Math Formula Book

AIM FREE EDUCATION TO ALL (APUL)
Join our telegram group t.me/usemybook for more study materials & update
M AT H EM AT I C S
MATHEMATICS
SHORT FORMULAS
Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 1

M AT H EM AT I C S
MATHEMATICS
STRAIGHT LINE
1. Distance Formula: d= x1  x 2 2  y1  y 2 2 .
mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1
2. Section Formula : x= ;y= .
mn mn
3. Centroid, Incentre & Excentre:

 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3   ax1 bx 2  cx 3 ay1 by 2  cy 3 
Centroid G  ,  , Incentre I  , 
 3 3   abc a  b c 
  ax1  bx 2  cx 3  ay1  by 2  cy 3 
Excentre I 1  , 
 abc abc 
4. Area of a Triangle:
x1 y1 1
1
 ABC = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
5. Slope Formula:
y1  y 2
(i) Line Joining two points (x 1 y1) & (x 2 y2), m =
x1  x 2
x1 y1 1
6. Condition of collinearity of three points: x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
7. Angle between two straight lines : tan  = m1  m2 .

1  m1m2
8. Two Lines : ax + by + c = 0 and a x + b y + c = 0 two lines
a b c
1. parallel if =  .
a  b c
c 1 c 2
2. Distance between two parallel lines = .
a 2 b 2
3 Perpendicular : If aa + bb = 0.
9. A point and line:
a x1  b y 1  c
1. Distance between point and line = .
a 2  b2

M AT H EM AT I C S
xx1 yy1 ax 1  by 1  c
2. Reflection of a point about a line:  2
a b a2 b2
x  x1 y  y1 ax 1by1 c
3. Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is   
a b a 2 b 2
ax  by  c ax  by  c 
10. Bisectors of the angles between two lines: =±
a2  b2 a  2  b 2
a1 b1 c1
11. Condition of Concurrency :of three straight lines aix+ biy + ci = 0, i = 1,2,3 is a 2 b 2 c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
12. A Pair of straight lines through origin: ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0

2 h 2  ab
If  is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then tan = ab .
CIRCLE
1. Intercepts made by Circle x 2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Axes:
2
(a) 2 g2 c on x -axis (b) 2 f c on y - aixs
2. Parametric Equations of a Circle: x = h + r cos  ; y = k + r sin 
3. Tangent :
(a) Slope form : y = mx ± a 1  m2
(b) Point form : xx 1 + yy1 = a2 or T = o
(c) Parametric form : x cos  + y sin  = a.
4. Pair of Tangents from a Point: SS1 = T².
5. Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is S1
6. Director Circle: x 2 + y2 = 2a2 for x 2 + y2 = a2
7. Chord of Contact: T = 0
2 LR
1. Length of chord of contact =
R 2  L2
R L3
2. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact =
R 2  L2
 2RL 
3. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x 1, y1) =  2 
2 
 L  R 
4. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT 1 T 2 is : (x  x 1) (x + g) + (y  y1) (y + f) = 0.
8. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 2 g1 g2 + 2 f 1 f 2 = c1 + c2.
9. Radical Axis : S1  S2 = 0 i.e. 2 (g1  g2) x + 2 (f 1  f 2) y + (c1  c2) = 0.
10. Family of Circles: S1 + K S2 = 0, S + KL = 0.

M AT H EM AT I C S
PARABOLA
1. Equation of standard parabola :
y2 = 4ax, Vertex is (0, 0), focus is (a, 0), Directrix is x + a = 0 and Axis is y = 0
Length of the latus rectum = 4a, ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) & L’ (a,  2a).
2. Parametric Representation: x = at² & y = 2at
3. Tangents to the Parabola y² = 4ax:
a
1. Slope form y = mx + (m  0) 2. Parametric form ty = x + at 2
m
3. Point form T = 0
4. Normals to the parabola y² = 4ax :
y1
y  y1 =  (x  x 1) at (x 1, y1) ; y = mx  2am  am 3 at (am 2 2am) ; y + tx = 2at + at 3 at (at 2, 2at).
2a
ELLIPSE
x2 y2
1. Standard Equation :  = 1, where a > b & b² = a² (1  e²).
a2 b2
b2 a
Eccentricity: e = 1  2 , (0 < e < 1) , Directrices : x = ± .
a e
Focii : S  (± a e, 0). Length of, major axes = 2a and minor axes = 2b
Vertices : A ( a, 0) & A  (a, 0) .
2b 2
Latus Rectum : =
a

 2a 1 e 2 
2. Auxiliary Circle : x² + y² = a²
3. Parametric Representation : x = a cos  & y = b sin 
4. Position of a Point w.r.t. an Ellipse:
x12 y12
The point P(x 1, y1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as ;   1 > < or = 0.
a2 b2
2 y2
5. Line and an Ellipse: The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse x2  2 = 1 in two points real, coincident
a b
or imaginary according as c² is < = or > a²m² + b².
xx1 yy1
6. Tangents: Slope form: y = mx ± a 2m 2  b 2 , Point form :  1,
2
a b2
xcos ysin
Parametric form:  1
a b
7.
a2 x b2 y
Normals: x  y = a²  b², ax. sec   by. cosec  = (a²  b²), y = mx 
a2  b2 m
.
 
1 1 a 2  b 2m 2
8. Director Circle: x² + y² = a² + b²

M AT H EM AT I C S
HYPERBOLA
x2 y2
1. Standard Equation: Standard equation of the hyperbola is 2  2  1 , where b2 = a2 (e2  1).
a b
a
Focii : S  (± ae, 0) Directrices : x = ±
e
Vertices : A (± a, 0)
2b 2
Latus Rectum (  ) : = = 2a (e2  1).
a
x2 y2 x2 y2
2. Conjugate Hyperbola :   1 &    1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
a2 b2 a2 b2
3. Auxiliary Circle : x 2 + y2 = a2.
4. Parametric Representation : x = a sec & y = b tan 
5. Position of A Point 'P' w.r.t. A Hyperbola :
2 2
x y
S1  1  1  1 >, = or < 0 according as the point (x 1, y1) lies inside, on or outside the curve.
a2 b2
6. Tangents :
(i) Slope Form : y = m x  a 2 m 2  b 2
xx1 yy1
(ii) Point Form : at the point (x 1, y1) is   1.
2
a b2
x sec  y tan 
(iii) Parametric Form :   1.
a b
7. Normals :
a 2 x b2 y
(a) at the point P (x 1, y1) is  = a2 + b2 = a2 e2.
x1 y1
ax by
(b) at the point P (a sec , b tan ) is  = a2 + b2 = a2 e2.
sec tan
(c) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y = mx 

a 2

 b2 m
.
a 2  b2 m 2
x y x y x2 y 2
8. Asymptotes :  0 and   0 . Pair of asymptotes :  2  0.
a b a b a2 b
9. Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola : xy = c2, eccentricity is 2 .
 
