Chapter 3 Multiple Integral

3.1 Double Integrals

3.2 Iterated Integrals

3.3 Double Integrals in Polar

Coordinates

3.4 Triple Integrals

 Triple Integrals in Cartesian

Coordinates

 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical

Coordinates

 Triple Integrals in Spherical

Coordinates

3.5 Moments and Centre of Mass

3.4 Triple Integrals

Definition
If f is a function defined over a closed,
bounded solid region G, then the triple integral
of f over G is defined as
n
* * *
 f ( x , y , z ) dV  lim  f ( xk , yk , zk ) Vk
G n   k 1

3.4.1 Iterated Integration

Just as for double integrals, the practical method
for evaluating triple integrals is to expressed
them as iterated integrals as in the following
theorem:
Theorem
If f ( x, y, z ) is continuous over a rectangle
solid G: a  x  b, c  y  d , k  z  l ,
then the triple integral may be evaluated by the
iterated integral
 l db
   f ( x, y, z ) dV     f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz
G k ca

The iterated integration can be performed in any

order (with appropriate adjustments) to the limits
of integration:
dx dy dz dx dz dy
dy dx dz dy dz dx
dz dy dx dz dx dy

Example
2 x
Evaluate    z ye dV , over the rectangular
G
box G defined by
0  x  1, 1  y  2,  1  z  1
Solution
We shall evaluate the integral in the order
dx dy dz .
1 2 1

 dV   
2 x 2 x
z ye z ye dxdydz
G 1 1 0
1 2 1 2
1
    0 dydz  (e  1) 
  y dydz
2 x 2
= z y e z
1 1 1 1

1 2
2 2
= (e  1)  z [ y 2] dz
1
1
1
3 2
= (e  1)  z dz  e  1
2 1
3.4.2. Integral Over General Regions
We restrict our attention to continuous functions
f and to certain simple types of regions.
3 types of region:
Type I – integrating over simple xy-solid
Type II – integrating over simple xz-solid
Type III – integrating over simple yz-solid

Definition
A solid region G is said to be of Type 1 if it lies
between the graphs of two continuous functions
of x and y,
G  ( x, y, z ) : x, y  R, k1 ( x, y)  z  k2 ( x, y)
where R is the projection of G onto the
xy-plane, then
  k2 ( x , y ) 
 f ( x, y, z ) dV     f ( x, y, z ) dz  dA
  
G   k1 ( x , y )
R
Type I Regions
  k2 ( x , y ) 
 f ( x, y, z ) dV    
 
f ( x, y, z ) dz  dA

G   k1 ( x , y )
R

Type II Regions
  g2 ( x , z ) 
 f ( x, y, z ) dV    
 
f ( x, y, z ) dy  dA
G   g1 ( x , z ) 
R

Type III Regions

  h2 ( y , z ) 
 f ( x, y, z ) dV    
 
f ( x, y, z ) dx  dA

G   h1 ( y , z )
R

Example
Let G be the wedge in the first octant cut from
2 2
the cylindrical solid y  z  1 by the planes
y  x and x  0. Evaluate
   z dV
G
Solution
 Sketch the solid: choose Type I
y
y2 + z2 = 1
1
y=x x=0
y=x
1
x

2 2
upper bounding surface: y  z 1
lower bounding surface: xy-plane
 The z-limits of integration: Draw a line L
parallel to z-axis passing through solid
region.
As z increases, L enters G at z = 0 and leaves
2
at z  1 y
1 y 2

 z dV     z dz  dA
G R 0
 The x-limits of integration: Draw a line M
parallel to x-axis passing through plane
region R.
As x increases, M enters R at x = 0 and
leaves at x = y.

 The y-limits of integration: Choose

y-limits that include all lines parallel to the
x-axis.

The integral is
2
1 y 1 y
   z dV     z dz dx dy
G 0 0 0
1 y 2
1 y z2 1 y 1
  dx dy    (1  y 2 ) dx dy
0 0 2 0
0 0 2
1
2 y 11 3 1
=  (1  y ) x dy =  ( y  y ) dy 
0
0 20 8
Alternatively, we evaluate the integral by
integrating first with respect to x (Type III).
The solid is bounded in the back by the plane x
= 0 and in the front by the plane y  x .
y

 z dV    z dx dA

G R 0

1 y2 + z2 =1

1 1 z 2 y

 z dV    
G 0 0 0
z dx dy dz
Question 1
In questions 1(a) - 1(b), evaluate the triple integral.
1 2 x
(a) x 2 dy dx dz
1 0 0
2 z y
(b) e x dx dy dz
1 0 0

Question 2

Sketch the solid bounded by the graph of the

given equation and express f x, y, z dV as
iterated integrals in six different ways.

x 2y 3z 6, x 0, y 0, z 0.

