

100. a. pitch or bituminous felt

101. a. asbestos cement shingles

102. b. 2 ½ corr.

103. c. chase

104. a. torsion
b. shear

105. b. sheet piling

106. c. wood siding

107. c. kalamein

108. c. soleras

109. a. tirante

110. a. “AA”
b. “A”
c. “B”

111. a. split-ring

112. c. plumb bob

113. c. clamp nail

114. c. weathered

115. c. hip rafter

116. c. batter boards

117. b. composite

118. a. kostilyahe

119. a. biga

120. b. spirit level

121. d. construction joint

122. d. torsion

123. b. chase
124. b. hybrid girder

125. a. one-way slab

126. a. purlins

127. b. space frame

128. b. space frame

129. c. 15 mm

130. d. shear wall

131. b. inflection point

132. a. zinc chromate

133. a. aluminum coating

134. a. 7 & 6 wood planks

135. b. staple wire

136. a. 24 hours

137. c. studs

138. a. 1 ½

139. b. acrylic latex type

140. a. acrylic paint

141. b. L hook bolt

142. c. chalking

143. c. construction joint

144. d. bearing wall

145. a. flat slab

146. a. the slab is being supported by two parallel beams

147. a. tool used for guiding and testing the work to a vertical and horizontal
position

148. b. tool for testing and for framing work

149. d. riser

150. b. masonry tool

151. c. bearing tool

152. d. 2 years

153. b. not less than 1” thick x 4” and up wide

154. a. 2” to 5” thick

155. c. run

156. c. portable hand router

157. b. girder

158. a. knots
159. c. smoothed or planed lumber

160. b. cross-cut

161. a. load bearing walls

162. a. live load

163. c. effective length

164. c. volume

165. a. contraction joint

166. c. height

167. a. cement

168. d. cantilever beam

169. a. hip roof support

170. b. total run

171. a. facade

172. a. sump

173. b. pre-construction of components as a part of a whole

174. d. skylight

175. c. softwood

176. c. firebrick
177. a. balloon framing

178. b. plaster ground

179. c. span

180. b. XYLEM

181. b. risers

182. c. hip roof

183. a. rip-rap

184. c. moat

185. a. stripping

186. b. purlin

187. a. anchor bolt

188. b. lintel

189. b. glazing

190. c. cult

191. b. banister

192. d. lap joint

193. d. lumber that still contains moisture or sap

194. c. valley
195. a. facia

196. a. spike

197. b. risers

198. c. caisson

199. c. vertical and horizontal wood sticks and lumber used to determine the
elevation and ditances of the reference points of the proposed building

200. d. smooth on four sides

201. b. chord

202. d. wood saddle

203. b. 45

204. b. retaining wall

205. c. oxy/acetyline welding

206. a. common wall

207. a. alabaster

208. b. stabilize

209. a. escutcheon

210. b. flashing

211. c. chase

212. d. formworks
213. d. carpenter measuring tool

214. a. a wedge-shaped stone of an arch

215. a. a fireproof door with metal covering

216. b. milled lumber

217. b. 90 degree bend plus 12 db extension, at free end of bar

218. d. Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut shall have a slope of not
more than 1:10 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis

219. b. batter piles

220. c. group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall
be limited to three in any one bundle

221. c. grade beam

222. b. foundation bolts

223. c. stucco floor finish

224. d. asintada

225. a. inset or interior

226. c. velvet

227. a. scratch coat

228. c. mahogany

229. d. polyurethane floor coating

230. d. sandblast

231. c. 25% of scaffoldings can be removed at slab area after 14 days and 100% of
scaffolds after 21 days after pouring

232. d. scarf

233. b. standard sizes, shapes and forms

234. d. standard terazzo

235. b. concrete shall be carried on at such a rate that concrete is at all times
plastic and flows readily into space between reinforcement

236. b. pivoted

237. d. keep the cement plaster as thin as possible

238. d. left hand

239. b. rabbet

240. b. notch trowel

241. b. masonry neutralizer

242. a. peeling

243. a. figured wired glass

244. c. rebokada

245. d. Course aggregates shall be no larger than ¾ the minimum clear spacing
between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing
tendons or ducts
246. d. db but not less than 30 mm

247. b. grading

248. b. vigan tiles

249. d. tendon
Posted by RSG at 9:48 PM 0 comments
Labels: Answers to Review Questions, Building Technology Review

Review Questions Building Technology Part 6

201. The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof or
bridge truss
a. rafter
b. chord
c. beam
d. tie

202. Strips of hardwood, usually 2x2” laid over a concrete slab floor
a. sleepers
b. leveling blocks
c. wood anchor blocks
d. wood saddle

203. Miter square is a guiding and testing tool that has a permanent blade set at
a. 30
b. 45
c. 20
d. 60

204. A wall that holds back on earth embankment

a. shoring wall
b. retaining wall
c. buttress wall
d. foundation wall

205. In structural steel section joints, it is recommended NOT to use

a. rivets
b. nuts and bolts
c. oxy/acetyline welding
d. electric arch welding

206. A wall that serves two (2) dwelling units, known also as party wall
a. common wall
b. property wall
c. exterior wall
d. perimeter wall

207. Pertaining to a material description that resembles glass

a. alabaster
b. vitreous
c. fiberglass
d. cellulose

208. To allow concrete to dry by keeping it moist to attain maximum strength

a. permentate
b. stabilize
c. tempering
d. cure

209. The hardware on a door to accommodate the knob and lockset keyhole
a. escutcheon
b. embellisher
c. door lock cup
d. push plate

210. The material used for the process of making watertight the roof
intersection and other exposed areas on the exterior of a building
a. caping
b. flashing
c. fascia
d. gutter

211A vertical space in a building intended for ducts, pipes, wire and cables
a. niche
b. crevice
c. chase
d. trench

212. The term to describe the putting up of the skeleton of the building
a. roughing-in
b. stakes and butterboards
c. shell work
d. formworks

213. The zig-zag rule is a

a. a road builder tool for measuring zig-zag
b. the law governing intricate road network
c. an all-metal tape measuring tool
d. carpenter measuring tool

214. Keystone is
a. a wedge-shaped stone of an arch
b. a kind of grinding every stone
c. a stone shaped like a key
d. a brand of vehicular tire

215. Kalomein door is

a. a fireproof door with metal covering
b. an indoor decorative door
c. a door product of Kuala Lumpur
d. none of these

216. Lumber that is not squared or finished

a. green lumber
b. milled lumber
c. undressed lumber
d. scaled lumber

217. How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement

constructed
a. 90 degree bend plus 10 db extension, at free end of bar
b. 90 degree bend plus 12 db extension, at free end of bar
c. 90 degree bend plus 6 db extension, at free end of bar
d. 90 degree bend plus 4 db extension, at free end of bar

218. Good high-strength-bolted connection for steel should have the following
physical characteristic for good workmanship. Which of the following listed is
NOT ideal?
a. High-strength-bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall
not be separated by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material
b. Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a
hardened washed under the nut or bolt head, whichever is the element turned in
tightening
c. When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer,
shall be free of scale, except tight mill scale, dirt and burns
d. Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut shall have a slope of not more
than 1:10 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis

219. What are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical?
a. guide piles
b. batter piles
c. slope piles
d. fender piles

220. Which of the following criteria for bundle bars, do NOT apply?
a. bars larger than 32 mm shall not be bundled in beams
b. bundle bars shall not be enclosed within stirrups or ties
c. group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be
limited to three in any one bundle
d. individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members
shall terminate at different points with at least 40 db staggered
221. What is a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide
foundation for the superstructure?
a. strap beam
b. gerber beam
c. grade beam
d. tie beam

222. What is a round steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry use to hold
down machinery, steel columns or beams, casting, shoes, beams plates and
engine heads?
a. retaining bolts
b. foundation bolts
c. anchor bolts
d. friction bolts

223. A concrete flooring and finish which transforms ordinary plain concrete
into an elegant and decorative textured surface. This is done by adding dust-
on-color pigments to the concrete to give a fast color and imprinted with a
patented pattern and texture while the concrete is still plastic to create the
look and finish of stone, slate or brick
a. impressio-crete
b. textfloor-crete
c. stucco floor finish
d. concrete block cushion

224. Vernacular term for Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) laying

a. palitada
b. mitsa
c. rebokada
d. asintada

225. An installation method where the cabinet covers is recessed and flushed
with the cabinet sidings
a. inset or interior
b. concealed
c. party wall or half lap
d. full lap or over lap

226. Type of carpet weave important for an architect/designer to know to guide

him as to what type of construction and specification should he recommend.
What simplest type of fiber carpet weaving where pile forms as the wrap yarns
loop over removable “wires” inserted consecutively across the loom?
a. axminster
b. wilton
c. velvet
d. knitted

227. A pretreatment of poured concrete such as walls beams and columns

where a thin layer of lean cement grout mixed with flexible base additives is
splattered by tampico brush or masonry spoon to the surface to give a “tooth”
for excellent plaster adhesion
a. scratch coat
b. splash coat
c. cement roughing
d. concrete roughing by chiseling

228. Local species of wood commonly used for wall studding, cabinet framing,
and flush door framing, though scarcely available in the market now due to
forestry ban. This type of species is due to cheaper cost than the other listed
below
a. narra
b. molave
c. mahogany
d. tanguile

229. A special coating system with a high gloss shine while maintaining the
natural wood qualities, maintenance free, used to finish and topcoat wood
flooring
a. polyethylene floor coating
b. tile floor coating
c. epoxy floor coating
d. polyurethane floor coating

230. A common and cheap masonry finish wherein dry consistency mortar mix
is sprayed by mechanical or pneumatic means. The sprayed cement is left to
dry and give a rustic finish. Optional paint coat maybe required
a. spraytex
b. anay finish
c. stucco finish
d. sandblast

231. What criterion conforms to good construction practice for the earliest time
to remove scaffolding for concrete flooring other than early-strength concrete
if no anticipated load is expected over poured floor?
a. 25% of scaffoldings can be removed at slab area after 21 days of pouring and
100% of scaffolds after 28 days
b. 50% of scaffolding can be removed after 14 days and 100% of scaffolds after 2
days
c. 50% of scaffoldings can be removed over slab area after 28 days of pouring and
100% of scaffolding after 36 days
c. 25% of scaffoldings can be removed at slab area after 14 days and 100% of
scaffolds after 21 days after pouring

232. A type of wood end joint where both wood are cut at equal angles
diagonally
a. finger
b. lap
c. splice
d. scarf

233. When utilizing “knock-down” modular system of cabinets and furniture,

an end user is constrain of using:
a. longer assembly time
b. standard sizes, shapes and forms
c. needs additional finishing
d. labor intensive during production and assembly
234. A type of terazzo floor described by its physical appearance whereby the
stone or pebble is intentionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed
a. palladiana terazzo
b. rustic terazzo
c. venetian terazzo
d. standard terazzo

235. Which of the following concrete handling criterion impairs the quality of
concrete?
a. re-tempting concrete shall not be used and discard by approved means
b. concrete shall be carried on at such a rate that concrete is at all times plastic
and flows readily into space between reinforcement
c. concrete that has initially set, shall be mixed with new concrete and shall be
deposited in the structure with approved means
d. top surfaces or vertically formed lifts shall be generally level

236. A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90 degrees to 180
degrees about the header and sill or about the side jamb
a. combination
b. pivoted
c. awning
d. jalousie

237. To prevent cement plaster from improper adhesion, the substrate must be
roughened while observing the following:
a. cure the cement plaster slowly
b. cure the cement plaster rapidly
c. add more cement to the cement plaster
d. keep the cement plaster as thin as possible

238. A type of “hands of door” where the hinge is at the left and the door leaf
swings inside the room to the left
a. right hand reverse
b. right hand
c. left hand reverse
d. left hand
239. What type of joint is used to install a glass into a lite of a French window?
a. dado
b. rabbet
c. tenon
d. mortise

240. An equipment to uniformly distribute tile adhesive at the underside of a

________ tile during installation
a. masonry wall
b. notch trowel
c. edge strip trowel
d. flat steel trowel

241. A water-mixed product mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime activity in

new masonry surface. Without preparing the surface with this mixture will
cause the subsequent painting to be defective
a. acrylic emulsion
b. masonry neutralizer
c. etching solution
d. aquaseal

242. A paint defect which indicates imperfect adhesion of paint to the surface,
with the film getting stripped off in a relatively large pieces due to application
on damp or greasy surface
a. peeling
b. bleeding
c. alligatoring
d. cracking

243. A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with glass to
allow natural light only
a. figured wired glass
b. smoked glass
c. etched glass
d. bevel glass
244. Vernacular term for rough plastering
a baldosa
b. asintada
c. rebokada
d. kostura

245. Aggregates should conform to PNS or ASTM standards and must be well
graded, easy workability and method of consolidated are such that the
concrete can be poured without honeycomb or voids. What is the nominal
maximum size of a course aggregate when working spaces between
reinforcements for proper bonding>
a. Course aggregates shall be no larger than ½ the minimum clear spacing between
individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or
ducts
b. Course aggregates shall be no larger than 5/8 the minimum clear spacing
between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing
tendons or ducts
c. Course aggregates shall be no larger than 7/8 the minimum clear spacing
between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing
tendons or ducts
d. Course aggregates shall be no larger than ¾ the minimum clear spacing
between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing
tendons or ducts

246. What is the minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of beams
and columns not exposed to earth or weather for precast manufactured under
plant control conditions?
a. db but not less than 25 mm
b. db but not less than 15 mm and need not exceed 40 mm
c. db but not less than 20 mm and not to exceed 50 mm
d. db but not less than 30 mm

247. What is the act of excavating or filling of earth or any sound material or
combination thereof, in preparation for a finishing surface such as paving?
a. cut and fill
b. grading
c. benching
d. site preparation

248. A floor finish commercially size 1” x 12” x 12” utilizing clay and fired in
traditional manner making interesting and attractive rustic clay shade patterns.
Because of the rustic effect the floor is finished rough and simply adhere by
cement with some irregularities
a. cement non skid blocks
b. vigan tiles
c. adobe cobbled stones
d. mosaic tiles

249. What is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle
of such elements, used to impart prestress to concrete?
a. prestress cables
b. reinforcement
c. tenon cables
d. tendon
Posted by RSG at 9:12 PM 1 comments
Labels: Building Technology Review, Review Questions

Review Questions Building Technology Part 5

151. Auger bit is part of

a. fastener tool
b. guiding testing tool
c. bearing tool
d. rough facing tool

152. The complete records of test conduction (slump, compression test, etc.)
shall be preserved and made available for inspection during the progress of
construction and after completion of the projects for a period of not less than
a. 5 years
b. 3 years
c. 4 years
d. 2 years

153. Wood board should have a thickness specification of

a. not less than 2” thick x 5” and up wide
b. not less than 1” thick x 4” and up wide
c. not less than 2” thick x 4” and up wide
d. not less than 3” thick x 7” and up wide

154. Wood plank is a piece of lumber that is

a. 2” to 5” thick
b. 6” to 8” thick
c. 5” to 7” thick
d. 8” up thick

155. The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight is called
a. spandrel
b. pitch
c. run
d. rise

156. A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth cutting
and curving on solid wood is called
a. surface planner
b. dado place
c. portable hand router
d. lathe machine

157. The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system is called
a. rafter
b. girder
c. purlin
d. girt

158. Wood defects are heart shake, cup shake, star shake and
a. knots
b. discoloration
c. deterioration
d. rotten

159. Dressed lumber is referred to

a. covered with plastic for shipment
b. lumber of exact measurement
c. smoothed or planed lumber
d. lumber used for fine carpentry works

160. The other kind of handsaw other than rip-cut saw is

a. diagonal cut saw
b. cross-cut
c. circular saw
d. coping saw

161. Walls that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight
a. load bearing walls
b. curtain walls
c. shoring walls
d. none of the above

162. It refers to the occupancy load which either partially or fully in place or
may not be present at all is called
a. live load
b. dead load
c. concentrated load
d. distributed load

163. The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks is
called
a. development length
b. cross sectional area
c. effective length
d. equivalent distance

164. The amount of space measured in cubic units

a. none of these
b. perimeter
c. volume
d. area

165. An expansion joints adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected

movements between them is called
a. contraction joint
b. truss joint
c. construction joint
d. conduction joint

166. To find the volume of water in a cylindrical tank, multiply the area of its
base by its
a. diameter
b. radius
c. height
d. none of these

167. The most important component to determine the strength of a concrete

mix is
a. cement
b. sand
c. gravel
d. lime

168. A beam that projects beyond one or both its support is called
a. overhanging beam
b. continuous beam
c. intermediate beam
d. cantilever beam

169. Jack rafter is used for

a. hip roof support
b. long span beam
c. cantilevered truss
d. none of these

170. The total of all the tread widths in a stair is called

a. total riser
b. total run
c. winder
d. none of these

171. The face or front elevation of a building

a. facade
b. front view
c. face plate
d. frontal approach

172. A pit in a basement floor made to collect water into which a pump is
placed to pump the liquid to the sewer pipe
a. sump
b. drain hole
c. slump
d. none of these

173. Prefabrication refers to

a. design of a factory
b. pre-construction of components as a part of a whole
c. a system of material audit
d. preliminary building procedure

174. An opening in the roof for admitting light is called

a. natural lighting
b. ocules lighting
c. none of these
d. skylight

175. Wood coming out from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad leaves
are called
a. ironwood
b. mahogany
c. softwood
d. hardwood

176. A kind of brick used for high temperature

a. fly-ash brick
b. thermal brick
c. firebrick
d. cinder block

177. The building frame construction system that uses one piece structural stud
from the foundation to the roof
a. balloon framing
b. lath framing
c. wall framing
d. upright framing

178. A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as

guide and support for finish trim around openings and near the base of the wall
a. none of these
b. plaster ground
c. gravel stop
d. trimming guard

179. The distance between two structural supports

a. overall distance
b. bay
c. span
d. none of these

180. The scientific name for wood is

a. CITEM
b. XYLEM
c. APTG
d. TANG
181. In designing a stair, to find the height of the riser, divide the height of the
stair by the number of
a. newel post
b. risers
c. balustrade
d. balusters

182. A kind of roof that has four sloping sides

a. gable roof
b. mansard roof
c. hip roof
d. lean to

183. Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion

a. rip-rap
b. embankment
c. flag stone
d. border stone

184. A tough used for carrying off water

a. gutter
b. none of these
c. moat
d. valley duet

185. The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete
a. stripping
b. clearing
c. none of these
d. deforming works

186. A structural member spanning from truss-to-truss or supporting rafters

a. floor joist
b. purlin
c. girts
d. girder
187. A threaded steel bent inserted of masonry construction for securing wood or
metal plates to concrete construction
a. anchor bolt
b. U-bolt
c. gusset plate
d. strut

188. A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of door or
window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the opening
a. none of these
b. lintel
c. transome beam
d. transverse rafter

189. The placing of glass in windows or doors

a. none of these
b. glazing
c. puttying
d. glassing

190. A rejected building material because of its below standard grade is called
a. out-limber
b. run-of-the mill
c. cult
d. none of these

191. Another word for handmill on a stair construction

a. balustrade
b. banister
c hand guard
d. stringer

192. A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials

a. sandwiched joint
b. butt joint
c. dado joint
d. lap joint

193. Green lumber is

a. wolmanized lumber
b. creasate treated lumber
c. talanized lumber
d. lumber that still contains moisture or sap

194. The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof is called
a. canal
b. gutter
c. valley
d. ridge cap

195. A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters. It is a part of the cornice
a. facia
b. decorative board
c. face over
d. construction board

196. A large heavy nail is referred to as

a. spike
b. anchorage hardware
c. none of these
d. dowel rod

197. In designing a stair, to find the number of riser divide the height of the stair
by the height of each
a. newel post
b. risers
c. balusters
d. nosing

198. Underwater watertight chamber to allow construction work to be done

a. bent chamber
b. submersible air chamber
c. caisson
d. none of these

199. Stakes and batter board in a construction layouting procedure refers to

a. building components where permanent horizontal and vertical measurement are
indicated
b. initial formworks done in construction
c. vertical and horizontal wood sticks and lumber used to determine the elevation
and ditances of the reference points of the proposed building
d. a cliché for layouting work

200. Lumber specification S4S means

a. smooth for surfacing jobs
b. square on four sides
c. first class lumber
d. smooth on four sides
Posted by RSG at 9:11 PM 0 comments
Labels: Building Technology Review, Review Questions

Review Questions Building Technology Part 4

101. This material holds less moisture, is very light with less absorptive
capacity and is very good in exterior sidings of residential houses in tropical
regions
a. asbestos cement shingles
b. vinyl shingles
c. wood shingles

102. Standard size overlap for corrugated G.I. roofing is

a. 2 corr.
b. 2 ½ corr.
c. 3 corr.

103. A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc. is called
a. alcove
b. ductwork
c. chase

104. A twisting force is

a. torsion
b. shear
c. moment

105. A barrier or diaphragm formed to prevent the movement of soil to

stabilize foundation, etc. is
a. pile foundation
b. sheet piling
c. retaining wall

106. The term stone-cut refers to a

a. masonry finish
b. adobe stone work
c. wood siding

107. Wood with metal cladding is called

a. channel strip
b. reinforced wood
c. kalamein

108. The Filipino term for floor joist is

a. suelo
b. guililan
c. soleras

109. The Filipino term for bottom chord is

a. tirante
b. tahilan
c. madre

110. Standard concrete mix for beams, girders, slabs, stairs and columns is
a. “AA”
b. “A”
c. “B”

111. Chord splice connectors for trusses is

a. split-ring
b. wood block
c. fish plate

112. A vertical line check uses a

a. meter stick
b. try square
c. plumb bob

113. A specialized fastener used to pull on to hold mitered joints together is

a. vise
b. wood screw
c. clamp nail

114. Most waterproofed type of mortar joints for wall is

a. raked
b. struck
c. weathered

115. Rafters laid diagonally from corner of a plate or girts to the ridge
a. jack rafter
b. valley plate
c. hip rafter

116. The horizontal boards nailed to corner post to assist in the accurate layout
of foundation and excavation lines are called
a. form boards
b. box boards
c. batter boards

117. Columns in which a concrete core is reinforced with a steel or cast-iron

core designed to support a part of load is
a. lally
b. composite
c. cast-in-place

118. The Filipino term for ceiling joist is

a. kostilyahe
b. tirante
c. espejo

119. The Filipino term for concrete beam is

a. biga
b. guilihan
c. kilo

120. Instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check is called
a. plumb bob
b. spirit level
c. try square
d. caliper

121. The vertical and horizontal surface is reinforced concrete where

concreting was stopped and continued later is called
a. expansion joint
b. control joint
c. cold joint
d. construction joint

122. A twisting force is

a. shear
b. bending
c. moment
d. torsion

123. A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc. is called
a. alcove
b. chase
c. ductworks
d. pipeline

124. It is a special type of plate girder consisting of tees, angles and multiple
web
a. box girder
b. hybrid girder
c. T-flange girder
d. bridging

125. When the ratio of short span to the long span of a slab is less than 0.50,
slab is a
a. one-way slab
b. slab on fill
c. two-way slab
d. cantilever slab

126. Longitudinal beams which rest on the top chord and preferably at the
joints of the truss
a. purlins
b. jack rafter
c. rafters
d. girders

127. A three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of

interconnected laterally supported so as to function as a complete self-
contained unit with or without the aids of horizontal diaphragms or floor-
bracing system
a. box system
b. space frame
c. freeform
d. braced frame

128. A three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of

interconnected laterally supported so as to function as a complete self-
contained unit with or without the aids of horizontal diaphragms or floor-
bracing system
a. box system
b. space frame
c. freeform
d. braced frame

129. Concrete slab should have a minimum clearance of

a. 20 mm
b. 40 mm
c. 15 mm
d. 30 mm

130. It is designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
a. bearing wall
b. curtain wall
c. grade wall
d. shear wall

131. The section of which the moment changes from positive to negative is
called
a. neutral axis
b. inflection point
c. section of zero shear
d. maximum moment

132. What is the appropriate painting material type for wood surfaces?
a. zinc chromate
b. alkyd
c. latex
d. polyurethane

133. Commercially made corrugated G.I. sheets, of gauge 26, having standard
corrugation are coated both sides with
a. aluminum coating
b. laminations
c. paints
d. pure virgin spoiter

134. Wood flooring finishing material

a. 7 & 6 wood planks
b. V cut wood planks
c. gypsum board
d. ply board panel

135. What hardware/material is needed to fasten an asphalt strip roof shingle

on wooden sheets/planks?
a. CV nail
b. staple wire
c. tekscrew
d. fin nail

136. The time required for the removal of a form works of a concrete footing
a. 24 hours
b. 36 hours
c. 48 hours
d. 12 hours

137. Wall partition wooden framing is called

a. joist
b. jambs
c. studs
d. nailers

138. How many corrugation is required as the minimum side lap of an ordinary
standard G.I. sheet roofing?
a. 1 ½
b. 2 ½
c. 2
d. 1

139. What is the appropriate paint material for G.I. sheet roofing?
a. alkyd type
b. acrylic latex type
c. lacquer type
d. urethane

140. The paint finishing material of long-span pre-painted roofing sheet is

a. acrylic paint
b. duco paint
c. polyester paint
d. automotive paint

141. What hardware/material is needed to fasten corrugated asbestos cement

roofing sheet on a steel purlin
a. metal screw
b. L hook bolt
c. m bolt
d. aluminum screw

142. A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the surface
inward occurs. It is called
a. blistering
b. peeling
c. chalking
d. alligatoring

143. A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet is called

a. truss joint
b. contraction joint
c. construction joint
d. expansion joint

144. A wall which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight without the
benefit of a complete vertical load carrying space frame is called
a. retaining wall
b. curtain wall
c. shearing wall
d. bearing wall
145. A type of concrete floor which has no beam is called
a. flat slab
b. 2-way slab
c. one way slab
d. ribbed floor

146. A one-way concrete slab are used when

a. the slab is being supported by two parallel beams
b. the slab has no cantilevered portion
c. the concrete slab is reinforced on the near bottom side
d. the concrete slab is sloping to all side

147. Level tool is a

a. tool used for guiding and testing the work to a vertical and horizontal position
b. a tool for checking height elevation
c. tool used to check the water level
d. the tool designated the different ranking of tool usage

148. Steel square is a

a. a small try square
b. tool for testing and for framing work
c. a steel square for use of signage
d. tool of the steel man

149. The vertical surface on face of a stair step is called

a. stair clip
b. stair head
c. nosing
d. riser

150. Tin shear is a

a. painter tool
b. masonry tool
c. tinsmithry tool
d. electrical tool
Posted by RSG at 9:09 PM 0 comments
Labels: Building Technology Review, Review Questions

Review Questions Building Technology Part 3

51. The Filipino term for top chord is

a. tahilan
b. baytang
c. sinturon

52. The capacity of a wall to hold moisture is important in the design of dwelling units.
Select the best material which will reduce moisture in a wall when used
a. CHB S-cut joint finish
b. 1” thick V-cut wood boards
c. Synthetic adobe finish on R.C. wall

53. Plaster or plywood ceiling on nailers or joists below a ventilated roof space may show
“pattern staining” on the ceiling. This can be prevented by
a. cleaning
b. adequate insulation
c. re-painting

54. Heat gain through the walls in buildings exposed to afternoon sun intensifies
discomfort of inhabitants because of conductivity. However, this can be minimized by the
use of
a. combination of wood boards and plywood with cavity between
b. thick reinforced concrete wall
c. steel sheets

55. Sound or noise between bedrooms may be reduced by using less expensive materials
with the application of construction techniques
a. double wall plywood on horizontal and vertical studs with absorbents
b. solid 6” R.C. wall
c. sawali on 2” x 2” studs

56. The staircase of a house has a total run of 3 meters and a total rise of 2.16 meters, the
tread width is 11 inches and riser is 7 7/8”, therefore, the stringer length is
a. 3.20 meters
b. 3.69 meters
c. 3.75 meters

57. Dry walls are customarily finished with

a. lath and plaster
b. mortar and hollow blocks
c. reinforced concrete

58. The riser of a stair is 6 ½ inches. What is the run using formula R/T = tan (R-3) x
8 degrees
a. 12.2247 inches
b. 12.1000 inches
c. 11.8975 inches

59. One method of leveling batterboards without the transit is the use of
a. ¼ Ø plastic hose filled with water
b. eyesight
c. plumb bob

60. A manual method of squaring the corners of a building lines in building layout, is the
use of
a. 2-3-4 multiples with the use of transit
b. 3-4-5 multiples with the use of steel tape measure
c. 4-5-4 multiples and strings
61. When dry conditions are demanded of asphalt tile floor finishes on concrete over
earth, apply the waterproofing (WP) steps
a. felt paper below sub-slab then WP on top of the sub-slab
b. felt paper below the top slab then WP the earth
c. WP the earth under slab

62. Due to temperature effects in materials, concrete walls, slabs of long buildings, new
buildings adjoining existing buildings should be provided with
a. flashing
b. welded joints
c. expansion joints

63. A typical block or panel type insulating material used in flat roof of commercial or
industrial building
a. corkboard
b. acacia lumber
c. washed pebbles

64. What is the height of the RC curtain wall surrounding a water tank located at the
penthouse whose capacity is 5000 U.S. gallons. The diameter of the tank is 2.5 meters
(I.D.) and freeboard of 0.30 meters. The wall shall be as high as the water tank.
a. 4.00 meters
b. 4.19 meters
c. 4.16 meters

65. Select the grouping one subject of which is a criterion used by architects in planning
and design of buildings
a. columns, splices, materials, lot
b. roofing sheets, function, elevation
c. concrete, lumber, steel, cement
66. Select the grouping one subject of which is a criterion used by architects in planning
and design of buildings
a. columns, splices, materials, lot
b. roofing sheets, function, elevation
c. concrete, lumber, steel, cement

67. Narrow, high ceiling spaces where ceiling area is small compared to wall area, will
normally require acoustical treatment of the
a. wall or part of several walls
b. floor and ceiling
c. ceiling only

68. A ferrous metal that offers great resistance to abrassion and finds important use in the
cutting edges of heavy digging tools is a
a. alloy steel
b. nickel steel
c. manganese steel

69. A building stone of igneous origin and composed of quartz, hornblende and mica is a
a. travertine
b. serpentine
c. granite

70. A form of brick bond in which the course consists of alternate stretchers and headers
in known as
a. flemish bond
b. english bond
c. common bond
71. A system of framing a building on which floor joist of each storey rests on the top
plates of the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of each
storey is known as
a. western framing
b. balloon framing
c. flank framing

72. The Filipino term for rabbet

a. palitada
b. asintada
c. vaciada

73. The Filipino term for projection is

a. alahado
b. bolada
c. asinta

74. Given a riser equals six inches and using the stair tread-riser proportion formula 2R +
T = 25, how many risers will there be between two levels having a vertical distance of 9’-
0”
a. 18 risers
b. 16 risers
c. 17 risers

75. A geological or ground condition considered in determining the size and type of
foundation of the building
a. soil chemistry
b. soil bearing pressure
c. particle size distribution
76. These are materials excellent as vapor barrier in the roofing system of residential
buildings
a. particle board
b. lawanit boards
c. aluminum foil sheets

77. The chief structural materials, used for tall buildings are
a. built-up beams, girders, foundations
b. cement, deformed wrought iron, gravel and sand
c. reinforced concrete and high grade steel

78. These are classified as good and less expensive insulating materials used in buildings
a. glass blocks, 5000 psi concrete
b. porous concrete, glass fibers, guilt materials
c. steel plates, marble slabs, granite

79. This is a material that holds less moisture, is very light, less water absorptive capacity
and is very good in sidings of dwelling units
a. vinyl shingles
b. asbestos-cement shingles
c. wood boards

80. The toilet bathroom floor finish is designed to be at least one inch below the bedroom
floor finish. What should be the vertical distance between the bedroom floor finish and
the top line of the 2” x 6” yacal floor joists which carry the toilet bath floor system
assuming that ¼” thick mosaic vitrified tiles will be used in the toilet bathroom on 4” RC
slab with membrane waterproofing, using standard acceptable measurement of materials
for residential houses
a. 3 ½ inches
b. 3 ¼ inches
c. 6 ¼ inches
81. A Howe Truss is being considered to support the roofing system of a residential
building. The pitch of the truss is 1 vertical 3 horizontal. What is the total length of the
top chord, if the span of truss is 12 meters and the eave is 1.5 meters horizontally?
a. 7.555 meters
b. 7.906 meters
c. 7.567 meters

82. The finished frame surrounding a door is a

a. door frame
b. door jamb
c. door casing

83. A door lock with a spring bolt controlled by one or both knobs and dead bolt
controlled by a key is a
a. knob bolt
b. knob latch
c. knob lock

84. A door consisting of two separate leaves, one above the other, this leaves may operate
independently or together is a
a. dwarf door
b. dutch door
c. window door

85. A joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal sheet or plated and joining them by
riveting, soldering or brazing is a
a. lap joint
b. lap seam
c. lap splice
86. A joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal sheet or plated and joining them by
riveting, soldering or brazing is a
a. lap joint
b. lap seam
c. lap splice

87. A clay roofing tile approximately semi cylindrical in shape laid in courses with units
having their convex side alternately up and down is a
a. pantile
b. mission tile
c. roman tile

88. The part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the super
structure and bears directly on the column footing is a
a. grade beam
b. foundation wall
c. foundation course

89. The wall of Intramuros is

a. an aqueduct
b. a fortification
c. a moat

90. The Filipino term for rafter is

a. guililan
b. sepo
c. kilo

91. The Filipino term for baseboard is

a. rodapis
b. perdano
c. batidora

92. A climatic factor that is considered in the structural and architectural design of
tall buildings
a. thunderstorm
b. gusts
c. lightning

93. This is a ground condition that determines the size, type and shape of the
building footing/foundation
a. soil bearing pressure
b. loam and clay formation
c. adobe underlay

94. What is the height of a curtain wall for a downfeed water tank at the deck roof with
60,000 gallons capacity and diameter of 3 meters, freeboard of 0.30 meters, shall be as
high as the water tank
a. 3.513 meters
b. 3.550 meters
c. 3.625 meters

95. Select the grouping one subject of which is a general criterion used by architects
in planning and design of buildings
a. colored roofing sheets, esthetics, symmetry of windows
b. columns, doors, windows, split type
c. concrete, steel and wood, type of floor finish

96. The most common materials used for roofing of urban residential houses
a. R.C. slabs
b. wood shingles
c. G.I. sheets

97. For very large roof spans (for auditoria, transport buildings, exhibition halls) of over
150 ft these structures are suggested economical solutions
a. pre-stressed concrete
b. reinforced concrete
c. space frames, light steel skeleton structures

98. Rise is the vertical distance between the upper surface of two consecutive steps. The
horizontal distance between the nosing of two consecutive steps is the
a. “going”
b. “string”
c. “newel”

99. Noise inside the building is o two kinds, namely, airborne noise and impact noise .
Insulation must be provided against both of these by internal walls and floors. Examples
of better sound insulation are
a. concrete hollow block walls
b. ¼” double wall on 2” x 4” studs
c. asbestos board walls on wooden studs

100. When the soil beneath the building is not exceptionally well drained and it is
necessary to exclude dampness, the best material to be used which is installed beneath the
concrete slab is
a. pitch or bituminous felt
b. gravel coarse
c. aluminum foil
Posted by RSG at 9:01 PM 0 comments
Labels: Building Technology Review, Review Questions