Vertices : (± c , ±c) ; Focii :  2c, 2 c . Directrices : x + y =  2 c
Latus Rectum (l ) :  = 2 2 c = T.A. = C.A.

Parametric equation x = ct, y = c/t, t  R – {0}

M AT H EM AT I C S
x y x
Equation of the tangent at P (x 1, y1) is  = 2 & at P (t) is + t y = 2 c.
x1 y1 t
Equation of the normal at P (t) is x t 3  y t = c (t 4  1).
Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk.
LIMIT OF FUNCTION
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as x  a when,
Limit f (a  h) = Limit f (a + h) = some finite value M.
h 0 h 0
(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)
2. Indeterminant Forms:
0 ,  , 0 , º, 0º, and 1.
0 
3. Standard Limits:
1 1 x
Limit sin x = Limit tanx = Limit tan x = Limit sin x = Limit e  1 = Limit n(1  x ) = 1
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
x x x x x x
x x n n
Limit (1 + x)1/x = Limit 1  1  = e, Limit a  1 = log a, a > 0, Limit x  a = nan – 1.
x 0 x  x x 0 e x a
 x x a
4. Limits Using Expansion
x ln a x 2 ln2 a x 3 ln3 a x x2 x3
(i) a x 1    .........a  0 (ii) ex  1     ......
1! 2! 3! 1 ! 2! 3!
x2 x3 x4 x3 x5 x7
(iii) ln (1+x) = x     .........for  1  x  1 (iv) sin x x     .....
2 3 4 3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6 x 3 2x 5
(v) cosx 1     ..... (vi) tan x = x    ......
2! 4! 6! 3 15
x 3 x5 x7 12 3 12.3 2 5 12.3 2.5 2 7
(vii) tan-1x = x     .... (viii) sin-1x = x  x  x  x  .....
3 5 7 3! 5! 7!
n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)
(x) for |x| < 1, n  R (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x2 + x 3 + ............
1. 2 1. 2 . 3
5. Limits of form 1 , 00,  0

Also for (1) type of problems we can use following rules.
lim (1 + x)1/x = e, lim [f(x)] g(x) , where f(x)  1 ; g(x) as x  a = xlim = e xlim
a
[ f ( x )1] g( x )
x 0 x a a
6. Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:

If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit Limit Limit
x a f(x) =  = x a h(x) then x  a g(x) =  .

M AT H EM AT I C S
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Differentiation of some elementary functions
d d d 1 d 1
1. (x n) = nx n – 1 2. (ax) = ax n a 3. (n |x|) = 4.  (logax) =
dx dx dx x dx x n a
d d d
5. (sin x) = cos x 6. (cos x) = – sin x 7. (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx dx dx
d d d
8. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x 9. (tan x) = sec2 x 10. (cot x) = – cosec 2 x
dx dx dx
2. Basic Theorems
d d d d
1. (f ± g) = f(x) ± g(x) 2. (k f(x)) = k f(x) 3. (f(x) . g(x)) = f(x) g(x) + g(x) f(x)
dx dx dx dx
d  f ( x)  g( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) g( x ) d
4.   = 5. (f(g(x))) = f(g(x)) g(x)
dx  g( x )  g2 ( x ) dx
Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

d sin –1 x 1 d cos –1 x 1
= 2
, =– , for – 1 < x < 1.
dx 1 x dx 1 x2
d tan –1 x 1 d cot –1 x 1
= , =– (x  R)
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2
d sec –1 x 1 d cos ec –1x 1

= , =– , for x  (– , – 1)  (1, )
dx 2
| x | x 1 dx | x | x2  1
3. Differentiation using substitution

Following substitutions are normally used to sumplify these expression.
 
(i) x2  a2 by substituting x = a tan , where – < 
2 2
 
(ii) a2  x2 by substituting x = a sin , where –  
2 2

(iii) x 2  a2 by substituting x = a sec , where [0, ], 
2
xa
(iv) by substituting x = a cos , where (0, ].
ax
4. Parametric Differentiation
dy dy / d
If y = f() & x = g() where is a parameter, then dx  dx / d .
5. Derivative of one function with respect to another

M AT H EM AT I C S
dy dy / dx f ' (x)
Let y = f(x); z = g(x) then   .
dz dz / dx g'(x)
f(x) g( x ) h( x )
6. If F(x) = l( x ) m( x ) n( x ) , where f, g, h, l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x then
u( x ) v( x ) w( x )
f ' ( x ) g' ( x ) h' ( x )
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) f ( x ) g( x ) h( x)
F  (x) = l( x ) m( x ) n( x ) + l' ( x ) m' ( x ) n' ( x ) + l( x ) m( x) n( x)
u( x ) v( x) w( x) u( x ) v( x) w( x) u' ( x ) v' ( x) w ' ( x )
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. Equation of tangent and normal
Tangent at (x 1, y1) is given by (y – y 1) = f(x 1) (x – x 1) ; when, f(x 1) is real.

1
And normal at (x 1 , y1) is (y – y1) = – (x – x 1), when f(x 1) is nonzero real.
f ( x1 )
2. Tangent from an external point
Given a point P(a, b) which does not lie on the curve y = f(x), then the equation of possible tangents to the
curve y = f(x), passing through (a, b) can be found by solving for the point of contact Q.
f (h)  b
f(h) =
ha
f (h)  b
And equation of tangent is y – b = (x – a)
ha
3. Length of tangent, normal, subtangent, subnormal
1
(i) PT = | k | 1  = Length of Tangent
m2
(ii) PN = | k | 1  m2 = Length of Normal
k
(iii) TM = = Length of subtangent
m
(iv) MN = |km| = Length of subnormal.
4. Angle between the curves

Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute angle between their tangents (or normals) at the
point of intersection of two curves (as shown in figure).

M AT H EM AT I C S
m1  m 2
tan  =
1  m1m2
5. Shortest distance between two curves
Shortest distance between two non-intersecting differentiable curves is always along their common normal.
(Wherever defined)
6. Rolle’s Theorem :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b] (ii) derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) f(a) = f(b),
then there exists at least one real number c between a and b (a < c < b) such that f(c) = 0
7. Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b] and (ii) derivable on (a, b)
f (b )  f ( a )
then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a < c < b) such that = f(c)
ba
8. Useful Formulae of Mensuration to Remember :
1. Volume of a cuboid = bh.

2. Surface area of cuboid = 2( b + bh + h).
3. Volume of cube = a3
4. Surface area of cube = 6a2
1 2
5. Volume of a cone = r h.
3
6. Curved surface area of cone = r ( = slant height)
7. Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2rh.
8. Total surface area of a cylinder = 2rh + 2r2.
4 3
9. Volume of a sphere = r .
3
10. Surface area of a sphere = 4r2.
1 2
11. Area of a circular sector = r , when  is in radians.
2
12. Volume of a prism = (area of the base) × (height).
13. Lateral surface area of a prism = (perimeter of the base) × (height).
14. Total surface area of a prism = (lateral surface area) + 2 (area of the base)
(Note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangle).
1
15. Volume of a pyramid = (area of the base) × (height).
3
1
16. Curved surface area of a pyramid = (perimeter of the base) × (slant height).
2
(Note that slant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles).