Question 3
In questions 3(a) - 3(b), evaluate the triple integral.
(a) x 0, y 0, z 0, 3x 6y z 6.
(b) z y 2, z 0, x 0, x 1, y 1, y 1.
Question 4
In questions 4(a) and 4(b), sketch the solid whose
volume is given by the iterated integral.
2
3 9 x y 6
(a) 2
dz dy dx
3 9 x 0
1 1 1 y
(b) 2
dz dy dx
1 x 0
3.4.3 Cylindrical Coordinates
3
 Generalization of polar coordinates in

 We convert a triple integral from rectangular

to cylindrical coordinates by writing

x  r cos  , y  r sin  , z = z
The element of integration,

dV  r dr d dz
The function f ( x, y, z ) is transform to

f ( x, y, z )  f (r cos  , r sin  , z )

 Cylindrical coordinates are convenient for

representing cylindrical surfaces and surfaces
for which the z-axis is the axis of symmetry.
The cylindrical coordinate system
z

(x, y,
z)(r, ,
z)
y
 r

(r, ) or (x, y)
x
Theorem
Let G be a solid with upper surface
z  g 2 (r ,  ) and lower surface z  g1 (r ,  )
and let R be the projection of the solid on the xy-
plane expressed in polar coordinates. Then if
f (r ,  , z ) is continuous on R, we have
g 2 ( r , )
   f (r ,  , z ) dV     f (r ,  , z ) r dz dr d
G R g1 ( r , )

Example
Use cylindrical coordinates to evaluate
3 9 x 2 9 x 2  y 2

 
3  9 x 2
0
x 2 dz dy dx
Solution
3 9 x 2 9 x 2 y2
x 2 dzdydx x 2 dV
3 9 x2 0 G
2 3 9 r2
r 2 cos2 rdzdrd
0 0 0
2 3
3 2 9 r2
r cos z drd
0
0 0

2
243
cos2 d
4 0
2
243 1 cos 2 243
d
4 2 4
0
Question 1
In questions 1(a) - 1(c), use cylindrical coordinates
to find the volume of the solid bounded by the
given surfaces.
(a) z x 2 y 2, z 9.
2 2 2 2
(b) z x y ,x y 1 1, z 0.
(c) z x2 y 2, x 2 y2 4, z 0.

Question 2
In questions 2(a) - 2(b), evaluate the integrals by
changing the coordinates to cylindrical
coordinates.
1 1 y2 4 x 2 y2
(a) z dz dx dy.
0 0 0
1 1 y2 x
(b) x2 y 2 dz dx dy
1 0 0
3.4.4 Spherical Coordinates

Definition
Spherical coordinates represent a point P in space
by ordered triples (  ,  ,  ) in which

1.  is the distance from P to the origin

2.  is the angle OP makes with the positive

z-axis ( 0     )

3.  is the angle from cylindrical coordinates.

The spherical coordinate system

Since r   sin  ,
x  r cos    sin  cos 
y  r sin    sin  sin 
2 2 2 2
and z   cos  , x  y  z  
 z

P(, , )


 z =  cos 
y
x 
r

y
x
  The function f ( x, y, z ) is transform to
f ( x, y, z )  f (  sin  cos ,  sin  sin  ,  cos )
 The element of integration,
dV   2 sin  d d d
 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates
are then evaluated as iterated integrals.
The integral is
2
   f (  ,  ,  ) dV     f (  ,  ,  )  sin  d d d
G G

Question 1
In questions 1(a) - 1(b), use spherical coordinates
to evaluate the integrals.
3
2 2 2
(a) cos x y z dV where G is
G

the solid bounded by z 1 x2 y 2 and

z 0.
 3
x 2 y2 z 2
(b) e dV where G is the solid
G

bounded by z 1 x2 y 2 and
z x2 y2 .

Question 2
In questions 2(a) - 2(b), evaluate the integrals by
changing the coordinates to spherical coordinates.
2 4 x2 8 x 2 y2
(a) x2 y2 z 2 dz dy dx .
2 4 x2 x 2 y2

2 4 y2 4 x 2 y2
(b) x2 y2 z 2 dz dx dy.
0 y 0

2 4 x2 4 x 2 y2
(c) dz dy dx .
2 4 x2 4 x 2 y2
3.5 Moments and Centre of Mass
3.5.1 Notation and Terminology
Lamina - a solid object that is sufficiently “flat”
to be regarded as two-dimensional.
Density: mass per unit area,  ( x, y )
Mass: quantity of matter in a body, m
Moment of mass: tendency of mass to produce
a rotation about a point, line or plane
Positive moment – clockwise rotation
Negative moment – counterclockwise
rotation
Center of Gravity/Center of Mass:
a point where a system behaves as if all its mass
is concentrated there (balance point).
Centroid: center of mass of a homogeneous
body
Moment of inertia: tendency to resist a
change in the rotational motion about an
axis.
Definition
If  is a continuous density function on the
lamina corresponding to a plane region R, then
 Mass, m     ( x, y ) dA
R
 Moments of mass about the x- and y-axes,
M x    y  ( x, y ) dA
R
M y    x  ( x, y ) dA
R

My Mx 
 Centre of mass, ( x, y ) =  , 
 m m 

 If the density  is constant, the point ( x, y )

is called the centroid of the region.
Example
2
A lamina of density  ( x, y )  x occupies a
2
region R bounded by the parabola y  2  x
and the line y  x . Find
(a) mass
(b) centre of mass of the lamina.