Review Questions Building Technology Part 2

1. Identify the miter joint from the following

2. Identify which figure is a dado wood joint

3. Identify which figure is flemish (double stretcher) brickwork

4. Identify which figure is a dado wood joint

5. Identify which figure is a blind and sub-mortise and tenon joint

6. Identify which letter

in the target is a valley jack rafter?
7. A roofing tile which has the shape of an “S” laid on its side is a
a. Mission tile
b. pantile
c. French tile

8. That part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining
wall of the structure below grade is a
a. foundation course
b. grade beam
c. foundation wall

9. Joint employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of masonry

walls are known as
a. cold joints
b. control joints
c. block outs

10. A system of framing a building in which the studs are continuous to roof
supporting second floor joints is known as
a. post and beam
b. western framing
c. balloon framing
11. Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand
operated machine is
a. tryolean finish
b. trowel finish
c. broom stripped finish

12. A principal member of the truss which extends from one end to the other
primarily to resist bending is a
a. web member
b. girt
c. chord

13. A protein: the chief nitrogenous ingredient in milk is

a. Casein
b. Tempera
c. alabaster

14. a composition of two or more metals fused together usually to obtain a

desired property
a. annealing
b. alloy
c. built-up

15. The horizontal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center of the
knob or lock cylinder
a. Backset
b. backfill
c. built-up

16. A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion
resistance and ductility is
a. cast iron
b. black iron
c. wrought iron

17. The Filipino term for horizontal stud is

a. Pabalagbag
b. Tahilan
c. pilareta

18. The Filipino term for riser

a. Muldura
b. takip silipan
c. planehuelda

19. The Filipino term for collar plate is

a. Hardinera
b. Guililan
c. sinturon

20. The Filipino term for temper (metal work)

a. Suban
b. Espolon
c. poleva

21. The Filipino term for plumb line is

a. Pantilya
b. Asintada
c. hulog

22. A beam that projects beyond one or both its support

a. continuous
b. cantiliver-overhanging beam
c. tie

23. A wall (bearing or non-bearing) designed to resist lateral forces parallel to

the wall
a. non-bearing
b. prefabricated
c. shear

24. Using stair tread-riser proportion formula RT = 75, given riser equals 6 ¼ “ how
many risers will there be between two floors having floor line to floor line distance
of 7.8125 feet?
a. 15
b. 17
c. 19

25. A modern method of installing wood parquet flooring on wooden boards

sub-flooring is by
a. gluing/pasting
b. nailing into battens
c. wainscoting

26. The standard height of window sills for office rooms in upper floors is
a. 1.2 meters
b. 0.60 meters
c. 0.90 meters

27. The dimension of commercial acoustic boards for aluminum T-runners used for
dropped-ceiling in offices is
a. 30” x 60” x 1”
b. 24” x 50” x 7/8”
c. 24” x 48” x ½”

28. The total floor area 16 feet wide by 60 feet deep needs one inch (1”) x
4”(commercial size) T & G flooring. Assuming that the available T & G is 1” x 4” x
16” and the effective width is 3.5” , the total board feet needed is
a. 1,280 bf
b. 1,098 bf
c. 1,330 bf

29. In the design of a large shopping centers where space is required, intervals of
columns can be wider than the ordinary by adopting a structural method of
construction called
a. compressioning
b. post-tensioning
c. pre-casting
30. In the design of a large shopping centers where space is required, intervals of
columns can be wider than the ordinary by adopting a structural method of
construction called
a. compressioning
b. post-tensioning
c. pre-casting

31. Humidification and condensation in exterior walls can be minimized by

a. providing stud space between exterior finish and interior finish
b. providing building paper sheathing
c. providing building paper sheathing and space filled

32. Heat gain through the structure of a habitable room occur in tropical region
at walls and roofs by conduction. This can be minimized by the use of
a. wood
b. concrete
c. steel

33. A material used to remedy vapor flow

a. glossy surfaced asphalt saturated paper, 50 lbs or more
b. wall paper
c. asbestos cement board

34. Dry walls do not require appreciable amount of moisture and they are
customarily finished with
a. mortar and cement
b. plywood on studs
c. lath and plaster

35. Wallboards or plywood maybe applied over studs. They can also be applied
over CHB masonry wall by using
a. wood battens
b. furring
c. sheathing
36. To turn back water whenever joints occur in which dissimilar materials come
together, it is necessary to provide
a. flashing material
b. binding material
c. counter flushing

37. The part of a foundation system which supports the exterior walls of a
superstructure and bears directly on the column footing is a
a. foundation course
b. grade beam
c. foundation wall

38. A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel
boards in the same plane is a
a. fillet
b. cant strip
c. batten

39. The stressing of unbounded tendons after concrete has cured is

a. post-tensioning
b. pre-casting
c. lift slab

40. The boxing in of covering a joist, beam or girder to give the appearance of
a larger beam is known as
a. beam formworks
b. beam blocking
c. grade beam

41. A system of framing a building on which floor joists of each storey rest on the
top plates of the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the
subfloor of each storey is known as
a. balloon framing
b. flank framing
c. western framing
42. Pressure exerted against the underground portion of a building created by
the presence of water in the soil is known as
a. soil bearing pressure
b. hydrostatic pressure
c. atmospheric pressure

43. A window which projects outside the main line of a building and the
compartment in which it is located extends to the floor is known as
a. bay window
b. hopper window
c. oriel window

44. A form of brick bond in which each course is alternately composed of

entirely of headers or of stretchers is known as
a. common bond
b. flemish bond
c. english bond

45. A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of
concrete is placed against it is
a. block out
b. cold joint
c. control joint

46. An iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon which has high
compressive strength but low tensile strength is
a. pig iron
b. cast iron
c. wrought iron

47. The Filipino term for plastered course is

a. lastilyas
b. moneyka
c. kusturada

48. The Filipino term for bottom chord is

a. barakilan
b. sibe
c. estunyo

49. The Filipino term for purlin is

a. tahilan
b. balangkas
c. reostra

50. The Filipino term for eave is

a. sopo
b. tabike
c. sibe

Posted by RSG at 3:40 PM 0 comments

Labels: Building Technology Review, Review Questions

T H U R S D A Y, J U N E 5 , 2 0 0 8

Review Questions: Bldg Technology Utilities Part1

1. This is a kind of pump attached to the end of deep-well pipe enclosed in a

casing where the pump is capable of functioning while submerged.
a) Underground pump
b) Reversible pump
c) Submarine pump
d) Submersible pump

2. A reservoir, tank or vessel for storing or holding water or other liquids

a) Cesspool
b) Swimming pool
c) Cistern
d) Septic

3. A tank using air pressure from a suction tank to distribute water in tall
buildings which cannot be reached by normal pressure.
a) Pneumatic tank
b) Air-pressure pump
c) Force pump
d) Power pump

4. A kind of G.I. fitting that has one-end external threads, while the other end
has internal threads
a) Interchangeable tee
b) Close open elbow
c) Two-way fitting
d) Street elbow or tee

5. To insure no leakage, a G.I. pipe when threaded has to use ____tape around
the thread before tightening the fittings.
a) Teflon
b) Plastic
c) PVC
d) Sealer

6. A _____ is described as the reflection of sound along a curved surface from a

source near the surface. Although the sound can be heard at points along the
surface , it is inaudible away from the surface.
a) Steep
b) Bleep
c) Creep
d) Keep

7. What method is used to specify the maximum allowable intensity of

background sound?
a) Noise criteria
b) Noise insulation class
c) Noise reduction
d) Inverse square law

8. What is one variable affecting reverberation time?

a) Sound intensity
b) room volume
c) noise reduction coefficient
d) frequency

9. A method of protecting ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting or

corroding
a) Rust proofing
b) Paints and protective coverings
c) Waterproofing
d) Dampproofing

10. In an office, a copy machine is found to produce 65 dB, what will be the
resulting sound level?
a) 70 dB
b) 71 dB
c) 72 dB
d) 73 dB

11. A system of sprinklers with its pipes constantly filled with water on both
mains and distribution pipes
a) Water filled system
b) Liquid enhanced system
c) Wet pipe system
d) Soaking system

12. An inlet placed outside a building close to ground level, having two
openings so that fire engines can pump water to the dry standpipes and
sprinkler system of the building.
a) Double header
b) Dual entrance
c) Siamese twin
d) Ground entry

13. A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas and
materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
a) Trap
b) Closer
c) Water plug
d) Clogger

14. A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.
a) Basement pit
b) House drain
c) Sump pit
d) House trap

15. In calculating solar heat gain, what value must you have in addition to the
area of the glass?
a) Sensible heat
b) Design cooling load factor
c) Effective temperature
d) Mean radiant temperature

16. To avoid making concrete surfaces slippery, what material is used?

a) Concrete tile
b) Abrasive material in the topping
c) Rough wood edges
d) Plastic

17. Tempered glass is required in

a) Entry doors
b) Sidelights with sills below 18 inches
c) Glazing within I foot of doors
d) All of the above

18. Which of these water-related soil problems would be the most important to
solve for a large building being planned with a two-level basement used for
meeting rooms?
a) Uplift pressure on the lowest slab
b) Moisture penetration caused by hydrostatic pressure
c) Deterioration of foundation insulation
d) Reduced load carrying capacity of the soil
19. The horizontal member that holds individual pieces of shoring in places is
called
a) Wale
b) Breast board
c) Raker
d) None of the above

20. When the architect is on the job observing concrete placement, what is the
most likely to be of least concern?
a) The height of the bottom-dump bucket above the forms as the concrete is being
placed
b) The type of vibrator being used
c) The location of the rebar in relation to the forms
d) The method of support of the forms

21. What cement would be used in slip form construction?

a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV

22. What is used to minimize corner chipping of concrete?

a) Chamber strip
b) Backset
c) Isolation joint
d) Rustication strips

23. What part of the panel door is the lockset mounted in?
a) Terne plate
b) Stile
c) Stretcher
d) Coordinator

25. A geared traction elevator would be most appropriate for which of the
following applications?
a) A five-storey medical office building
b) Sixteen-storey office building
c) A four-storey department store
d) An eight-storey apartment building

26. In determining the width and gauge of gypsum board framing, what are some
of the important considerations?
I. Thickness of the gypsum board
II. Spacing of studs
III. Height of the wall
IV. Size of piping and other built-in items
V. Number of layers to be supported
a) I, II, IV and V
b) II, III and IV
c) II, III, IV and V
d) All of the above

27. Joining two metals with heat and a filter metal with a melting point above
800 degrees Fahrenheit (409 degrees Centigrade) is called
a) Annealing
b) Soldering
c) Brazing
d) Welding

28. Which type of lock would be most appropriate for an entry door into an
office suite?
a) Cylindrical lock
b) Unit lock
c) Mortise lock
d) Rim lock

29. Ceramic mosaic tile in a public shower room is best installed over
a) Water-resistant gypsum board
b) A bed of Portland cement mortar
c) Concrete block walls coated with a waterproofing membrane
d) Rigid cement composition board made for this purpose
30. A reasonable elevator capacity for a medium-sized office building is
a) 905 kilos
b) 1,357.5 kilos
c) 1,810 kilos
d) 2,715 kilos

31. The portion of paint that evaporates or dries is called the

a) Binder
b) Pigment
c) Solvent
d) Vehicle

32. Walls that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight
a) Load bearing walls
b) Curtain walls
c) Shoring walls
d) None of these

33. A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete beam is
called
a) Bottom bar
b) Stirrups
c) Metal plate
d) Temperature bar

34. An expansion joint to adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected

movement between them is called
a) Contraction joint
b) Truss joint
c) Construction joint
d) Conduction joint

35. A roofing unit of wood and other materials cut to stock lengths, width and
thickness used as exterior covering on sloping roofs and side walls, applied in
an overlapping fusion
a) G.I. sheets
b) T & G
c) Shingles
d) Ashlar

36. What is the standard weight of a 16mm diameter hot-rolled weldable

deformed or steel bar per meter length?
a) 1.578 kg
b) 0.888 kg
c) 1.872 kg
d) 2.466 kg

37. The total of all tread width in a stair is called _______.

a) Total riser
b) Total run
c) Winder
d) None of these

38. Prefabrication refers to ________.

a) design of a factory
b) preliminary building procedure
c) system of a material audit
d) pre-construction of components as part of the whole

39. Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion

a) riprap
b) flagstone
c) embankment
d) border stone

40. Lumber specification S2S means

a) smooth for surfacing jobs
b) square on two sides
c) first class lumber
d) smooth on two sides

41. A wall that hold back earth on embankment

a) shoring wall
b) foundation wall
c) buttress wall
d) retaining wall

42. A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill up the gap of marble
slabs during installation of floor or wall finishes
a) Polymer
b) Caulking
c) Tile grout
d) Concrete tile adhesive

43. What is the method of introducing a jacking force in which tendons are
tensioned after concrete has hardened enough to sustain this jacking force?
a) Freysinnet
b) Prestressed concrete
c) Pretensioning
d) Post tensioning

44. Subjecting reinforcement bars, tendons on a stressed bed prior to pouring

concrete is called
a) Prestressing
b) Post tensioning
c) Precast
d) Control stressing

45. The concrete propotion for a Class”A” concrete mixture is

a) 1:2:4
b) 1:4:6
c) 1:2:3
d) 1:3:6

46. Placing of glass in windows or doors

a) Glazing
b) Bevel
c) Garret
d) Insert

47. When the water pressure cannot directly convey water to the building tank
or reservoir the device used is called _____.
a) water conveyor
b) water hoist
c) pumps
d) water lifter

48. In designing a stair, to find the height of the riser, divide the height of the
stair by the number of __________.
a) newel post
b) risers
c) balustrade
d) balusters

49. In an auditorium, the best sound absorber are the _________.

a) draperies
b) audience
c) acoustical tiles
d) padded sheets

50. The minimum face to face distance between elevator in three and four car
grouping is
a) 2.0 meters
b) 3.0 meters
c) 3.5 meters
d) 1.80 meters

51. Intelligent building should have

a) harmonious color combinations
b) structurally sound and economically constructed
c) fire alarm control and suppression system
d) short time of construction period

52. The maximum height of a dumbwaiter

a) 1.50 meters
b) 1.80 meters
c) 0.90 meters
d) 1.20 meters

53. Proscenium arch is a sound reflecting part of a ______.

a) Residence
b) Gallery
c) Stage
d) Garden

54. It is the total sound units provided by a given material

a) Echo
b) Sabins
c) Decibels
d) Lumens

55. Another name for distribution panel is _______.

a) electrical box
b) electrical cabinet
c) power panel
d) distribution cabinet

56. A threaded faucet allowing a house to be attached to it is called ______.

a) Sprinkler Faucet
b) Bibb cock
c) Hose faucet
d) Hose bibb

57. The specification on the electrical wire T refers to _____.

a) Wire in tension application
b) On wet and dry location
c) For temporary use
d) Thermoplastic-for dry location

58. The minimum elevator width of a single side door elevator for small
commercial or residential building is
a) 1.00 meter
b) 0.50 meter
c) 0.60 meter
d) 0.90 meter

59. Jacuzzi is a
a) Kind of plumbing tool
b) A brand and name of manufacturer of water body massage plumbing fixture
c) An Italian inventory of jack pump
d) An equipment for cleaning swimming pool

60. Bidet toilet fixtures are used for what?

a) For washing feet
b) For facial moisturizing
c) For use by invalids
d) For washing genitals

61. A stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its connection with a water
main
a) Corporation cock
b) Cock valve
c) Company lock
d) Union cock

62. An opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes

a) pipe connectors
b) pipe chase
c) pipe hole
d) pipe groupings

63. In the installation of any drainage system, _________ shall be avoided

a) Cleanout
b) Vent
c) Dead ends
d) Trap
64. One fixture unit is equivalent to how many gallons of water/
a) 6
b) 5
c) 12
d) 8

65. The theater components that helps transmit the sound from the stage to
the audience is called ____________.
a) Prompt side
b) Sound baffles
c) Parterre
d) Acoustical ceiling

66. The most practical conductor of electricity is

a) Bronze wire
b) Nickel wire
c) Silver wire
d) Copper wire

67. A spherical ball shaped spotlight housing is called

a) Eyeball light
b) Globe light
c) Halogen light
d) Pinball light

68. A device for maintaining desirable humidity condition in the air supplied to
an area
a) Humidity regulator
b) Humidity control
c) Moisture meter
d) Humidifier

69. A passageway made of insulated metal sheet for conveying air at low
pressure
a) Duct
b) Building canal
c) Channel
d) Air chute

70. The repetition rate of sound

a) Reverberation
b) Frequency
c) Cycle
d) Echo

71. A pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free of fecal matter
a) Conveyor pipe
b) Wastes pipes
c) Trash pipe
d) Liquid containing pipe

72. A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in plumbing
system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals.
a) Vent
b) Air
c) Flue
d) Duct

73. A tank using air pressure from a suction tank to distribute water in tall
buildings which cannot be reached by normal pressure.
a) Pneumatic tank
b) Air-pressure tank
c) Positive system
d) Power pump
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
1. Identify the board foot of a 2”x2”x10’ (150)?

a. 6000
b. 5000
c. 500
d. 600

2. Why should you put primer on steel before painting?

a. for adhesion
b. to prevent rust

3. Used for bonding ceramic tiles on walls and floors?

a. contact cement
b. tile adhesive
c. grout
d. lead

4. What door is used for kitchen?

a. door closer
b. double action door
c. flush door
d. panel door

5. What type of roofing will be used in a heavy forested area?

a. very steep roof with singles on a space frame

b. steep gable roof on metal framing
c. RC roof deck
d. polycarbonate sheet

6. Aside from screw and nuts, what material is also used in joining steel?

a. acetylene torch
b. contact cement
c. nail
d. cement paste

7. Which is not used in joining concrete?

a. dowel
b. anchor bolt
c. expansion bolt
d. steel wires
8. If you are to renovate a glass building, what should be used in order to
minimize the heat generated inside the building?

a. use tinted glass

b. use chb all over the building
c. use chb and minimal glass

9. Due to the weather in our country, what material is not used as an exterior
wall?

a. 6” chb
b. retaining wall
c. dry wall
d. shear wall

10. What should you use as a partition of T&B at second floor to reduce the sound
generated from flushing of toilet in bedrooms?

a. 6” chb
b. use drywall and put acoustic material in between gaps
c. use RC wal l
d. place the closet adjacent to T&B

11. Where is the best location of the soil stack in the building?

a. inside columns
b. in between openings
c. away from the exterior wall
d. in the exterior wall

12. What is the best thickness of gravel bedding?

a. 10
b. 20
c. 15
d. 30

13. Upon application of Building Permit, what activity can be done that is allowed
by the OBO?

a. bending of bars
b. excavation

14. Used in vertical alignment?

a. astragal
b. batidura
c. hulog
b. metros
15. Used in doors to prevent smoke from entering the room?

a. astragal
b. batidura
c. hulog
d. metros

16. Used to shape balusters?

a. jigsaw
b. router
c. handsaw
d. chainsaw

17. A building will be erected on a coastal area.

a. used protruding eaves

b. provide big balcony
c. use roof deck
d. use ribbed type roofing

18. New technology to reduce the sun rays penetrating inside the room.

19. Kind of material imitated by PVC.

a. concrete
b. wood
c. metal
d. stone

20. A building will be erected on a hilltop, what roofing system and materials will
be used?

a. use roof shingles

b. protruding eaves
c. metal roofing
d. RC roof deck

20. A building will be erected on a hilltop, what roofing system and materials will
be used?

a. use roof shingles

b. protruding eaves
c. metal roofing
d. RC roof deck

21. Wood used in cabinets?

MDF
22. What kind of window is easy to clean?

a. louver
b. sliding window
c. casement
d. awning

23. What window is used wherein 95% of air can pass through?

a. 150cm blade lover window

b. sliding window
c. casement
d. awning

24. What window is used in high-rise buildings and best to ward off rain?

a. louver
b. sliding window
c. casement
d. awning

25. Which material has a five year warranty?

a. roof deck water proofing

b. t&b water proofing
c. laminated flooring
d. glass window

26. What kind of glass can redirect the suns reflection?

a. glass blocks
b. float glass
c. plate glass
d. tempered glass

27. What kind of window wherein in the morning, exterior can be viewed and at
night, reflection of yourself can be seen?

a. clear glass
b. float glass
c. plate glass
d. reflective glass

28. Kind of door used in fire exits?

a. double action door

b. panel door with panic bar
c. panel door
d. revolving door
29. Used in countertops.

a. granite
b. vinyl
c. pebbles
d. rough concrete

30. Connection of wood and steel.

31. Connection of wood and steel.

32. Connection of I-beam and concrete.

a. plate with anchor bolt

33. This is being built in order to prevent soil erosion on creeks.

a. riprap
b. 6” chb
c. rc wall
d. shear wall

34. Wood not used as construction materials.

a. palotsina
b. mahogany
c. coconut
d. yacal

35. What is S2S?

a. smooth on 4 sides
b. smooth on 2 sides
c. rough lumber
d. green lumber

36. Study methods in drying of woods.

37. Tiles used in T&B.

a. ceramic tiles

38. Window wherein you have to embed its edges on openings.

a. jalousie
b. sliding window
c. casement
d. capis
39. Glass used in commercial establishments.

a. tempered glass
b. float glass
c. plate glass
d. reflective glass

40. Used in steel trusses to prevent in misalignment.

a. sag rod

41. Where should you put the heat roofing material?

a. under the rafter

b. over the rafter
c. on ceiling

42. Locks used on main door.

a. double lock door

b. single lock door

43. Locks used on T&B.

a. double lock
b. lock inside
c. single lock

with ar Jeje

4. What door is used for kitchen?

a. door closer
b. double action door- tama
c. flush door
d. panel door

7. Which is not used in joining concrete?

a. dowel
b. anchor bolt
c. expansion bolt
d. steel wires
12. What is the best thickness of gravel bedding?

a. 10
b. 20
c. 15
d. 30

16. Used to shape balusters?

a. jigsaw
b. router??
c. handsaw
d. torno –tama

18. New technology to reduce the sun rays penetrating inside the room- low-E
glass.

22. What kind of window is easy to clean?

a. louver
b. sliding window
c. casement?
d. awning - lage may argument sa gantong tanong pero ako laging sliding glass sagot ko

26. What kind of glass can redirect the suns reflection?

a. glass blocks - tama

b. float glass
c. plate glass
d. tempered glass

28. Kind of door used in fire exits?

a. double action door

b. panel door with panic bar- tama pero bihira gamitin ang panel door sa fire exits..pero
pwede..madalas metal/steel flush doors with panic device
c. panel door d. revolving door
1. It consists of a framework of vertical stiles and horizontal a. Sill
rails that hold solid wood or plywood panels, glass lights, b. Sub Sill
or louvers in place. The stiles and rails may be solid 15. is an additional sill fitted to a window frame to cause
softwood or veneered hardwood. rainwater to drip farther away from a wall surface.
a. Wood Panel a. Sill
b. Wood Flush Door b. Sub Sill
2. It consists of vertical board sheathing nailed at right angles 16. refers to the finishing trim work around a window opening,
to cross strips or ledgers. Diagonal bracing is nailed consisting of head and jamb casings, window sills and
between and notched into the ledgers. aprons.
a. Sliding Door a. Windowsill Stool Trim
b. Batten Door b. Casing Trim
3. May be bypass, surface or pocket sliding doors. Panels may 17. refers to the casing that surrounds a window or doorway,
be of wood, metal or polystyrene and have flush, panel or especially when it is continuous with the same profile.
louver designs. a. Architrave
a. Sliding Door b. Plinth Block
b. Batten Door 18. refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in
4. Flush door, Glass door , Flush door , Vision door, Narrow which panes of glass are set.
light door, Full-louvered door, Vision/louvered door. a. Pane
a. Steel Door Design b. Sash
b. Wood Door Design 19. are the vertical members holding the edges of
5. Fire door assemblies, consisting of a fire-resistant door, windowpanes within a sash.
doorframe, and hardware, re required to protect openings a. Mullion
in fire-rated walls. b. Muntins
a. Steel Louver Door 20. is a vertical member separating a series of windows or
b. Steel Fire Door doorways.
6. are coordinated systems of extruded aluminum frames, a. Mullion
glass panels, glass entrance doors, and hardware fittings. b. Muntins
a. Storefronts 21. 100% ventilating; has operating sashes that are hinged,
b. Butt-Frame Installation swinging outward.
7. consist of three or four leaves that rotate about a central, a. Casement Window
vertical pivot within a cylindrically shaped vestibule. b. Fixed Window
a. Revolving Door 22. the setting of small glass panes set in a rabetted frame,
b. Coiling Door held in place with glazier’s points, and sealed with a
8. are constructed of one or several leaves of wood, steel, beveled bead of putty or glazing compound.
aluminum, or fiberglass and open by swinging or rolling up a. Face Glazing
to a position above the door opening. b. Wet Glazing
a. Overhead Door 23. is a compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough like
b. Revolving Door consistency when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or
9. Consist of horizontal, interlocking metal slats guided by a patching woodwork defects.
track on either side and open… a. Putty
a. Overhead Door b. Face Putty
b. Coiling Door 24. is an adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected between
10. Locksets incorporating locks, latches, and bolts, a cylinder a glass pane or unit and a glazing bead, curing to form an
and stop works, and operating trim, Hinges, Closers, Panic airtight seal.
hardware… a. Heel Bead
a. Finish Door Hardware b. Cap Bead or Sealant
b. Hardware Finishes 25. is the setting of glass in a window frame with glazing tape
11. – are used in specifying door hardware such as locksets or a liquid sealant. Lights more than 6 sqft. (0.56 sq.m.) in
and closers. area, must be wet- or dry-glazed.
a. Door Hand Convention a. Wet Glazing
b. Window Frame b. Dry Glazing
12. the uppermost horizontal member of a window frame.
a. Jamb
b. Head
13. is either of the two side members of a window frame.
a. Jamb
b. Head
14. is the horizontal member beneath a door or window
opening, having an upper surface sloped to shed
rainwater.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

LAYOUT AND EXCAVATION

 SPIRIT LEVEL - INSTRUMENT OR TOOL CAPABLE OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE CHECK.

 PLUMB BOB - IT’S USES FOR VERTICAL LINE CHECK.

 PLASTIC HOSE FILLED W/ WATER – A METHOD OF LEVELLING (HORIZONTAL) BATTERBOARDS WITHOUT TRANSIT.

 3-4-5 MULTIPLES W/ THE USE OF STEEL TAPE MEASURE – A MANUAL METHOD OF SQUARING THE CORNERS OF BUILDING LINES IN
BUILDING LAYOUT.

 SHEET PILLING – A BARRIER FORMED TO PREVENT THE MOVEMENT OF SOIL TO STABILIZE FOUNDATION.

LAYOUT AND EXCAVATIONS

LAYOUT IS SOMETIMES CALLED “ STAKING OUT” WHICH MEANS THE PROCESS OF RELOCATING THE POINT OF BOUNDARIES AND
PROPERTY LINE OF THE SITE WHERE THE BUILDING IS TO BE CONSTRUCTED.

IT INCLUDES CLEARING, STAKING, BATTER BOARDS AND ESTABLISHES THE EXACT LOCATION OF THE BUILDING FOUNDATION
AND WALL LINE ON THE GROUND.

 STAKE – ARE WOODEN STICKS USED AS POSTS SHARPENED AT ONE END DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND TO SERVE AS BOUNDARIES OR
SUPPORTS OF THE BATTER BOARDS.

 BATTER BOARD – WOOD STICK OR BOARD NAILED HORIZONTALLY AT THE STAKE WHICH SERVE AS THE HORIZONTAL PLANE WHERE
THE REFERENCE POINT OF THE BUILDING MEASUREMENTS ARE ESTABLISHED.

 STRING – IS EITHER PLASTIC CHORD OR GALVANIZED WIRE ACROSS THE BATTER BOARDS USED TO INDICATE THE OUTLINE OF THE
BUILDING WALL AND FOUNDATION.

LAYOUT METHODS AND PROCEDURES

1. BEFORE THE CONSTRUCTION BEGINS, SEE TO IT THAT A BUILDING PERMIT IS FIRST SECURED FROM THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES
CONCERNED.

2. RELOCATE THE BOUDARIES OF THE CONSTRUCTION SITE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE RELOCATION OF THE PROPERTY LINE
SHALL BE DONE BY GEODETIC ENGINEER SPECIALLY FOR THOSE LOTS WITHOUT EXISTING REFERENCE POINTS OR ADJOINING
STRUCTURES.

3. CLEAR THE SITE OF ANY EXISTING STRUCTURE, TREES, AND OTHER ELEMENTS THAT WILL OBSTRUCT THE CONSTRUCTION
WORK.
4. CONSTRUCT AND ALLOCATE A SPACE FOR LABORERS’ QUARTERS, CONSTRUCTION OFFICE, BODEGA FOR THE MATERIALS AND
WORKING TOOLS AND TEMPORARY WASTE DISPOSAL.

5. APPLY FOR A TEMPORARY CONNECTIONS OF ELECTRIC AND WATER SUPPLY. ELECTRIC CURRENT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE POWER
NEEDS OF THE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT AND IS NECESSARY ON OVERTIME SCHEDULES ESPECIALLY IN THE TIME OF
CONCRETING. WATER IS ALSO A PRIME NEED IN CONSTRUCTION.

6. CONSTRUCT A TEMPORARY FENCE AROUND THE CONSTRUCTION.

7. VERIFY THE MEASUREMENT IN THE PLAN IF THE DISTANCES INDICATED ARE FORM:

 CENTER TO CENTER

 OUTER TO CENTER

 OUTER TO OUTER

 INSIDE TO INSIDE

8. FIX THE BATTER BOARD TO ITS HORIZONTAL POSITION WITH THE AID OF LEVEL INSTRUMENT PREFERABLY PLASTIC HOSE WITH
WATER.

9. AFTER ESTABLISHING THE REFERENCE POINT AND LINE OF THE FOOTING, TRANSFER THE INTERSECTING POINTS OF THE STRING
ON THE GROUND BY THE AID OF PLUMB BOB AND INDICATE THE SIZE AND WIDTH TO BE EXCAVATED.

EXCAVATION

EXCAVATION WORK IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS CATEGORIZED INTO TWO TYPES: THE MINOR AND MAJOR EXCAVATION
DEPENDING UPON THE SIZE AND NATURE OF THE FOUNDATION TO BE CONSTRUCTED. EXCAVATION FOR A SMALL CONSTRUCTION WITH
INDEPENDENT WALL, OR COMBINED FOOTING IS CLASSIFIED UNDER THE MINOR EXCAVATION, WHILE THE REST WHICH REQUIRES
SIZEABLES OR TOTAL EXTRACTION OF THE EARTH FALL UNDER THE CATEGORY OF MAJOR CONSTRUCTION.

MINOR EXCAVATION

EXCAVATION UNDER THIS CATEGORY ARE THOSE CONSTRUCTION HAVING INDEPENDENT FOOTING AND HOLLOW BLOCK WALL
FOOTING WHERE THE DIGGING OF THE SOIL FOR THE FOOTING EXTEND TO A DEPTH FROM 1.00 TO 1.50 METER AND ABOUT HALF A METER
DEPTH FOR THE WALL FOOTING.

MAJOR EXCAVATION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION THAT REQUIRES WIDE EXCAVATION OR TOTAL EXTRACTION OF THE SOIL ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
CATEGORIES DEPENDING UPON THE CONDITION OR LOCATION OF THE SITE. WHEN THE AREA OF THE CONSTRUCTION SITE IS BIG THAT
THERE IS ENOUGH SPACE TO ACCOMMODATE WORKING ACTIVITIES, STORING OF MATERIALS AND DUMPING GROUND FOR THE EXCAVATED
SOIL.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ON A BUSY COMMERCIAL CENTER WITH ADJACENT EXISTING STRUCTURE IS CONSIDERED TO THE
MOST COMPLICATED AMONG THE VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION WORKS SINCE THIS REQUIRES CAREFUL STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT
APPROACH.
PROBLEMS MIGHT BE ENCOUNTER:

1. THE MANNER OF THE EXCAVATION TO BE EMPLOYED WHICH WILL NOT AFFECT OR DAMAGED THE ADJOINING STRUCTURE.

2. THE KIND OF EQUIPMENT TO BE USED IN THE DIGGING AND EXTRACTING THE GROUND MAY NOT BE A PROBLEM BUT THE PLACE
WHERE TO STATION THE EQUIPMENT DURING THE OPERATION.

3. HOW AND WHERE TO DISPOSE THE EXTRACTED SOIL INVOLVES THE EFFECTIVE MANNER OF MANEUVERING THE PAYLOAD AND
DRUMPTRUCKS IN HAULING WITHOUT OBSTRUCTING THE PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR TRAFFIC FLOW.

4. WHERE TO DISPOSE THE UNDERGROUND WATER TO BE DRAINED BY THE WATER PUMP DURING THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION
WHICH MIGHT CAUSE MUDDY ROAD AND CREATE INCONVENIENCE TO TRAFFIC.

5. THE KIND OF SHEETING AND BRACING TO BE USED IN SHORING OR UNDERSPINNING TO PROTECT THE ADJOINING STRUCTURE MUST
BE CONSIDERED.

FOUNDATION AND FOOTING

THE FUNCTION OF A FOUNDATION IS TO TRANSFER THE STRUCTURAL LOADS FROM A BUILDING SAFELY INTO THE GROUND.

ALL FOUNDATIONS SETTLE TO SOME EXTENT AS THE SOIL AROUND BENEATH THEM ADJUST ITSELF TO THESE LOADS.

UNIFORM SETTLEMENT IS USUALLY OF LITTLE CONSEQUENCES IN A BUILDING, BUT A DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT CAN CAUSE
SEVERE STRUCTURAL DAMAGE.

3 MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING:

 SUPERSTRUCTURE – WHICH IS THE ABOVE GROUND PORTION OF THE BUILDING.

 SUBSTRUCTURE – WHICH IS THE HABITABLE BELOW-GROUND PORTION.

 FOUNDATION – WHICH ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING THAT TRANSFER ITS LOAD INTO THE SOIL.

3 TYPES OF SUBSTRUCTURES:

 SLAB ON FILL

 CRAWLSPACE

 BASEMENT

2 BASIC TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS:

 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE THOSE THAT TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH AT THE BASE OF THE COLUMN OR WALL OF THE
SUBSTRUCTURE.

 DEEP FOUNDATIONS TRANSFER THE LOAD AT A POINT FAR BELOW THE SUBSTRUCTURE.
 FOUNDATION IS THAT PORTION OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS THAT CARRY OR SUPPORT THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING.

FOOTING IS THAT PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION OF THE STRUCTURE WHICH DIRECTLY TRANSMIT THE COLUMN LOAD TO THE
UNDERLYING SOIL OR ROCK, FOOTING IS THE LOWER PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION STRUCTURE.

FOUNDATION BED - REFERS TO THE SOIL OR ROCK DIRECTLY BENEATH THE FOOTING.

PILE FOUNDATION – WHEN A FOUNDATION BED IS TOO WEAK TO SUPPORT A RAFT FOOTING, THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO PROVIDE
A SUITABLE MATERIALS WHERE TO TRANSFER THE EXCESS LOAD TO A GREATER DEPTH WHEREIN PILES IS THE ANSWER.

PILE – IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER OF SMALL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA WITH REASONABLE LENGTH DRIVEN DOWN THE GROUND BY
MEANS OF HAMMERS OR VIBRATORY GENERATOR.

PILE IS DISTINGUISHED FROM A CAISSON BY BEING DRIVEN INTO PLACE RATHER THAN DRILED & POURED.

PILES ARE GENERALLY DRIVEN CLOSELY TOGETHER IN CLUSTERS CONTAINING FROM TWO TO TWENTY-FIVE PILES. EACH CLUSTER IS
LATER JOINED AT THE TOP BY A REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE CAP.