M AT H EM AT I C S
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1. If f & g are functions of x such that g (x) = f(x) then,
d
 f(x) dx = g(x) + c 
dx
{g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration.
2. Standard Formula:
ax  bn 1 dx 1
(i)  (ax + b) n
dx =
a  n  1
+ c, n  1 (ii)  = n (ax + b) + c
ax  b a
1 ax+b 1 a pxq
(iii)  eax+b dx =
a
e +c (iv)  apx+q dx =
p n a
+ c; a > 0
1 1
(v)  sin (ax + b) dx = 
a
cos (ax + b) + c (vi)  cos (ax + b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c
1 1
(vii)  tan(ax + b) dx =
a
n sec (ax + b) + c (viii)  cot(ax + b) dx =
a
n sin(ax + b)+ c
1 1 cot(ax + b)+ c
(ix)  sec² (ax + b) dx =
a
tan(ax + b) + c (x)  cosec²(ax + b) dx = 
a
   x  + c
(xiii)  secx dx = n (secx + tanx) + c OR n tan
 4 2
x
(xiv)  cosec x dx = n (cosecx  cotx) + c OR n tan
2
+ c OR  n (cosecx + cotx) + c
dx x dx 1 x
(xv)  a2  x2
= sin1
a
+c (xvi)  2
a x 2
=
a
tan1 + c
a
dx 1 x
(xvii)  2
| x | x a 2
=
a
sec1
a
+c (xviii)

dx
x 2 a 2
= n x  x2  a 2  +c
dx dx 1 ax
(xix)  x2  a 2
= n x  x2  a2  +c (xx)  =
a 2  x2 2 a
 n ax + c
dx 1 xa x a2 x
(xxi)  =
x2  a 2 2 a
 n xa + c (xxii)  2
a  x dx = 2
2
2
a x 2
+
2
sin1
a
+c
 x  x2  a2 
x a2  
(xxiii)  x 2  a 2 dx =
2
x2  a 2 +
2
n 

a + c

 x  x2  a 2 
x a2  
(xxiv)  2
x  a dx =2
2
2
x a 2

2
n 

a  +c


M AT H EM AT I C S
3. Integration by Subsitutions
If we subsitute f(x) = t, then f (x) dx = dt
4. Integration by Part :
 d 
 f ( x) g(x) dx = f(x)  g(x) dx –   dx f (x )  g(x ) dx  dx
dx
5. Integration of type  ax dx
2
,  ,
 ax bx c
2 dx
bx  c
2
ax bx c
b
Make the substitution x + =t
2a
6. Integration of type

 ax pxbxqc px q ax 2  bx  c dx
2
dx,  2 
dx,  (px  q)
ax bx c
b
Make the substitution x + = t , then split the integral as some of two integrals one containing the
2a
linear term and the other containing constant term.
7. Integration of trigonometric functions
dx dx
(i)   2
OR  a  b cos x
2
OR  a sin x  b sinxdxcosx  c cos
2 2
x
put tan x = t.
a b sin x
dx dx dx x
(ii)  a  b sinx
OR  
OR  put tan = t
2
a b cosx a  b sin x  c cos x
a.cosx b.sinx c dx. Express Nr  A(Dr) + B d (Dr) + c & proceed.
(iii)  .cosx m.sinx n dx
x 1
2
 x  Kx  1
4 2
dx where K is any constant.
1
Divide Nr & Dr by x² & put x  = t.
x
dx dx
 OR  2   ; put px + q = t 2.
ax  b) px  q ax bx c px q
(
dx , put ax + b = 1 ;  dx , put x = 1
 t 2 2 t
ax  b) px  qx  r ax b) px q
2
(
(

M AT H EM AT I C S
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Properties of definite integral
b b b a b c b
1.  f (x ) dx =  f (t ) dt
a a
2.  f (x ) dx = –  f (x ) dx
a b
3.  f (x ) dx =  f (x ) dx +  f (x ) dx
a a c
a a  a
2 f ( x) dx , f (– x )  f ( x)

4. f ( x ) dx = (f ( x )  f (  x )) dx = 
 
a 0  0
 0 , f (– x )  – f ( x )
b b a a
5.  f ( x ) dx = 
a
f (a  b  x ) dx 6. 
0
f ( x ) dx =  f (a  x ) dx
0
a
 a
2a 2 f ( x ) dx , f (2a – x )  f ( x )
a
f ( x ) dx = ( f ( x )  f (2a  x )) dx =  0

7.   
0 , f (2a – x )  – f ( x)
0 0 
8. If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

nT T a nT T
 f ( x ) dx = n  0
f ( x ) dx, n  z, 
a
f ( x ) dx = n  f (x ) dx, n  z, a  R
0
0
nT T a nT a
 f ( x ) dx = (n – m) 
0
f ( x ) dx, m, n  z, 
nT
f ( x ) dx =  f (x ) dx, n  z, a  R
0
mT
b  nT a
 f (x ) dx =  f (x ) dx, n  z, a, b  R
a  nT a
b b b
9. If (x)  f(x)   (x) for a  x  b, then  ( x ) dx  a

f ( x ) dx 
 (x ) dx
a a
b
10. If m  f(x)  M for a  x  b, then m (b – a)   f (x ) dx  M (b – a)
a
b b b
11. a
f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx 12. If f(x)  0 on [a, b] then  f (x) dx  0
a a
h( x )
dF( x )
Leibnitz Theorem : If F(x) =  f (t ) dt , then
g( x )
dx
= h(x) f(h(x)) – g(x) f(g(x))
BASICS
Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving inequalities or in finding domains.
If there are two numbers a, b  R such that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as follows :
Symbols Used
(i) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included. ( ) or ] [

M AT H EM AT I C S
(ii) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also included. []
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(iii) Open-closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x  b} ( ] or ]]
(iv) Closed - open interval : [a, b) = x : a  x < b} [ ) or [[
The infinite intervals are defined as follows :

(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
(iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (, b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (– ) = {x : x  R}
Properties of Modulus :
For any a, b  R
a |a|
|a|  0, |a| = |–a|, |a|  a, |a|  –a, |ab| = |a| |b|, = |b| ,
b
|a + b|  |a| + |b|, |a – b|  ||a| – |b||
Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:

(a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB  2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(AB) and
and 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B)  sin(AB)
(b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB
 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(AB) and 2sinA sinB = cos(AB)  cos(A+B)
(c) sin²A  sin²B = cos²B  cos²A = sin (A+B). sin (A B)
(d) cos²A  sin²B = cos²B  sin²A = cos (A+B). cos (A  B)
cot A cot B  1
(e) cot (A ± B) = cot B  cot A
tan A  tan B  tanCtan A tan B tan C

(f) tan (A + B + C) = .
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C tan C tan A
Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines:
CD CD CD CD
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos (b) sinC  sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
CD CD CD CD

(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos (d) cosC  cosD =  2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles :
 
(a) cos 2A = cos²A  sin²A = 2cos²A  1 = 1  2 sin²A; 2 cos² = 1 + cos , 2 sin² = 1  cos .
2 2
2 tan A 1tan 2 A
(c) sin 2A = 2 , cos 2A = (d) sin 3A = 3 sinA  4 sin3A
1  tan A 1 tan2 A
3 tan A  tan3 A
(e) cos 3A = 4 cos3A  3 cosA (f) tan 3A =
1  3 tan 2 A
Important Trigonometric Ratios:
(a) sin n  = 0 ; cos n  = (1) ; tan n  = 0, where n  

M AT H EM AT I C S
 3 1 5
(b) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12
 3 1 5
cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin ;
12 2 2 12
3 1 3 1
tan 15° = = 2 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75° = = 2 3 = cot 15°
3 1 3 1
 5 1  5 1
(c) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4
Range of Trigonometric Expression:

– a 2  b 2 a sin  + b cos   a2  b2
Sine and Cosine Series :

n
sin 2  n1 

sin  + sin (+) + sin ( + 2 ) +...... + sin   n 1 =
sin
  
 sin 

2 
2
n
sin 2  n 1 

cos  + cos (+) + cos ( + 2 ) +...... + cos   n  1 =
sin
  
 cos  2 

2
Trigonometric Equations
Principal Solutions: Solutions which lie in the interval [0, 2) are called Principal solutions.
General Solution :
 
(i) sin  = sin    = n  + (1)n  where    ,  , n  .
 2 2
(ii) cos  = cos    = 2 n  ±  where   [0, ], n  .
  
(iii) tan  = tan    = n  +  where    ,  , n  .
 2 2
(iv) sin²  = sin² , cos²  = cos² , tan²  = tan²    = n  ± 
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. Quadratic Equation : a x 2 + b x + c = 0, a  0
 b  b2  4 a c
x= , The expression b2  4 a c  D is called discriminant of quadratic equation.
2a
b c
If ,  are the roots, then (a)  +  =  (b)  =
a a
A quadratic equation whose roots are  & , is (x ) (x ) = 0 i.e. x 2  ( +  ) x +  = 0
2. Nature of Roots:
Consider the quadratic equation, a x 2 + b x + c = 0 having ,  as its roots; D  b2  4 a c

M AT H EM AT I C S
D=0 D0
Roots are equal =  =  b/2a Roots are unequal
a, b, c  R & D > 0 a, b, c  R & D < 0

Roots are real Roots are imaginary  = p + i q,  = p  i q
a, b, c  Q & a, b, c  Q &
D is a perfect square D is not a perfect square
 Roots are rational  Roots are irrational
 i.e.  = p + q ,  = p  q
a = 1, b, c   & D is a perfect square
 Roots are integral.
3. Common Roots:
Consider two quadratic equations a 1 x 2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 & a2 x 2 + b2 x + c2 = 0.
a1 b c
(i) If two quadratic equations have both roots common, then = 1 = 1 .
a 2 b2 c 2
c a  c 2 a1 b c  b2 c1
(ii) If only one root  is common, then  = 1 2 = 1 2
a 1 b2  a 2 b1 c1 a 2  c2 a1
4. Range of Quadratic Expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c.
Range in restricted domain: Given x  [x 1, x 2]

b
(a) If 
2a
 
 [x 1, x 2] then, f (x)  min f ( x1 ) , f ( x 2 ) ,  
max f ( x 1) , f ( x 2 ) 
b   D  D 
(b) If   [x 1, x 2] then, f(x)   min  f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) ,  4 a  , max  f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) ,  4 a  
2a      
5. Location of Roots:
Let f (x) = ax² + bx + c, where a > 0 & a, b, c  R.
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number‘x 0’ are
b²  4ac  0; f (x 0) > 0 & ( b/2a) > x 0.
(ii) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number ‘x 0’ are
b²  4ac  0; f (x 0) > 0 & ( b/2a) < x 0.
(iii) Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number ‘x 0’ (in other words the
number ‘x 0’ lies between the roots of f (x) = 0), is f (x 0) < 0.

M AT H EM AT I C S
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be conf ined between the numbers x 1 and
x 2, (x 1 < x 2) are b²  4ac  0; f (x 1) > 0 ; f (x 2) > 0 & x 1 < ( b/2a) < x 2.
(v) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (x 1, x 2) i.e.
x 1 < x < x 2 is f (x 1). f (x 2) < 0.
SEQUENCE & SERIES
An arithmetic progression (A.P.) : a, a + d, a + 2 d,....... a + (n  1) d is an A.P.

Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an A.P., then n th term = t n = a + (n – 1) d
The sum of first n terms of are A.P.
n n
Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d] = [a +  ]
2 2
rth term of an A.P. when sum of first r terms is given is t r = Sr – Sr – 1.
Properties of A.P.
(i) If a, b, c are in A.P.  2 b = a + c & if a, b, c, d are in A.P.  a + d = b + c.
(ii) Three numbers in A.P. can be taken as a  d, a, a + d; four numbers in A.P. can be taken as
a  3d, a  d, a + d, a + 3d; five numbers in A.P. are a  2d, a  d, a, a + d, a + 2d & six terms in A.P. are
a  5d, a  3d, a  d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d etc.
(iii) Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning & end = sum of first & last term.
Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average) (A.M.):

If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the A.M. between the other two, so if a, b, c are
in A.P., b is A.M. of a & c.
n  Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers:
If a, b are any two given numbers & a, A 1, A2,...., An, b are in A.P. then A1, A2,... An are the
ba 2 (b  a ) n (b  a )
n A.M.’s between a & b. A 1 = a + , A2 = a + ,......, An = a +
n1 n1 n1
n
 Ar = nA where A is the single A.M. between a & b.
r1
Geometric Progression: a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4,...... is a G.P. with a as the first term & r as common ratio.
a rn  1
   , r 1
(i) nth
term = a rn1 (ii) Sum of the first n terms i.e. S n =  r  1
 na , r 1
a
(iii) Sum of an infinite G.P. when r < 1 is given by S =
1 r
r 1 .  
Geometric Means (Mean Proportional) (G.M.):
If a, b, c > 0 are in G.P., b is the G.M. between a & c, then b² = ac
nGeometric Means Between positive number a, b: If a, b are two given numbers & a, G 1, G 2,.....,
G n, b are in G.P.. Then G 1, G 2, G 3,...., G n are n G.M.s between a & b.
G 1 = a(b/a)1/n+1, G 2 = a(b/a)2/n+1,......, G n = a(b/a)n/n+1