Solution
 sketch the region R
(a) mass of lamina,
1 2  x2
2
m     ( x, y ) dA =   x dy dx
R 2 x
1
2 x 2
x
2
= yx dx
2

1
2 63 4 3
 m =  (2 x  x  x ) dx =
2 20

(b) centre of mass, ( x, y )

My Mx
KNOW: x  , y 
m m
M x    y  ( x, y ) dA
R
 1
2

 2y 2 x
2
1 2 x 2

 
2
= y x dy dx =  x dx
 2
2 x  x
2

1 1 6 9
 M x =  ( x  5 x 4  4 x 2 ) dx = 
2 2 7

M y    x  ( x, y ) dA
R

1 2  x2 1
3 3 2  x2
=   x dy dx =  x y x
dx
2 x 2
1
18
 M y =  (2 x 3  x 5  x 4 ) dx = 
2 5
 63
From (a) we found m = , so the centre of
20
mass is ( x, y ) where

My  18 5 8
x      1.14
m 63 20 7
Mx 97 20
y      0.41
m 63 20 49

In an analogous way, we can use the triple

integral to find mass and the center of mass of a
. The density  ( x, y, z ) at a point
3
solid in
in the solid now refers to mass per unit volume.
 Mass m      ( x, y, z ) dV
G
 Moments
M yz     x  ( x, y, z ) dV
G
 M xz     y  ( x, y, z ) dV
G
M xy     z  ( x, y, z ) dV
G
 Centre of mass
 M yz M xz M xy 
( x, y, z ) =  , , 
 m m m 

 If the density  is constant, the point

( x, y, z ) is called the centroid.

Example
Find the centroid of a solid of constant density 
2 2
bounded below by the disk x  y  4 in the
plane z  0 and above by the paraboloid
z  4  x 2  y 2.
Solution

y
2 z  4  x2  y2

 c.m
x
2 2
2 2
x +y =4
x2 + y2 = 4

By symmetry, x  y  0. So we only need to

find z .
M xy
z 
m
M xy     z  ( x, y, z ) dV
G

4  x2  y2
=   z dz dy dx
R 0
2 2
2 4  x  y
z
=   2 dy dx
R 0

 2 2 2
=   (4  x  y ) dy dx
2 R
2 2
 2 2
=   ( 4  r ) r dr d
2 0 0
2 2
 1 2 3
=   ( 4  r ) dx
2 0 6 0

2
16
=  d
3 0
 32
 M xy =
3
A similar calculation gives

m      ( x, y, z ) dV
G

4  x2  y2
=    dz dy dx = 8
R 0

M xy 32 3 4
Therefore z    .
m 8 3

Thus the centroid is ( x, y, z ) = (0, 0, 43).

Question
A solid is the tetrahedron bounded by the
coordinate planes and the plane
x  y  z  2. If the density
 ( x, y, z )  2 x , find the centre of mass.
3.5.3 Moments of Inertia
 Also called the second moments

Definition
The moments of inertia of a lamina of density 
covering the planar region R about the x-, y-,
and z-axis are given by

I x    y 2 ( x, y ) dA
R
2
I y    x  ( x, y ) dA
R
I z    ( x 2  y 2 ) ( x, y ) dA
R
z

 (x, y)
R
x
The concept of moments of inertia generalise
easily to solid regions.
Suppose the solid occupies a region R and that
the density at each point (x, y, z) in R is given
by  ( x, y, z ) . The moments of inertia of the
solid about the x-, y-, and z-axis are given by

I x     ( y 2  z 2 ) ( x, y, z ) dV
G
I y     ( x 2  z 2 ) ( x, y, z ) dV
G
I z     ( x 2  y 2 ) ( x, y, z ) dV
G
Question 1
2
A lamina of density  ( x, y )  x y occupies
the region R in the plane that is bounded by the
2
parabola y  x and the lines x  2 and
y  1. Find the moments of inertia of the
lamina about the x-axis and the y-axis.

Question 2
Find the moment of inertia of the “ice cream
cone” G cut from the solid sphere   1 by the

cone   about the z-axis. (Take  = 1)
3
Question 3
Find the moment of inertia of a solid
hemisphere of radius 2 with respect to its axis of
symmetry, if the density is proportional to the
distance from the axis of symmetry.