PILE CAP – DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD OF THE COLUMN OR WALL EQUALLY AMONG THE PILES.

CAISSONS – IS SIMILAR TO A COLUMN FOOTING IN THAT IT SPREADS THE LOAD FROM A COLUMN OVER A LARGE ENOUGH AREA OF
SOIL.

 FOUNDATION WALL – THAT PART OF THE BUILDING FOUNDATION WHICH FORMS THE PERMANENT RETAINING WALL OF THE
STRUCTURE BELOW GRADE.

 GRADE BEAM – THAT PART OF A FOUNDATION SYSTEM W/C SUPPORTS THE EXTERIOR WALL OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE AND BEARS
DIRECTLY ON THE COLUMN FOOTING.

 RETAINING WALL – A WALL OR LATERALLY BRACED, THAT BEARS AGAINST AN EARTH OR OTHER FILL SURFACE AND RESISTS
LATERAL AND OTHER FORCES.

 CANTILEVER WALL – A REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL WHICH RESIST OVERTURNING BY THE USE OF CANTILEVER FOOTING.

 GRAVITY WALL – A MASSIVE CONCRETE WALL THAT RESIST OVERTURNING BY VIRTUE OF IT’S OWN WEIGHT.

 BEARING WALL – A WALL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING AN IMPOSED LOAD.

FOOTING ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES:

WALL FOOTING OR STRIP FOOTING – IS A STRIP OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WIDER THAN THE WALL WHICH DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD TO
THE SOIL.

A STEEL PERCENTAGE EQUALS TO 0.2 TO 0.3% OF THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONCRETE IS SAID TO BE ADEQUATE EXCEPT
ON UNUSUAL CASES.

COLUMN FOOTING – IS CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING TYPES:

1. ISOLATED OR INDEPENDENT FOOTING – IS A KIND OF FOOTING REPRESENTS THE SIMPLEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL TYPE, IN THE
FORM OF:
  SQUARE BLOCK FOOTING

 SQUARE SLOPE FOOTING

 SQUARE STEPPED FOOTING

2. COMBINED FOOTING – IS USED WHEN TWO OR MORE COLUMNS ARE SPACED CLOSELY TO EACH OTHER THAT THEIR FOOTING WILL
ALMOST OR COMPLETELY MERGE. IT’S EITHER :

 RECTANGULAR

 TRAPEZOIDAL

3. CONTINUOUS FOOTING – IS SOMETIMES CLASSIFIED AS WALL FOOTING WHICH SUPPORT SEVERAL COLUMNS IN A ROW. IT’S EITHER:

 INVERTED SLAB FOOTING

 INVERTED TEE FOOTING

4. RAFT OR MAT FOOTING – IT’S OCCUPIES THE ENTIRE AREA BENEATH THE STRUCTURE AND CARRY THE WALL AND THE COLUMN
LOADS.

 UNIFORM SLAB

 THICKENED SLAB

 BEAM & GIRDER

CONCRETE

CONCRETE IS AN ARTIFICIAL STONE MADE OUT FROM THE MIXTURE OF CEMENT, SAND, GRAVEL AND WATER. THIS IS KNOWN AS
SOLID MASS OR PLAIN CONCRETE. CONCRETE IN WHICH REINFORCEMENT IS EMBEDDED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE TWO MATERIALS
ACT TOGETHER IN RESISTING FORCES IS CALLED REINFORCED CONCRETE.

 SLUMP TEST – A READY MEANS OF DETERMINING THE CONSISTENCY OF FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE.

 DESIGNING OF CONCRETE MIXTURE IS BASED ON THE WATER-CEMENT RATIO.

 0.68 lb. OF WATER / lb. OF CEMENT WILL PRODUCE CONCRETE CAPABLE OF DEVELOPING 2,500 PSI IN 28 DAYS.

 LESS WATER PRODUCE STRONGER CONCRETE.

 MORE WATER PRODUCE LESSER STRENGTH.

 ADMIXTURE – ACCELERATES OR RETARDS CONCRETE SETTING.

 SIZES OF MEASURING BOX FOR :

 40 kg. CEMENT – 300mm X 300mm X 300mm

 50 kg. CEMENT - 320mm X 320mm X 330mm

 CONCRETE MIXTURE:

CLASS MIXTURE 40kg. 50kg. SAND GRAVEL

“AA” 1:11/2: 3 12 9.5 0.5 cu.m. 1.0 cu.m.

“A” 1:2:4 9 7 0.5 1.0

“B” 1:21/2:5 7.5 6 0.5 1.0

“C” 1:3:6 6 5 0.5 1.0

 MORTAR MIXTURE:

CLASS MIXTURE 40kg. 50kg. SAND

“A” 1:2 18 14.5 1.0 cu.m.

“B” 1:3 12 9.5 1.0

“C” 1:4 9 7 1.0

“D” 1:5 7.5 6 1.0

POST AND COLUMN

POST – REFERS TO A PIECE OF TIMBER OF EITHER CYLINDRICAL, SQUARE OR OTHER GEOMETRICAL CROSS SECTION PLACED VERTICALLY
TO SUPPORT A BUILDING.

COLUMN – REFERS TO VERTICAL STRUCTURE USE TO SUPPORT A BUILDING MADE OF STONE, CONCRETE, STEEL OR COMBINATION OF THE
ABOVE MATERIALS.

STOREY – IS THE SPACE IN A BUILDING BETWEEN FLOOR LEVELS OR BETWEEN A FLOOR AND A ROOF ABOVE.

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

 SHORT COLUMN – WHEN THE UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT IS NOT GREATER THAN TEN TIMES THE SHORTEST LATERAL DIMENSION OF THE
CROSS SECTION.

 LONG COLUMN – WHEN THE UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT IS MORE THAN TEN TIMES THE SHORTEST LATERAL DIMENSION OF THE CROSS
SECTION.

TYPES OF COLUMNS ARE:

 TIED COLUMN – HAS REINFORCEMENT CONSISTING OF VERTICAL OR LONGITUDINAL BARS HELD IN POSITION BY LATERAL
REINFORCEMENT CALLED LATERAL TIES.
 SPIRAL COLUMN – IS THE TERM GIVEN WHERE A CIRCULAR CONCRETE CORE IN ENCLOSED BY SPIRALS WITH VERTICAL OR
LONGITUDINAL BARS. THE VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED WITH EVENLY SPACED CONTINUOUS SPIRAL HELD FIRMLY IN
POSITION BY AT LEAST THREE VERTICAL BAR SPACERS.

 COMPOSITE COLUMN – WHERE STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN IS EMBEDDED INTO THE CONCRETE CORE OF A SPIRAL COLUMN.

 COMBINED COLUMN – WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL ENCASED IN CONCRETE OF AT LEAST 7 cm. THK. REINFORCED WITH WIRE MESS
SURROUNDING THE COLUMN AT A DISTANCE OF 3 cm. INSIDE THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE CONCRETE COVERING.

 LALLY COLUMN – IS A FABRICATED STEEL PIPE PROVIDED WITH A FLAT STEEL BARS OR PLATE WHICH HOLD A GIRDER, GIRTS OR
BEAM. THE STEEL PIPE IS SOMETIMES FILLED WITH GROUT OR CONCRETE FOR CORROSION.

METAL REINFORCEMENT

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF STRESSES THAT MAY ACT ON THE STRUCTURE ARE:

1. COMPRESSION STRESS

2. TENSION STRESS

3. SHEAR STRESS

4. TORSION STRESS

 REINFORCEMENT NEED TO PROVIDE ON BEAM TO RESPONSE TO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE BENDING WHICH MAY CAUSE FAILURE OR
COLLAPSE OF THE STRUCTURE.

 REINFORCED CONCRETE – IS A COMBINATION OF CONCRETE AND STEEL.

 CONCRETE – IS STRONG IN SUPPORTING COMPRESSION LOAD BUT WEAK IN RESISTING TENSION FORCES.

 STEEL – POSSESSES THE STRENGTH TO RESIST BOTH COMPRESSION AND TENSION.

 BALANCE BEAM – WHEN THE AREA OF THE CONCRETE AND STEEL ARE JUST ENOUGH TO CARRY THE COMPRESSION AND TENSION
FORCES SIMULTANEOUSLY.

 INFLECTION POINTS – REFER TO THE PORTION OF A BEAM WHERE BENDING MOMENT CHANGES FROM POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE.

 NO BENT BARS – WHEN BARS ARE NOT BENT, AN ADDITIONAL STRAIGHT REINFORCING BARS ARE PLACED ON THE TOP OF THE BEAM
ACROSS THE SUPPORTS EXTENDED TO THE REQUIRED LENGTH.

 BENT REINFORCING BARS – ARE BENT UP ON OR NEAR THE INFLECTION POINT AND ARE EXTENDED AT THE TOP OF THE BEAM
ACROSS THE SUPPORT TOWARDS THE ADJACENT SPAN.

 4cm. – ALLOWANCE PROTECTIVE COVERING OF STEEL BARS FROM THE OUTSIDE OF THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT.

 ADVANTAGE OF THE BEND BARS, ITS RESIST THE DIAGONAL TENSION.

 BUILDING CODE REQUIRED THAT A BALANCE BEAM SHALL PROVIDE, THAT THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
SHALL BE EQUAL TO .005 TIMES THE CROSS SECTIONAL PRODUCT OF THE WIDTH AND THE DEPTH OF THE BEAM.
 USED LATERAL TIES –

10mm dia. IF LONGITUDINAL BARS 32mm SMALLER

12mm dia. IF LONGITUDINAL BARS 36mm BIGGER

 THREE FACTORS FOR SPACING OF THE LATERAL TIES:

 SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 16 TIMES THE DIA. OF THE LONGITUDINAL OR MAIN REINFORCING BARS.

 SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 48 TIMES THE DIA. OF THE LATERAL TIES.

 NOT MORE THAN THE SHORTEST DIMENSION OF THE COLUMN.

WOOD CONSTRUCTION

 SCAB – A SHORT FLAT PIECE OF LUMBER WHICH IS BOLTED, NAILED OR SCREWED TO TWO BUTTING PIECES IN ORDER TO SPLICE
THEM TOGETHER.

 FISH PLATE – A WOOD OR METAL PIECE USED TO FASTEN TOGETHER THE ENDS OF TWO MEMBERS WITH NAILS OR BOLTS.

 SPLICE PLATE – A METAL PLATE USED FOR FASTENING TWO OR MORE MEMBER TOGETHER.

 COGGED JOINT – A CARPENTRY JOINT BY TWO UNEVEN TIMBERS, EACH OF WHICH IS NOTCHED AT THE PLACE WHERE THEY MEET.

 NOTCHING – JOINING OF TIMBERS, USUALLY MEETING OR CROSSING AT RIGHT ANGLES, BY CUTTING A DAP IN ONE OR BOTH PIECES.

 CROSSLAP JOINT – A JOINT CONNECTING TWO WOOD MEMBERS WHICH CROSS EACH OTHER, HALF THE THICKNESS OF EACH IS CUT
SO THAT THE THICKNESS WILL THE SAME AS THAT OF EACH MEMBER.

 SQUARE SPLICE–A TYPE OF HALF LAPPED USED TO RESIST TENSION.

 BRIDLE JOINT – A JOINT IN WHICH TWO TONGUES PROJECT FROM THE SIDES OF THE TENONED MEMBER, THESE TONGUES FIT INTO
CORRESPONDING SLOTS IN THE MORTISED MEMBER.

 TENON – THE PROJECTING END OF A PIECE OF WOOD, OR OTHER MATERIALS WHICH IS REDUCED IN CROSS SECTION, SO THAT IT MAY
BE INSERTED IN A CORRESPONDING CAVITY IN ANOTHER PIECE IN ORDER TO FORM A SECURE JOINT.

 YACAL – LUMBER PREFFERED WHEN IN CONTACT WITH CONCRETE.

 BOARD FOOT – THE VOLUME OF A PIECE OF WOOD ONE INCH. THICK, ONE FOOT WIDE AND ONE FOOT LONG.

 BOLIDEN SALT – TREATMENT IN WOLMANIZED LUMBER.

 DAP – A NOTCH IN A TIMBER FOR RECEIVING ANOTHER TIMBER.

 DADO – A RECTANGULAR GROOVE CUT ACROSS THE FULL WIDTH OF A PIECE OF WOOD TO RECEIVE THE END OF ANOTHER PIECE.

 SOLIGNUM – TRADE NAME FOR ANTI-TERMITE SURFACE APPLICATION ON WOOD.

FLOOR STRUCTURE

WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM

 FLOOR FRAMING IS THAT PLATFORM STRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING SUSPENDED BY POSTS, COLUMNS, WALLS AND BEAMS.

THE DESIGN OF A PLATFORM FLOOR SYSTEM DEPENDS UPON THE FOLLOWING CONSIDERATIONS:

1. LIVE LOAD – REFERS TO THOSE MOVABLE LOADS IMPOSED ON THE FLOOR.

2. DEAD LOAD – REFERS TO THE STATIC LOAD SUCH AS THE WEIGHT OF THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WHICH
GENERALLY CARRY THE LIVE LOAD.

3. TYPES OF MATERIALS TO BE USED – THE CHOICE FROM THE VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SUCH AS LUMBER,
CONCRETE, AND STEEL.

4. THE SIZING AND SPACING OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS – DEPENDS UPON ITS STRENGTH AND CAPABILITY TO
CARRY THE LOAD AT A CERTAIN SPACING.

5. SPAN OF THE SUPPORTS – PERTAINS TO THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE POSTS, COLUMNS OR SUPPORTING WALLS.

THE PLATFORM - FLOOR FRAMING STRUCTURE IS CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING TYPES:

A. THE PLANK AND BEAM FLOOR TYPE

B. THE PANELIZED-FLOOR SYSTEM

C. THE CONVENTIONAL FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM

THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF A PLATFORM FLOOR SYSTEM ARE:

 GIRDER – IS A PRINCIPAL BEAM EXTENDING FROM WALL TO WALL OF A BUILDING SUPPORTING THE FLOOR JOISTS OF FLOOR BEAMS.

 SILL – THAT PART OF THE SIDE OF A HOUSE THAT RESTS HORIZONTALLY UPON THE FOUNDATION.

 FLOOR JOISTS – ARE THOSE PARTS OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM PLACED ON THE GIRDERS WHERE THE FLOOR BOARDS ARE FASTENED.

 HEADER AND TRIMMER – HEADER IS A SHORT TRANSVERSE JOISTS THAT SUPPORT THE END OF THE CUT-OFF JOIST AT A STAIR WELL
HOLE. TRIMMER IS A SUPPORTING JOIST WHICH CARRIES AN END PORTION OF A HEADER.

 FLOORING – THE TONGUE AND GROOVE WHICH ARE POPULARLY KNOWN AS T & G IS GENERALLY SPECIFIED FOR WOOD FLOORING.

 TAIL BEAM OR TAIL PIECE – A SHORT BEAM, JOIST OR RAFTER WHICH IS SUPPORTED BY A HEADER JOIST AT ONE END AND A WALL AT
THE OTHER.

 LEDGER STRIP – A STRIP OF LUMBER WHICH IS NAILED TO THE SIDE OF THE BEAM, FORMING A SEAT FOR THE JOISTS.

 DRAFTSTOP PLATE – IS A PIECE OF LUMBER USES TO DRESS UP THE EDGE OF THE JOISTS.

 SOLE PLATE – A HORIZONTAL TIMBER WHICH SERVES AS A BASE FOR THE STUDS IN A STUD PARTITION.

 SILL PLATE – A HORIZONTAL TIMBER, AT THE BOTTOM OF THE FRAME OF AWOOD STRUCTURE WHICH REST ON THE FOUNDATION.

 TOP PLATE – A HORIZONTAL TIMBER AT THE UPPER PORTION OF THE STUDS IN ASTUD PARTITION.

 CRIPPLE STUD – IN ABUILDING FRAME, A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT THAT IS SHORTER THAN USUAL, AS A STUD ABOVE AND BELOW
OPENING.

 BLOCK OR SOLID BRIDGING – SHORT MEMBERS WHICH ARE FIXED VERTICALLY BETWEEN FLOOR JOISTS TO STIFFEN THE JOISTS.

 CROSS BRIDGING – DIAGONAL BRACING IN PAIRS, BETWEEN ADJACENT FLOOR JOISTS TO PREVENT THE JOISTS FROM TWISTING.
 HANGER OR STIRRUP – A METAL SEAT, ATTACHED TO A GIRDER TO RECEIVE AND SUPPORT A JOIST.

 BALLOON FRAMING – CONSTRUCTION HAS STUDS CONTINOUS TO ROOF SUPPORTING SECOND FLOOR JOISTS.

 WESTERN FRAMING – THAT HAS SUBFLOOR EXTENDED TO THE OUTER EDGE OF THE FRAME AND PROVIDE A FLAT WORK SURFACE
AT EACH FLOOR.

REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM

BEAM - IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT SUPPORTS THE TRANSVERSE LOAD WHICH USUALLY REST ON SUPPORTS AT ITS END.

GIRDER – IS THE TERM APPLIED TO A BEAM THAT SUPPORTS ONE OR MORE SMALLER BEAM.

BEAM ARE CLASSIFIED AS :

A) SIMPLE BEAM

B) CONTINUOUS BEAM

C) SEMI – CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE BEAM – REFERS TO THE BEAM HAVING A SINGLE SPAN SUPPORTED AT ITS END WITHOUT A RESTRAIN AT THE SUPPORT.
SIMPLE BEAMS IS SOMETIMES CALLED AS SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM.

RESTRAINT MEANS A RIGID CONNECTION OR ANCHORAGE AT THE SUPPORT.

CONTINUOUS BEAM – IS A TERM APPLIED TO A BEAM THAT REST ON MORE THAN TWO SUPPORTS.

SEMI-CONTINUOUS BEAM – REFERS TO A BEAM WITH TWO SPANS WITH OR WITHOUT RESTRAINT AT THE TWO EXTREME ENDS.

WEB REINFORCEMENT

WEB REINFORCEMENT IS THE SAME AS THEIR STIRRUPS USED IN THE BEAM TO HOLD THE REINFORCEMENT IN ITS DESIGNED
POSITION. THE WEB REINFORCEMENT IS NOT ONLY INTENDED TO HOLD THE REINFORCEMENT AND PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT BUT ALSO
SERVES TO RESIST DIAGONAL TENSION AND COUNTERACT THE SHEAR ACTION ON THE STRUCTURE. THE VERTICAL STIRRUPS SHOULD
ENCIRCLE THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT AND HOOK BENT WITH A DIAMETER NOT LESS THAN 5 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE STIRRUPS AT
ITS END AND SECURED PROPERLY TO PREVENT SLIPPING OF THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT IN THE CONCRETE.

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB:

REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING TYPES:

1. ONE WAY SOLID SLAB AND BEAM.

 2. TWOWAY SOLID SLAB BEAM.

3. RIBBED FLOORS.

4. FLAT SLAB OR GIRDERLESS FLOORS SOLID OR RIBBED.

EACH TYPE OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM HAS ITS OWN ADVANTAGES IN APPLICATION DEPENDING UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:

1. SPACING OF THE COLUMNS.

2. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE LOADS TO BE SUPPORTED

3. LENGTH OF THE SPAN

4. THE COST OF THE CONSTRUCTION

ONE WAY SLAB – ONE WAY SLAB IS THE COMMON TYPE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM WHICH THE
REINFORCEMENTS RUNS ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION. MADE OF SOLID SLAB SUPPORTED BY TWO PARALLEL BEAMS. IT IS COMPARATIVELY
ECONOMICAL FOR A MEDIUM AND HEAVY LIVE LOADS ON SHORT SPANS RANGING FROM 2.00 TO 3.50 METERS LONG. ALTHOUGH THE
REINFORCEMENTS ARE ALSO PLACED IN THE SLAB PARALLEL WITH THE BEAMS PERPENDICULAR WITH THE MAIN REINFORCEMENTS
CALLED “TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENTS”. USUALLY NO. 3 STEEL BAR IS USED TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE AND
CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE. IT ALSO DISTRIBUTES POSSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF LOADS OVER A LARGER AREA.

TWO WAY SLAB – SLAB WHICH ARE SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES WHERE THE FLOOR PANEL IS NEARLY SQUARE IS GENERALLY
ECONOMICAL TO EMPLOY THE TWO DIRECTIONS OF REINFORCING BARS PLACED AT RIGHT ANGLE WITH EACH OTHER.

THE CODE SPECIFIES THAT THICKNESS OF THE SLAB SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 4 INCHES OR 10 CM. NOR LESS THAN THE
PERIMETER OF THE SLAB DIVIDED BY 180. THE SPACING OF THE REINFORCEMENT SHALL NOT BE MORE THAN 3 TIMES THE SLAB
THICKNESS.

RIBBED FLOOR SLAB – IS AN ECONOMICAL TYPE OF FLOOR CONSTRUCTION BUT IS APPLICABLE ONLY TO MEDIUM SPAN
LENGTH WITH LIGHT OR MEDIUM LOAD.

A RIBBED FLOOR SLAB CONSISTS OF SMALL ADJACENT T-BEAM WHEREIN THE OPEN SPACES BETWEEN THE RIBS ARE FILLED BY
CLAY TILES, GYPSUM TILES OR STEEL FORMS. THE TILES ARE GENERALLY 30 X 90 CM. WITH DEPTH OF 10 TO 40CM. O.C. PLACED @ 5CM.
O.C. MAKING THE RIBS 10 CM. WIDE.

THE CONCRETE SURFACE LAYER PLACED ON TOP OF THE TILES RANGES FROM 5 TO 6.5 CM. THICK. THE REINFORCEMENT OF A
RIBBED FLOOR SYSTEM CONSIST OF TWO BARS PLACED AT THE LOWER PART OF THE RIB WHERE ONE IS BENT AND THE OTHER REMAINED
STRAIGHT, OR SOMETIMES, STRAIGHT BARS ARE PALCED AT THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE RIB. TEMPERATURE BARS ARE EITHER NO. 2
BARS OR 6 MM. OR WIRE MESH WHICH RUNS AT RIGHT ANGLE WITH THE RIBS.

FLAT SLAB – IS A RECTANGULAR SLAB DIRECTLY SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS WITHOUT BEAMS OR GIRDERS. THESLAB IS EITHER
UNIFORM IN THICKNESS OR PROVIDED WITH SQUARE SYMMETRICAL AREA DIRECTLY ABOVE THE COLUMN REINFORCED WITH BARS
RUNNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS. THE INCREASED AREA DIRECTLY ABOVE THE COLUMN CALLED DROP PANEL OR SIMPLY DROP. ON THE
OTHER HAND, A FLARED HEAD IS EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A FLAT-SLAB FLOOR MAKING A CAPITAL OF THE COLUMN.

WHEN THE COLUMN DESIGN IS NOT PROVIDED WITH CAPITAS, A STRAIGHT FLAT UNDERNEATH IS PROVIDED IN THE SLAB
THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM, WHICH IS CALLED FLAT PLATE CONSTRUCTION.

THIS FLOOR SYSTEM IS ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF MATERIALS AND LABOR.

 CONSTRUCTION JOINT – A JOINT WHERE TWO SUCCESSIVE PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE MEET.

 CONTRACTION JOINT OR EXPANSION JOINT – A JOINT BETWEEN ADJACENT PARTS OF A STRUCTURE WHICH PERMITS MOVEMENT
BETWEEN THEM.

 CONTROL JOINTS – EMPLOYED TO REDUCE RESTRAINT BY ACCOMODATING MOVEMENT OF MASONRY WALL.

 BLOCK OUT – IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES UNDER CONSTRUCTION, A SPACE WHERE CONCRETE IS NOT TO BE PLACED.

 COLD JOINT – A JOINT FORMED WHEN A CONCRETE SURFACE HARDEN BEFORE THE NEXT BATCH OF CONCRETE IS PLACED AGAINST.

 CREEP – PERMANENT DEFORMATION OF A MATERIAL UNDER A SUSTAIN LOAD.

 CAMBER – CONVEX CURVATURE IN BEAM OR TRUSS.

LAYING OUT OF STAIRS

THE METHOD OF LAYING OUT STAIRS ARE:

1. DETERMINE THE CLEAR HEIGHT OF THE RISE IN METER. ORDINARILY, THE RISE PER STEP IS 17 TO 18 CM AND THE
MINIMUM TREAD WIDTH IS 25 CM.

2. DIVIDE THE RISE ( HEIGHT IN METER) BY .17 OR .18 TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF STEPS.

3. DIVIDE THE RUN DISTANCE IN METER BY .25 OR .30m.

4. IF THE RESULT, FOUND IN STEP THREE IS LESS THAN THE NUMBER FOUND IN STEP TWO, THE RUN LENGTH HAS TO BE EXTENDED.

5. THERE SHOULD BE NO FUNCTIONAL VALUE OF A RISER. SHOULD THERE BE FROM THE RESULT OF STEP TWO, ADJUST A
FUNCTIONAL VALUE IN EQUAL PROPORTION TO THE NUMBER OF RISER HEIGHT, BUT IN NO CASE SHALL THE RISE PER STEP BE
GREATER THAN 19 CM OR LESS THAN 17 CM OTHERWISE, THE STAIRS WILL NOT BE AN IDEAL ONE.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE A CROSS SECTIONAL SKETCH OF A STAIR BEFORE MAKING THE FINAL PLAN LAYOUT INDICATING THE
NUMBER OF STEPS TO AVOID ADJUSTMENTS OF THE RUN DURING THE ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION.

TYPE OF STRINGERS

THERE ARE SEVERAL FORMS OF STRINGER CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF ATTACHIND THE RISERS AND THE
TREADS.

1. CUT

2. CLEATED

3. BUILT-UP

4. RABBETED (HOUSE)
 BALUSTER – ONE OF A NUMBER OF SHORT VERTICAL MEMBERS OFTEN CIRCULAR IN SECTION, USED TO SUPPORT A STAIR HANDRAIL.

 BALUSTRATE – AN ENTIRE RAILING SYSTEM INCLUDING A TOP RAIL, VERTICAL MEMBERS AND BOTTOM RAIL.

 BULL-NOSED STEP – A STEP USUALLY LOWEST IN AFLIGHT, HAVING ONE OR BOTH ENDS ROUNDED TO A SEMI-CIRCLE AND
PROJECTION BEYOND THE FACE OF THE STAIR STRING/S.

 BANISTER – HANDRAIL FOR A STAIRCASE.

 RISER – A VERTICAL FACE OF ASTAIR.

 KICKER PLATE – STAIR ANCHOR TO CONCRETE.

TYPES OF ROOF

THERE ARE SEVERAL FORMS OF ROOF AND NUMEROUS VARIETY OF SHAPES THAT ONE HAS TO BE FAMILIAR WITH:

SHED OR LEAN-TO ROOF- IS CONSIDERED AS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF ROOF CONSISTING OF ONE SINGLE SLOPE.

GABLE OR PITCH ROOF- THE MOST COMMON TYPE AND ECONOMICAL FORM OF ROOF MADE OF TRIANGULAR SECTIONS
CONSISTING OF TWO SLOPES MEETING AT THE CENTER OF THE RIDGE FORMING A GABLE.

SAW TOOTH ROOF- IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHED MADE INTO A SERIES TO LEAN-TO ROOF COVERING ONE BUILDING.
THIS IS COMMONLY USED ON FACTORIES WHERE EXTRA LIGHT IS REQUIRED THROUGH THE WINDOW ON A VERTICAL SIDE.

DOUBLE GABLE ROOF- IS A MODIFICATION OF A GABLE OR A HIP AND VALLEY ROOF.

HIP ROOF- IS ALSO A COMMON FORM USED IN MODERN HOUSES HAVING STRAIGHT SIDES ALL SLOPING TOWARD THE CENTER
OF THE BUILDING TERMINATING AT THE RIDGE.

HIP AND VALLEY ROOF- IS A COMBINATION OF THE HIP ROOF AND AN INTERESTING GABLE ROOF FORMING A T OR L SHAPED
BUILDING. THIS TYPE OF ROOF FORM HOWEVER, HAS A VARIETY OF MODIFICATION WHICH ARE NOT ILLUSTRATED.

PYRAMID ROOF- IS A MODIFICATION OF THE HIP ROOF WHEREIN THE FOUR STAIGHT SIDES ARE SLOPING TOWARDS THE
CENTER TERMINATING AT A POINT.

GAMBREL ROOF- IS A MODIFICATIN OF THE GABLE ROOF WITH EACH SIDE HAVING TWO SLOPES.

BUTTERFLY ROOF- IS A TWO SHED ROOF WHERE THE SLOPE MEET AT THE CENTER OF THE BUILDING.

MANSARD ROOF- WHERE THE SIDES OF THE ROOF SLOPE STEEPLY FROM EACH SIDE OF THE BUILDING TOWARDS THE CENTER
FORMING A FLAT DECK ON TOP.

FRENCH OR CONCAVE MANSARD ROOF- IS A MODIFICATION OF THE MANZARD ROOF WHERE THE SIDES ARE CONCAVE.

DOME- IS A HEMISPHERICAL FORM OF ROOF USUALLY USED ON OBNSERVATORIES.

CONICAL ROOF OR SPHIRE- IS A STEEP ROOF OF CIRCULAR SECTION THAT TAPERS UNIFORMLY FROM THE CIRCULAR BASE TO
A CENTRAL POINT.
TYPES OF ROOF FRAME

THE THREE TYPES OF ROOF FRAME COMMONLY USED ARE:

1. RAFTERS TYPE

2. TRUSS TYPE

3. LAMINATED TYPE

THE VARIOUS KINDS OF RAFTERS FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTIONS ARE:

 COMMON RAFTERS- ARE RAFTERS EXTENDED AT RIGHT ANGLES FROM THE PLATE OR GIRTS T THE RIDGE.

 HIP RAFTERS- ARE RAFTERS LAID DIAGONALLY FROM THE CORNER OF A PLATE OR GIRTS TO THE RIDGE.

 VALLEY RAFTERS- RAFTERS PLACED DIAGONALLY FROM THE PLATE OR GIRTS AT THE INTERSECTION OF GABLE EXTENSION WITH
THE MAIN ROOF.

 OCTAGONAL RAFTERS- ARE RAFTERS PLACED ON AN OCTAGONAL SHAPED PLATE AT THE CENTRAL APEX OR RIDGE POLE.

 JACK RAFTERS- ANY RAFTER WHICH DOES NOT EXTEND FROM THE PLATE OR GIRTS TO THE RIDGE.

JACK RAFTERS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:

1. HIT JACKS

2. VALLEY JACKS

3. CRIPLE JACKS

JACK RAFTERS FRAMED BATWEEN HIP RAFTERS AND GITS ARE CALLED HIP JACKS. THE FRAME BETWEEN THE RIDGE AND VALLEY
RAFTERS ARE CALLED VALLEY JACKS, WHILE THOSE FRAMES BETWEEN THE HIP AND THE VALLEY RAFTERS ARE CALLED CRIPPLE
JACKS.
TRUSS – IS A BUILT-UP FRAME COMMONLY EMPLOYED ON A LONG SPAN ROOF UNSUPPORTED BY INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS OR
PARTITIONS. TRUSS IS A DESIGN OF A SERIES OF TRIANGLES USED TO DISTRIBUTE LOAD, STIFFEN THE STRUCTURE AND FLEXIBILITY FOR
THE INTERIOR SPACING AS WELL AS STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUSSES ARE:

LIGHT TRUSSES:

PITCHED HOWE

SCISSORS RAISED CHORD

SAWTOOTH 1 ½ STORY FRAME

FLAT UTILITY

BOWSTRING

HEAVY TRUSSES:

HOWE TRUSS BELGIAN

FINK PRATT

SCISSORS CAMBERED FINK

WARREN FLAT HOWE

SAW TOOTH FLAT PRATT

PURLINS – THE STRUCTURAL MEMBER PLACED ON TOP OF A RAFTER OR TOP CHORD OF A TRUSS THAT SUPPORTS THE ROOF SHEATING.
PURLINS SIZE AND SPACING:

SPAN: 2.00 SIZE: 50mm X 75mm

3.00 50mm X 100mm

3.50 50mm X 150mm

4.50 50mm X 200mm

ROOF AND ROOFING MATERIALS

THE TERM ROOF USED HERE MEANS THE TOP COVERING OF A BUILDING THAT SERVES AS A PROTECTIVE COVERING FROM THE
WEATHER.

ROOFING CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS USED:

 FIBER

 WOOD

 METAL

 SLATE

 TILES

 REINFORCED CONCRETE

 PLASTICS

 FIBERGLASS

METAL ROOFING – IS THE MOST COMMON MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, THIS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:

 GALVANIZED IRON

 ALUMINUM

 TIN

 TITANIUM COPPER ZINC

 COPPER

 STAINLESS STEEL
  LEAD

AMONG THE METAL ROOFING ENUMERATED, GALVANIZED IRON SHEET IS THE MOST COMMONLY SPECIFIED CONSIDERING THE
ADVANTAGES THAT IT OFFER.

GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING IS EITHER PLAIN OR CORRUGATED. THE THICKNESS ARE MEASURED IN TERMS OF “GAUGE” FROM
ga. 14 TO ga. 30. Gauge 26 IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED FOR ROOFING.

THE STANDARD COMMERCIAL SIZE WIDTH IS 0.80 m. WITH LENGTH THAT RANGES FROM 1.50 TO 3.60 m.

PLAIN G.I. SHEET COMMERCIAL STANDARD SIZE IS 0.90m. X 2.40m. IT’S ALSO USED FOR ROOFING, GUTTERS,FLASHING,RIDGE,HIP
AND VALLEY ROLLS, DOWNSPOUT, AND STRAP FOR RIVETING.

CORR. G.I.ROOFING FASTENERS:

 NAILING

 RIVETING

 PANTILE – A ROOFING TILE WHICH HAS THE SHAPE OF “S” LAID ON IT’S SIDE.

 MISSION TILE – A CLAY ROOFING TILE, APPROX. SEMI-CYLINDRICAL IN SHAPE LAID IN COURSES WITH THE UNIT HAVING THEIR
CONVEX SIDE ALTERNATELY UP AND DOWN.

 ROMAN TILE – A CHANNEL SHAPED, TAPERED, SINGLE LAP ROOPING TILE.

 GALVANIZED – ZINC COATED MATERIALS.

 A FRAME – A 3-PIECE RIGID STRUCTURAL FRAME IN THE SHAPE OF THE UPRIGHT CAPITAL “A”.

 CHORD – A PRINCIPAL MEMBER OF A TRUSS.

 BATTEN – WOOD STRIPS TO SUPPORT ROOF TILES.

 SPLIT RING – CHORD SPLICE CONNECTORS FOR TRUSSES.

FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

FORM IS A TEMPORARY BOARDING, SHEATING OR PANS USED TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED SHAPE AND SIZE OF CONCRETE.
FORMS ARE USED IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF A BUILDING ARE BUILT-UP INTO ITS SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS
BY THE USE OF FORMS THAT SERVES AS MOULD FOR THE MIXED CONCRETE.

FORMS SHOULD BE WATERTIGHT, RIGID AND STRONG ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN THE WEIGHT OF CONCRETE. IT SHOULD BE SIMPLE
AND ECONOMICALLY DESIGNED TO BE REMOVE EASILY AND REASSEMBLED WITHOUT DAMAGE TO THEMSELVES OR TO THE CONCRETE.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE SELECTION OF FORMS ARE:

 COST OF MATERIALS
  THE CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLING COST

 THE NUMBER OF TIMES IT COULD BE USED

 STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE TO PRESSURE AND THE TEAR & WEAR

WOOD BOARD AND PLYWOOD FORMS

WOOD FORM IS THE MOST COMMON AND WIDELY USED FORMS IN MINOR OR MAJOR CONSTRUCTION.