M AT H EM AT I C S
Harmonic Mean (H.M.):
2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P., b is the H.M. between a & c, then b = .
ac
1 1  1  1  .......  1 
H.M. H of a1, a2 , ........ an is given by =  
H n  a1 a 2 an 
Relation between means :

G² = AH, A.M.  G.M.  H.M. and A.M. = G.M. = H.M. if a1 = a2 = a3 = ...........= an
Important Results
n n n n n n
(i)  (ar ± br ) =  ar ±  br . (ii)  k ar = k  ar . (iii)  k = nk; where k is a constant.
r1 r1 r1 r1 r1 r1
n n
n (n 1) n (n  1) (2n  1)
(iv)  r = 1 + 2 + 3 +...........+ n =
2
(v)  r² = 12 + 22 + 32 +...........+ n2 =
6
r1 r1
n
n 2 (n  1) 2
(vi)  r3 = 13 + 23 + 33 +...........+ n3 =
4
r1
n
(vii) 2 a a
i  j 1
i j = (a1 + a2 + ........+ an )2 – (a12 + a22 + ...... + an 2)
BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. Statement of Binomial theorem : If a, b  R and n  N, then
n
n
n
(a + b) = C0 a b + C1 a n n 0 n n–1 1
b + C2 an n–2 2 n
b +...+ Cr a n–r r n
b +...+ Cn a b = 0 n  Cr an r b r
r 0
2. Properties of Binomial Theorem :

(i) General term : T r+1 = n Cr an–r br
(ii) Middle term (s) :
n2
(a) If n is even, there is only one middle term, which is   th term.
 2 
 n  1 n1 
(b) If n is odd, there are two middle terms, which are   th and   1 th terms.
 2   2 
n!
3. Multinomial Theorem : (x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ........... x k)n = 
r1 r2 ... rk
r !
n 1 2
r !... rk !
x 1r1 . x r22 ...x rkk
n+k–1
Here total number of terms in the expansion = Ck–1
4. Application of Binomial Theorem :
n
If ( A  B) =  + f where  and n are positive integers, n being odd and 0 < f < 1 then ( + f) f =
kn where A – B2 = k > 0 and A – B < 1.
If n is an even integer, then ( + f) (1 – f) = kn

M AT H EM AT I C S
5. Properties of Binomial Coefficients :

n
(i) C0 + n C1 + n C2 + ........+ n Cn = 2n
n
(ii) C0 – n C1 + n C2 – n C3 + ............. + (–1) n n Cn = 0
n
(iii) C0 + n C2 + n C4 + .... = n C1 + n C3 + n C5 + .... = 2n–1
n
Cr n r 1
n n n+1
(iv) Cr + Cr–1 = Cr (v) n =
Cr 1 r
6. Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3 n(n  1)(n  2).......(n  r  1) r
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + .... + x + ....,| x | < 1.
2! 3! r!
n(n  1)(n  2).........(n  r  1)
T r+1 = xr
r!
PERMUTATION & COMBINNATION

1. Arrangement : number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time =
n
n!
Pr = n (n  1) (n  2)... (n  r + 1) =
(n  r )!
2. Circular Permutation :
The number of circular permutations of n different things taken all at a time is; (n – 1)!
n! n
P
3. Selection : Number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time = n Cr = = r
r! (n  r )! r!
4. The number of permutations of 'n' things, taken all at a time, when 'p' of them are similar & of one type, q
of them are similar & of another type, 'r' of them are similar & of a third type & the remaining
n!
n  (p + q + r) are all different is .
p! q! r !
5. Selection of one or more objects
(a) Number of ways in which atleast one object be selected out of 'n' distinct objects is
n
C1 + n C2 + n C3 +...............+ n Cn = 2n – 1
(b) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected out of 'p' alike objects of one type
'q' alike objects of second type and 'r' alike of third type is
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) – 1
(c) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected from 'n' objects where 'p' alike of
one type 'q' alike of second type and 'r' alike of third type and rest
n – (p + q + r) are different, is
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) 2n – (p + q + r) – 1
6. Multinomial Theorem :
Coefficient of x r in expansion of (1  x)n = n+r1Cr (n  N)
7. Let N = pa. qb. rc. ..... where p, q, r...... are distinct primes & a, b, c..... are natural numbers then :
(a) The total numbers of divisors of N including 1 & N is = (a + 1) (b + 1) (c + 1)........
(b) The sum of these divisors is =
(p0 + p1 + p2 +.... + pa) (q0 + q1 + q2 +.... + qb ) (r0 + r1 + r2 +.... + rc)........
(c) Number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two factors is

M AT H EM AT I C S
1 (a  1)(b  1)( c  1).... if N is not a perfect square

= 2
1
2
(a  1)(b  1)(c  1)....1 if N is a perfect square
(d) Number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two factors which are
relatively prime (or coprime) to each other is equal to 2 n1 where n is the number of different
prime factors in N.
8. Dearrangement :
Number of ways in which 'n' letters can be put in 'n' corresponding envelopes such that no letter goes to
 1 1 1 1 n 1
correct envelope is n ! 1     ............  ( 1) 
 1! 2! 3 ! 4 ! n ! 
PROBABILITY
1. Classical (A priori) Definition of Probability :
If an experiment results in a total of (m + n) outcomes which are equally likely and mutually exclusive
with one another and if ‘m’ outcomes are favorable to an event ‘A’ while ‘n’ are unfavorable, then the
m n( A )
probability of occurrence of the event ‘A’ = P(A) = = .
mn n(S)
We say that odds in favour of ‘A’ are m : n, while odds against ‘A’ are n : m.
n
P( A ) = = 1 – P(A)
mn
2. Addition theorem of probability : P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)
De Morgan’s Laws : (a) (A B)c = Ac Bc (b) (A B)c = Ac Bc
Distributive Laws :(a) A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C) (b) A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C)
(i) P(A or B or C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A B) – P(B C) – P(C A) + P(A B C)
(ii) P (at least two of A, B, C occur) = P(B  C) + P(C  A) + P(A  B) – 2P(A B C)
(iii) P(exactly two of A, B, C occur) = P(B C) + P(C A) + P(A B) – 3P(A B  C)
(iv) P(exactly one of A, B, C occur) =
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – 2P(B C) – 2P(C A) – 2P(A B) + 3P(A B C)
P(A  B)
3. Conditional Probability : P(A/B) = P(B)
.
4. Binomial Probability Theorem

If an experiment is such that the probability of success or failure does not change with trials, then the
probability of getting exactly r success in n trials of an experiment is n Cr pr qn – r, where ‘p’ is the probability
of a success and q is the probability of a failure. Note that p + q = 1.
5. Expectation :
If a value M i is associated with a probability of p i , then the expectation is given by  piMi.
n
6. Total Probability Theorem : P(A) =  P(B ) . P(A / B )
i 1
i i
7. Bayes’ Theorem :
If an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events B 1, B2 , ....., Bn and

M AT H EM AT I C S
P(B i ) . P( A / B i )
the probabilities P(A/B 1), P(A/B2) .... P(A/Bn ) are known, then P(Bi / A) = n
B1, B2, B3,........,Bn

 P(B ) . P( A / B )
i 1
i i
A = (A  B1)  (A  B2)  (A  B3)  ........  (A  Bn )

n
P(A) = P(A  B1) + P(A B2) + ....... + P(A Bn ) =  P(A  B )

i1
i
8. Binomial Probability Distribution :

 pi x i
(i) Mean of any probability distribution of a random variable is given by : µ = =  pi x i
 pi
(ii) Variance of a random variable is given by, 2 = (x i – µ)2 . pi = pi x i2 – µ2
COMPLEX NUMBER
1. The complex number system

z = a + ib, then a – ib is called congugate of z and is denoted by z .
2. Equality In Complex Number: z1 = z2  Re(z1) = Re(z2) and m (z1) = m (z2).
3. Representation Of A Complex Number:

4. Properties of arguments
(i) arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2) + 2m for some integer m.
(ii) arg(z1/z2) = arg (z1) – arg(z2) + 2m for some integer m.
(iii) arg (z2) = 2arg(z) + 2m for some integer m.
(iv) arg(z) = 0  z is a positive real number
(v) arg(z) = ± /2  z is purely imaginary and z  0
5. Properties of conjugate
(i) |z| = | z | (ii) z z = |z|2 (iii) z 1  z 2 = z1 + z 2
 z1  z
(iv) z 1  z 2 = z1 – z 2 (v) z1z 2 = z1 z2 (vi)   = 1 (z2  0)
 z2  z2
(vii) |z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) (z1  z 2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2

(viii) ( z1 ) = z (ix) If w = f(z), then w = f( z )
(x) arg(z) + arg( z )
6. Rotation theorem
 z3  z2  z3  z2
If P(z1), Q(z2) and R(z3) are three complex numbers and PQR = , then  z  z  = z1  z 2 e
i
 1 2 
7. Demoivre’s Theorem :
Case  : If n is any integer then

M AT H EM AT I C S
(i) (cos  + i sin  )n = cos n + i sin n

(ii) (cos 1 + i sin 1) (cos 2 + i sin 2) (cos3 + i sin 2) (cos 3 + i sin 3) .....(cos n + i sin n)
= cos (1 + 2 + 3 + ......... n) + i sin (1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n)
 2k   p   2k   p 
Case If p, q  Z and q  0 then (cos  + i sin )p/q = cos   + i sin  
 q   q 
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......, q – 1
8. Cube Root Of Unity :
(i) The cube roots of unity are 1,  1  i 3 ,  1  i 3 .

2 2
(ii) If  is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 +  + ² = 0. In general 1 + r + 2r = 0;
where r  I but is not the multiple of 3.
9. Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity :

1  
(i) Loge (+ i  ) = Loge (² +  ²) + i  2 n   tan 1  where n  .
2 
10. Geometrical Properties:
Distance formula : |z1 – z2|.
mz 2  nz 1 mz 2  nz1
Section formula : z = (internal division), z = (external division)
mn m n
(1) amp(z) =  is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle  to the x axis.
(2) z  a = z  b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(3) The equation of a line joining z 1 & z2 is given by, z = z1 + t (z1  z2) where t is a real parameter.
(4) The equation of circle having centre z 0 & radius  is :

z  z0 =  or z z  z0 z  z0 z + z0 z0  ² = 0 which is of the form
z z   z   z + k = 0, k is real. Centre is  & radius =    k .
Circle will be real if    k  0..
(5) If |z1 – z1| + |z – z2| = K > |z1 – z2| then locus of z is an ellipse whose focii are z 1 & z2
z  z1
(6) If z  z2 = k  1, 0, then locus of z is circle.
(7) If z – z1  – z – z2 = K < z1 – z2 then locus of z is a hyperbola, whose focii are
z1 & z2.
VECTORS
1. Position Vector Of A Point:
 
let O be a fixed origin, then the position vector of a point P is the vector OP . If a and b are position
 
vectors of two points A and B, then, AB = b  a = pv of B  pv of A.

M AT H EM AT I C S
   
DISTANCE FORMULA : Distance between the two points A (a) and B (b) is AB = a  b
   
 na  m b ab
SECTION FORMULA : r  . Mid point of AB = .
mn 2
    
2. Scalar Product Of Two Vectors: a . b = | a | | b | cos , where | a |, | b | are magnitude of a and
  
b respectively and  is angle between a and b .

  a . b
1. i.i = j.j = k.k = 1; i.j = j.k = k.i = 0  projection of a on b  
|b|
   
2. If a = a1i + a2j + a3k & b = b1i + b2j + b3k then a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

  a.b
 , 0 
3. The angle  between a & b is given by cos   
|a| |b|
     
4. a.b  0  a  b (a  0 b  0 )
3. Vector Product Of Two Vectors:

       
1. If a & b are two vectors &  is the angle between them then a x b  a b sin  n , where n is the unit
    
vector perpendicular to both a & b such that a , b & n forms a right handed screw system.
   
2. Geometrically a x b = area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented by a & b .

3. î  î  ĵ  ĵ  k̂  k̂  0 ; î  ĵ  k̂, ĵ  k̂  î, k̂  î  ĵ
 î ĵ k̂
  
4. If a = a1 î +a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ & b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂ then a  b  a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b3
        
5. a  b  o  a and b are parallel (collinear) (a  0 , b  0) i.e. a  K b , where K is a scalar..
 
  a xb
6. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a & b is n̂    
a xb
  
 If a , b & c are the pv’s of 3 points A, B & C then the vector area of triangle ABC =
1             
2
 
a x b  b x c  cx a . The points A, B & C are collinear if a x b  b x c  c x a  0
  1  
 Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d 1 & d 2 is given by d1 x d 2
2
  
  2  2  2   2 a.aa.b
 Lagrange's Identity : (axb)  a b (a.b)     
a.bb.b

M AT H EM AT I C S
4. Scalar Triple Product:

        
 The scalar triple product of three vectors a , b & c is defined as: a x b . c  a b c sin  cos  .