 PLYWOOD AS FORM IS GENERALLY ECONOMICAL BOTH IN LABOR AND MATERIALS.

 PLYWOOD HAS PLAIN EVEN SURFACE WITH UNIFORM THICKNESS.

 IT OFFERS FITTED JOINTS, ELIMINATE DRESSING, PLANING OF THE SURFACE WHICH IS NORMAL TO WOODEN BOARDS FORMS.

 THE LAMINATED CROSS-GRAINED OF PLYWOOD HAS MADE THE BOARD STRONGER AND FREE FROM WARPING.

 PLYWOOD IS LIGHT-WEIGHT, HANDY AND FAST TO WORK ON.

 PRODUCE SMOOTH FINISHES OF CONCRETE THAT SOMETIMES NEED LITTLE OR NO PLASTERING AT ALL.

METAL FORM ARE SELDOM USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BECAUSE OF THE VARIED DESIGNS AND SHAPES OF THE
STRUCTURES. ALTHOUGH METAL FORMS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION. METAL FORMS ARE GENERALLY MADE OUT
OF G.I. SHEET, OR BLACK IRON SHEET, SUPPORTED BY FLAT AND ANGLE BARS DESIGNED TO BE ASSEMBLED AND LOCKED BE MEANS OF
CLAMP, BOLTS AND NUTS.

CONSTRUCTION OF FORMS

CONCRETE WEIGHS ABOUT 2,200 TO 2,400 kg./cu.m. FORMS SHALL BE GUARDED AGAINST BULGING AND SAGGING FAILURE THAT
OCCUR DURING THE PROCESS OF POURING. THE THICKNESS OF THE FORM AND THE SIZES OF THE FRAME AND RIBS DEPENDS UPON THE
NATURE OF THE STRUCTURE TO BE SUPPORTED CLASSIFIED AS SMALL, MEDIUM AND MASSIVE STRUCTURE.

 SMALL STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF SMALL FOOTINGS, COLUMNS AND BEAM FOR ONE OR TWO STOREY BUILDING WHEREIN 6mm.
THK. PLYWOOOD IS SATIFACTORILY USED SUPPORTED BY 50mm X 50mm WOOD FRAME AND RIBS.

 MEDIUM STRUCTURE ARE THOSE HAVING CONCRETE COLUMNS, BEAMS, AND CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB GENERALLY OF 2 TO 3 STOREY
HIGH. WHEREIN 6mm OR 12mm THK. PLYWOOD IS USED AS FORM SUPPPORTED BY 50mm X 50mm OR 50mm X 75mm WOOD FRAME AND
RIBS.

 MASSIVE STRUCTURE ARE THOSE HAVING HEAVY LOADS USES FORMS OF VARIOUS THICKNESS THAT RANGE FROM 6mm TO 19mm THK.
PLYWOOD SUPPORTED BY 50mm X 50mm TO 50mm X 100mm WOOD FRAME AND RIBS.

TWO TYPES OF FRAMING:

 LONGITUDINAL RIB TYPE

 PERPENDICULAR RIB TYPE

TYPES OF COLUMN FORMS:

 SQUARE
 RECTANGULAR

 CIRCULAR

BEAM FORMS CONSIST OF ONE BOTTOM FORM AND A PAIR OF SIDE FORMS.

TYPES OF WALL FORMS:

 CONTINUOUS

 FULL UNIT

 LAYER UNIT

GREASING OF FORMS

THE PURPOSE OF GREASING THE FORM IS TO MAKE THE WOOD WATER PROOF, THUS PREVENTING ABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE
CONCRETE WHICH CAUSES SWELLING AND WARPING. IT’S ALSO PREVENTS ADHERENCE OF CONCRETE TO THE PORES OF THE WOOD.

YOKE – IS A HORIZONTAL FRAMEWORK AROUND THE FORMWORK FOR A COLUMN.

SCAFFOLDING – WORKER’S PLATFORM

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TERMS

ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR

Adobe Anchor --------------------- Liyabe Earth Fill------------------- Escombro

Aligned ----------------------------- Kaliniya Eave ------------------------ Alero,Barakilan,

Sopo

Alignment -------------------------- Asintada Electrician ----------------- Elektrista

Alternate or staggered ------------ Uno Sinotra Engineer ------------------- Inhenyero

Anchor ------------------------------ Liyabe Exterior Siding ----------- Tabike

Architect ---------------------------- Arkitekto Faucet ---------------------- Gripo

Astragal ----------------------------- Batidura Fascia Board -------------- Senepa

Balusters ---------------------------- Balustre,Barandilla Feet ------------------------ Piye

Beam -------------------------------- Biga Fill ------------------------- Tambak

Banisters ---------------------------- Barandil Filler ----------------------- Tapal, Dagdag

Barrel Bolt -------------------------- Trankilya Floor Joist ----------------- Soleras

Baseboard -------------------------- Rodapis Fillet ----------------------- Batidura

Bath tub ---------------------------- Baniera Flooring ------------------- Sahig, Suelo

Bolt --------------------------------- Pierno Floor sill ------------------ Guililan

Bottom Chord --------------------- Tirante, Estunyo Flush ---------------------- Alahado

Brace ------------------------------- Pie de Gallo Foundation or Footings- Pundasyon

Brick ------------------------------- Landrillo Foreman ------------------ Kapatas,

MaestroDe Obra

Canopy ---------------------------- Media Agua Framework --------------- Balangkas

Cabinet Hinge -------------------- Espolon Gable Roof -------------- Dos Aguas

Carpenter ------------------------- Karpintero Girder --------------------- Guililan

Carpentry ------------------------- Karpinteria Girts or Girder ----------- Sepo

Cast Iron -------------------------- Pundido Gravel --------------------- Graba

Ceiling ---------------------------- Kisame Good Grain --------------- Haspe

Ceiling Board -------------------- Groobe -------------------- Canal

Ceiling Joist ---------------------- Kostil Yahe Gutter --------------------- Alulod, canal

Cement --------------------------- Semento Hand rail ----------------- Gabay

Cement Brick -------------------- Ladrilyo Head ---------------------- Sombrero

Cement Tiles --------------------- Baldosa Hinge --------------------- Bisagra

Chain bolt ------------------------ Baral de Kadena Hip roof ------------------ Kuatro Aguas

Collar ----------------------------- Sinturon Horizontal Stud -------- Trabe-Anzo

Column --------------------------- Kolumna,Haligue Inch ----------------------- Pulgada

Concrete -------------------------- Konkreto Jamb ---------------------- Hamba

Concrete Slab -------------------- Larga Masa Joist ----------------------- Suleras

Concrete Beam ------------------ Biga Kingpost ----------------- Pendolum

Conductor ------------------------ Alulod Laborer ------------------- Piyon

Contractor ------------------------ Kontratista Landing ------------------ Mesa Pahingahan

Corr. G.I. sheets ----------------- Yiero Canalado Lavatory ----------------- Lababo

Galbanisado

Closed Stringer ------------------ Escalera Laying of CHB orAdobe Stone

------------ Asinta

Crushed Stone ------------------- Eskombro Lean to roof ------------- Sibe

Diagonal Brace ------------------ Sinturon Level --------------------- Lebel

Door ------------------------------- Pinto Machine Bolt ----------- Peirno Pasante

Door Fillet ------------------------ Batidora Mason ------------------- Kantero

Door Head ------------------------ Sombrero (Pintuan) Masonry ----------------- Kanteria

Door Jamb ------------------------ Hamba Pintuan Masonry Fill ------------ Lastilyas

Drawbore Pin or Drawpin ------ Punsol Meter --------------------- Metro

Mitre or Miter -------------------- Canto Mesa Septic Tank ------------- Poso Negro

Mixture of Sand & Gravel ------ Lastilyas Shape -------------------- Korte

Mortar ----------------------------- Paupo Sheet --------------------- Plantsa

Mortar Joists ---------------------- Kostura Shower ------------------- Dutsha

Moulding -------------------------- Moldura Sidings ------------------- Tabika

Nailers ----------------------------- Pamakuan Sink ----------------------- Prigadero

Nail -------------------------------- Pako Sketch Plan -------------- Krokis

Nail Setter ------------------------ Punsol Slab (rough) -------------- Larga Masa

Newel Post ----------------------- Tukod Slope ---------------------- Bahada

Nut --------------------------------- Tuerka Solder --------------------- Hinang

Nicolite Bar ----------------------- Estanyo Solder Bar ---------------- Estaniyo

Oakum ----------------------------- Estopa Spacing ------------------- Biento

Open Stringer --------------------- Hardinera Split Knob ---------------- Poleya

Over Hand or Projector ---------- Bolada Stairs ---------------------- Hagdanan

Painter ------------------------------ Pintor Stake ----------------------- Staka

Panel -------------------------------- Bandeha Stringer (open) ----------- Hardinera

Panellee Door ---------------------- De Bandeha Stringer -------------------- Madre, Madrina

Pattern ------------------------------ Plantilya Stucco --------------------- Palitada

Pea Gravel ------------------------- Grabita Stud (vertical)------------- Pilarete

Pendulum (King Post) ------------ Pendulon Stud (horizontal) --------- Pabalagbag

Pickwork --------------------------- Piketa Temper (metal work)----- Suban, Subuhan

Piglead ------------------------------ Tingga, Estopa Thread --------------------- Roskas

Plain G.I. sheet -------------------- Yiero Liso Galbanisado Tinsmith ------------------- Latero

Plain G.I. Strap -------------------- Lingueta Tinsmithing --------------- Lateria

Plank Board ------------------------ Senepa Top Chord ---------------- Kilo, Tahilan

Plaster ------------------------------- Palitada Transom ------------------ Espeho

Plastered Course ------------------- Kusturada Tread ---------------------- Baytang, Perdano

Plug ---------------------------------- Tapon Trellise -------------------- Pergola

Plumb Bob -------------------------- Hulog Truss ----------------------- Truss, Kilo

Plumber ----------------------------- Tubero Varnished ----------------- Varnisado

Plumb Line ------------------------- Hulog Vertical Stud -------------- Pilarete

Post ---------------------------------- Poste, Haligue Wainscoating Tiles ------- Asolehos

Projection --------------------------- Bolada Washer --------------------- Pitsa, Tsapa

Purlins ------------------------------- Reostra Water Closet -------------- Inidoro

Putty --------------------------------- Masilya Window ------------------- Bintana

Quarter Round ---------------------- Mediacana Window Grille ----------- Rehas

Rabbet ------------------------------- Vaciada Window Head ------------ Sombrero

Bintana

Rafters ------------------------------- Kilo Window Jamb ------------ Hamba Bintana

Reinforcing Bar -------------------- Cabilla, Bakal Window Sill -------------- Pasamano

Ridgeroll ---------------------------- Caballete W.I. Strap ----------------- Planchuela

Riser --------------------------------- Senepa, Takip Wiring Knob ------------- Poleya

Silipan

Rivets ------------------------------- Rimatse Wood Grain -------------- Haspe

Roof -------------------------------- Atip, Bubong Wood Plank -------------- Tabla

Sand -------------------------------- Buhangin Wrought Iron Strap ------ Plantsuela

Scaffolding ------------------------ Andamiyo, Plancha

Scratch Coat ----------------------- Rebokada

Screw ------------------------------- Turnilyo

PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION
 THE INTRODUCTION OF PRECAST-CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY BUILDING COSTS THAT HAS
CONSIDERABLY INCREASED FASTER THAT MOST INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS THAT ARE AFFECTED BY THE LARGE AMOUNT OF ON-SITE LABOR
INVOLVED IN THE TRADITIONAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION.

THE DEMAND FOR SKILLED WORKERS ON ON-SITE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS INCREASINGLY OUTRUNNING THE SUPPLY. THE
ANSWER TO THERE PROBLEMS WERE BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CONSTRUCITON AND SUBSTITUTION OF SITE
LABOR BY FACTORY PRODUCED PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURE WHICH HAS RAPIDLY DEVELOPED AND GAINED IMPORTANCE.

THE CONCRETE IS CAST IN PERMANENT FORMS OF STEEL, CONCRETE, GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC.

THE WET CONCRETE IS VIBRATED MECHANICALLY IN THE FORMS TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM DENSITY AND HIGHEST SURFACE
QUALITY.

CONCRETE STRENGTH IN PRECAST IS USUALLY 5000 PSI, WHILE 270,000 PSI FOR STRENGTH OF STEEL.

PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS ARE USUALLY STEAM CURED WITH THE USE OF HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CEMENT TO ENABLE A
PRECAST TO REMOVE IN FORM IN 24 HOURS.

FORMS ARE CALLED CASTING BEDS. THE CASTING BEDS AVERAGE 125 METERS TO EXTEND 250 METERS IN LENGTH.

TYPES OF PRECAST STRUCTURE

WALL PANELS – THIS TYPE OF PRECAST STRUCTURE HAS NUMEROUS DESIGNS DEPENDING UPON THE ARCHITECTURAL
REQUIREMENTS. THE COMMON SHAPES PRODUCED FOR ONE TO FOUR STOREY HIGH STRUCTURES ARE SECTIONS HAVING A WIDTH UP TO
2.40 m. THEY ARE USED AS CURTAIN WALLS ATTACHED TO COLUMNS AND BEAMS OR SOMETIMES AS BEARING WALLS.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WALL PANELS ARE:

1. FLAT TYPE

2. DOUBLE TEE TYPE

3. RIBBED TYPE

4. WINDOW OR MULLION TYPE

TO IMPROVE THE THERMAL INSULATION OF THE PANEL, FOAM GLASS, GLASS FIBER OR EXPANDED PLASTIC IS INSERTED
BETWEEN TWO LAYERS OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ADEQUATELY BONDED INTERCONNECTING THE TWO LAYERS TO ACT AS ONE UNIT.
STRESSES IN HANDLING AND ERECTION OF THE MEMBER IS MORE THAN THAT OF THE FINISHED FILLED STRUCTURE, HENCE, CONTROL OF
CRACKING IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE.

PRECAST COLUMN
 PRECAST COLUMN SIZES ARE FROM .30 x .30m. to .60 x .60m. IN A MULTI-STOREY CONSTRUCTION, THE COLUMNS ARE MADE
CONTINUOUS UP TO FOUR STORIES WHEREIN CORBELS ARE USED TO PROVIDE BEARING FOR THE BEAM. TEE COLUMN IS SOMETIMES
USED TO SUPPORT DIRECTLY DOUBLE TEE FLOOR MEMBERS WITHOUT THE USE OF INTERMEDIATE MEMBERS.

PRECAST BEAMS

THE SHAPE OF PRECAST BEAMS DEPENDS UPON THE MANNER OF FRAMING. THE VARIOUS SHAPES ARE:

 RECTANGULAR BEAM

 INVERTED TEE BEAM

 L –SHAPED BEAM

 AASHTO BRIDGE GIRDER – AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS.

ROOF AND FLOOR MEMBERS

 SOLID FLAT SLAB – WIDE RANGES FROM 0.60M. TO 2.4M.

 HOLLOW CORE SLAB – WIDE RANGES FROM 0.60M. TO 2.4M.

 DOUBLE TEE – WIDE RANGES FROM 2.4 TO 3.0M.

 SINGLE TEE – WIDE RANGES FROM 2.4 TO 3.0M.

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF A PECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURE

 ESTIMATE THE DEPTH OF A PRECAST SOLID SLAB AT 1/40 OF ITS SPAN. DEPTH TYPICALLY RANGE FROM 90-200mm.

 AN 200mm PRECAST HOLLOW-CORE SLAB CAN SPAN APPROXIMATELY 7.60M., 250mm SLAB APPROX. 9.80M., AND A 300mm SLAB APPROX.
12.0M. SPAN.

 ESTIMATE THE DEPTH OF PRECAST CONCRETE DOUBLE TEES AT 1/28 OF THEIR SPAN. THE MOST COMMON DEPTHS OF DOUBLE TEES
ARE 300,350,400,450,510,610, AND815mm.

 A PRECAST CONCRETE SINGLE TEE 928mm DEEP SPANS APPROXIMATELY 26.0M. AND 1142mm TEE FOR 32.0M. SPAN.

 ESTIMATE THE DEPTH OF PRECAST CONCRETE BEAMS AND GIRDERS AT 1/16 OF THEIR SPAN FOR LIGHT LOADINGS AND 1/12 OF THEIR
SPAN FOR HEAVY LOADINGS. THESE RATIOS APPLY TO RECTANGULAR, INVERTED TEE AND L-SHAPED BEAMS. THE WIDTH OF A BEAM
OR GIRDER IS USUALLY ABOUT ½ ITS DEPTH. THE PROJECTING LEDGERS ON INVERTED TEE AND L-SHAPED BEAMS ARE USUALLY
150mm WIDE AND 300mm DEEP.

 TO ESTIMATE THE SIZE OF A PRECAST CONCRETE COLUMN. ADD UP THE TOTAL ROOF AND FLOOR AREA SUPPORTED BY THE COLUMN.
A 250mm. COLUMN CAN SUPPORT UP TO ABOUT 185 sq.m. OF AREA. A 300mm. COLUMN FOR 240 sq.m. AREA. A 400mm. COLUMN FOR 370
sq.m. AREA. A 500mm. COLUMN FOR 560 sq.m. AREA. A 600MM. COLUMN FOR 740 sq.m. AREA.
JOINING PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS

BOLTING, WELDING, AND GROUTING ARE ALL COMMONLY EMPLOYED IN THESE CONNECTIONS. EXPOSED METAL CONNECTORS
NOT COVERED BY TOPPING ARE USUALLY DRY PACKED WITH STIFF GROUT AFTER BEING JOINED, TO PROTECT THEM FROM FIRE AND
CORROSION.

THE SIMPLEST JOINTS IN PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION ARE THOSE THAT RELY UPON GRAVITY BY PLACING ONE
ELEMENT ON TOP OF ANOTHER, AS IS DONE WHERE SLAB ELEMENTS REST ON A BEARING WALL OR BEAM, OR WHERE A BEAM RESTS ON
THE CORBEL OF A COLUMN. BEARING PADS ARE USUALLY INSERTED BETWEEN THE CONCRETE MEMBERS AT BEARING POINTS TO AVOID
THE CONCRETE-TO-CONCRETE CONTACT THAT MIGHT CREATE POINTS OF HIGH STRESS. BEARING PADS ALSO ALLOW FOR EXPANSION AND
CONTRACTION IN THE MEMBERS. FOR SOLID AND HOLLOW-CORE SLABS THESE PADS ARE STRIPS OF HIGH-DENSITY PLASTIC. UNDER
ELEMENTS WITH HIGHER POINT LOADING SUCH AS TEES AND BEAMS, PADS OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER AREUSED.

PRESTRESSING OF CONCRETE

THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS EMPLOYED IN APPLYING PRESTRESSED FORCE TO A CONCRETE BEAM:

 PRECOMPRESSING METHOD – IS A PROCESS OF USING JACKS REACTING AGAINST ABUTMENT.

 SELF-CONTAINED METHOD – THE PROCESS IS DONE BY TYING THE JACK BASE TOGETHER WITH WIRES OR CABLES LOCATED ON
EACH SIDE OF THE BEAM. USUALLY THE WIRES AND CABLES ARE PRESSED THROUGH A HOLLOW CONDUIT EMBEDDED IN THE
CONCRETE BEAM. ONE END OF THE TENDON IS ANCHORED AND FORCES ARE APPLIED AT THE OTHER END. AFTER ATTAINING THE
DESIRED PRESTRESS FORCE, THE TENDON IS THEN WEDGED AGAINST THE CONCRETE, REMOVING THE JACK EQUIPMENT.

 BOND FRICTION – THE PRESTRESSING STRANDS ARE STRETCHED BETWEEN MASSIVE ABUTMENT PRIOR TO CASTING OF CONCRETE
IN THE BEAM FORMS. AFTER THE CONCRETE HAS GAINED SUFFICIENT STRENGTH, THE JACKS ARE THEN RELEASED TRANSFERRING
THE PRESTRESSED FORCE TO THE CONCRETE BY BOND AND FRICTION ALONG THE STRANDS.

THE SELF CONTAINED AND THE BOND AND FRICTION METHODS CAN GENERALLY BE CLASSIFIED AS PRE-TENSIONING OR POST-
TENSIONING SYSTEM. THESE METHODS CAN BE APPLIED TO MASS PRODUCTION OF CASTING SEVERAL METERS LONG OF STRUCTURE AND
CUTTING THE INDIVIDUAL BEAM OR POST TO THE DESIRED LENGTH OUT FROM THE LONG CASTING.

 THERMAL PRESTRESSING – THE STEEL IS PREHEATED BY MEANS OF ELECTRIC POWER WHICH ARE ANCHORED AGAINST THE
OPPOSITE END OF THE CONCRETE BEAM. THE COOLING PROCESS PRODUCES PRESTRESS FORCE THROUGH RESTRAINED
CONTRACTION.

THE CAUSES OF PRESTRESS LOSSES ARE:

1. SLIP AT ANCHORAGE

2. ELASTIC SHORTENING OF CONCRETE

3. CREEP OF CONCRETE
 4. SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE

5. RELAXATION OF STEEL STRESS

6. FRICTIONAL LOSS DUE TO INTENDED OR UNINTENDED CURVATURE IN THE TENDONS.

CONCRETE FOR PRESTRESSING

CONCRETE OF HIGHER COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS USED FOR PRESTRESSED STRUCTURES. MOST OF THE PRESTRESSED
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFY A COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BETWEEN (4,000 to 6,000 psi) 280-422 kg/cm2 BECAUSE OF THE
FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES THAT IT OFFERS.

A) HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE HAS A HIGHER MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. IT MINIMIZE THE REDUCTION OF PRESTRESS
LOSS.

B) INCREASING THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE MEETS THE PROBLEM OF HIGH BEARING STRESSES AT
THE ENDS OF POST AND BEAM WHERE THE PRESTRESSING FORCE IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE TENDON TO THE
ANCHORAGE DOWELS WHICH DIRECTLY BEARS AGAINST THE CONCRETE.

C) HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE DEVELOPS STRONGER BOND PRESTRESSES TO PRETENSIONING CONSTRUCTION.

D) HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE GIVES HIGHER STRENGTH TO PRECAST CONSTRUCTION WHEN CURING IS CAREFULLY
CONTROLLED.

MEASUREMENT OF PRESTRESSING FORCE

PRESTRESSING FORCE COULD BE DETERMINED BY:

1. MEASURING THE TENDON ELONGATION.

2. EITHER BY CHECKING JACK PRESSURE ON A CALIBRATED GAGE OR LOAD CELL OR BY THE USED OF CALIBRATED
DYNAMOMETER.

 POST TENSIONING – THE STRESSING OF UNBONDED TENDONS AFTER CONCRETE HAS CURED.

BUILDING MATERIALS

WOOD MATERIALS

WOOD HAS DURABILITY AND BEAUTY. IT HAS GREAT ABILITY TO ABSORB SHOCKS FROM SUDDEN LOAD AND LIGHT IN WEIGHT WHICH
ADAPTABLE IN A COUNTLESS VARIETY OF PURPOSES.

TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD:

 SOFTWOOD – THESE ARE USED FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION.

  HARDWOOD – THESE ARE USED FOR FLOORING, STAIRS, PANELLING, FURNITURES AND INTERIOR TRIM.

PROPERTIES OF WOOD:

 HARDNESS – MEASURED BY THE COMPRESSION, WHICH A PIECE UNDERGOES WHEN A WEIGHT IS APPLIED.

 FLEXIBILITY – THE AMOUNT A PIECE WILL BEND BEFORE BREAKING.

 STRENGTH – TO THE GRAIN.

 DURABILITY – THE RELATIVE VALUE / LIFESPAN OF WOOD.

DEFECTS OF LUMBER:

 DECAY – CAUSED BY THE ATTACKED OF FUNGI.

 CHECKS – CRACKS OR LENGTH WISE SEPARATION ACROSS THE ANNUAL RINGS OF GROWTH.

 KNOTS – IRREGULAR GROWTHS IN THE BODY WHICH INTERRUPS SMOOTH CURVE.

 PITCH POCKETS – WELL REFINED OPENINGS BETWEEN ANNUAL RINGS CONTAINING SOLID OR LIQUID PITCH.

 WANE – IS THE LACK OF WOOD ON THE EDGE OR CORNER OF A PIECE.

TYPES OF WARPING:

 CUPPING – IS A DISTORTION OF THE BOARD IN WHICH THE FACE IS CONVEX/CONCAVE ACROSS THE BOARD.

 BOWING – IS A DISTORTION OF THE BOARD IN WHICH THE FACE IS CONVEX/CONCAVE LONGITUDINALLY.

 TWISTING – IS A DISTORTION OF THE BOARD IN WHICH ONE CORNER IS RAISED.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

 STRIPS – PIECES LESS THAN 2” THICK AND LESS THAN 8” WIDE.

 BOARDS – PIECES LESS THAN 2” THICK AND AT LEAST 8” WIDE.

 DIMENSION LUMBER – PIECES MORE THAN 2” THICK AND LESS THAN 5” IN ANY DIMENSION.

 TIMBER – PIECES 4” OR MORE ON THE SMALLEST DIMENSION.

 LOG – PIECES 12” OR MORE ON THE SMALLEST DIMENSION.

THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER:

 YARD LUMBER – USED FOR ORDINARY LIGHT CONSTRUCTION AND FINISHING WORK. COMMONLY USED FOR
FLOORING, PLANK SIDING, TRIM AND MOULDING.

 SHOP LUMBER – IT IS INTENDED FOR USE IN SHOPS OR IN MILLS MAKING SASH, DOORS, AND CABINETS.

 STRUCTURAL LUMBER – IS INTENDED FOR USE IN HEAVY CONSTRUCTION FOR LOAD-BEARING PURPOSES AND IS CUT
INTO TIMBERS OF LARGER SIZE.

WOOD GRAIN:

 EDGE GRAIN – ANNUAL RINGS RUN APPROX. AT RIGHT ANGLE TO THE FACE.

 FLAT GRAIN – WHEN THE ANNUAL RINGS RUN MORE OR LESS PARALLEL TO THE SURFACE.

 ANGLE GRAIN – WHEN THE ANNUAL RINGS ARE AT ABOUT 45 DEG. TO THE FACE.

SEASONING OF LUMBER:

 AIR DRYING – LUMBER IS STRIP-PILED AT ASLOPE ON ASOLID FOUNDATION. THIS ALLOWS AIR TO CIRCULATE AROUND
EVERY PIECE WHILE THE SLOPING ALOOWS WATER TO RUN OFF QUICKLY.

 KILN-DRYING – MORE EXPENSIVE LUMBER WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR MORE REFINED USES SO AS WOOD WILL NOT
MOVE. IT MUST BE DRIED TO A MOISTURE CONTENT OF NOT MORE THAN 5 TO 10 PERCENT. THIS IS DONE IN AN
AIRTIGHT STRUCTURE SCIENTIFICALLY HEATED BY STEAM PIPES IN WHICH THE LUMBER IS ARTIFICIALLY DRIED TO THE
CORRECT MOISTURE CONTENT.

MANUFACTURE BOARDS:

MANUFACTURED BOARDS ARE MADE OF WOOD BUT DOES NOT APPEAR IN THEIR NATURAL STATE. THIS TYPE OF
BUILDING MATERIALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS A TYPE OF LUMBER AS THEY ARE THE BY-PRODUCT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LUMBER.
THE COMPLETE UTILIZATION OF WOOD HAS LEAD TO AN EXPANDED FIELD OF MANUFACTURED BOARDS .

TYPES OF BOARDS:

 PLYWOOD – IS MADE OF AN ODD NUMBER VENEER SHEETS GLUED TOGETHER WITH THE GRAINS RUNNING AT RIGHT
ANGLE TO EACH OTHER. IT IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND STRONG THAT SCREW OR NAIL CAN BE DRIVEN CLOSE TO THE
EDGES WITHOUT DANGER OF SPLITTING.

THE DIFF. TYPES OF PLYWOOD:

 SOFT PLYWOOD - THE MOST COMMON FOR STRUCTURAL USE

 HARDWOOD PLYWOOD – ARE USED FOR PANELLING AND FINSHING WHERE USUALLY ON ONE FACE IS HARD
FINISHED.

 EXTERIOR OR MARINE PLYWOOD – IS MADE FOR EXTERNAL USE.

 HARDBOARD – IS MADE FROM WOOD CHIPS WHICH ARE EXPLODED INTO FIBERS UNDER STREAM OF HIGH PRESSURE.
THE LINING IN THE WOOD ITSELF BINDS PRESSED WOOD TOGETHER WITH NO FILLERS OR ARTIFICIAL ADHESIVES
APPLIED. PRESSED WOOD IS EQUALLY STRONG IN ALL DIRECTIONS BUT VERY BRITTLE. ITS COLOR VARIES FROM
LIGHT TO DARK BROWN.
  PARTICLE BOARD – IS MANUFACTURES FROM WOOD CHIPS, CURLS, FIBERS, FLAKES, STRANDS, SHAVING, SLIVERS
ETC. BOUND TOGETHER AND PRESSED INTO SHEETS AND OTHER MOLDED SHAPED. PARTICLE BOARD HAS EQUAL
STRENGTH IN ALL DIRECTION OF A GIVEN CROSS SECTIONAL AREA, IT IS NOT BRITTLE AND CAN RESIST WARPING.

MASONRY

MASONRY REFERS TO A MAN-MADE UNITS WHICH ARE FORMED AND HARDENED INTO MODULAR BUILDING UNITS.

BASIC BRICKWORK TERMINOLOGY:

 COURSE – IS A HORIZONTAL LAYER OF BRICKS OR OTHER MASONRY UNITS.

 BED JOINT – IS THE HORIZONTAL MORTAR IN EVERY COURSE.

 HEAD JOINT – IS THE VERTICAL MORTAR IN EVERY MASONRY UNIT.

 STRETCHER IS A BRICK LAID WITH ITS FACE PARALLEL TO THE WALL AND ITS LONG DIMENSION HORIZONTAL.

 HEADER – IS A BRICK LAID SO AS TO BOND TWO WYTHES TOGETHER.

 WYTHE – IS A VERTICAL LAYER OF MASONRY UNITS, ONE UNIT THICK.

 SOLDIER – IS A BRICK LAID ON ITS END WITH ITS FACE PARALLEL TO THE WALL.

 ROWLOCK – IS A BRICK LAID ON ITS FACE WITH ITS END VISIBLE IN THE WALL FACE.

STRUCTURAL BONDS FOR BRICKWORK:

 RUNNING BOND CONSISTS ENTIRELY OF STRETCHERS.

 COMMON BOND HAS A HEADER COURSE EVERY SIXTH COURSE

 ENGLISH BOND ALTERNATES COURSES OF HEADERS AND STRETCHERS.

 FLEMISH BOND ALTERNATES HEADERS AND STRETCHERS IN EACH COURSE.

JOINT TOOLING PROFILES FOR BRICKWORK:

WEATHERED JOINT CONCAVE JOINT VEE JOINT

FLUCH JOINT RAKED JOINT STRIPPED JOINT

STRUCK JOINT
REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY

A REINFORCED BRICK WALL IS CREATED BY CONSTRUCTING TWO WYTHES OF BRICK 50 –100mm APART, PLACING THE
REINFORCING STEEL IN THE CAVITY, AND FILLING CAVITY WITH GROUT. GROUT IS A MIXTURE OF CEMENT, AGGREGATES, AND WATER.

BRICK BOUNDS

 THE METHOD OF LAYING BRICKS IN A WALL IN ORDER TO FORM SOME DISTINCTIVE PATTERN OR DESIGN IS REFERRED
TO AS THE PATTERN BOND.

 THE METHOD BY WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL UNITS IN A BRICK STRUCTURE ARE TIED TOGETHER EITHER BY OVERLAPPING
OR BY METAL TIES IS KNOWN AS THE STRUCTURAL BOND.

 THE ADHESION OF MORTAR TO BRICKS OR TO STEEL REINFORCEMENT USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THEM IS CALLED
THE MORTAR BOND.

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS:

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED AS BEARING AND NON-BEARING BLOCKS. LOAD BEARING BLOCKS ARE
THOSE WHOSE THICKNESS RANGES FROM 15 CM. TO 20 CM. AND ARE USED TO CARRY LOAD ASIDE FROM ITS OWN WEIGHT. NON-
BEARING BLOCKS ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE BLOCKS WHICH ARE INTENDED FOR WALLS, PARTITIONS, FENCES OR DIVIDERS
CARRYING ITS OWN WEIGHT WHOSE THICKNESS RANGES FROM 7.5 CM. TO 10 CM.

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS HAS THREE CELLS AND TWO ONE HALF CELLS AT BOTH ENDS HAVING A TOTAL OF FOUR.

CONCRETE

CEMENTS

PORTLAND CEMENT

MADE FROM MATERIALS WHICH MUST CONTAIN IN THE PROPER PROPORTIONS OF LIME, SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON COMPONENTS.
FOUR PARTS OF LIMESTONE TO ONE PART CLAY ARE BASIC INGREDIENTS. THESE ARE MIXED, BURNED THEN PULVERIZED. PORTLAND
CEMENT IS SOLD EITHER IN CEMENT BAGS OF 40 & 50 KILOS WEIGHT OR IN BULK INTO CEMENT TRUCKS.

SPECIAL CEMENTS

 WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT – SAME MATERIALS AS NORMAL PORTLAND EXCEPT IN COLOR. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS
CONTROLLED TO PRODUCE A PURE WHITE, NON-STAINING CEMENT. IT IS USED PRIMARILY FOR ARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES
SUCH AS CURTAIN WALL AND FACING PANELS, DECORATIVE CONCRETE STUCCO AND TILE GROUT, OR WHEREVER WHITE OR
COLORED CONCRETE OR MORTAR IS SPECIFIED.

 MASONRY CEMENT OR TILE ADHESIVES – HAS BEEN SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO PRODUCE BETTER MORTAR THAN THAT MADE WITH
NORMAL PORTLAND CEMENT OR WITH A LIME-CEMENT HAS PARTICULARLY GOOD PLASTICITY AND WORKABILITY, GOOD
ADHESION AND BOND.
 WATERPROOFED PORTLAND CEMENT – NORMALLY PRODUCED BY ADDING A SMALL AMOUNT OF STEARATE, USUALLY CALCIUM
OR ALUMINUM TO THE CEMENT CLINKER DURING THE FINAL GRINDING.

TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE

CONCRETE CAN BE CONSIDERED TO BE AN ARTIFICIAL STONE MADE BY BINDING TOGETHER PARTICLES OF SOME INERT
MATERIAL WITH A PASTE MADE OF CEMENT AND WATER. THESE INERT MATERIAL ARE THE AGGREGATE. AGGREGATES USED ARE
SAND, GRAVEL CRUSHED STONE, CINDER. CRUSHED FURNACE SLAG, BURNED CLAY, EXPANDED VERMICULITE, AND PERLITE.

SAND - FOUND IN RIVERBEDS, FREE OF SALT

AND MUST BE WASHED.

FINE AGGREGATE - ¼” AND SMALLER DIAMETER STONES.

COARSE AGGREGATE - BIGGER THAN ¼” DIAMETER STONES.

CONCRETE MIXES

CLASS “AA” - 1: 1 ½: 3 - CONCRETE UNDER WATER, RETAINING

WALLS

CLASS A - 1:2:4 - FOOTINGS, COLUMNS BEAMS, R.C.

SLABS

CLASS B - 1: 2 1/ 2:5- SLAB ON FILL, NON BEARING WALLS

CLASS C - 1: 3: 6 - CONCRETE PLANT BOXES, ETC.