 Volume of tetrahydron V[abc]
 In a scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged i.e.
            
a . ( b x c)  (a x b). c OR [ a b c ]  [ b c a ]  [ c a b ]
       
 a . (b x c)   a .( c x b) i. e. [ a b c ]   [ a c b ]
a a a
   
1 2 3
 If a = a1i+a2j+a3k; b = b1i+b2j+b3k & c = c1i+c2j+c3k then [a b c]  b1 b 2 b 3 .

c c c
         1 23 
In general, if a  a 1 l  a 2 m  a 3 n ; b  b1 l  b 2 m  b 3 n & c  c1 l  c2 m  c3 n
a1 a2 a3
   
 
then a b c  b1 b2 b3  l mn  ; where  , m & n are non coplanar vectors.
c1 c2 c3
   
 If a , b , c are coplanar  [ a b c ]  0 .
   1 
 Volume of tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & A( a ), B( b ) and C( c ) be the vertices = [a b c]
6
   
 The positon vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv’s of its vertices are a , b , c & d are given by
1    
[a  b  c  d] .
4
                 
5. Vector Triple Product: a x ( b x c ) = (a . c) b  (a . b) c , (a x b) x c = (a . c) b  (b . c) a
     
 (a x b) x c  a x ( b x c) , in general
6. Reciprocal System Of Vectors:

           
If a, b, c & a' , b' , c' are two sets of non coplanar vectors such that a.a' = b. b' = c. c' = 1 then the two
     
 bxc  c x a , c  = axb
systems are called Reciprocal System of vectors, where a =    , b =      
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
3-DIMENSION
1. Vector representation of a point : Position vector of point P (x, y, z) is x î + y ĵ + z k̂ .
2. Distance formula : ( x 1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2  ( z1  z 2 ) 2 , AB = | OB – OA |
3. Distance of P from coordinate axes : PA = y 2  z 2 , PB = z 2  x 2 , PC = x 2  y 2

M AT H EM AT I C S
mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 mz 2  nz1

4. Section Formula : x = ,y= ,z=
mn mn mn
x1  x 2 y  y2 z  z2
Mid point : x  , y 1 ,z 1
2 2 2
5. Direction Cosines And Direction Ratios

(i) Direction cosines: Let  be the angles which a directed
line makes with the positive directions of the axes of x, y and z
respectively, then cos , cos cos  are called the direction cosines of
the line. The direction cosines are usually denoted by ( , m, n). Thus 
= cos , m = cos  , n = cos  .
(ii) If , m, n be the direction cosines of a line, then 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1
(iii) Direction ratios: Let a, b, c be proportional to the direction cosines , m, n then a, b, c are called
the direction ratios.
(iv) If , m, n be the direction cosines and a, b, c be the direction ratios of a vector, then
a b c
 ,m   ,n  
a 2  b2  c 2 a2  b 2  c 2 a 2  b2  c 2
(vi) If the coordinates P and Q are (x 1, y1, z1) and (x 2, y2, z2) then the direction ratios of line PQ are,
x 2  x1
a = x 2  x 1, b = y2  y1 & c = z2  z1 and the direction cosines of line PQ are  = , m
| PQ |
y 2  y1 z 2  z1
= and n =
| PQ | | PQ |
6. Angle Between Two Line Segments:
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2

cos  = .
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c 22
a1 b c1
The line will be perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, parallel if = 1 =
a2 b2 c2
7. Projection of a line segment on a line

If P(x 1, y1, z1) and Q(x 2, y2, z2) then the projection of PQ on a line having direction cosines  , m, n is
(x 2  x1 )  m( y 2  y1 )  n(z2  z1 )
8. Equation Of A Plane : General form: ax + by + cz + d = 0, where a, b, c are not all zero,

a, b, c, d  R.
(i) Normal form : x + my + nz = p
(ii) Plane through the point (x 1, y1, z1) : a (x  x 1) + b( y  y1) + c (z  z1) = 0
x y z
(iii) Intercept Form:   1
a b c

M AT H EM AT I C S
      
(iv) Vector form: ( r  a ). n = 0 or r . n = a . n
(v) Any plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz +  = 0.
| d1  d2 |
Distance between ax + by + cz + d 1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0 is =
a2  b2  c 2
(vi) Equation of a plane passing through a given point & parallel to the given vectors:
   
r = a + b +  c (parametric form) where  &  are scalars.
     
or r . ( b  c) = a . ( b  c) (non parametric form)
9. A Plane & A Point

ax' by' cz' d
(i) Distance of the point (x  , y , z ) from the plane ax + by + cz+ d = 0 is given by .
a 2  b2  c 2
 
   | a .n  d |
(ii) Length of the perpendicular from a point ( a ) to plane r . n = d is given by p =  .
|n|
(iii) F oot (x  , y  , z  ) of perpendi cul ar drawn f rom t he poi nt (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) t o t he pl ane
x ' x 1 y '  y 1 z ' z 1 (ax1  by1  cz1  d)
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by   =–
a b c a2  b2  c 2
(iv) To find image of a point w.r.t. a plane:
Let P (x 1, y1, z1) is a given point and ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given plane Let (x, y, z) is the
x ' x 1 y '  y 1 z ' z 1 (ax1  by1  cz1  d)
image point. then   =–2
a b c a2  b2  c 2
10. Angle Between Two Planes:
aa'bb'cc '
cos  =
a  b  c2
2 2
a '2  b ' 2  c ' 2
a b c
Planes are perpendicular if aa + bb + cc = 0 and planes are parallel if = =
a' b' c'
 
    n1 . n 2
The angle  between the planes r . n1 = d1 and r . n 2 = d2 is given by, cos  =  
| n1 | . | n2 |
   
Planes are perpendicular if n1 . n 2 = 0 & planes are parallel if n1 =  n 2 ,  is a scalar
11. Angle Bisectors

(i) The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two given planes
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 are
a1x  b1y  c1z  d1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2

=±
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b22  c22
(ii) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle: First make both the constant terms positive. Then

M AT H EM AT I C S
a1a2 + b1b2 + c 1c 2 > 0  origin lies on obtuse angle

a1a2 + b1b2 + c 1c 2 < 0  origin lies in acute angle
12. Family of Planes

(i) Any plane through the intersection of a 1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 &a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 +  (a2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0
 
(ii) The equation of plane passing through the intersection of the planes r . n1 = d 1 &
   
r . n 2 = d2 is r . (n1 +  n 2 ) = d1  d2 where  is arbitrary scalar
  1  
13. Area of triangle  From two vector AB and AC . Then area is given by | AB x AC |
2
14. Volume Of A Tetrahedron: Volume of a tetrahedron with vertices A (x 1, y1, z1), B( x 2, y2, z2), C (x 3,
x1 y1 z1 1
x y2 z2 1
1 2
y3, z3) and D (x 4, y4, z4) is given by V =
6 x3 y3 z3 1
x4 y4 z4 1
A LINE
1. Equation Of A Line
(i) A straight line is intersection of two planes.
it is reprsented by two planes a 1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + +c2z + d2 =0.
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(ii) Symmetric form : = = = r..
a b c
  
(iii) Vector equation: r = a +  b
(vi) Reduction of cartesion form of equation of a line to vector form & vice versa
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1  = (x + y + z ) +
= =  r 1 î 1 ĵ 1 k̂
 (a î + b ĵ + c k̂ ).
a b c
2. Angle Between A Plane And A Line:

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(i) If  is the angle between line = = and the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, then
 m n
a   bm  c n
sin  = .
(a2  b2  c 2 )  2  m 2  n2
 
   b.n 
(ii) Vector form: If  is the angle between a line r = ( a +  b ) and r . n = d then sin =     .
| b | | n |
 m n  
(iii) Condition for perpendicularity = = , b xn = 0
a b c

M AT H EM AT I C S
 
(iv) Condition for parallel a + bm + cn = 0 b.n = 0
3. Condition For A Line To Lie In A Plane
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(i) Cartesian form: Line = = would lie in a plane
 m n
ax + by + cz + d = 0, if ax 1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0 & a + bm + cn = 0.
        