CONTROL OF CONCRETE MIXES

SLUMP TEST- WHEN FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE IS CHECKED TO ENSURE THAT THE SPECIFIED SLUMP IS BEING ATTAINED
CONSISTENTLY. A STANDARD SLUMP CONE IS 12 INCHES HIGH (0.30) AND 8 INCHES (O.20) IN DIAMETER AT THE BOTTOM AND 4 INCHES
(O.10) ON TOP WHICH IS OPEN ON BOTH ENDS.

THE CONE IS FILLED IN THREE EQUAL LAYERS, EACH BEING TAMPED OR RODDED 25 TIMES WITH A STANDARD 5/8” BULLET
NOSED ROD. WHEN THE CONE HAS BEEN FILLED AND LEVELED OFF, IT IS LIFTED CAREFULLY AND THE AMOUNT OF SLUMP IS
MEASURED.
ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION ‘X’

BEAMS AND COLUMNS 7.5 cm. (.075) 3”

SLABS AND TUNNEL INVERTS 5.0 cm. (.50) 2”

TOPS AND WALL, PIERS, PARAPET & CURBS 5.0 cm. (.50) 2”

SIDE WALLS AND ARCH IN TUNNEL LINING 10.0 cm. (.10) 4”

CANAL LINING 7.5 cm. (.075) 3”

HEAVY MASS CONSTRUCTION 5.0 cm. (.50) 2”

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST- COMMON QUALITY-CONTROL TEST OF CONCRETE, BASED ON 7 AND 28 DAYS CURING PERIODS.
SPECIMENS ARE USUALLY CYLINDRICAL WITH A LENGHT EQUAL TO TWICE THE DIAMETER. STANDARD SIZE IS 12 INCH. HIGH AND 6
INCH. DIAMETER. FILLING IS DONE THE SAME WAY AS THE SLUMP TEST BUT TAKEN OUT FROM THE MOLD IN 24 HOURS. IT IS THEN
SENT TO A COMPRESSION TESTING LABORATORY, BY MAKING THE CYLINDER WHILE STILL WET. SOME COMPRESSIVE STRESSES ARE
2,000 psi, 2,500 psi, 3,000 psi.

SOME OF THE BRANDS OF PORTLAND CEMENT

 ISLAND CEMENT

 CONTINENTAL CEMENT

 HI- CEMENT

 UNION CEMENT

 RIZAL CEMENT

 FILIPINAS CEMENT

 PACIFIC CEMENT

 FORTUNE CEMENT

 REPUBLIC CEMENT

 NORTHERN CEMENT

BRANDS OF WHITE CEMENT

 PRIME WHITE CEMENT

 KEENE

 TRINITY
  SNOWCRETE

 MORTAR – CEMENT, SAND & WATER.

 GROUT – CEMENT AND WATER MIXTURE.

 CONCRETE – CEMENT, SAND, GRAVEL & WATER.

 TYROLEAN FINISH – ROUGH PLASTER FINISH OBTAINED BY FLINGING PLASTER ON A WALL W/ A HAND OPERATED MACHINE.

 EFFLORESCENCE – AN ENCRUSTATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS CAUSED BY FREE ALKALIES LEACHED FROM MORTAR OR ADJACENT
CONCRETE AS MOISTURE MOVE THROUGH IT.

 ADIABATIC CURING - THE CURING OF CONCRETE OR MORTAR W/O THE GAIN OR LOSS OF HEAT DURING THE CURING PERIOD.

 WHEATHERED – MOST WATERPROOFED TYPE OF MORTAR JOINTS FOR WALLS.

 ADOBE BRICK – LARGE ROUGHLY MOULDED SUN DRIED CLAY BRICKS OF VARYING SIZES.

 ASHLAR BRICK – A BRICK WHOSE FACE HAS BEEN HACKED TO RESEMBLE ROUGHLY HACKED STONE.

 RETARDER – AN ADMIXTURE WHICH DELAY THE SETTING OF CEMENT PASTE OR MIXTURES/ AN ADDITIVE MIXED WITH PLASTER TO
CONTROL THE RATE OF HARDENING.

 STEAM CURING – THE CURING OF CONCRETE OR MORTAR IN WATER VAPOR AT AN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AT EITHER
ATMOSPHERIC OR HIGH PRESSURE.

 QUOIN / COIN – IN MASONRY, A HARD STONE OR BRICK USED TO REINFORCE AN EXTERNAL CORNER OF A WALL.

 ZOCALO – LOW WALL AROUND A CHALET-TYPE HOUSE.

 FORTIFICATION – THA WALL OF INTRAMUROS.

 SCRATCH COAT – INITIAL SCORED LAYER OF PLASTER WORK.

 CINDER BLOCK – A LIGHT WEIGHT MASONRY UNIT MADE OF CINDER CONCRETE.

 MORTAR FOR BLOCK LAYING IS 0.0125 m.

 PLASTERING THICKNESS IS 0.016 m.

 MORTAR FILLER FOR HOLLOW CELL 0.05 X 0.075 X 0.20 = 0.00075 cu.m.

FOR 4 CELL/BLOCK = 0.00075 X 4 = 0.003 cu.m. FOR 4” CHB.

FERROUS AND NONFERROUS METALS

FERROUS- METAL IN WHICH IRON IS THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENT.

NONFERROUS- CONTAINING NO, OR VERY LITTLE IRON.

FERROUS METAL:
STEEL- A MALLEABLE ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON PRODUCED BY MELTING AND REFINING PIG IRON AND/ OR SCRAP STEEL, GRADED
ACCORDING TO THE CARBON CONTENT.

PRODUCE BY THREE BASIC RAW MATERIALS, IRON ORE, AND LIMESTONE. FIVE PARTICLES OF ALL THREE BASIC INGREDIENTS OF STEEL,
WHICH OTHERWISE WOULD BE WASTE, ARE BLENDED AND BURNED ON A MOVING GATE TO CAUSE THE FORMATION OF CLINKERS. THESE
ARE CALLED SINTER, A HIGH- GRADE BLAST-FURNANCE CHARGE MATERIAL.

FROM THESE, RAW MATERIALS WHICH IS MELTED INTO INGOTS PLACE IN MOLDS, A GRAT VARIETY OF PRODUCTS USED IN
CONSTRUCTION ARE MADE. THEY INCLUDED:

 COLD-ROLLED SHEETS ARE GALVANIZED (GIVEN A ZINC COATING). PIG IRON IS USED TO MAKE CAST IRON WHICH IS HIGH IN
COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT BUT LOW IN TENSILE STRENGHT, AND HAS LITTLE USE FOR CONSTRUCTION. HOWEVER SINCE IT IS
CHEAP AND EASY TO CAST, IT IS USED FOR PUMPS, MOTORS, ENGINES AND BECAUSE OF ITS CORROSION RESISTANCE IT IS
USED FOR PIPES TO SOME EXTENT.

 WROUGHT IRON IS PRODUCED WHEN PIG IRON IS MELTED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO REMOVE NEARLY ALL OF THE CARBON AND
OTHER IMPURITIES. IT IS EASILY WORKED AND IS TOUGH AND DUCTILE. IT’S MAIN USES ARE FOR WIRE AND METAL ORNAMENTS.

 STAINLESS STEELS ARE MADE WITH CHROMIUM OR A COMBINATION OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM USED IN BUILDINGS OF
EXTERIOR WALLS PANELS, FRAMES FOR DOORS EXPANSION JOINTS, FLASHING, COPINGS, FASCIA AND GRAVEL STOPS.

 COPPER- BEARING STEEL HAS HIGH RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND IS USED FOR MAKING SHEET STEEL AND METAL LATH.

STEEL PRODUCTS

 ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES

 SHEET PILING- SECTIONS ARE MADE TO INTERLOCK AND ARE AVAILABLE IN SEVERAL SHAPE.

 STEEL PIPE- SEAMLESS OR WELDED SMALL DIAMETER PIPE AND ELECTRICALLY WELDED LARGE DIAMETER PIPE.

 REINFORCING STEEL- MADE FROM NEW STEEL OR FROM DISCARDED RAILWAY- CAR AXLES OR RAILS.

REINFORCING STEEL COMES IN PLAIN OR DEFORMED BARS, THAT IS, BARS WHICH HAVE LUGS OR DEFORMATIONS ROLLED
ON THE SURFACE TO PROVIDE ARCHORAGE IN CONCRETE.

SIZES-START WITH NO.2 OR ¼ in. (DIVIDE A NUMBER OF BAR BY 8 TO GET THE EQUIVALENT IN inch DIAMETER)

No. 2= ¼“ = 6 mm.

No. 3= 3/8” = 10 mm.

No. 4= ½” = 12mm.

No. 5= 5/8” = 16mm.

 No. 6= ¾” = 20mm.

No. 7= 7/8” = 22mm.

No. 8= 1” = 25mm.

No. 9= 1 1/8 = 30mm.

 WELDED WIRE FABRIC- ANOTHER TYPE OF REINFORCING MATERIAL. IT CONSISTS OF PARALLEL, LONGITUDINAL WIRES
WELDED TO TRANSVERSE WIRES AT REGULAR INTERVALS.

 STEEL WIRE – OVER 150,000 USES FOR WIRE INCLUDING PINS, NEEDLES, NAILS, BOLTS, CABLES, PIANO WIRE, FENCES.

 BOLTS AND NUTS – (EITHER HOT FORGED OR COLD-FORMED FROM WIRE OF THE APPROPRIATE DIAMETER). FOR BOLTS,
WIRE IS FED INTO AN AUTOMATIC BOLT-MAKING MACHINE WHICH CUTS TO LENGTH HEADS, TRIMS, POINTS, AND IN MANY
ROLLS THE THREAD.

 STEEL STRAPPING – MADE FROM HIGH-TENSILE FLAT WIRE IN A NUMBER OF SIZES. USED FOR BANDING COLUMN FORMS
TO KEEP THEM FROM BULGING UNDER THE PRESSURE OF FRESHLY POURED CONCRETE. A TIGHTERNER TIGHTENS IT AND
THE TWO LAPPED ENDS IS SEALED.

 OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS – LIGHTWEIGHT WARREN-TYPE TRUSSES MADE IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT STYLES.

 SHEET STEEL – BLACK AND GALVANIZED, CAN BE USED TO MANUFACTURE CORRUGATED ROOFING AND SIDING AND
FORMED STEEL DECKING.

 STEEL STUDS – LIGHTWEIGHT, REQUIRING MINIMUM STORAGE SPACE AND DOES NOT WARP OR SHRINK. FASTENERS DO
NOT POP, AND JOINTS STAY CLOSED. MUCH FASTER TO INSTALL THAN WOOD STUD INSTALLATION. AVAILABLE IN 1 5/8, 2 ½
AND 3 5/8 INCHES. PLUMBING STACKS AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS FIT EASILY INTO A STEEL-FRAMEWALL.

 PANS AND DONES – MANUFACTURED FOR USE IN FORMING ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY RIBBED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS.

NONFERROUS METALS:

ALUMINUM – ITS ORE, BAUXITE, REQUIRES 10 KILOWATT HOURS FOR EACH POUND OF METAL ALUMINUM EXTRACTED. THE REDDISH
BROWN ORE IS WASHED AND TREATED IN A SODA SOLUTION TO YIELD A CHALKY-WHITE POWDER CALLED ALUMNA, CONTAINING A
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ALUMINUM.

ALUMINUM FOIL – USED AS A VAPOR BARRIER ON WALLS AND CEILINGS AND AS REFLECTIVE INSULATION .

COPPER – A LUSTROUS REDDISH METAL, HIGHLY DUCTILE AND MALLEABLE; HAS HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH, IS AN
EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTOR, IS AVAILABLE IN A WIDE VARIETY OF SHAPES; WIDELY USED FOR DOWNSPOUTS,
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS, FLASHINGS GUTTERS, ROOFING, ETC.

COPPER ALLOYS ARE BRASSES, AND BRONZES WHICH CONTAIN PRIMARILY ZINC AND TIN, RESPECTIVELY, AND
THE ALLOYS CONTAINING NICKEL.
 BRASSES ARE USED IN ARCHITECTURAL AND HARDWARE APPLICTIONS. BRONZES ARE USED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF SPRINGS.

LEAD – A SOFT, MALLEABLE, HEAVY METAL; HAS LOW MELTING POINT AND A HIGH COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION.
VERY EASY TO CUT AND WORK, ENABLING IT TO BE FITTED OVER UNEVEN SURFACES. USED FOR ROOFING, FLASHING AND SPANDREL
WALL PANELS.

TIN – A LUSTROUS WHITE, SOFT AND MALLEABLE METAL HAVING A LOW MELTING POINT; RELATIVELY UNAFFECTED BY
EXPOSURE TO AIR; USED FOR MAKING ALLOYS AND SOLDER AND IN COATING SHEET METAL.

STRUCTURAL SHAPES

THE MOST COMMON SHAPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ARE THE AMERICAN STANDARD
FORMS SUCH AS:

1. SQUARE BARS 6. I-BEAM

2. ROUND BARS 7. TEE BEAM

3. PLATE BARS 8. H-COLUMN

4. ANGLE BARS 9. WIDE FLANGES

5. CHANNELS 10. ZEE

STANDARD CHANNEL

THE STANDARD CHANNEL HAS THE SHAPE OF UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE CONSISTING OF TWO FLANGES ON ONE SIDE. IT
THEREFORE REQUIRES LATERAL SUPPORT TO PREVENT ITS TENDENCY TO BUCKLE. THE STANDARD CHANNELS ARE GENERALLY
USED AS ELEMENTS OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS FOR COLUMNS AND ARE ALSO SUITABLE FOR FRAMING AROUND FLOOR OPENINGS,
SPANDRELS, AND LINTELS ATTRIBUTED TO THE ABSENCE OF FLANGE ON THE OTHER SIDE. THE CHANNEL SECTION IS IDENTIFIRD AS C
15 x 20 WHICH MEANS THAT THE CHANNEL HAS A DEPTH OF 20 cm. AND WEIGHTS 15 kg. PER METER LENGTH.

WIDE FLANGE

WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS W 12 x 24 WHICH MEANS THAT THE FLANGE HAS A DEPTH OF 24 cm. AND IT
WEIGHS 12 kg. PER METER LENGTH. ALL WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE GENERALLY WITH PARALLEL FACE FLANGE EXCEPT THOSE
WITH 5% SLOPE INSIDE FACE PRODUCED BY BETLEHEM STEEL COMPANY. COMPARATIVELY, WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE MORE
EFFICIENT THAN STANDARD I BEAM WITH RESPECT TO BENDING RESISTANCE.

STANDARD I-BEAM

THE USE OF I-BEAM AS A COLUMN IS UNECONOMICAL, BECAUSE THE WHIRL OR REVOLVING ACTION OF THE STRUCTURE
ABOUT AN AXIS THROUGH THE CENTROID PARALLEL TO THE WAB OF THE I-BEAM IS COMPARATIVELY SMALL.

H-BEARING PILES

H-BEARING PILES ALTHOUGH SUITABLE FOR PILE DRIVING ON DEEP EXCAVATIONS IS MUCH MORE SUITABLE THAN THE I-
BEAM FOR COLUMNS.
ZEE SECTIONS

THE ZEE SECTION IS ANOTHER STRUCTURAL FORM IN A LETTER Z WHICH IS NOT FREQUENTLY USED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION EXEPT ON THE FABRICATION OF STEEL WINDOWS AND OTHER FRAMES.

 WROUGHT IRON – A COMMERCIALLY PURE IRON OF FIBROUS NATURE, VALUED FOR ITS CORROSION RESISTANCE AND DUCTILITY.

 CAST IRON – AN IRON ALLOY USUALLY INCLUDING CARBON AND SILICON WHICH HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT LOW
TENSILE STRENGTH.

 WELDING – IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH TWO METALS ARE SO JOINT THAT THERE IS AN ACTUAL UNION OF THE INTERATOMIC
BONDS.

 EXTRUSION – THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING METAL SHAPES OF A CONSTANT CROSS SECTION BY FORCING THE HOT METAL
THROUGH AN ORFICE IN A DIE BY MEANS OF A PRESSURE RAM.

 RED OXIDE – PROTECTIVE COAT FOR IRON.

 LAP SEAM – A JOINT FORMED BY OVERLAPPING THE EDGES OF METAL SHEET OR PLATES AND JOINING THEM BY RIVETING OR
SOLDERING OR BRACING.

JOINING STEEL MEMBERS

STEEL SHAPES CAN BE JOINED INTO A BUILDING FRAME WITH ANY OF THREE FASTENING TECHNIQUES.

 RIVETS

A RIVETS IS A FASTENER CONSISTING OF A CYLINDRICAL BODY AND A FORMED HEAD WHICH IS BROUGHT TO A WHITE
HEAT, INSERTED THROUGH HOLES IN THE MEMBERS TO BE JOINED, AND HOT-WORKED WITH A PNEUMATIC HAMMER TO PRODUCED A
SECOND HEAD OPPOSITE THE FIRSTHEAD.

PROCESS OF RIVETING:

A) A HOT STEEL RIVET IS INSERTED IN HOLES THROUGH THE TWO MEMBERS TO BE JOINED,

B) ITS HEAD IS THEN HELD WITH HAND HAMMER WITH A CUP-SHAPED DEPRESSION,

C) WHILE A PNEUMATIC HAMMER DRIVES A RIVET SET REPEATEDLY AGAINST THE BODY OF THE RIVET TO FORM THE
SECOND HEAD,
D) THE RIVET SHRINKS AS IT COOLS, DRAWING MEMBERS TIGHTLY TOGETHER.

 BOLTS

THE BOLTS COMMONLY USED IN STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION FALL INTO TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES:

1) CARBON STEEL BOLTS – OR COMMON BOLTS ARE SIMILAR TO THE ORDINARY MACHINE BOLTS THAT CAN BE
PURCHASED IN HARDWARE STORES.

2) HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS – ARE HEAT TREATED DURING MANUFACTURE TO DEVELOP THE NECESSARY STRENGTH.
IT IS USUALLY TIGHTENED USING PNEUMATIC OR ELECTRIC IMPACT WRENCH.

A MAJOR PROBLEM IN HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTING OR FRICTION-TYPE CONNECTIONS IS HOW TO VERIFY THE NECESSARY
TENSION HAS BEEN ACHIEVED IN ALL THE BOLTS IN A CONNECTION.

SEVERAL WAY TO ACHIEVED PROPER TIGHTENING:

 TURN-OF-NUT METHOD

 LOAD INDICATOR WASHER

 TENSION CONTROL BOLTS

PROCESS OF TIGHTENING A TENSION CONTROL BOLT:

A) THE WRENCH HOLDS BOTH THE NUT AND THE SPLINED BODY OF THE BOLT, AND TURNS THEM AGAINST ONE ANOTHER TO
TIGHTEN THE BOLT,

B) WHEN THE REQUIRED TORQUE IS ACHIEVED, THE SPLINED END TWISTS OFF IN THE WRENCH,

C) A PLUNGER INSIDE THE WRENCH DISCHARGES THE SPLINED END INTO A CONTAINER.

 WELDING

WELDING CAN JOIN THE MEMBERS OF A STEEL FRAME AS IF THEY WERE A MONOLITHIC WHOLE. WELDED ARE STRONGER THAN THE
MEMBERS THEY JOIN IN RESISTING BOTH SHEAR AND MOMENT FORCES.

TYPICAL WELDS USED IN STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION:

 FILLET WELD

 DOUBLE FILLET WELD

 DOUBLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

 SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD WITH BACKUP BAR

 V-GROOVE WELD

 V-GROOVE WELD WITH BACKUP BAR

 PUDDLE WELD

 PARTIAL-PENETRATION SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

THE BASIC SYBOLS ARE:

BACK FILLET PLUG OR SLOT

GROOVE OR BUTT

SQUARE V BEVEL U J FLARE V FLARE BEVEL

THE ARROW

THE REFERENCE LINE CARRIES THE DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS

THE ARROW POINTS TO THE WELD

THE BASIC SYMBOLS

THE BASIC WELD SYMBOL IS LOCATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE REFERENCE LINE AS FOLLOWS:

SYMBOLS ON THE TOP OF THE REFERENCE LINE REFER TO WELDS ON THE SIDE OF THE JOINT OPPOSITE THE
 ARROW

SYMBOLS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE REFERENCE LINE

REFER TO WELDS ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE JOINT AS

AS THE ARROW

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

FIELD WELD – THIS WELD BE DONE IN THE FIELD DURING ERECTION. OTHER WELDS ARE DONE EARLIER IN THE FABRICATOR’S SHOP.

WELD ALL AROUND – THIS INDICATES THAT THE WELD SHOULD BE CARRIED FULLY AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE JOINING PIECES.

BACKUP BAR – AS INDICATED IN THIS EXAMPLE, A BACKUP BAR TO SUPPORT THE FIRST PASS OF THE WELD MUST BE PLACED ON THE
SIDE OF THE JOINT OPPOSITE THE ARROW.

SPACER – SMALL METAL SPACERS ARE USED TO MAINTAIN A GAP BETWEEN THE PIECS TO BE JOINED, PRIOR TO WELDING.

A SHARP BEND NEAR THE END OF THE ARROW INDICATES THAT THE ARROWHEAD IS POINTING TOWARD THE GROOVED SIDE OF THE
BEVEL OR J-GROOVED JOINT

GLASS

THE MAJOR INGREDIENT OF GLASS IS SAND (SILICON DIOXIDE). A HARD BRITTLE INORGANIC SUBSTANCE, ORDINARILY
TRANSPARENT OR TRANSLUCENT; PRODUCED BY MELTING A MIXTURE OF SILICA, A FLUX AND A STABILIZER; WHILE MOLTEN MAYBE
BLOWN, DRAWN, ROLLED, PRESSED OR CAST TO A VARIETY OF SHAPES.

DURING ITS MANUFACTURED, ORDINARY WINDOW GLASS IS ANNEALED, COOLED SLOWLY UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITION,
TO AVOID LOCKED-IN THERMAL STRESSES THAT MIGHT CAUSE IT TO BEHAVE UNPREDICTABLY IN USE.
THICKNESSES OF GLASS

GLASS IS TYPICALLY MANUFACTURED IN A SERIES OF THICKNESSES RANGING FROM APPROXIMATELY 2.5mm, THROUGH
3mm, IS CALLED SINGLE-STRENGTH, OR 6mm TO 22mm, IS CALLED DOUBLE-STRENGTH, AND ON SPECIAL ORDER, 25mm IS AVAILABLE.

TYPES OF CLEAR GLASS

1. TEMPERED GLASS

TEMPERED GLASS IS PRODUCED BY CUTTING ANNEALED GLASS TO THE REQUIRED SIZES FOR USE, REHEATING
IT TO APPROXIMATELY 1200 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, COOLING BOTH ITS SURFACES RAPIDLY WITH A BLAST OF AIR WHILE ITS
CORE COOLS MUCH MORE SLOWLY. ITS FOUR TIMES AS STRONG IN BENDING AND MORE RESISTANT TO THERMAL STRESS
AND IMPACT.

2. HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS

THE HEAT STRENGTHENED PROCESS IS SIMILAR TO TEMPERING, BUT ITS, ABOUT ONE-THIRD AS HIGH AS
TEMPERED GLASS IN TERMS OF BENDING AND STRENGTH.

3. LAMINATED GLASS

ITS MADE BY SANDWICHING A TRANSPARENT VINYL INTERLAER BETWEEN SHEETS OF GLASS AND BONDING THE THREE
LAYERS TOGETHER UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE. WHEN ITS BREAKS, THE SOFT VINYL HOLDS THE SHARDS OF GLASS IN
PLACE RATHER THAN ALLOWING THEM TO FALL OUT OF THE FRAME.

4. PATTERNED OR ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS

HOT GLASS CAN BE ROLLED INTO SHEETS WITH MANY DIFFERENT SURFACE PATTERNS FOR USE WHERE LIGHT
TRANSMISSION IS DESIRED BUT VISION MUST BE OBSCURED FOR PRIVACY.

5. SPANDREL GLASS

SPECIAL OPAQUE GLASSES ARE PRODUCED FOR COVERING THE SPANDREL AREA (THE BANDS OF WALL AROUND THE
EDGES OF FLOORS) IN GLASS CURTAIN. IT IS USUALLY TEMPERED OR HEAT-STRENGTHENED TO RESIST THE THERMAL
STRESSES THAT CAN CAUSED BY ACCUMULATIONS OF SOLAR HEAT BEHIND THE SPANDREL.

6. WIRED GLASS

SIMPLY A ROLLED GLASS INTO WHICH WIRE MESH IS INSERTED DURING THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE. THE WIRE
GREATLY INCREASES THE RESISTANCE TO SHATTERING THROUGH IMPACT. ITS USE FOR SAFETY GLAZING, WHEN ITS
BREAKS FROM THERMAL STRESS, THE WIRES HOLD THE SHEET OF GLASS TOGETHER.

TINTED AND REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS

 SOLAR HEAT BUILDUP CAN BE PROBLEMATIC IN THE INHABITED SPACES OF BUILDINGS WITH LARGE AREAS OF GLASS,
ESPECIALLY DURING THE WARM PART OF THE YEAR. THIS IS USE TO REDUCE GLARE AND CUT DOWN ON SOLAR HEAT GAIN.

1) TINTED GLASS

TINTED GLASS IS MADE BY ADDING SMALL AMOUNTS OF SELECTED CHEMICAL ELEMENTS TO THE MOLTEN GLASS MIXTURE
TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED HUE AND INTENSITY OF COLOR IN GRAYS, BRONZES, BLUES, GREEN, AND GOLDS.

2) REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS

REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS APPEAR AS MIRROR FROM THE OUTSIDE ON A BRIGHT DAY AND AT NIGHT, WITH LIGHTS ON
INSIDE THE BUILDING, THEY APPEAR AS DARK BUT TRANSPARENT GLASS.

3) INSULATING GLASS

A SECOND SHEET OF GLASS APPLIED TO A WINDOW WITH AN AIRSPACE BETWEEN THE SHEETS CUTS THIS RATE OF HEAT
LOSS IN HALF. TWO KINDS OF EDGES SEALS ARE FUSED GLASS EDGES AND A METAL SPLINE AND ORGANIC SEALANT.

GLASS PRODUCTS

I. GLASS BLOCKS

COMPARABLE IN MANY WAYS TO UNIT MASONRY BUT HAVE THE ADDED FEATURE OF TRANSMITTING LIGHT. THEY ARE MADE
INTO TWO SEPARATE HALVES, WHICH ARE HEAT-SEALED TOGETHER TO FORM A HOLLOW UNIT WITH REASONBLY HIGH
THERMAL EFFICIENCY AND SOUND INSULATION. THE EDGE SURFACES OF THE BLOCK ARE COATED WITH A GRITTY MORTAR
BOND.

TWO TYPES:

1. FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS – DIRECT OR DIFFUSE THE DAYLIGHT WHICH PASSES THEOUGH THEM TO IMPROVE THE ILLUMINATION OF
THE BUILDING INTERIOR.

THREE STYLES OF FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS:

A. A LIGHT DIRECTING BLOCK – DIRECTS INCOMING LIGHT UPWARD TOWARD THE CEILING. USED ALWAYS ABOVE EYE LEVEL.

B. A LIGHT DIFFUSING BLOCK – DIFFUSES INCOMING LIGHT EVENLY THROUGHOUT THE INTERIOR OF THE ROOM.

C. GENERAL PURPOSES BLOCK

2. DECORATIVELY OR ARCHITECTURAL GLASS – AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF STYLES AND PATTERNS. THESE GLASS MASONRY
UNITS PROVIDE ALMOST UNLIMITED DESIGN VERSATILITY WHEN USED IN WINDOW, OPENINGS AND FACADES, AS INTERIOR
WALLS AND DIVIDER PANELING.

PAINT FINISHES

THE PURPOSE OF A FINISH IS TO PROTECT, PRESERVE OR VISUALLY ENHANCE THE SURFACE TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED.
FINISHES INCLUDE PLASTIC LAMINATED SURFACE COVERINGS SUCH AS PLASTIC LAMINATED AND VINYL OF FABRIC WALL COVERING.

PAINT GENERALLY REFERS TO OPAQUE OR CLEAR FILM-FORMING MATERIAL THAT ACTS AS A SHIELD OR BARRIER BETWEEN
THE BUILDING MATERIAL AND THOSE ELEMENTS OR CONDITIONS THAT MAY ADVERSELY AFFECTS OR DETERIORATE. THE PAINT FILM
MUST RESIST DETERIORATION DUE TO SUNLIGHT HEAT, TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS, WATER OR MOISTURE VAPOR, MILDEW AND
DECAY CHEMICALS AND PHYSICAL ABRASION. PAINT MAY ALSO SERVE TO MAKE SURFACES MORE SANITARY, IMPROVE HEATING AND
LIGHTING EFFECTS, AND PROMOTE HUMAN COMFORT AND SAFETY.

WHEN USING PAINT, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COLOR AND SURFACE TEXTURE MUST BE CONSIDERED. CERTAIN
COLORS MAY BE STIMULATING WHILE OTHERS ARE RELAXING. WHITE AND LIGHT COLORS REFLECT SIZE OF FORM AND SPACE. DARK
COLOR CAN INHIBIT THE PERCEPTION OF FORM AND MAY BE USED FOR CONTRAST. FLAT PAINT FINISHES SOFTEN AND DISTRIBUTE,
ILLUMINATION EVENLY. GLOSSY FINISHES REFLECT LIGHT AND CAN CAUSE GLARE, BUT THEY ALSO PROVIDE SMOOTH, EASILY
CLEANED, NON-ABSORPTIVE SURFACES.

MOST PAINTS ARE CAREFULLY FORMULATED TO MEET SPECIFIC APPLICATION THAT USE REQUIREMENTS AND ARE READY-
MIXED FOR APPLICATION EXCEPT FOR THINNING, STIRRING, OR THE ADDITION OF AN ACTIVATOR OR CATALYST. IT IS ALWAYS
ADVISABLE THEREFORE TO FOLLOW THE PAINT MANUFACTURERS RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE APPLICATION AND USE OF A PAINT OR
OTHER PROTECTIVE COATING.

PAINTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:

MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED

 WOOD, METAL MASONRY, CONCRETE, PLASTIC, ETC.,

SURFACE FINISH TEXTURE

 GLOSS, SEMI-GLOSS, EGG SHELL, SATIN, FLAT,& VARNISH.

CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SELECTION AND USE OF A PAINT INCLUDE:

SURFACE PREPARATION

- THE FOUNDATION OF ANY PAINT SYSTEM MUST BE PROPERLY PREPARED TO ENSURE PROPER ADHESION OF THE PAINT FILM TO
ITS SURFACE.

TYPE OF PAINT

- PAINT MUST BE COMPATIBLE WITH THE MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED.

- SPECIFICATIONS INCLUDE THE PAINT VEHICLE, FINISH COLOR, EXPOSURE, AND MANUFACTURER AND/OR TRADE NAME.
METHOD

- DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF PAINT AND THE MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS BEING APPLIED. COATINGS MAY BE BRUSHED, ROLLED OR
SPRAYED ON.

DRYING

- THE TIME AND CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR A PAINT TO DRY MUST BE CHECKED.

FILM THICKNESS

- THE DRY FILM THICKNESS (DFT) IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE NUMBER OF COATS.

- MULTIPLE THIN COATS ARE GENERALLY MORE EFFECTIVE THAN A SINGLE THICK COAT.

- A MINIMUM OF 2 COATS IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 5 MIL DFT.

COVERAGE

- A PAINT’S COVERAGE CAN BE ESTIMATED BY ITS PERCENTAGE OF VOLUME SOLIDS:

- ie. PAINT WITH 100% VOLUME SOLIDS:

(NO THINNER)

1 GAL COVERS

1600 SF (149 m2) @ 1 MIL DFT

800 SF ( 74 m2) @ 2 MIL DFT

400 SF ( 37 m2) @ 4 MIL DFT

-PAINT WITH 50% VOLUME SOLIDS

(50% THINNER)

1 GAL COVERS

800 SF (74 m2) @ 1 MIL DFT

400 SF (37 m2) @ 2 MIL DFT

PAINT GENERALLY CONSIST OF:

PIGMENT – FINELY GROUND SOLIDS THAT PROVIDE THE PAINTS COVERINGS OR HIDING POWER OR ITS COLOR.
 VEHICLE – LIQUID MEDIUM TO CARRY THE PIGMENT IN SUSPENSION DURING APPLICATION. AND CONSISTS OF BINDERS AND
SOLVENTS.

 BINDER SERVE TO FORM THE PAINT FILM AND CAUSE IT TO ADHERE THE SURFACE BEING PAINTED.

 BINDERS ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROTECTIVE QUALITY AND DURABILITY OF THE PAINT FIL OR PROTECTIVE
COATING.

 SOLVENTS OR THINNERS ACTS DRYING AGENTS.

 DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF SOLVENT USED, A PAINT MAY DRY OR HARDEN BY OXIDATION, EVAPORATION, CHEMICAL ACTION, OR
BY THERMOSETTING ACTION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.

COLOR

 DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF PAINT AND THE MANUFACTURER.

EXPOSURE

 EXTERIOR OR INTERIOR

CHARACTERISTICS:

PIGMENTED COATING

 LACQUER AND ENAMEL PAINTS

CLEAR COATINGS

 VARNISHES, LACQUERS, SHEELAC, SEALERS

RUST INHIBITIVE COATINGS

 ZINC-PIGMENTED COATINGS

 ZINC, SILICONS, ALKYD, OR ASPHALT OR BASE COATINGS

 ASPHALT OR TAR COATINGS THAT FORM NON-PEMEABLE BARRIERS AGAINST WATER AND OXYGEN TO PROTECT SUBMERGED
FERROUS METAL AND TO WATERPROOF MASONRY SURFACES.

CEMENT MORTAR COATINGS

 MIXTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, LIME AND WATER USED TO DAMPPROOF MASONRY MATERIALS AND PROTECT EXPOSED STEEL

PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER COATINGS

 COATING RESISTANT TO MILDEW, MOLD, FUMES, MARINE ENVIRONMENTS ETC.,

PAINTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ITS VEHICLE OR BINDER:

ALKYDS – USED FOR EXTERIOR PAINTS.

 OIL MODIFIED RESINS THAT HARDEN BY OXIDATION AND EVAPORATION.

 THE MOST COMMON PAINT VEHICLE

 FAST DRYING A HARDER THAN ORDINARY TIME, LOWERS THE GLOSS, AND IMPROVES THE PAINTS WETTING PROPERTIES,
DURABILITY AND ELASTICITY TO RESIST BLISTERING.

 HAVE GOOD DRYING PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND WATER RESISTANCE FOR EXTERIOR EXPOSURES, AND GOOD COLOR
RETENTION.

ASPHALT – USED FOR WATERPROOFING AT FIREWALL AND ROOF DECKING.

 COATINGS WITH A VEHICLE OF BOTH PETROLEUM AND NATURAL ASPHALTS ARE USED TO PROTECT WOOD, MASONRY, CONCRETE
AND AS ROOF COATING.

 HAVE GOOD WATER RESISTANCES BUT THERMOPLASTIC IN NATURE.

 ADDITION OF ALUMINUM GLAKES HELPS TO REFLECT THE SUN’S RAYS.

 ADDITION OF EPOXY RESINS MINIMIZES THE COLD FLOW AND MAXIMIZES THE CHEMICAL-RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT.

CHLORINATED RUBBER – USED FOR INDUSTRIAL FLOORING.

 USED IN COATINGS HIGHLY RESISTANT TO ALKALIES, ACIDS, CHEMICALS, AND WATER

 MAY BE REMOVED BY COAL TAR SOLVENTS

 HAS LIMITED RESISTANCE TO PROLONGED HEAT EXPOSURE

 USED IN SWIMMING POOLS, WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

EPOXY CATALYZED – USED FOR DUCO FINISH.

 TWO COMPONENT COATINGS CONSISTING OF A PIGMENTED PRIMER OR ENAMEL AND AN ACTIVATOR OR CATALYST.

 MIXED JUST PRIOR TO USE – HAS LIMITED “POT LIFE”

 PRODUCES BY CHEMICAL ACTION A DENSE, HARD FILM SIMILAR TO BAKED ENAMEL.

 HAS EXCELLENT RESISTANT TO SOLVENTS, CHEMICALS, PHYSICAL ABRASION, TRAFFIC WEAR, A CLEANING MATERIALS

 HAS GOOD ADHESION PROPERTIES, COLOR RETENTION AND STAIN RESISTANCE.

 HAS GOOD DURABILITY FOR EXTERIOR EXPOSURE BUT MAY CHALK.

HARDWARE

HARDWARE - METAL PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION, SUCH AS BOLTS, HINGES, LOCKS, TOOLS, ETC. THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

FINISHING HARDWARE – HARDWARE, SUCH AS HINGES LOCKS, CATCHES, ETC. THAT HAS A FINISHED APPEARANCE AS WELL
AS FUNCTION, ESP. THAT USED WITH DOORS, WINDOWS, AND CABINETS, MAYBE CONSIDERED PART OF THE DECORATIVE TREATMENT
OF A ROOM OR BUILDING.
 ROUGH HARDWARE – IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, HARDWARE MEANT TO BE CONCEALED, SUCH AS BOLTS, NAILS,
SCREWS, SPIKES, RODS, AND OTHER METAL FITTINGS.

SOME FINISHING HARDWARE BRANDS:

1. SARGENT 7. RABBIT

2. STANLEY 8. UNIVERSAL

3. YALE 9. EAGLE

4. CORBIN 10. MASTER

5. SCHLAGE 11. ALPHA

6. KWIKSET 12. YETI

DOORS – AN ENTRANCE WAY

TYPES OF DOOR:

 FLUSH – A SMOOTH-SURFACED DOOR HAVING FACES WHICH ARE PLANE WHICH CONCEAL ITS RAILS AND STILES OR OTHER
STRUCTURE WHEN USED INSIDE, IT IS OF HOLLOW CORE, WHEN USED FOR EXTERIOR IT IS OF SOLID CORE.

 PANEL DOOR – A DOOR HAVING STILES, RAILS AND SOMETIMES MUNTINS, WHICH FORM ONE OR MORE FRAMES AROUND
RECESSED THINNER PANELS.

KINDS OF DOORS:

 SWINGING DOOR

 OVERHEAD SWING-UP GARAGE DOOR – A RIGID OVERHEAD DOOR WHICH OPENS AS AN ENTIRE UNIT.

 OVERHEAD ROLL-UP GARAGE DOOR – A DOOR WHICH, WHEN OPEN, ASSUMES A HORIZONTAL POSITION ABOVE THE DOOR
OPENING, MADE OF SEVERAL LEAVES.

 ROLL-UP DOOR (SOLID OR SEE-THROUGH ALUMINUM SHUTTERS) A DOOR MADE UP OF SMALL HORIZONTAL INTERLOCKING METAL
SLATS WHICH ARE GUIDED IN A TRACK: THE CONFIGURATION COILS ABOUT AN OVERHEAD DRUM WHICH IS HOUSED AT THE HEAD
OF THE OPENING, EITHER MANUAL OR MOTOR - DRIVEN.

 ACCORDION DOOR – A HINGED DOOR CONSISTING OF A SYSTEM OF PANELS WHICH ARE HUNG FROM AN OVERHEAD TRACK.
WHEN THE DOOR IS OPEN, THE FACES OF THE PANELS CLOSE FLAT AGAINST EACH OTHER. WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED, THE
EDGES OF ADJACENT PANELS BUTT AGAINST (OR INTERLOCK) EACH OTHER TO FORM A SOLID BARRIER.

 BI-FOLDING DOOR - ONE OF TWO OR MORE DOORS WHICH ARE HINGED TOGETHER SO THAT THEY CAN OPEN AND FOLD IN A
CONFINED SPACE.

 REVOLVING DOOR - AN EXTERIOR DOOR CONSISTING OF FOUR LEAVES (AT 900 TO EACH OTHER) WHICH PIVOT ABOUT A COMMON
VERTICAL AXIS WITHIN A CYLINDRICALLY SHAPED VESTIBULE, PREVENTS THE DIRECT PASSAGE OF AIR THROUGH THE
VESTIBULE, THEREBY ELIMINATING DRAFTS FROM OUTSIDE.

 SLIDING DOOR - A DOOR MOUNTED ON TRACK WHICH SLIDES IN A HORIZONTAL DIRECTION USUALLY PARALLEL TO ONE WALL.
 BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR - A SLIDING DOOR WHICH SLIDES TO COVER A FIXED DOOR OF THE SAME WIDTH OR ANOTHER
SLIDING DOOR.

 SLIDING POCKET DOOR - A DOOR WHICH SLIDES INSIDE A HOLLOW OF THE WALL.

 DUTCH DOOR - A HINGED DOOR WHICH IS DIVIDED TO TWO. THE UPPER PART CAN BE OPENED WHILE THE LOWER PORTION IS
CLOSED.

 FRENCH DOOR

FINISHING HARDWARES:

A. TO HUNG A DOOR

HINGE- A MOVABLE JOINT USED TO ATTACH SUPPORT AND TURN A DOOR ABOUT A PIVOT, CONSISTS OF TWO PLATES JOINED
TOGETHER BY A PIN WHICH SUPPORT THE DOOR AND CONNECT IT TO ITS FRAME, ENABLING IT TO SWING OPEN OR CLOSED.

TYPES OF HINGES:

1. BUTT HINGE - CONSISTS OF TWO RECTANGULAR METAL PLATES WHICH ARE JOINED WITH A PIN, IN LARGE HINGE, THE PIN IS
REMOVABLE, IN SMALL HINGES, IT IS FIXED.

 FAST PIN HINGE - A HINGE IN WHICH THE PIN IS FASTENED PERMANENTLY IN PLACE.

 FULL SURFACE HINGE - A HINGED DESIGNED FOR ATTACHMENT ON THE SURFACE OF THE DOOR AND JAMB WITHOUT
MORTISING.

 LOOSE JOINT HINGE - A DOOR HINGED HAVING TWO KNUCKLES, ONE OF WHICH HAS VERTICAL PIN THAT FITS IN A
CORRESPONDING HOLE IN THE OTHER, BY LIFTING THE DOOR UP, OFF THE VERTICAL PIN, THE DOOR MAY BE REMOVED
WITH UNSCREWING THE HINGED.

 LOOSE PIN HINGE - A HINGE HAVING A REMOVABLE PIN WHICH PERMITS ITS TWO PARTS TO BE SEPARATED.

 PAUMELLE HINGED - A TYPE OF DOOR HINGE HAVING A SINGLE JOINT OF THE PIVOT TYPE, USUALLY OF MODERN DESIGN.

 OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE - A PAUMELLE HINGE WITH KNUCKLES FORMING AN OVAL SHAPE.

2. SPRING HINGES - A HINGE CONTAINING ONE OR MORE SPRINGS, WHEN A DOOR IS OPENED, THE HINGE RETURNS IT TO OPEN
POSITION AUTOMATICALLY, MAY ACT IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY, OR IN BOTH DIRECTIONS.

 DOUBLE ACTION - EXCELLENT FOR USE IN RESTAURANTS, HOSPITALS, KITCHENS, THE DOOR OPENS BY JUST PUSHING IT
WITH THE SHOULDER OR FEET.

 SINGLE ACTION

3. PIVOT HINGE - THE AXLE OR PIN ABOUT WHICH A WINDOW OR DOOR ROTATES.

 VERTICAL SPRING PIVOT HINGE- A SPRING HINGE FOR A DOOR WHICH IS MORTISTED INTO THE HEEL OF THE DOOR,
THE DOOR IS FASTENED TO THE FLOOR AND DOOR HEAD WITH PIVOTS.
B. TO FIX ONE SASH

TYPES OF BOLT AND FASTENER:

 CHAIN HEAD AND FOOT BOLT

 DOOR OR BARREL BOLT

 FLUSH BOLT

 CHAIN DOOR FASTENER

C. TO LOCK THE DOOR

LOCKSET – A COMPLETE LOCK SYSTEM INCLUDING THE BASIC LOCKING MECHANISMS AND ALL THE ACCESSORIES, SUCH AS KNOBS
ESCUTCHEONS, PLATES, ETC.

 BUTTON – A SMALL REJECTING MEMBER USED TO FASTEN THE FRAME OF A DOOR OR WINDOW.

 KNOB – A HANDLE, MORE OR LESS SPHERICAL USUALLY FOR OPERATING A LOCK.

 ESCUTCHEON – A PROTECTIVE PLATE SURROUNDING THE KEYHOLE OF A DOOR.

 PLATES – A THIN FLAT SHEET OF MATERIAL.

 STRIKES – A METAL PLATE OR BOX WHICH IS SET IN A DOORJAMB AND IS EITHER PLACED OR RECESSED TO RECEIVE THE
BOLT OR LATCH OF A LOCK, FIXED ON DOOR.

 LIP STRIKE – THE PROJECTION FROM THE SIDE OF A TRIKE PLATE WHICH THE BOLT OF A LOCK STRIKES FIRST, WHEN A
DOOR IS CLOSED; PROJECTS OUT FROM THE SIDE OF THE STRIKE PLATE TO PROTECT THE FRAME.

USE A DIFFERENT LOCKSET FOR EACH ROOM:

 ENTRANCE LOCKSET – WITH A KEY AND UNIVERSAL BUTTON WHICH WHEN PUSHED STAYS PUT AND LOCKS THE DOOR.

 BEDROOM LOCKSET – SAME AS THE ENTRANCE LOCKSET BUT SIMPLER IN DESIGN.

 TOILET LOCKSET – WITHOUT A KEY HAS A BUTTON THAT IS PUSHED TO LOCK INSIDE.

KIND OF LOCKSET:

 INTEGRAL LOCK – A TYPE OF MORTISE LOCK HAVING ITS CYLINDER IN THE KNOB.

 CYLINDER LOCK – A BORED LOCK WHICH HAS A CYLINDRICAL CASE INTO WHICH A SEPARATE LATCH CASE FITS.

LATCH – A SIMPLE FASTENING DEVISE HAVING A LATCH BOLT, BUT NOT A DEAD BOLT CONTAINS NO PROVISIONS FOR LOCKING WITH A
KEY.

NIGHT LATCH – KEY OPERATED LATCH WITH SAFETY PIN.

LIFT LATCH – A TYPE OF DOOR LATCH WHICH FASTENS A DOOR BY MEANS OF A PIVOTED BAR THAT ENGAGES A HOOK ON THE DOOR
JAMB, A LEVER WHICH LIFTS THE PIVOTED BAR USED TO UNFASTEN THE DOOR.

RABBETED LOCK – A LOCK OR LATCH IN WHICH THE FACE IS FLUSH WITH THE RABBET ON A RABBETED DOOR JAMB.

ROLLER LATCH – A TYPE OF DOOR LATCH HAS A ROLLER UNDER SPRING TENSION INSTEAD OF A BEVELED SPRING BOLT, THE ROLLER
ENGAGES A STRIKE PLATE, HAVING A RECESS FORMED TO RECEIVE.

SCREEN DOOR LATCH – A SMALL LOCKING OR LATCHING DEVICE USED ON SCREEN DOORS AND GENERATED BY A KNOB OR LEVER
HANDLE, SOMETIMES EQUIPPED WITH A DEAD BOLT.

HASP – A FASTENING DEVICE CONSISTING OF A LOOP OR STAPLE AND A SLOTTED HINGE PLATE NORMALLY SECURED WITH A
PADLOCK.

KEY-PADLOCK – A DEVICE WHICH FASTENS IN POSITION MAYBE OPERATED BY A KEY.

MAGNETIC PADLOCK – A KIND OF LOCK WHICH OPENS BY USING THE CORRESPONDING MAGNET WHICH GOES WITH IT.

HASPLOCK – A KIND OF HASP THAT HAS A BUILT-IN LOCKING DEVICE WHICH CAN BE OPENED ONLY WITH A KEY.

BORED LOCK – A LOCK INTENDED FOR INSTALLATION IN A CIRCULAR HOLE IN A DOOR.

CREMONE BOLT – USED TO FASTEN UPPER AND LOWER DOOR.

DEAD BOLT – A TYPE OF DOOR LOCK, THE BOLT, WHICH IS SQUARE IN SECTION IS OPERATED BY THE DOOR KEY OR A TURN PIECE.

TYPES OF AUTOMATIC DOOR CLOSER:

 PNEUMATIC TYPE

 SEMI-CONCEALED OVERHEAD TYPE

 CONCEALED TYPE

 OVERHEAD LIQUID TYPE

TYPES OF CABINET HINGED DOOR:

  FLUSH

 OVERLAPPING

 OFFSET

TYPES OF CABINET HINGES:

 BUTT HINGES

 COMMON BUTT

 LOOSE PIN

 T-HINGE

 PIANO HINGE

 DECORATIVE HINGE

 OFFSET HINGES – USED FOR HANGING LIPPED OR OVERLAPPING DOORS, AVAILABLE IN SEMI-CONCEALED AND
SURFACE-MOUNTED STYLES.

 PIVOT HINGES – MADE FOR BOTH FLUSH AND OVERLAPPING DOORS.

 INVISIBLE HINGES – DON’T SHOW FROM THE FRONT AND IS EXPENSIVE. THEY CAN BE USED FOR BOTH FLUSH AND
OVERLAPPING DOOR.

 FLUSH COUNTER HINGE – FOR A DROP DOWN DOOR THAT CAN BE LOWERED TO SERVE AS WORK SURFACES REQUIRE
HINGES THAT LAY FLUSH IN THE SURFACE, MORTISE THEM INTO BOTH SURFACES, THEY DON’T SHOW WHEN THE DOOR
IS CLOSED. A DROPDOWN DOOR ALSO REQUIRES A CHAIN OR STAY SUPPORT TO HOLD THE DOOR’S WEIGHT WHEN
IT’S OPEN.

CATCHES FOR CLOSING OF CABINET DOORS IN PLACE

KINDS OF CATCHES:

 FRICTION CATCH – ANY CATCH WHICH WHEN IT ENGAGES A STRIKE, IS HELD IN THE ENGAGED POSITION BY FRICTION.

 MAGNETIC CATCH – A DOOR CATCH FLAT THAT USES A MAGNET TO HOLD THE DOOR IN A CLOSED POSITION.

 BULLET CATCH – A FASTENER WHICH HOLDS A DOOR IN PLACE BY MEANS OF A PROJECTING SPRING ARCTUATED
STEEL HALL WHICH IS DEPRESSED WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED.

TYPES OF KNOBS:

 SCREW-IN KNOB

 BOLT-ON KNOB
  FLUSH KNOB

 FLUSH RING

 PULL

OTHER FINISHING ACCESSORIES:

 GRAB BAR – A HAND GRIP USUALLY INSTALLED IN SHOWER, WHICH MAY BE USED FOR STEADYING ARE SELF.

 SELF BRACKET – ANY OVER HANGING MEMBER PROJECTING FROM A WALL OR OTHER BODY TO SUPPORT A WEIGHT.

 METAL BRACKET – USED TO SUPPORT ANY CABINET OR SHELF.

 SPRING DOOR CLOSER – ATTACHED ABOVE A SCREEN DOOR TO AUTOMATICALLY CLOSE IT.

 DOOR STOPPER – TO PREVENT THE DOOR WITH ITS LOCKSET FROM HARMING THE WALL OR TILES.

ROUGH HARDWARES:

NAILS

 COMMON WIRE NAIL WITH HEAD AND FOR STRENGTH.

 FINISHING NAIL WITHOUT HEAD AND FOR BETTER APPEARANCE

 MASONRY OR CONCRETE NAIL USED FOR CONCRETE, MORTAR AND BRICK SURFACE

SIZES, 1”, 1 ½”, 2 “, 2 ½”, 3”, 3 ½”, 4”, 6”

OTHER COMMON HAMMER DRIVEN FASTENER

SCOTCH NAILS BRADS

STAPLES TACKS

SCREWS

CLASSIFIED BY GAUGE (DIAMETER), LENGTH, HEAD TYPE, AND METALLIC MAKE-UP.

TYPES OF SCREW HEAD

 FLAT HEAD SCREW

 OVAL HEAD SCREW

 PHILIPPS HEAD
  SHEET-METAL SCREW

 ROUND HEAD SCREW

 LAG SCREW

WASHERS

 FLAT

 COUNTER SUNK

 FLUSH

BOLTS

BOLTS HAVE THREADED SHAFTS THAT RECEIVE NUTS. TO USE THEM, A HOLE IS DRILLED, PUSHING A BOLT THROUGH AND
ADDING A NUT.

BOLTS TIGHTENED WITH SCREW WHILE HOLDING THE NUT WITH A WRENCH.

NUTS

 FLAT SQUARE NUT

 HEX NUT

 SQUARE NUT

 ACORN NUT

 T – NUT

 KNURLED NUT

 WING NUT

HUNGER BOLTS – FOR HANGING FIXTURES FROM WALLS.

U-BOLTS – TO ATTACH FLAT SURFACE TO ROUND POLES AND PIPES.

JOINERY BRACKETS

 MENDING PLATE
  T-PLATE

 FLAT CORNER PLATE

 L-BRACKET

 AWNING – AN ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTED WINDOW.

 BAY WINDOW – A WINDOW WHICH PROJECTS OUTSIDE THE MAIN LINE OF A BUILDING.

 HOPPER WINDOW – A WINDOW SASH WHICH OPENS INWARD AND ITS HINGED AT THE BOTTOM.

 ORIEL WINDOW – A PROJECTED WINDOW BEYOND BUILDING WALL CARRIED BY A CORBEL.

 BATTEN DOOR - A DOOR W/OUT STILES WHICH IS COSTRUCTED OF VERTICAL BOARDS HELD TOGETHER BY HORIZONTAL
BATTENS.

 STILE – VERTICAL FRAMES OF PANELLED DOOR.

 TRANSOM – WINDOW OVER A DOOR.

 DOOR JAMB – FINISHED FRAME SURROUNDING A DOOR.

 ANCHOR BOLT – A STEEL BOLT USUALLY FIXED IN ABUILDING STRUCTURE WITH ITS THREADED PORTION PROJECTING.

 PLATE BOLT – A BOLT IN A BUILDING FOUNDATION WHICH SECURES THEPLATE OR SILL.

 MACHINE BOLT – A THREADED BOLT HAVING A STRAIGHT SHANK AND A CONVENTIONAL HEAD SUCH AS A SQUARE, HEXAGONAL,
BUTTON OR COUNTERSANK.

 CARRIAGE BOLT – A BOLT WITH NECK FOR NON-RATATING MOUNTING.

 LAG SCREW – COMMON HARDWARE FASTENER FOR TRUSS BRACES.

 KNOB BOLT – A DOOR LOCK WITH A SPRING BOLT CONTROLLED BY ONE OR BOTH KNOBS AND DEAD BOLT CONTROLLED BY AKEY.

 BACKSET – THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM THE FACE OF A LOCK OF LATCH TO THE CENTER OF THE KNOB OR LOCK CYLINDER.

 GUSSET – A PLATE ATTACHED TO SIDE OF A JOINT FOR INCREASE HOLDING POWER.

 BRAD – A THIN NAIL WITH SMALL HEAD.

 KERF – IN A SUSPENDED ACOUSTICAL CEILING, AGROOVE CUT INTO THE EDGES OF AN ACOUSTICAL TILES TO RECEIVE SPLINES
OR SUPPORTING MEMBERS OF THE CEILING SUSPENSION SYSTEM.

 PERFORATED TAPE – A TYPE OF TAPE USED IN FINISHING JOINTS BETWEEN GYPSUM BOARD.

 SAHARA – USED FOR WATERPROOFING.

 PARQUET – INLAID WOOD FLOORING USUALLY SET IN SIMPLE GEOMETRIC PATTERN.

 VINYL TILE – A FLOOR TILE COMPOSED PRINCIPALLY OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.

 BEVEL – THE ANGLE WITH ONE SURFACE OF A BODY MAKES WITH ANOTHER SURFACE WHEN THEY ARE NOT AT RIGHT ANGLE.
 CHASE – A CONTINOUS RECESS BUILT INTO A WALL TO RECEIVE PIPES, DUCTS, ETC.

 GYPSUM BOARD – MATERIAL USED IN DRYWALL CONSTRUCTION.

 PLOUGH – A GROOVE EXTENDED ALONG THE EDGE OR FACE OF THE WOOD MEMBER BEING CUT PARALLEL TO GRAIN.

BUILDING PROTECTION

PREVENTIONS

 WATERPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING SURFACES AGAINST THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF WATER.

 DAMP-PROOFING – PROTECTION FROM THE OUTSIDE IS PROVIDED BY WATER REPELLENT MATERIALS WHICH TURN WATER ASIDE
AND FORCE IT TO RETURN TO THE EARTH. THE DAMPNESS THAT SOMETIMES OCCURS INSIDE THE BUILDING CAN BE CAUSED BY
PENETRATION OF MOISTURE FROM THE OUTSIDE OR BY CONSIDERATION OF WATER VAPOR GENERATED ON THE INSIDE.

 CLEAR PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR MASONRY, CONCRETE – THIS IS A CLEAR, INVISIBLE SILICONE WATER REPELLENT
SPECIALLY FORMULATED FOR APPLICATION ON MASONRY AND BRICKS (STANDARD SILICONE REPELLENT) AND FOR LIMESTONE
AND CONCRETE THAT SEEPS MUCH RAINWATER (SPECIAL FORMULATED SILICONE REPELLENT). THE SILICONE LIQUID IS APPLIED
BY BRUSH OR LOW PRESSURE SPRAY AND DOES NOT AFFECT THE COLOR OR NATURALNESS OF THE MATERIAL.

 ANAY (TERMITE) PROOFING BY SOIL POISONING – IT IS IMPORTANT TO POISON THE SOIL AGAINST ANAY (WHITE ANTS) IN ORDER
TO STOP THE ANAY FROM INFESTING THE MAINPOSTS, WALLS AND FLOORING.

 WOOD PRESERVATIVE (POWDER POST TERMITES) A CHEMICAL LIQUID PAINTED AND APPLIED TO LUMBER TO PRESERVE IT FOR
YEARS. IT PROTECTS WOOD AGAINST POWDER POST BEATLES (BUKBOK) POWDER POET TERMITE (UNOS), DECAY CAUSING
FUNGI, SUCH AS SAP STAIN AND SRYROT.

 FIREPROOFING – A CLEAR LIQUID APPLIED EASILY ON WOOD, PLYWOOD, LUMBER AND OTHER BOARD THAT RETAINS THE
NATURAL BEAUTY, GIVES ADDED STRENGTH AND PROTECTS MATERIALS AGAINST FIRE, WEATHER, DECAY, INSECTS AND
WARPING. SINCE THE LIQUID PENETRATED INTO THE WOOD, WHEN THERE IS FIRE. IT REACTS BY DISPERSING THE FLAME,
PREVENTING PROGRESSIVE BURNING.

 RATPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING ROOMS AGAINST THE INTRUSION OF RATS AND OTHER SMALL DESTRUCTIVE
ANIMALS FROM GNAWING THE WOODEN PARTS OF THE HOUSE, HABITATING ON CEILINGS AND FLOORS OF HOUSES AND
BUILDINGS.

 RUSTPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING THE FERROUS MATERIALS LIKE STEEL, IRON FROM RUSTING OR CORROSION.

 FLOOR PROTECTION – WHEN FLOORS ARE SUBJECTED TO WEAR AND TEAR, OR FROM CHEMICAL ABRASIONS AND HEAVY USE, A
SPECIAL KIND OF MATERIAL SHOULD BE USED TO PROTECT THE FLOORING.

 DESCALERS, PAINT AND CHEMICAL STRIPPERS – WHEN AN OLD HOUSE HAVING OLE PAINT IS IN NEED OF REPAINTING, PAINT
REMOVER IS APPLIED TO THE SURFACE WHICH SOFTENS AND LIFTS THE PAINT. FOR CLEANING OF BUILDINGS FROM STAINS,
RUST, ALGAE OR EVEN CEMENT BUILD UP FROM FORMS OR EQUIPMENT, ETC. A CHEMICAL STRIPPER OR DESCALER IS USED.

 CONTROL, PROTECT AND MANAGE – FOR BUILDINGS THAT NEED TOTAL CONTROL OF THE INCOMING AND OUTGOING INDIVIDUALS
FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BUILDING AS A WHOLE FROM ROBBERS, STEALERS, ETC. THERE ARE SO MANY EQUIPMENTS
WHICH CAN BE INSTALLED.
THIS IS APPLIED ON THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS:

 ROOF DECKS

 CONCRETE TERRACES AND BALCONIES

 SHEATHING FOR WOOD SHINGLE AND TILE ROOFING

 WATER TANKS

 CONCRETE ROOF GUTTERS

 PLANT BOXES INSIDE

 KITCHEN FLOOR

 TOILETS

 CANOPIES

 BASEMENT FLOOR AND WALLS

 ELEVATOR PITS

 SWIMMING POOL

 MACHINE ROOMS, AIR CON & PUMP ROOMS

 REFRIGERATION & COLD STORAGE ROOMS

THREE TYPES OF WATERPROOFING:

 INTEGRAL TYPE – MEDIUM IN POWDER FORM IS ADDED AND MIXED WITH THE AGGREGATES OF
CONCRETE. IN THIS CASE, ONE PACK OF USUALLY .908 KILOS IS ADDED TO ONE BAG OF KILOS CEMENT. SOME OF THE
KNOWN BRANDS ARE SAHARA AND SAKURA.

 MEMBRANE TYPE – RECOMMENDED FOR USE WHERE DIRECT RAIN, OR STANDING WATER ARE EMINENT,
THERE ARE ABOUT 14 USES. THE MATERIALS USED DEPENDING ON THE MANUFACTURER IS EITHER ASPHALT PAPER
LAID WITH HOT ASPHALT, IMPREGNATED ASBESTOS FELT, SOMETIMES THICK POLYETHYLENE SHEETS IS ALSO USED.
OTHER MATERIALS ARE PERFORMED SELF SEALING ASPHALT.

 FLUID APPLIED – A FLUID APPLIED ELASTOMERIC COATING BASED ON HAVY SOLIDS ELASTOMER
COMPOUND FORMULATED TO WATERPROOF AND PRESERVE THE SUBSTRATE, LIKE CONCRETE, WOOD, BRICKS AND
STEEL. THE WATERPROOFING IS MONOLOTHIC, SEAMLESS, FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC OVER A WIDE TEMPERATURE
RANGE, WITHSTANDS EXTREME THERMAL MOVEMENT, SETTLING AND CRACKING. IT RESISTS PUNCTURE AND
TEARING ABRASIVE OVERLAYMENTS. THIS ELASTOMERIC FLUID CAN BE APPLIED BY ROLLER, BRUSH, SPRAY OR
SQUEEGEE.

ROOFING FELTS – THE BASE FELTS USED IN BUILT-UP ROOFING ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO BASIC TYPE – ASBESTOS FELTS AND ORGANIC
OR RAG FELTS. THEY LOOK ALIKE, SUPERFICIALLY, BUT THEY DIFFER WIDELY IN SERVICE.

ASBESTOS:
  ASBESTOS FELTS – COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF ASBESTOS FIBER, A NON-ROTTING, NON-WICKING INORGANIC
MINERAL FIBER.

 IDENTICAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION PROPERTIES TO FINISHING FELTS.

 MINIMUM STRETCH AND SHRINKAGE OR WETTING OR DRYING WHICH MEANS MINIMUM DISTORTION.

 LOSES STRENGTH SLOWLY WHILE AGING.

 EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO “BURNOUT” IN HOT CLIMATE.

 RAT RESISTANT.

ORGANIC:

 ORGANIC FELTS – COMPOSED OF FIBROUS ORGANIC MATERIALS. SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION BY OXIDATION AND TO
WICKING.

 DIFFERENT EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION PROPERTIES FROM FINISHING PLIES.

 MAXIMUM STRETCH AND SHRINKAGE ON WETTING AND DRYING WHICH MEANS MAXIMUM DISTORTION.

 LOSES STRENGTH RAPIDLY WHILE AGING.

 POOR RESISTANCE TO “BURNOUT” IN HOT CLIMATE.

 POOR RESISTANCE TO ROT.

VAPOR INSULATION (DAMPROOFING)

THE DAMPNESS THAT SOMETIMES OCCURS INSIDE BUILDINGS CAN BE CAUSED BY PENETRATION OF MOISTURE FROM THE OUTSIDE
OR BY CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOR GENERATED ON THE INSIDE. PROTECTION FROM THE OUTSIDE IS PROVIDED BY WATER
REPELLENT MATERIALS WHICH TURN ASIDE AND FORCE IT TO RETURN TO THE EARTH DONE THE OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING.
MOISTURE VAPOR ON THE OTHER HAND CAN PERMEATE MOST ORDINARY BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, PAPER, LATH
PLASTER, UNTREATED BRICK, ETC. THE MOISTURE VAPOR WILL CONDENSE WATER WHEN ITS TEMPERATURE IS REDUCED BY
CONTACT WITH A COOL SURFACE OR COOL AIR. HENCE, HIGH HUMIDITY IN A BUILDING MAY RESULT IN CONDENSATION OF WATER NOT
ONLY ON THE INSIDE OF WALLS AND WINDOWS BUT ALSO ON THE OUTSIDE OR WITHIN THE EXTERIOR WALLS, CEILING OR ROOF.
MOISTURE VAPOR IS PRODUCED BY COOKING OCCUPANTS, LAUNDERING, EARTH CRAWL SPACES, BASEMENT FLOORS, HUMIDIFIES,
ETC.

VAPOR BARRIERS (DAMPROOFING MATERIALS)

THESE ARE MATERIALS WHICH EFFECTIVELY RETARD OR STOP THE FLOW OF WATER VAPOR AND NORMALLY ARE PRODUCED IN
SHEETS OR THIN LAYERS. VAPOR BARRIERS SHOULD BE INSTALLED ON THE WARM SIDE OF THE INSULATION. THEY SHOULD BE
CONTINUOUS SURFACES OF ASPHALT OR WAX COATED PAPER, ALUMINUM, OR OTHER METAL FOIL SHEETS OR POLYETHYLENE FILM.
THEY CAN BE ATTACHED TO THE INSULATION AS PART OF THE MANUFACTURED PRODUCT OR INSTALLED SEPARATELY IN OR ON THE
WARM SIDE OF THE WALL, FLOOR, OR CEILING. THEY MUST BE CONTINUOUS AND ALLOW NO OPENINGS THROUGH WHICH VAPOR MAY
PASS. ALTHOUGH ASPHALT PAPER IS A GOOD MOISTURE BARRIER, IT IS NOT A VAPOR BARRIER, AND SHOULD BE USED ON THE
OUTSIDE OF A BUILDING FOR THAT PURPOSE.
MATERIALS USED AS VAPOR BARRIERS:

 POLYETHYLENE FILM – THIS IS CHEMICALLY INERT PLASTIC, UNAFFECTED BY ACIDS, ALKALIS AND CAUSTICS,
PRODUCED IN ROLLS OF 3 TO 20 FT. WIDE. COMMON THICKNESSES ARE 2,3,4 AND 6 MIL (1MIL = .001 IN.) THIS FILM IS
USEFUL NOT ONLY AS VAPOR BARRIER FOR WALLS, CEILINGS AND FLOORS BUT ALSO AS A BARRIER TO PREVENT THE
PASSAGE OF MOISTURE FROM THE EARTH UPWARD THROUGH A CONCRETE SLAB LAIN ON THE GROUND.
POLYETHYLENE FILM CAN BE APPLIED VERTICALLY IN 36 IN. WIDE STRIPS TO STUDDING ON 16 IN. CENTERS WITH A
FULL OVERLAP ON ALTERNATE STUDS. FILMS ARE STAPLED TO STUDS. OVERLAPS AND EXTENSIONS TO FLOORS AND
WALLINGS SHALL BE 6 IN.

 ALUMINUM FOIL – USED AS VAPOR BARRIER AS A SINGLE SHEET, OR AS A THIN LAYER OF FOIL LAMINATED TO A
HEAVY BACKING OF ASPHALT-IMPREGNATED KRAFT PAPER. THIS IS ALSO DONE WITH TWO LAYERS OF FOIL LAMINATED
WITH ASPHALT CEMENT.

 KRAFT PAPER COATED WITH ASPHALT OR WAX. SOMETIMES TWO LAYERS OF PAPER ARE CEMENTED WITH A
CONTINOUS LAYER OF ASPHALT. ANOTHER MATERIALS USED FOR DAMP-PROOFING OF CONCRETE WALLS IS
“WEATHERKOTE” BITUMINOUS EMULSION, BY SHELL.

THERMAL INSULATION

IN COLD WEATHER, WE ARE INTERESTED IN TRANSFERRING HEAT FROM FURNACES, RADIATORS, HEATING PANELS, INTO VARIOUS
ROOMS OF OUR BUILDINGS. AT THE SAME TIME WE ARE INTERESTED IN PREVENTING THAT HEAT FROM BEING TRANSFERRED FROM
THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING TO THE OUTSIDE.

DURING THE SUMMER, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HOT OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES TO THE WORKING AND
LIVING SPACE WITHIN OUR BUILDINGS.

ALL OF THESE ARE DONE BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF MATERIALS WHICH IS BEST PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HEAT, THIS WE CALL
THERMAL INSULATION.

KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION

 LOOSE FILL – THIS BULKY AND DIVIDED INTO:

 FIBROUS TYPE

 GRANULAR INSULATION

 FIBROUS LOOSE FILL

 GRANULE

 BLANKET INSULATION- IS MADE FROM SOME FIBROUS MATERIAL SUCH AS MINERAL WOOL, WOOD FIBER, COTTON FIBER, OR
ANIMAL HAIR.

 BATTS

 STRUCTURAL INSULATION BOARD

 STRAWBOARD
  CORKBOARD

 BLOCK OR RIGID SLAB INSULATION – THIS TYPE OF INSULATION IS SO CALLED BLOCK OR RIGID BECAUSE THE UNITS ARE
RELATIVELY STIFF AND INELASTIC.

 FOAMED PLASTIC INSULATION

 CELLULAR GLASS INSULATION

 FOAMED CONCRETE

 CELLULAR HARD RUBBER

 SHREDDED WOOD OR WOOD FIBER

 RIGID SLAB INSULATION

 RIGID INSULATION- WHICH ARE IMPERVOUS TO MOISTURE PENETRATION RESULTING FROM CONTINUOUS
CONTACT WITH THE EARTH AND MOISTURE ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL AS PERIMETER INSULATION.

 REFLECTIVE INSULATION

 ALUMINUM FOIL

 COPPER- FOIL INSULATIONS

 REFLECTIVE INSULATION

 SHEET FOIL

 FOAMED-IN PLACE INSULATION – THIS IS POLYURETHANE PRODUCT MADE BY COMBINING A POLYISOCYANATE AND A POLYESTER
RESIN. THIS TYPE OF INSULATION CAN BE APPLIED EITHER BY POURING OR BY SPRAYING. THE BASIC INGREDIENTS FOR BOTH
ARE DRAWN FROM THEIR CONTAINERS, MEASURED, AND MIXED BY MACHINE.

 APPLICATION BY POURING

 APPLICATION BY SPRAYING

 SPRAYED-ON-INSULATIONS – MATERIALS USED ARE POLYURETHANE FOAM ASBESTOS FIBER MIXED WITH INORGANIC BINDERS,
VERMICULITE AGGREGATE WITH A BINDER SUCH AS PORTLAND CEMENT OR GYPSUM AND PERLITE AGGREGATE USING GYPSUM
AS A BINDER. MACHINES ARE USED FOR BLOWING THESE INSULATIONS INTO PLACE; AS A RESULT THE SHAPE OR IRREGULARITY
OF THE SURFACE BEING INSULATED IS OF LITTLE CONSEQUENCE.

 ASBESTOS FIBER INSULATION

 CORRUGATED INSULATION

SOIL TESTING

LARGER THAN A SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE SOIL AND WATER CONDITION BENEATH THE SITE.

METHOD OF SOIL TESTING:

1. DIGGING TEST PITS – ARE USEFUL WHEN FOUNDATION IS NOT EXPECTED TO EXTEND DEEPER THAT ABOUT 8 FEET WHICH IS THE
MAXIMUM PRACTICAL REACH OF SMALL EXCAVATION MACHINE.

2. TEST BORING – BORING WITH STANDARD PENETRATION TESTS CAN GIVE AN INDICATION OF THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL
BY THE NUMBER OF BLOWS OF A STANDARD DRIVING HAMMER REQUIRED TO ADVANCE A SAMPLING TUBE INTO THE SOIL BY A
FIXED AMOUNT.

TYPES OF SOILS:

 ROCK – IS A CONTINUOUS MASS OF SOLID MINERAL MATERIALS, SUCH AS GRANITE OR LIMESTONE, THAT CAN ONLY BE REMOVED BY
DRILLING AND BLASTING.

 SOIL – IS A GENERAL TERM REFERRING TO EARTH MATERIAL.

 BOULDER – IF THE PARTICLE OF SOIL IS TOO LARGE TO LIFT BY HAND.

 COBBLE – IF THE PARTICLE OF SOIL TAKES THE WHOLE HAND TO LIFT.

 GRAVEL – IF THE PARTICLE CAN BE LIFTED EASILY WITH THUMB AND FOREFINGER.

 SAND – IF THE PARTICLE SEEN BUT ARE TOO SMALL TO BE PICKED UP.

 FINE GRAINED SOIL – IF THE PARTICLES ARE TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN.

 SILT

 CLAY

PILE DRIVING

MATERIAL USED IN PILE FOUNDATION ARE:

1. TIMBER

2. CONCRETE

3. STEEL

TIMBER – CANNOT RESIST HIGH STRESSES DUE TO HARD DRIVING THAT IS REQUIRED TO PENETRATE HIHLY RESISTANT LAYER OF SOIL.
THE TIP OF THE TIMBER PILE WHICH COULD BE EASILY DAMAGED IS PROTECTED BY THE USE OF STEEL SHOES, ON THE OTHERHAND THE
BUTT IS ALSO PROVIDED WITH AN AMPLE PROTECTION BY THE USE OF CUSHION BLOCK.

CONCRETE PILES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES:

1. CAST-IN-PLACE

 CASED – IS CAST INSIDE A METAL SHELL FORM WHICH ARE LEFT IN THE GROUND.

 UNCASED – ELIMINATE THE METAL CASING.

2. PRECAST PILES – ARE REINFORCED TO RESIST HIGH STRESS CAUSED BY THE HAMMER IN DRIVING.
METAL PILE – IS AN EXCELLENT AMTERIAL FOR PILE BECAUSE OF ITS STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS TO WITHSTAND HARD DRIVING AND
RAPID PENETRATION INTO THE GROUND, RELATIVELY WITH SMALL MATERIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

DIFFERENT METAL PILES:

 H-BEARING PILES

 BOS PILES

 RAIL PILES
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY PART 2-A 15. A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber;
used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its
1. A modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy timbers length.
with every joint mortised and tenoned. a. Floor joist c. Floor Slab
a. Combination Frame c. Platform Frame b. Girder d. Principal Joist
b. Balloon Frame d. Western Framing 16. That part of a foundation system (usually in a building without a
2. A horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed basement) which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure;
house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and acting commonly designed as a beam which bears directly on the column
as the main horizontal support for the floor or roof above. footings, or may be self-supporting, as a long strap footing.
a. Full frame c. Top Plate a. Floor joist c. Grade Beam
b. Ribbons d. Girts b. Wall footing d. Principal Joist
3. A system of framing for a building of wood construction several 17. A _____ is a horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an
stories high, in which the studs are only one story high; the floor opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of
joists for each story rest on the top plates of the story below or on steel, stone, or wood.
the sole plate of the first story. Also called Western Framing. a. Lintel c. Grade Beam
a. sole plate c. Girder Framing b. Wall footing d. Principal Joist
b. Platform Frame d. Girts 18. Short, reinforces bars of steel which extend approximately equally
4. It is used in very hasty construction for temporary framing and is into two abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the strength of the
made by lapping one piece over the other joint. Used in joint with columns or beams.
and nailing then together. It is not a very a. Lintel c. Grade Beam
b. Wall footing d. Dowel-bar reinforcement
strong joint.
19. A steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced concrete, with the end
a. End Joint c. Finger Joint bent into a hook to provide anchorage. Used in joint with the wall
b. Plain Joint d. Scarf Joint footing.
5. It is made by placing full thickness of wood a. Hook or hooked bar c. Oblique Joint
directly against the second piece. The butt end b. Claw Plates d. Split Rings
should be squared and the sides against which 20. A _____ is a masonry unit laid horizontally with its length in the
it butts smooth so that the pieces will be direction of the face of the wall.
perpendicular to each other. The joint is toe-nailed. a. Sill c. Masonry
a. Butt or Square Joint c. Oblique Joint b. Stretcher d. Footing
b. Plain Joint d. Scarf Joint 21. A medium-high-strength mortar recommended for use in masonry
6. A joint by which the ends of two pieces of where bond and lateral strength are more important than
timber are united to form a continuous compressive strength; compressive strength is 1800 psi (12,411
piece; the mating surface may be kPa).
beveled, chamfered, notched, etc. before a. Type N c. Type S
bolting, gluing, welding, etc b. Type O d. Type K
a. End Joint c. Plain Joint 22. One side is clawed and other smooth. They are used either singly, in
b. Scarf Joint d. Oblique Joint timber to metal connections, or in pairs in timber to timber
7. This joint is made by cutting half the connections. The female plate is adaptable for use when the
thickness of the wood from each piece at the connector must lie flush with the timber surface.
ends to be joined so as to bring the sides a. Hook or hooked bar c. Oblique Joint
flushes. The purpose of this type of joint is to b. Claw Plates d. Split Rings
maintain a level surface at the joint. 23. These are made in sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in diameter. They used
a. Rabbet Joint c. Plain Joint for heavy construction.
b. Mortise and Tenon Joint d.Halved Joint a. Hook or hooked bar c. Oblique Joint
8. A cement mortar to which lime is added to increase its plasticity and b. Claw Plates d. Split Rings
water retentivity. 24. These are metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted
a. Lime mortar c. Masonry cement joints. They eliminate complicated framing of joints; simplify the
b. Cement-lime mortar d. Cement mortar design of heavy construction, and save much time and labor.
9. A low-strength mortar suitable for use in interior non-load bearing a. Sill c. Masonry
walls and partitions. b. Stretcher d. Timber connectors
a. Type N c. Type S 25. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is
b. Type O d. Type K strong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a
10. A very low-strength mortar suitable only for use in interior non-load dovetail in one piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other
bearing walls where permitted by the building code. piece.
a. Type N c. Type S a. Rabbet Joint c. Plain Joint
b. Type O d. Type K b. Mortise and Tenon Joint d. Dovetail Joint
11. A horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure,
which rests on the foundation.
a. Sill c. Masonry
b. Stretcher d. Footing
12. Short members (boards) which are fixed vertically between floor
joists to stiffen the joists.
a. Sill c. Masonry
b. Wall Footing d. Block, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
13. A large joist that carries much of the floor load.
a. Floor joist c. Floor Slab
b. Wall footing d. Principal Joist
14. One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced concrete, or
steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in turn
by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is
vertically oriented.
a. Floor joist c. Floor Slab
b. Wall footing d. Principal Joist
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

This is a "Class A" concrete proportion or ratio. 1:2:4

1

The middle number in the concrete proportion, i.e.

Sand
1 : 2 : 4 refers to what kind of concrete aggregate?
2
An artificial stone made out from the mixture of
Concrete
3 cement, sand, gravel and water.

A substance that sets and hardens independently. Cement

4
Designing of concrete mixture is based on the
water-cement ratio thus, a concrete mixture with
True
more water means lesser strength is produced in
5 concrete.
These are other materials when added to the
concrete mixture or applied in the surface of
Concrete additives
freshly placed concrete to produce some special
6 effects.
A concrete admixture that causes cement particles
to separate by imparting like electrostatic charges Dispersal agent
7 to them.
What is the practical concrete mixture
classification to use for slab-on-fill and non- Class B
8 bearing walls?

A concrete mix or water-cement ratio normally

Class A
used for footings, columns, beams, and RC slab.
9
This additive causes a slight expansion in plastic
concrete or mortar and thus reduces and Gas forming agent
10 eliminates voids caused by settlements.
An admixture used to reduce the amount of water
necessary to produce a concrete of given Water reducing
consistency or to increase the slump for a given admixture
11 water content.
An admixture which is used to speed up the initial
Accelerator
12 set of concrete.

An admixture which is used to delay or extend the

Retarders
setting time of the cement paste in concrete.
13
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

This type of modern cement is made by heating

limestone (calcium carbonate) with small
quantities of other materials such as clay. This is Portland cement
also a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and
most non-specially grout.
14
Cement sets when
mixed with water by
Which is true in the setting of cement?
way of complex series
15 of hydration.
What is a chemical reaction between cement and
Hydration
16 water which produces hardened cement?
A type of rock formed as a result of cooling of the
molten rock to solid state. It is non-porous, hard, Igneous
17 strong, and durable.

A kind of sedimentary rock derived from clays and

Shale
silts, weak along planes and is in thin laminations.
18
These are stone masonry patterns in mortar laying
Quartzite
19 except for?

A type of stone masonry wall made of an outer wall

of large stone slabs, attached is a backing of Composite wall
structural frame or brick/concrete masonry wall.
20
Thie stone masonry is made by two different types
of masonry wall separated by a cavity which is
Cavity wall
either insulated or empty and connected together
21 by metal ties.
A kind of igneous rock that consist mainly of
quartz, feldspar, and mica, or other colored Granite
22 minerals.

A shallow foundation (column footing) type that

usually supports two or more columns not in a row.
These are used when two columns are so close that Combined footing
single footings cannot be used or when one column
is located at or near a property.
23
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A foundation type that can be used to transfer the

loading to a deeper, more competent strata at
Deep
depth if unsuitable soils are present near the
24 surface.

This type of foundation is used when column loads

or other structural loads are close together and Combined footing
individual foundations would interact.
25
A kind of deep foundation used to anchor
structures against uplift forces and to assist
Piles
structures in resisting lateral and overturning
26 forces.
A structural member used to support columns and
None of the above
walls and to transmit and distribute their loads to
(Footing)
27 the soil.

These are used to support walls that carry loads for

Wall footings
other floors or to support non-structural walls.
28
A kind of shallow foundation that supports
Mat footing
29 multiple columns and walls.
A type of shallow foundation that supports three or
Continuous footing
30 more columns in a row.

A kind of shallow foundation which is used when

Isolated
columns are spaced at relatively long distances.
31
These are foundation for carrying heavy structural
load which is constructed in site in a deep Piers
32 excavation.

A type of deep foundation in which the relief of

stress due to excavation is approximately balanced Compensated
by the applied stress due to the foundation.
33
They have limited width and continue under all
Continuous footing
34 columns.
A kind of shallow foundation that replaces
Strap footing
35 combined footing and is more economical.
What is the remedy or prevention for the cracking Repainting or New
36 or scaling of paint? work
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Which of the following has the most irritating or

Automotive acrylic
37 strong odor of paint?
Improper paint
Chalking of painting is caused by?
38 formulation
A paint defect caused by applying a finish coat over
Blistering
39 to a damp base coat.
A paint defect characterized by swelling of entire
film followed by breaking of film and subsequent Peeling
40 peeling.

In paint defects, it is the discoloration of coating. Stain

41
In paint defects, it is the irregular cracks that cuts
Cracking/Scaling
42 then flakes and finally scales off.

Most expensive type of wood used for furniture

Narra
and paneling, flooring, door panels, and stairs.
43
44 These are examples of hardwood except for? Ipil
A crack due to natural causes occuring in timber. Shakes
45

A wood defect that is a small crack running parallel

to the grain in wood and across the rings, usually Dry Rot
caused by shrinkage during drying.
46
47 What is the vernacular term for rabbet? Vaciada
48 What is the vernacular term for fascia board? Sinepa
49 What is the vernacular term for cabinet hinge? Espolon
50 A Filipino term for bottom chord. Barakilan
51 BONUS
52 What is the vernacular term for inch? Pulgada
In estimating the number of CHB, how may hollow
blocks one would need for use in a two-storey 25
53 meter CHB wall?
For a 150 sq.m ceiling, calculate the total number
of gypsum boards in metal furring framing spaced 53
54 at 600 mm o.c.
Standard measurement of end lapping of
300 mm
55 corrugated G.I. roofing sheets.
Standard length of structural steel available in the
6m
56 market.
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters.

Fascia
57 It is a part of the cornice.
A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint
along the edges of two parallel boards in the same Batten
58 plane.

A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued

Wrought iron
for its corrosion resistance and ductility.
59
What is the thickness of slab-on-grade in
300 mm
60 millimeter (mm) for Heavy Industrial?
What is the thickness of slab-on-grade in
100 mm
61 millimeter (mm) for Residential?

Which is the following material is high in cost? Ficem board

62
A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are
compressed finish on both sides with a thin layer of Plyboard
63 wood, glued together

Which is not true about the composite material? Economical

64
Stock and bonded
fiber-reinforced
Which of the following statement is true about
sheets were also
composite maberials?
called layered
65 composites.
66 The distance between two columns Span
A beam supported on one end and the other end
Cantilever beam
67 projecting beyond the support or wall.

A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel, or concrete

across the top of door or window opening to bear Lintel beam
the weight of the walls above the opening.
68
69 Which of the following is a striking tool? Hammer
Used for "cold joints" when new concrete is poured
Construction joint
70 against new poured concrete.

American Society of
ASTM means?
Testing and Materials
71
Americal National
ANSI stands for?
72 Standards Institute
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A method of concrete building construction in

which floor and roof slabs are cast at ground level Lift slab
73 and raised into a position by jacking.
A type of window that offers 100% ventilation
combined with a degree of rain protection not Awning
74 attainable with casement sash.
The arrangement and design of windows in a
Fenestration
75 building.
Saves the specifier the
What is the benefit of using Standard or Reference work of writing an
Specification? elaborate or lengthy
76 test
In Master Format Specifications, what division
Division 08
77 does the Glazing belong?

In sections of Master Format specification, it is the

part where it shows the installation of the products
including all the preparatory and testing and post Execution
installation activities to ensure compliance with the
quality standards established in products.
78
79 Stone placed in a stone to prevent erosion. Rip-rap
80 A wall that holds back on earth embankment. Retaining wall
81 Which among the following is pervious? Soil
82 Wide Flange is used as? Column
83 I-Beam is used as? Girder
What is the color of material with epoxy primed
White
84 paint finish?
A type of concrete that uses compressed air to
Shotcrete
85 shoot concrete into a frame or structure.

A building material used as a floor underlayment

used in wood-frame and concrete construction for
fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating, and Gypsum concrete
floor leveling. It is a mixture of gypsum, Portland
cement, and sand.
86
A type of glass produced by heating annealed glass
almost to the melting point and then chilling it
Tempered glass
rapidly which is 3 to 5 times stronger than ordinary
87 glass.
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A type of glass used in constructing vision door

Laminated glass
which must be shutter proof to be accident free.
88
Which of the following is the best example of
Reinforced concrete
89 particle-reinforced composite?
Which of the following is not considered as type of
Fillet
90 end joint?
A type of joint employed to reduce restraint by
Control joint
91 accommodating movement of masonry walls.

A hinge designed for attachment on the surface of

Full surface hinge
the door and jamb without mortising.
92
93 The amount of space measured in cubic units. Volume

Wall must be tied to

Which is right in foundation design criteria? footing at the bottom
& floor at top
94
The process of removing concrete forms from the
Stripping
95 cured concrete.
96 Any load that can move. Live load
In foundation wall design criteria, what must be
200 mm
the minimum thickness of exterior basement wall?
97
When reinforcing bars
When does concrete become a reinforced concrete?
98 are added

A kind of sedimentary rock that is composed of

Limestone
sand grains made of silica, iron oxide, and clay
99
A form of concrete with bituminous materials
Asphalt concrete
100 replacing cement as the binder.
1. A barrier or Diaphragms formed to prevent the movement of the soil to stabilize foundations Sheet pile
2. What do you call aggregates that pass through a 3” Sieve but is retained on a no. 10 sieve? Gravel
3. Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to the placing of concrete Pre tensioned
concrete
4. What is the ceiling of room S413 Acoustic Tiles
5. The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete Stripping
6. What paint is used for masonry Latex
7. How is concrete neutralizer Mixed Dilute at 1:16
8. Common size of plywood 4x8

Air Supported
Structure

9.
10. Used in making a built up roof manufactured in 36 in wide rolls and weighs from 3 to 20 lbs per
Rolled Roofing
square foot
11. What is the recommended minimum thickness of an interior CHB wall considering the plaster 0.15
12. A concrete flooring and finish which transforms ordinary plain concrete into an elegant and
Stucco
decorative textured surface
13. To bond together in layers Laminate
14. Total board foot of 10 pcs 2”*2”*12’ 40
15. For a heavy loaded hallway, what type of flooring material is best suited Rough concrete
slab

11 bags

16.
17. What is removed from the surface of concrete when screeding Water
18. Which is the best method to connect metals Welding
19. Used to measure lumber Board foot
20. A horizontal structural member that carries or supports other, usually smaller, horizontal
Beam
structural members
21. A brick or block masonry extending over the thickness of the wall Header
22. A building stoned of igneous origin composed of quartz, hornblende and mica Serpentine
23. A material used to waterproof G.I. gutters Vulcaseal
24. Local species of wood used for studding, cabinet and flush door framing Narra
25. A thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling Short column
26. A highly technical way of building on sites with little room. The panels can be poured one on top of Tilt up
the other, or stack cast to save and the tilted up to place in final position construction
27. Which type of plastic is most commonly used in large glass-fiber reinforced translucent panels that
are strong, rigid, and impact resistant. Also used for impregnating paper and wood, as laminating Polyester
material, and for contact adhesive
28. Type of joint used to install in the glass of a French window Rabbet
29. Minimum thickness for load bearing wall 200mm
30. Minimum thickness of a wall footing 0.20m
31. Used to connect G.I. roofing to steel purlin Rivets
32. What kind of paint is Duco Automotive
33. What do you use when there is a difference in the room elevation and the corridor Threshold
34. What will absorb more heat Clay brick
35. Concrete is measured in Cubic meter
36. How do you make CHB load bearing Column and lintel
37. A typical block or panel type insulating material used in flat roof of commercial or industrial
Cork board
building
38. Where do you place a door stopper to prevent the door from hitting a wall Wall
39. Which roofing has a fifteen-year warranty Long Span
40. A36 steel is the most common type of steel alloy. What does the number r36 mean? Yield strength
41. Wood defects are heat shakes, cup shakes, star shakes Knots
42. It is found above doors and windows used to carry masonry and other loads Lintel beam
43. Specifications that eliminate extra word Closed

Air inflated
structure

44.
45. How many pieces of CHB would you need to construct a wall measuring 3.00m high and 20.00 m
750
long?
46. A water mixed product mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime activity in new masonry surface. Masonry
Without this, mixture will cause the subsequent painting to be defective neutralizer
47. A special fastener used to hold mitered joints together is Clamped nail
48. The process of relocating the point of boundaries and property line of the site where the building
Staking out
is to be constructed
49. (Pneumatically place concrete) is sprayed into placed from a hose by a stream of compressed air Shotcrete
and can be deposited without formwork even on vertical surfaces. structure
50. Columns made up of a cylindrical steel pipe shell filled with 1:1 -1/2:3 Portland cement concrete Lally column
51. Minimum thickness of a suspended slab 10cm
52. What is the minimum width of a wall footing 0.30
53. What do you call etching glass Pattern glass
54. Identify the required volume of gravel for a concrete slab measuring 3.00mx3.00mx0.10m using
1.0
Class c mixture
55. Which of the following steel sections has the shape of unsymmetrical balance consisting of two
flanges on one side? It requires lateral support to prevent its tendency to buckle. They are
Channels
generally used as parts of built up sections for columns and are also suitable for framing around
floor openings, spandrels and lintels attributed to the absence of flanges on the other side
56. When dry conditions are demanded of asphalt tile floor finishes on concrete over earth apply the Felt paper below
waterproofing steps sub slab then
waterproof on top
of the sub slab
57. An installation method where the cabinet covers is recessed and flushed with the cabinet sidings Interior or inset
58. Manufactured boards used for cabinets Plyboard
59. What do you call 2 or more materials that are combined together Chemical
compound
60. A mixture of amorphous silica that reacts to water Cement
61. Plaster or plywood ceiling on nailers or joists below a ventilated roof space may show “pattern Adequate
staining” on the ceiling. This can be prevented by insulation
62. A structural framework composed of a series of straight members so arranged and fastened
Truss
together that external loads applied to it will cause only direct stress in the members
63. Temporary support to catty forms for beams and slabs Formworks
64. A paint defect characterized by swelling of entire fill followed by breaking of film and subsequent
Peeling
peeling
65. For buildings with heavy exterior cladding and hollow ground floor, during an earthquake, the
Transferred
weak floor buckles, this is because forces are not ______ to the other floor
66. A fireproof door with metal covering Kalamein
67. Often monolithic structures that disperse applied load in a multidirectional pattern with the loads
Plate structure
generally following the shortest and stiffest routes to the supports
68. Specifications that may include low quality items that barely meet requirements Tabulation
69. A weight attached to a string to check vertical correctness Plumb bob
70. Glass with no distortion Float
71. It is used to determine the horizontal alignment of windows and door jambs Level hose
72. The natural material on which construction rests Foundation bed
73. Which of the following steel sections is uneconomical to use as column because the whirl or
revolving action of the member about an axis through the centroid of the web is comparatively I-beam
small
74. What type of window is commonly used in condominiums where safety and waterproofing are the
Awning
main concern
75. Roofing system shall be exposed and will be used as an interior element. Which fastening system
Full weld
should you use
76. The stressing of unbonded tendons after concrete has cured Post tensioning
77. Specifications that has no sentences Open
78. A hardener mixture mixed with dust to fill up gaps and wall finishes Polymer
79. A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure usually at right
Plyboard
angles to each other
80. Soft malleable paper used for insulating pipes for carrying steams bowlers and other vessels with
Asbestos fibers
high temperatures
81. What is the appropriate painting material type for wood surfaces Zinc chromate
82. Type of hinge used in folding door Butt hinge
83. Most important component to determine the strength of concrete cement
84. Specifications that limit materials to one or two Tabulation
85. What alternative fastening materials can be used to fasten a ceiling on metal ceiling joists other Aluminum blind
than metal screws rivets
86. Which material prevents the most heat from entering the room CHB
87. Material is intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through walls ceilings and floors Asbestos fiber
88. A type of half lapped joint used to resist tension Scarf
89. What is a cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other or other surface finishing
Mortar
materials like tiles bricks stones to a receiving structure like a wall or floor
90. A mason is best suited for CHB layout
 JPT REVIEW CENTER

Cripple stud 1. In a building frame, a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a
stud above a door opening or below a window sill is called
Cogged joint 2. A carpentry joint by two uneven timbers, each of which is notched at
the place where they cross
Bull-nosed step 3. A step usually lowest in a flight, having one or both ends rounded to a
semi-circle and projecting beyond the face of the stair string/s
Gravity wall 4. A massive concrete wall that resists overturning by virtue of its own weight
Quoin 5. In masonry, a hard stone or brick used to reinforce an external corner
of a wall
Scarf joint 6. A type of half lapped joint used to resist tension
Baluster 7. One of a number of short vertical member often circular in section,
used to support a stair handrail
Fenestration 8. The arrangement and design of window in a building
Fig. A-1 9. What concrete block that is used in making a corner of an anchor wall
12mm 10. Lateral ties used for 36mm main bars for column is
Inflection point 11. Refer to the portion of a beam where bending moment changes from
positive to negative
Rowlock 12. A brick laid on its edge so that its end is visible
Scab 13. A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed or screwed to
butting pieces in order to splice them together
Cross bridging 14. Diagonal bracing in pairs between adjacent floor joist to prevent the
joist from twisting
Web 15. A bar used to hold the reinforcement on a beam
Brad 16. A small finishing nail is called
Pyramid roof 17. A roof wherein the four sides are sloping towards the center
terminating at a point
Stirrup 18. A metal sheet used to connect girder and floor joist at the same level
Pile 19. A slender structural unit introduced onto the ground to transmit load
to underground strata
Soldier 20. Brick set on end with the narrow side showing is called
Pigment 21. Finely divided solid particles added to the vehicle to contribute color
and durability to the paint
30cm 22. End lapping of corrugated G.I. roofing sheets
Carriage 23. Inclined structural member that supports the steps of a stair
Channel 24. Structural steel shape having unsymmetrical balance
6cm 25. Hooked end of a 12mm stirrups
Fig B-2 26. Which among the concrete block is the header block
Miter box 27. A device used as a guide of the hand saw in cutting object to form a
miter joint
Plastic hose 28. The best and accurate tool for guiding the work in establishing a
with water horizontal level
10cm 29. Minimum thickness of suspended R.C. slab
40 bd.ft. 30. Total board foot of 10 pcs. 2"x2"x12'
Fig. C-3 31. Which among the brick work is a common flemish bond
Boysen 32. Xyladecor is a product of
Load bearing wall 33. Wall that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight
Effective length 34. The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks
Volume 35. The amount of space measured in cubic units.
Stirrups 36. A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete
Cement 37. The most important component to determine the strength of concrete
Gypsum board 38. Another term for plaster board
Façade 39. The face or front of a building
Skylight 40. An opening in the roof for admitting light
Soft wood 41. Wood coming from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad leaves
Fire brick 42. A kind of brick used for high temperature
Plaster ground 43. A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to
act as guide and support for finish trim around opening and near the base
of the wall
Span 44. The distance between two structural supports
Rip-rap 45. Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion
Striking tool 46. Hammer is a
Fig. D-2 47. Which among the finger joint is the hidden dove tail
Stripping 48. The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete
Purlins 49. A structural member spanning fron truss to truss or supporting
rafters
Anchor bolts 50. Steel bent inserted in masonry construction for scouring wood or
plates to concrete construction
Lintel 51. A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of

1 of 16
 door or window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the
opening
Glazing 52. The placing of glass in windows and doors
Cull 53. A rejected building material because of its below standard grade
Lap joint 54. A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials
Green lumber 55. Lumber that still contains moisture or sap
Valley 56. The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof
Fascia 57. A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters. It is part of the cornice
Spike 58. A large heavy nail is referred to as
Xylem 59. What is the scientific name of wood
Retaining wall 60. A wall that holds back on earth embankment
Chord 61. The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof or bridge truss
Sleeper 62. Strips of hardwood usually 2"x2" laid over a concrete slab floor
Stud 63. A vertical structural member which acts as a supporting element in a
wall or partition
Tyrolean finish 64. Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand
operated machine
Adiabatic curing 65. The curing of concrete or mortar without the gain or loss of heat
during the curing period
Vinyl tile 66. A floor tile composed principally of polyvinyl chloride
Creep 67. The permanent deformation of a materials under a sustained load
Riser 68. The vertical face of a stair
Plough 69. A groove extended along the edge or face of the wood member
being cut parallel to grain
Post-tensioning 70. The stressing of unbonded tendons after concrete has cured
Ashlar brick 71. A brick whose face has been hacked to resemble roughly hacked stone
Perforated tape 72. A type of tape used in finishing joints between gypsum board
Control joint 73. Employed to reduce restraint by accomodating movement of masonry walls
Hopper 74. A window sash which opens inward and is hinged at the bottom
Parquet 75. Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric pattern
Wrought iron 76. Anchor bolts and strap are molded out of
Lag screw 77. Common hardware fastener for truss braces
Lead 78. Sealer type of washer for G.I. roofing sheets
Solignum 79. Trade name for anti-termite surface application on wood
Admixture 80. Retarders or accelerators concrete setting
Galvanized 81. Coated with zinc
Seismic 82. Technical term for earthquake
Stile 83. Vertical frame of paneled door
Baseboard 84. Fascia between floor and wall
Mortar 85. Cement, sand, and water
Balangkas 86. Filipino term for framework
Barakilan 87. Filipino term for bottom chord
Sinturon 88. Filipino term for collar
Kusturada 89. Filipino term for plastered course
Reostra 90. Filipino term for purlins
Asolehos 91. Filipino term for wainscoating tiles
Platsuela 92. Filipino term for wrought iron strap
Kostilyahe 93. Filipino term for ceiling joist
Batidora 94. Filipino term for door fillet
Guililan 95. Filipino term for girder
Lastilyas 96. Filipino term for masonry fill
Tubo de banada 97. Filipino term for downspout
Espolon 98. Filipino term for cabinet hinge
Pie de gallo 99. Filipino term for brace
Baniera 100. Filipino term for bathtub
CAPRICORN AND TIP REVIEWER
SUBAN Filipino term for temper (metal work)
BACKSET Horizonatal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center of the knob or lock
cylinder
CHORD A principal member of a truss
TYROLEAN FINISH Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operating
machine
PANTILE A roofing tile which has the shape of "S" laid on its side
WROUGHT IRON A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and
ductility
COLD JOINT A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete
is placed against it
CAST IRON Has high compressive strength but low tensile strength
BED Horizontal surfaces on which the stone units lie on course
FOUNDATION WALL That part of the foundation for a building which forms the permanent retaining wall

2 of 16
 of the structure below grade
GRADE BEAM That part of the foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the
superstructure and bears directly on the column footing
BATTEN A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards
in the same plane
BEAM BLOCKING The boxing in or covering a joist beam or girder to give appearance of a larger beam
WESTERN FRAMING A system of framing building in which floor joist of each storey rest on the top plates of
the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of each storey
HYDROSTATIC PRESSUREThe pressure equivalent to that exerted on a surface by a column of a water at a
given height
BAY A window which projects outside the mainline of the building created by the presence
in the soil
ACI INSULATION Fashion tone ceiling tiles manufacturer
JACINTO COLOR STEEL Pre painted longspan roofing manufacturer
THERMAL INSULATION Combination of aluminum foil, installed beneath the ceiling under G.I. Roofing
ELECTROLYTIC ACTION Anodizing gives aluminum oxide coating by means of this
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH Use of aluminum sheets is not allow in this material
PLACA ROMANA A brand name of asbestos roofing
STEEL Anchor bolts and column straps are made of this
FORMICA Tradename for plastic materials
TANGUILE First group of wood used as shoring
250mm Minimum thickness of footing according to NBC
FLUE A passageway of a chimney
PITCH POCKET A defects in softwood consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resin
KNOTS Lumber defects caused by broken twigs
PRIMER SEALER They are used for unpainted surfaces or those to be repainted after most of the
original paint has been removed
AA Concrete mixed ideal for road pavement and waterproof structure
MOLDS AND STAINS Lumber defects due to the effects of fungi
GALVANIZING To coat steel or iron by immersing in a bath of zinc
COUNTERSINK A boring bit having a conical shaped cutter to accommodate the head of the screw
ROSE A metal plate attached to the face of a door, around the shaft for the door knob
SCRIBE The process of marking wood, metal bricks using pointed material
DAVIES A brand of liquid solution of pigment in suitable vehicle of oil, organic solvent or water
GLASS A building material made of fused silica with alkaline bases, drawn up with a metal bar
from a tank
ZOCALO A low wall around a chalet type house
LAG SCREW Common hardware fastener for truss braces
COMPRESSION SEAL A material which provides a seal as a result of pressure between he faces of a joint
CRASH BAR The cross bar of a panic exit device; serves as a push bar to actuate the panic
hardware
BLEEDER MASS Rock volume to collect water in retaining wall
SOLEPLATE A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the stud in a stud partition
STILE One of the outer structural member of a frame; as at the outer edge of a door or
a window sash
SOLIGNUM A tradename for for anti-termite surface application on wood
COLOROOF A roofing material having a galvanized steel as base with acrylic overglazedd
LEAN Concrete with low cement content
FLOOR PANEL Pre-casted custom designed architectural panel with specially designed waterproof
joints
SHEET PILE A barrier or diaphragms formed to prevent the movement of the soil, to stabilize the
foundations
KALAMEIN A fireproof door with metal covering
HARDWOOD Comes from decidous or broadleaf trees and are typically used for flooring, stairs,
paneling, furniture and interior form
SOFTWOOD The evergreens and are used for general construction relatively soft and easy to cut
and work
YACAL Used for posts, girder, jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks
TINDALO Finest wood for furniture
DAO Used for paneling and plywood veneer
KAMAGONG/RED LAUAN Tanguile like for framing chests, jewel boxes, stair frames
WHITE LAUAN Philippine mahogany for framing chests, stair, frame
APITONG Used for framing joist, truss
NARRA Most expensive used for furniture and paneling, flooring, door pnels, stairs
TANGUILE The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer, studs
ALMACIGA Used for paneling
KNOTS The hard cross grained mass of wood formed in a trunk at the place where a branch
joins a trunk
SHAKES A crack due to natural causes occuring in timber; includes ring shakes, cup shakes
heart shakes, star shakes and wind shakes

3 of 16
PITCHPOCKETS A defects in softwoods; consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resins
SPLIT A cracks that extends completely throug a piece of wood or veneer
CHECK A small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and across the rings, usually
caused by shinkage during drying
WARP Distortion in shape of parallel plane surface
WANE A round edge or bark along an edge at a corner of a piece of lumber; usually caused
by sawing too near the surface of the lag
DRY ROT The decay of seasoned wood caused by fungi of a type capable of carrying water
into the wood they infest
1 BOARD FOOT 1 inch x 12 inches x 1 foot of length
BOARD FOOT FORMULA Thickness x Width x Length / 12
BOARDS 1" TO 1 1/2" thk and wider
DIMENSION LUMBER 2" to 4" thk
TIMBERS 5" x 5" and larger
PLYBOARD A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are compressed finishes on both
sides with a thin layer of wood, glued together with industrial glues
JACK RAFTER Hip roof support
GYPSUM BOARD Another term for plaster board
TRIMMING GUARD A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as a guide and
support for finish trims around openings and near the base of the wall
RIPRAP Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion
SLEEPERS Strips or hardwods usually 2" x 2" laid over a concrete slab floor
Z BAR Steel window section for muntins
POLYMER A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill-up the gap of marble slabs during
installatiuon of floor or wall finishes
DEAD BOLT LOCK A type of handless lockset key operatd to give double security
TRUSCON Admixture that impart color on concrete
PRE-TENSIONED CONCRETE
Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to the placing of the concrete
PRE STRESSING Subjecting reinforcement bars, tendons to tension on a stress bed prior to pouring
concrete
FOUNDATION BED The soil or rock directly beneath the footing
3 DAYS Minimum time required for removing the form for sides of beams and girders
SAHARA To improve the water repellant qualities of cement in concrete mixing
BLISTERING A paint defects causes by applying a finish coat over too damp a base coat
FLAT SLAB A type of concrete floor which has no beam
WOOD PLANK A 2" to 5" thick piece of lumber
FLOAT GLASS A flat glass sheet possesing high quality polished, smooth surface
CASEIN A protein; the chief nitrogenous ingredient of milk
ASPHALTIC A type of roofing materials made from semi solid mixture of complex
hydrocarbons derived from coal of petroleum and before installation dissolved
in solvent, emulsified, heated to a liquid state

TEFLON The tradename for flouroplastic which is transparent to opaque in character

and is used primarily for electrical fixture and pipe sealing

HYDRATION The chemical reaction between cement and water which produces
hardened cement
SCREEDING The process of striking the concrete in order to bring the surface to the
required grade
FALSEWORK Temporary structure used to support a permanent structure during its erection
and until its become self supporting
TRENCH An excavation whose length greatly exceeds its width
WEATHERING STEEL A type of steel that develops a protective oxide coat on its surface upon
exposure to the elements so that the painting is not required for protection
FLEMISH BOND A pattern bond with alternate strechers and headers in each with headers
centered over stretchers in the course below
HEAVYWEIGHT Such as barite, magnitite and steel punching and is used primarily for nuclear
CONCRETE radiation shielding
PUTLOG SCAFFOLD A type of scaffold which has one line of standard to support the outside of the
scaffold deck, while the inside edge is supported from the wall being built
ASTM C 150 A portland cement specification
ALCLAD A clad aluminium sheet used for standrad corrugated, ribbed or V-beam section
and various embossed pattrens for industrial roofing and curtain wall sheets
CHALKING A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the surfaces
inward occurs
PARQUET Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns
POLYURETHANE FLOOR A special coating system with high gloss shine while maintaining the natural
COATING wood qualities, maintenance free, used to finish topcoat and wood flooring
PVC A type of plastic rigid to flexible, translucent to opaque and is used in insulation,
siding, wood imitation, flooring and piping

4 of 16
GLAZING PUTTY The paint materials used for sealing, filling, correcting surface defects on
wood surfaces
TYPE III HIGH EARLY A type of cement that provides 190% of type I strength after one day curing
STRENGTH and also produces about 150% of the heat of hydration of normal cement
during the first seven days
BATCHING The process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to
concrete mixing
2 to 5 INCHES Minimum slump recommended for mass concrete
SHOTCRETE The placing of concrete using pneumatic pressure of dry mix concrete or mortars
SOLDIERS A standing position of brick construction having length and height as the
exposed surface
VACUUM DEWATERING A process employed to reduce the amount of free water present in plastic
concrete after the concrete has been placed and screen
ANODIZING An electrolytic process in which the aluminum is emmersed in a specific acid
solution through which a direct current is passed between the aluminum
and the solution
VEHICLES The substance in the paint which gives continuity and provides adhesion
to the surface or subtrite
STAGING A more substantial framework progressively built up as tall building rises up
16mm No. 5 designation of a bar
CAISSON A water tight structure or chamber within which work is carried
on in building foundation or structures below water level
CHECKS A wood defect that is a small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and
across the rings, usually caused by shrinkage during drying
TENSION SET BOLTS Bolts that incorporate a torque control groove so that the stem breaks under
a specified torque
BANK A soil condition where the soil material is in the natural state before the
disturbance
COMPACTION The process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil
particles closer together, thereby expelling the air from the void spaces
BULB PILE A special form of cast in place concrete pile in which an enlarged based is
formed during driving
TIE BEAM A beam usually distributed horizontal forces to footings
TEMPERED GLASS A type of glass produced by heating annealed glass almost to the melting point
and then chilling it rapidly which is 3 to 5 times stronger than ordinary glass
DUCO A type of paint that produces a very smooth and glossy surface and sometimes
referred to as pigmented lacquer
BED JOINT A horizontal layer of mortar on which bricks are laid
CAVITY WALL Walls made up of two masonry wythes separated by an air space 2" (50mm)
or more in width and tied together by metal ties
FLYING FORM A type of soft formwork with no shoring along its span and is supported instead
of trusses frames along its span and shoring on both ends
1: 1 1/2 : 3 Class AA concrete mixture ratio
PIER A column usually reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface
WANE A defect in lumber which is round edge or bank along an edge at a corner of
a piece of lumber, usually caused by sawing too near the surface
SOLVENTS A liquid component of a paint to increase its fluidity, they volatize or evaporated
during drying and not became part of the film
KICKER PLATE A plate usually wood used to anchor a stair to concrete
EXPANSIVE SOIL HEAVING A type of settlement that cause the grade slab to bend upward due to wet soil
expansion
ENAMEL A special type of paint made with varnish as the vehicle, applied in wood
and metal surfaces
EFFLORESCENCE Whitish powder that forms on the surface of bricks or stone walls due to
evaporation of moisture or containing salts
KILN BURNED BRICKS The most widely used type of building brick which is made of natural sand
and clay or shale
COLLAR JOINT A vertical joints between brick wythes
CHECKING A paint defect coat by soft undercoat, forming shallow cracks at closely spaced
but irregular interval
EMULSIFIERS It is not a vehicle of paint
INSULATING GLASS A double unit glass
COMMON BOND A pattern consisting of stretcher or running bond six or seven courses with a
course of headers laid perpendicular to the stretcher course
DISPERSAL AGENT Additive used to ensure that all particles of cement and water are mixed
thoroughly in a concrete setting
LAMINATED COATING Flouropolymers, powder coatings, siliconized acrylics and polyesters are
these types of coatings for aluminium
ANODIZING A process of coating steel products by immersing them in a bath of motten
zinc after cleaning them

5 of 16
WEATHERING STEEL Another term used for ASTM A572 high strength low alloy. It is a structural
steel which uses a natural form of oxidation for protective coating
TWO HINGED FRAME A rigid frame which is done by welding together its two spanning members,
both are connected homogenously to the vertical column members
fastened conventionally to the concrete pedestal
BEARING PLATE Steel plate under the end of a beam used to distribute the end reaction where
the beam rests on a masonry or concrete support
TARRED FELTS Used as a dry sheet to protect wood sheating from dripping asphalt, usually
composed of combination of felted papers, shredded wood fibers and
asphalt saturated
GRAVEL SURFACING A type of surfacing in built-up roof where a flood coat of bitumens is applied
over the top ply and a layer of aggregate is applied while the flood coat is hot
SHAKES Unitary roofing materials which are similar to shingles except that they are
split out
PAINT DEFECTS
ALLIGATORING An incomplete form of peeling where the paint cracks into the large segments,
the edges of which breakaway from the surface while the center remains
attached. Usually due to repeated application of new coats over old coats

BLEEDING Discoloration of coating caused by solube color in the underlying surface,

may be prevented by applying an impermeable undercoating

BLISTERING Formation of blisters or pustules in coating, may be due to underlying spots

of grease, sap or moisture to excessive heat or to direct exposure to
the sun during the process of drying

CHALKING Progressive powdering from the surface inward

DEADENING Loss of luster, due to insufficient or defective undercoat, most frequently

to improper filling of wood

MOISTURE BLUSH Clouding of the laquer film through precipitation of moisture in the film
Constant temperature and constant low humidity in the finishing will help

ORANGE PEEL Rough appearance resembles very closely the peel of the orange, may be
due to improper cleaning of surface

PEELING Indicate imperfect attachment to the surface; due to dampness, greasy

surface and moisture

PINHOLING As it called, changes in atmospheric conditions during application over

sweating or incompletely dried undercoats, spots of grease or soap

RUNS AND SAGS Irregularities of surface due to uneven flow of varnish or paint, too much
varnish, incomplete brushing

TACKINESS Adhesive property of incompletely dried coating, it is caused especially in

the refinishing of old work, over unclean or greasy surface

WRINKLING Due to applications of few heavy coats for more thin ones, also may
be due to cold weather

FADING The loss of color of a paint film through exposure to sunlight and weather

STANDARD WEIGHT OF PLAIN OR DEFORMED ROUND STEEL BARS

0.396 KILO What is the standard weight of 8mm hot weld deformed bar
0.616 KILO What is the standard weight of 10mm hot weld deformed bar
0.888 KILO What is the standard weight of 12mm hot weld deformed bar
1.580 KILOS What is the standard weight of 16mm hot weld deformed bar
2.466 KILOS What is the standard weight of 20mm hot weld deformed bar
3.854 KILOS What is the standard weight of 25mm hot weld deformed bar
4.834 KILOS What is the standard weight of 28mm hot weld deformed bar
6.314 KILOS What is the standard weight of 32mm hot weld deformed bar
7.992 KIOS What is the standard weight of 36mm hot weld deformed bar
9.866 KILOS What is the standard weight of 40mm hot weld deformed bar
5 TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPE I Is used for general concrete construction where the special properties are
specified
TYPE II Is for use in general concrete construction exposed to moderate surlfate action
or where moderate heat of hydration is required

6 of 16
TYPE III is used where high early strength is required
TYPE IV is used where low heat of hydration is required
TYPE V is for use when high sulfate resistance is required
TYPES OF DOORS
PROJECTED This is workhose of metal windows available in many combination of fixed and
operating sash. Usually, the lowest light will project in and the upper ends projects
out for maximum comfort
SECURITY Another version of the projected sash, this window provides an integral grill
permitting ventilations but restricting the size of an object that can pass through
the window
DOUBLE HUNG Operating sash for ease of operation
SLIDING It provide flush interior and exterior wall surfaces without the need for counter-
balancing hardware intrinsic in the double hung window
COMBINATION A larger amount of light than ventilation is desired
CASEMENT Vertically proportioned sash that swing outward, somewhat like a door
AWNING It offers 100% ventilation combined with a degree of rain protection not
attainable with casement sash
JALOUSIE An awning window which is reduced in to an operating louver, with a profound
effect on appearance and ability to provide weatherstripping
PIVOTED Popular in multi-storey, AC commercial building. They usually rotate90deg up to
180deg
TYPES OF HINGES
HINGE A movable joint used to attached, support and turn a door about a pivot
BUTT HINGE Two rectangular metal plate which are joined with a pin
SPRING HINGE A hinge containing one or more spring, when the door is open the hinge returns
it to the open position automatically
PIVOT HINGE The axle or pin about which a window or door rotates
TYPES OF HINGES ACCORDING TO APPLICATIONS
FULL SURFACE HINGE A hinge designed for attachment on the surface of the door and jamb without mortising
FULL MORTISE HINGE Having one leaf mortised into the dge of the door and the other surface mounted
on the door frame
HALF MORTISE HINGE A hinge, one plate of which is mortised in the door leaf, the other being surface
mounted on the jamb leaf
HALF SURFACE HINGE A hinge which is applied to the surface of a door leaf and to a mortise jamb leaf
TYPES OF RIVETS
FULL BOTTOM HEAD
FLAT END HEAD
COUNTERSUNK
COUNTERSUNK AND
CHIPPED HEAD

FOUNDATIONS Structural elements that carry or support the superstructure of the building
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Are those that transfer the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall
of the substructure
DEEP FOUNDATIONS Transfer the load at a point far below the substructure
TYPES OF COLUMN FOOTING
INDEPENDENT (ISOLATED)
SQUARE BLOCK
STEPPED
SLOPED
CONTINUOUS A combined footing of prismatic shape, which supports two or more columns
in a row
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION Large footing extending a wide area
PILE FOUNDATION Intended to transmit structural loads through the upper zone of poor soil to a
depth where the earth is capable of providing the desired support
GRILLAGE FOOTING Uses wide flange or I beam; A series of steel beams, bolted together and placed
over a footing used to distribute a concentrated column over the top of footing
COMBINED FOOTING A footing which supports more than one column load
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SPREAD FOOTING A footing which is especially wide, usually of reinforced concrete
BENCH FOUNDATION A foundation cut in series of steps in a sloping bearing stratum to prevent
sliding when subject to the bearing load
INVERTED ARCH An arch in which intrados below the springing line use to distribute concentrated
loads in foundations
CAISSON'S FOUNDATION A watertight structure or chamber within which work is carried on in building
foundations or structures below water level
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION A continuous foundation under a full extent of the structure
CANTILIVER FOOTING A footing having a tie beam to another footing to balance a structural load not
symmetrically located with respect to the footing

7 of 16
GRILLAGE FOOTING A series of steel beam bolted together and placed over a footing used to distribute
a concentrated column load over the top of the footing
PILE FOUNDATION A system of piles, pile caps and straps that transfers the structural load to the
bearing stratum into which the piles are driven
WELL FOUNDATION
MIXING OF CONCRETE
DRUM MIXING About 10% of the mixing water is placed in the drum before drying materials
are added
READY MIXED CONCRETE
TRANSIT MIXED Concrete is mixed completely in the truck mixer 1 1/2-3 minutes mixing
CENTRAL MIXED Concrete is mixed in a stationary mixer and delivered in the truck agitator
SHRINK MIXED Concrete is mixed partially in a stationary mixer and mixing is completely in the
truck mixer
PLACING OF CONCRETE
30 to 60 MINUTES Concrete must be placed in position properly compacted within WHAT minutes
after adding water, then cement setting will start
MIXING OF CONCRETE
1 1/2 MINUTES It shall be continued for at least WHAT minutes, after all the materials are in
the drum
CURING OF CONCRETE
FIRST 7 Concrete (other than high early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in
a moist condition for at least the WHAT days after placement
FIRST 3 High early strength shall be maintained above 10 C and in a moist condition for at
least the WHAT days
HANDLING OF CONCRETE
16 to 20 liters of water General purpose concrete
28 to 32 liters of water Load bearing 4" CHB
36 to 40 liters of water Non load bearing 4" CHB
16 to 20 liters of water Cement mortar
Stacking of cement bags
4 FEET Maintain a clearance of WHAT feet (minimum) beteween G.I. Roofing and cement
bag stack
REBAR LIMITATIONS FOR FOOTINGS
NO. 5 or 16mm Minimum bar size of footing
1 1/3 times the size of Spacing of rebars is WHAT of times the size of aggregate or 25mm
aggreagates or 25mm
REBAR LIMITATIONS FOR FOOTINGS
NO. 5 or 16mm Minimum size of column rebar
4 PIECES Minimum number of column rebar for square/rectangular coulumns
NO. 2 or NO. 4 Sizes of column ties
BENDING AND BENDING POINTS OF REBAR
L/7 Beams and girders which require bent bars from face of the support for
END span
L/5 Beams and girders which require bent bars from face of the support for
INTERIOR span
45degrees Angle of inclination of bent bars from the horizontal
12TIMES BAR DIAMETER orColumn rebars to be embedded to footing should have an anchorage is
305mm
L/4 Distance of column rebars should be continued uninterrupted above the floor line
102mm,152mm,254mm If rebars are to be spliced by welding, it should be cut at these distances from
each point of cut
SPLICING OF REBARS
IT SHOULD BE AVOIDED Splices at point of maximum tensile stress (bottom, center bars, at midspan)
Or it should be lapped or welded
SIZES OF LAP SPLICES
276MPa 24 times bar diameter
345MPa 30 times bar diameter
414MPa 36 times bar diameter
BUT NOT LESS THAN 305mm
15 degrees Both ENDS of BOTTOM bars should be BENT UPWARDS at this ANGLE
ELECTROLYTIC REACTIONAluminum-Concrete reactions
THEY SHALL NOT BE LARGER in outside diameter than 1/3 THE OVERALL
THICKNESS OF SLAB, WALL OR BEAM which they are EMBEDDED
TOOLS FOR PLACING CONCRETE
STRAIGHT EDGE Or "STRIKE OFF" It is the first finishing tool after the concrete is placed and is
used to strike off the concrete surface to proper grade
HAND TAMPER JITTER BUG after the concrete has been struck off, it can be used to compact
concrete in flatwork construction
DARBY A long flat rectangular piece of wood or aluminum from 3" to 4" wide with
handle on top, used to float the surface of concrete slab immediately

8 of 16
BULL FLOAT A tool or machine used to smooth uniformed surfaces of freshly placed concrete
EDGER A finishing tool used on the edges of fresh concrete or plaster to provide a
rounded corner
JOINTER OR GROOVER A metal tool used to cut a joint partly through fresh concrete
THREE COAT PLASTER
SCRATCH COAT First coat
BROWN COAT Second coat
FINISH COAT Third coat

MORTAR A proportioned mixture of silaceous material and cement which after being
prepared in plastic state with water hardens into a stone-like mass
POST Refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical or either geometrical cross
section vertically placed to support a building
COLUMN A vertical structure used to support a building made of stone, concrete, steel or
combination of the above materials
COLUMN CLASSIFICATION TO TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
SQUARED TIED
SPIRAL COLUMN Minimum of 6pcs. of 16mm diam. Reinforcing bar
COMPOSITE COLUMN Spiral column combined with WF steel column
COMBINED COLUMN
LALLY COLUMN A steel column used as a support for girders and beams
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
ISOLATION JOINT Such an expansion joint, between two adjacent structures which are not in
physical contact
CONTROL JOINT W/ DOWELA grooved which is formed in a masonry structure to regulate the location and
amount of cracking
T&G CONTROL JOINT A joint formed by the insertion of the tounge of one member into the corresponding
groove of another
BUTT-TYPE CONSTRUCTIONUsed for floor of 5" thick and greater
THERMAL EXPANSION Used of heat to prevent contractions
PRE STRESSING OF CONCRETE
PRE-COMPRESSING METHODProcess using hydraulic jacks on fixed abutments
SELF CONTAINED METHODDone by tying jacks based together with wires located at end of a beam
BOND FRICTION Strands are stretch between massive elements
THERMAL PRESSING Steel is heated by means of electric power; cooling
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION Used of expanding cement restrained by steel strands
SITE CASTS
LIFT SLAB CONSTRUCTIONIs used chiefly with two way flat plate structures, almost eliminates formwork by casting
the slabs of the building in a stack on the ground, then using hydraulic jacks to lift the
slabs up the columns to their finl position
FLYING FORMWORK Is fabricated in large sections supported on deep metal trusses; the sections are moved
from one floor to the next by crane, eliminating much of the labor
SLIP FORMING Useful for tall wall structures such as elevator shafts; stairwells and storage soils.
A ring of formwork is oulled steadly upward by jacks supported on a vertical
reinforcing bars, while workers add concrete and reinforcing in a continuous process
TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION Is a floor slab cast on the ground and reinforced concrete wall panels are poured over
it in a horizontal position, then tilted into positions and grouted together
SHOTCRETE (Pneumatically placed concrete) is sprayed into placed from a hose by a stream of
compressed air and can be deposited without formwork ven on vertical surfaces

THIN SHELLS The concrete is formed in thin sections as thin as 2 1/2" or a large shell
SHOTCRETE Concrete or mortar which is pumped through a hose and projected at high
velocity on surface
PRE-FABRICATED A construction method relying primarily on the used of standardized manufactured
STRUCTURE components
LIFT SLAB A method of concrete building construction in which floor and roof slabs are cast
at ground level and then raised into sa position by jacking
CLASIFICATION OF PILES
BEARING PILE A pile which carries a vertical load
FRICTION PILE A pile that transfer its loads to the soil through friction with the earth surrounding it
BATTER PILE A pile driven at an inclination to the vertical to provide resistance to horizontal
forces
SHEET PILE One of a number of piles, interlocked with similar units, to form a barrier to
retain soil or to keep water out of foundation
GUIDE PILE A heavy square timber which is driven vertically downward to guide steel
sheet piling; used for the construction of coffer dams, caissons
FLOOR SYSTEMS
GIRDER A horizontal beam supporting a floor joist
SILL A wood member placed on top of the foundation wall in wood frame construction
FLOOR JOIST Any joist which carries a floor

9 of 16
TAILPIECE A short beam, joist or rafter supported by a wall at one end and by the header at
the other
LEDGER STRIP A wood strip nailed to the lower side of a girder to provide a bearing surface
for joist
DRAFTSTOP/FIRESTOP In concealed construction, a material or member which fills or seals the open
construction to prevent or retard the spread of fire
HEDGER A short transverse joist that supports the end of the cut-off joist at stairwell holes
TRIMMER A beam joist or rafter supporting one end of a header at the edge of the opening
in the floor or roof frame
STANDARD HOOKS
4db 180-deg bend plus WHAT db extension but not less than 65mm at free end of bar
12db 90-deg bend plus WHAT db extension, at free end of bar
FOR STIRRUPS AND TIE HOOKS
6db 16mm bar and smaller, 90-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar
12db 20mm and 25mm bar, 90-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar
6db 25mm bar and smaller, 135-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS
4db Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall be less than WHAT for 16mm bar
and smaller
For bar larger than 16mm are the following:
6db 10mm to 25mm
8db 28mm to 32mm
10db 36mm
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
db; 25mm Between parallel bars in a layer shall be WHAT db but not less than WHAT distance
25mm Parallel layers two or more reinforcement, distance is not less than WHAT distance
1.5db nor 40mm In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall be not less than WHAT db nor WHAT SIZE
3x or 450mm In walls and slabs other than joist, primary flexural reinforcement shall space not
more than WHAT TIMES the wall or slab thickness OF WHAT distance
MINIMUM SIZE OF FILLET AND PARTIAL PENETRATION WELDS
3 To 6 inclusive
4.5 Over 6 to 12
6 Over 12 to 20
7.5 Over 20
9 Over 40 to 60
12 Over 60 to 150
16 Over 150
WELDS
MAXIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS
Along edges of the material 6mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the material
MINUS 1.5mm 6mm thick or more; not greater than the thickness of the material minus WHAT
LENGTH OF FILLET WELDS
4x Minimum effective length of a fillet weld; not less than WHAT times the nominal size,
ONE FOURTH or 1/4 or not exceed WHAT of its effective length
The transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds used in end connections shall
200mm not exceed WHAT

LAP JOINTS
5x;25mm The minimum amount of lap joint shall be WHAT times the thickness of the thinner
25mm part, but not less than WHAT
INTERMITTENT FILLET WELDS
4x;40mm The effective length shall not be less than WHAT the weld size, with minimum of WHAT
END RETURN OF FILLET WELDS
2x Size of fillet welds terminating at ends or sides; be returned continuously around
the corners for a distance of not less than WHAT times the nominal size of the weld

PLUGS AND SLOT WELDS

8mm or 2 1/4 x Diameter of holes shall not be less than the thickness containing it plus WHAT mm nor
greater than WHAT times the thickness of the weld metal
4x The minimum center to center spacing of plug welds shall be WHAT times the
diameter of the hole
10x The length for the slot shall not exceed WHAT times the thickness of the weld
8mm or 2 1/4 x The width of the slot shall not less than its thickness plus WHAT mm or greater than
WHAT times the thickness of the weld

4x Transverse to their length is WHAT times the width of the slot

2x Center to center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be WHAT the length of the slot
EQUAL The thickness of plug or slot welds 16mm or less in thickness shall be WHAT to the
to the thickness of the material

10 of 16
1/2 the thickness In over 16mm; it should be at least WHAT of the thickness of the material not less
than 16mm

ALUMINIZED BACKING & TAPE

Roof insulation under purlins
G.I. STRAP LINER
G.I. TIE WAR

ALUMINIZED BACKING Roof insulation over purlins

RUBBER CEMENT (RUGBY)

G.I. WIRE WITH STOPPER Roofdeck Insulation

PLAIN WHITE TAPE
or WIRE MESH

ASPHALT Damp Proofing / Moisture Barrier

NON FLAMMABLE ALUMINUM

Acoustical Installation
BACKING
MECHANICAL CLIP or
EXPANDABLE WIRE MESH

1999 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

3/16' x 1/2" ALUMINUM An alternative fastening material that can be used for metal on ceiling joist other
BLIND RIVETS than metal screws

CEMENT TEXTURED FINISHA masonry finish using pure cement mixed wit flexible synthetic latex based
additive like Plexibond to a tacky consistency then applied by an applicator roller
to give a remarkable finish

WRINKLING A paint defect that occurs on inferior brands where the paints contains soluble
pigments thus softens and dissolves by water or by chemical after sufficient
drying

3.853 KILOS What is the standard weight of a 25mm diameter hot rolled weldable deformed
or plain steel bar per meter length

SEAM LOCK A recommended method of joint by steel deck manufacturers

SWIVEL PIPE CLAMP It does not comprise in the tie rod system of a steel deck scaffold

BLEEDING A paint defect by discoloration of coat caused by soluble color in the underlying
surface

#16 EXPANDED METAL LATH

Glass block reinforcement in a spaced of 7/16" gap to accept it and the binder

MODULAR COORDINATIONSystem of measurement when utilising modular systems of construction

and technology

MAIN/CROSS TEE AND WALL

A wood ceiling joist substitute for drop ceiling usually made of aluminium or pre-
ANGLE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
painted GI used to hang lightweight boards such as fiber glass boards

3/4" THK CEMENT GROUT Used to install brick plaqueta on to a scratch coat of a masonry wall in an
evenly distributed manner

1.578 KILOS What is the standard weight of a 16mm diameter hot rolled weldable deformed
or plain steel bar per meter length

PIEDRA TILES What is not a brand of ceramic tiles

3/4" LAYER OF CEMENT A ceramic tile is installed into a masonry wall over rough plaster by a uniform
MORTAR

PRESTRESS CONCRETE Floor system by Jackbuilt

T-BEAM FLOOR SYSTEM

MORTISE LOCKSET In lockset, this is the safest door lock recommended for main entry doors

SCARF Wood end joint requiring tensile strength

11 of 16
OIL WOOD STAIN Natural coating which brings the natural beauty of wood

1/5 SIDE FORMS Coarse aggregates standard sizes

1/3 DEPTH SLABS
3/4 CLEAR SPACING

BLIND AND STUB Mortise and tenon wood construction joint where tounge and grooves meet
halfway making the connection clean of joint traces

FORM CLAMP An accessory of tie rod scaffold system

UNIFORM 10mm THK Installation of Piedra tiles over mortar bed

CEMENT PLASTER

VISION DOOR A door type used between a dining and kitchen to allow a server to see through

BENCHMARK Vertical location of a ground surface often used as a reference point with
respect to the vertical height

SCREW WITH EXPANSION Method of fastening jamb to concrete or masonry

PLUG

HEPTAGON Not a wood parquet geometric design

FINISHING MASON A highly trained labor used to prepare rough to finish plastering, lay concrete
hollow blocks, install tiles and pebble washout

CURDOROY or TOOL FINISHA kind of masonry finish which utilise a chamfer wood block out, usually 1"x1"
distance at 2" o.c. which serves a s form when removes gives design line
texture is added by chisel

MODULAR SYSTEM A system of mass production and industrilisation by prefabrication of

furniture and cabinets

LAMINATED A type of glass use in constructing vision door which must be shutter proof
to be accident free

HUE SCALE A construction technique in color reproduction applying the Munsell

color principle-SECONDARY COLOR LIKE ORANGE TURN TO BE YELLOW

PLAIN MITER A type of wood end joint where both wood are cut at equal angles diagonally

Z-BAR Steel window section for muntins

SHIMS, BEARING PLATE, Basic parts of stressing anchor

STRESSING WASHER,
BOTTOM PLATE

POLYMER A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill up the gap of marble slabs
during installation of floor or wall finishes

PLYBOARD A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are compressed finish on
both sides with a thin layer of wood, glued together

CROSS BRACE MUST BE What is wrong with the installation of steel scaffold
INSTALL IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTION

75mm WIDE PRESSURE In air condittioning duct, what type of strap is used to insure that there is no air
SENSITIVE ALUMINIZED gap is left
DUCT TAPE STRAP AT
600mm O.C.

WOOD LATHE MACHINE Woodwork equipment to form the different wood mouldings for balusters and
or TORNO newel posts

Method recommended by manufacturers to join the steel deck and the

rebars

CONDECK Steel deck that can be used for two slab

12 of 16
ALUMINUM PIPES & CONDUITS
It precludes good construction practice for pipes and conduits embedded
AT R.C. SHALL BE SECURED
in concrete
NOT BY TIE WIRES BUT MUST
BE EFFECTIVELLY COVERED

CHROMA SCALE A construction technique in color reproduction applying the Munsell

color principle-HAS A DEGREE OF ITS COLORFULNESS or INTENSITY

DEAD BOLT LOCK A type of handless lockset key operated to give double security

A chemical agent apply on marble floor to make it shinny

INSTALL POLYETHELYNE A type of insulation recommended in air conditioning duct warp

FOAM W/ ALUM. FOIL
BARRIER. ADHERE BY
INDUSTRIAL ADHESIVE TO
GALVANIZED AIR DUCT

REVERSE THE LOCATION To secure the steel purlins properly to the steel cleat considering the axial,
OF THE "Z" PURLINS torsion and shear stresses present at the joint

20 mm Minimum concrete cover for 20mm and larger for shell and folded plate
members for cast in place

SPACE TO INSTALL The purpose of inverted channel shape at bottom edge of metal door
CONCEAL DOOR CLOSER

PURLIN SAG RODS Structural member in steel truss framing to counter act compression in roof

1998 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

STUCCO FLOORING FINISHA concrete flooring and finish which transform ordinary plain concrete into an
elegant decorative surface

ASINTADA Concrete hollow block laying

CARPETS
TUFTED Is made of inserting face yarns or tufts through premanufactured backing by
used of needles
VELVET Simplest type of all carpet weaves. Pile is form as loom loops over wires
inserted across loom. Pile height is determined by height of wire inserted
AXMINSTER The loom is highly specialized and nearly as versatile as hand weaving. Color
combinations and designs are limited only by the number of tufts in the carpet

WILTON The loom operates like a velvet loom, except that it has a Jacquard
mechanism with up to six color frames
FUSHION This process produces complete carpet by imbedding pile yarns and
adhering backing to a viscous vinyl face that hardens after the curing
KNITTED The process resembles weaving in that the face and back are made
simultaneously. Backing and pile yarns are looped togeher with a stitching
yarns with three sets of needles

SCRATCH COAT A pretreatment of poured concrete such as wall, beams and column where a
thin layer of cement grout mixed with flexible base additives is splattered by
tampico brush or masonry spoon on to the surface to give a tooth for
excellent plaster adhesion

TANGUILE Local species of wood used for studding, cabinet and flush door framing

POLYURETHANE FLOOR A special coating system with a high gloss shine while maintaining the
COATING natural wood qualities, maintenance free to finish and topcoat wood flooring

SANDBLASTING A common and cheap masonry finish wherein dry consistency of mortar
mix is spray by mechanical or pneumatic means. It is left to dry to give rustic
finish

RUSTIC TERRAZO Terrazo floor described by its physical appearance, the stone or pebble is

13 of 16
 intentionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed

PIVOTED A type of window where the sash rotates 90 degrees to 180 degrees
about the header or the sill or sides of the jamb

LEFT HAND A door hinge at the left and the door leaf swings inside the room to the left

MASONRY NEUTRALIZER A water mixed product, mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime activity in new
masonry surface. Without this mixture will cause the subsequent painting to be
defective

PEELING Indicates imperfect adhesion of the film to the surface, with the film getting strip
off in relatively large pieces due to application on damp or greasy surface

TERMS TO REMEMBERS
ANCHOR BOLT A threaded rod instead of masonry construction for anchoring the sill plate
to the foundation
APRON The finish board immediately below a window sill. Also the part of the driveway
that leads directly into the garage
ARCADE A series of arches supported by a row of columns
ARCH A curved structure that will support itself by mutual pressure and the weight
above its curved opening
AREAWAY A recessed area below grade around foundation to allow light and ventilation
into a basement window or doorway
ASHLAR A facing of squared stones
IMPRESSO CRETE A concrete flooring and finish which transform ordinary plain concrete into an
elegant and decorative trextured surface. This is by adding dust-on-color
pigments to the concrete to give a fast color and imprinted with a patented
pattern and texture while the concrete is still plastic to create the look and finish
of stone, slate or brick
INSET or INTERIOR An installation method where the cabinet covers is recessed and flushed with
the cabinet sidings
SCARF A type of wood end joint where both woods are cut at equal angles diagonally
TYPES OF TERRAZO
RUSTIC TERRAZO A type of terrazo floor described by its physical appearance whereby the
stone or pebble is intenionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed
STANDARD TERRAZO The most common type; relatively small chip sizes
VENETIAN TERRAZO Larger chips with smaller chip filling the spaces between
PALLADIANA TERRAZO Random fractured slab of marble up to approximately 15" greatest dimension
3/8 to 1" thk with smaller chips filling the space

PIVOTED A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90deg to 180deg
about the header and sill or about the side jambs

KEEP THE CEMENT PLASTER

To prevent plaster from improper adhesion, the substrate must be rough end
AS THIN AS POSSIBLE and the cement plaster should be..

ICI DULUX It is not a brand of house paint

RABBET Type of joint used to install in the glass of a French window

EDGE STRIP TROWEL An equipment uniformly distribute tile adhesive at the underside of the ceramic
tile during installation
SMOKED GLASS A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with glass to
allow the natural light only
GRADING is the act of excavating or filling an earth or any sound material or combination
thereof in preparation for a finishing surface such as pavings
VIGAN TILES A floor finish commercially size 1"x1"x12" utilizing clay and fired in traditional
manner making interesting and attractive rustic clay shade patterns
305 mm Standard distance measure from the center of the drain hole of a water closet
to a finish wall
GIRDER BEAM A beam that supports smaller beams in floor system
LINTEL BEAM A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of door or
window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the opening
PRE FABRICATION Pre-construction of components as part of the whole
KNOTS Wood defects are heart shakes, cup shakes, star shakes
UNDRESSED LUMBER Lumber that is not squared or finished
WOOD PRESERVATIVE BRAND NAMES
XYLADECOR
CUPRINOL

14 of 16
SOLIGNUM
ALDRITE
MAPECON
SINGLE DOOR
LEFT HAND hinges on left; open inward
RIGHT HAND hinges on right; open inward
LEFT HAND REVERSE hinges on left; open outward
RIGHT HAND REVERSE hinges on right; open outward
VARIED BRICKS POSITIONS
STRETCHER
HEADER
SOLDIER
ROWLOCK
SHINER
SAILOR
RABBET AND DADO
RABBET
DADO
RABBET & DADO
STOPPED DADO
DOVETAIL DADO
DOVETAIL
THROUGH SINGLE
THROUGH MULTIPLE
STOPPED LAP
HALF LAP
LAP
BLIND MITER
MORTISE AND TENON
FULL OR THROUGH
BLIND AND STUB
SHIP OR OPEN
HALF BLIND
HAUNCH
HAUNCH BLIND
KEYED
PINNED BLIND
WEDGE
LAP JOINT
MIDDLE LAP
CROSS LAP
END LAP
MITER HALF LAP
END JOINTS
SQUARED SPLICE
HALF LAP
FINGER
LAP
SPLICE
SCARF
EDGE JOINT
BUTT
SHIPLAP
FILLET
TOUNGE AND GROOVE
BUTTERFLY
DOWEL
BATTEN
BACK BATTEN
SPLINE
BUTTERFLY SPLINE
ILLUSTRATION TERMS TO BE STUDIED
STEEL DECK
EXTERIOR MOULDING
INTERIOR MOULDING
JOIN STRIP
END CAP
UPPER MOLUDING
LOWER MOULDING
TILE ACCESSORIES

15 of 16
RIDGE END TILE
RIDGE TILE
DOWN END TILE
RIGHT HAND VERGE TILE
STRESSING MEMBER
BEARING PLATE
SHIM
STRESSING WASHER
BOTTOM PLATE
SCAFFOLDING
PVC SLEEVE
TIE ROD
THRUST PLATE
WING NOT
MORE STUDIES
MORE BROCHURES
PASS THE BOARD EXAM
TO GOD BE THE GLORY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

16 of 16