(ii) Vector form: Line r = a +  b would lie in the plane r . n = d if b.n = 0 &a .n = d
4. Skew Lines:
(i) The straight lines which are not parallel and non coplanar i.e. nonintersecting are called
 ' '  ' 

skew lines. If  =  m n  0, then lines are skew..
' m' n'
         
(iii) Vector Form: For lines r = a 1 +  b1 and r = a 2 +  b 2 to be skew ( b1 x b 2 ). ( a 2  a1 )  0
  
      (a 2  a1 )  b
(iv) Shortest distance between lines r = a 1 +  b & r = a 2 +  b is d =  .
|b|
5. Sphere
General equation of a sphere is x 2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. ( u, – v, w) is the centre
and u 2  v 2  w 2  d is the radius of the sphere.
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
a b c
1. Sine Rule:   .
sin A sin B sin C
b 2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b 2 a 2  b 2  c2
2. Cosine Formula: (i) cos A = (ii) cos B = (iii) cos C =
2b c 2 ca 2a b
3. Projection Formula: (i) a = b cosC + c cosB (ii) b = c cosA + a cosC (iii) c = a cosB + b cosA
4. Napier’s Analogy - tangent rule:

BC bc A CA c a B AB ab C
(i) tan = cot (ii) tan = cot (iii) tan = cot
2 bc 2 2 ca 2 2 ab 2
5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles:
A (s  b) (s  c) B (s  c) (s  a ) C (s  a ) (s  b)
(i) sin = ; sin = ; sin =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A s (s  a ) B s (s  b ) C s (s  c)
(ii) cos = ; cos = ; cos =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

M AT H EM AT I C S
A (s  b) (s  c)  abc
(iii) tan = = where s = is semi perimetre of triangle.
2 s (s  a ) s (s  a ) 2
2 2
(iv) sin A = s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c) =
bc bc
1 1 1
6. Area of Triangle () :  = ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B = s (s  a ) (s  b) (s  c)
2 2 2
7. m - n Rule:
If BD : DC = m : n, then
(m + n) cot   m cot   n cot 
 n cot B  m cot C
8. Radius of Circumcirlce :
a b c a bc
R=   =
2 sinA 2 sinB 2 sinC 4
9. Radius of The Incircle :

 A B C
(i) r = (ii) r = (s  a) tan = (s  b) tan = (s  c) tan
s 2 2 2
a sin B2 sin C2 A B C
(iii) r = & so on (iv) r = 4R sin sin sin
cos A2 2 2 2
10. Radius of The Ex- Circles :

 ;  ;  A ;
B ;
C
(i) r1 = r2 = r3 = (ii) r1 = s tan r2 = s tan r3 = s tan
sa sb sc 2 2 2
a cos B2 cos C2 A B C
(iii) r1 = & so on (iv) r1 = 4 R sin . cos . cos
cos A2 2 2 2
11. Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes :
2 bc cos A
2
(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A =  a = ;
bc
1
(ii) Length of median from the angle A = m a = 2 b2  2 c2  a 2
2
2
& (iii) Length of altitude from the angle A = A a =
a
12. The Distances of The Special Points from Vertices and Sides of Triangle:
A
(i) Circumcentre (O) : OA = R & O a = R cos A (ii) Incentre (I) : IA = r cosec & Ia = r
2
A
(iii) Excentre (I 1) : I 1 A = r1 cosec (iv) Orthocentre : HA = 2R cos A & H a = 2R cos B cos C
2

M AT H EM AT I C S
1 2
(v) Centroid (G) : GA = 2b 2 2c2 a 2 & G a =
3 3a
13. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle:
The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the Pedal Triangle.
(i) Its angles are  2A,  2B and  2C.
(ii) Its sides are a cosA = R sin 2A,
b cosB = R sin 2B and
c cosC = R sin 2C
(iii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal.
14. Excentral Triangle:
The triangle formed by joining the three excentres 1, 2 and 3 of  ABC is called
the excentral or excentric triangle.
(i)  ABC is the pedal triangle of the  1 2 3.
 A  B  C
(ii) Its angles are  ,  &  .
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(iii) Its sides are 4 R cos , 4 R cos & 4 R cos .
2 2 2
A B C
(iv) 1 = 4 R sin ; 2 = 4 R sin ; 3 = 4 R sin .
2 2 2
(v) Incentre  of  ABC is the orthocentre of the excentral  1 2 3.
15. Distance Between Special Points :
(i) Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre OH2 = R2 (1 – 8 cosA cos B cos C)
A B C
(ii) Distance between circumcentre and incentre O2 = R2 (1 – 8 sin sin sin ) = R2 – 2Rr
2 2 2
1 2
(iii) Distance between circumcentre and centroid OG2 = R2 – (a + b2 + c2)
9
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions:
Function Domain Range

 
(i) y = sin1 x where 1x1  y
2 2
(ii) y = cos1 x where 1x1 0y

 
(iii) y = tan1 x where xR  y
2 2
 
(iv) y = cosec1 x where x   1 or x  1  y ,y0
2 2

M AT H EM AT I C S

(v) y = sec1 x where x  1 or x  1 0  y  ; y 
2
(vi) y = cot 1 x where xR 0<y<

 
P-2 (i) sin1 (sin x) = x,  x (ii) cos1 (cos x) = x; 0  x  
2 2
 
(iii) tan1 (tan x) = x;  x (iv) cot 1 (cot x) = x; 0<x<
2 2
  
(v) sec1 (sec x) = x; 0  x  , x  (vi) cosec1 (cosec x) = x; x  0, x
2 2 2
P-3 (i) sin1 (x) =  sin1 x, 1  x  1 (ii) tan1 (x) =  tan1 x, xR
(iii) cos1 (x) =   cos1 x, 1  x  1 (iv) cot 1 (x) =   cot 1 x, xR
 
P-5 (i) sin1 x + cos1 x = , 1  x  1 (ii) tan1 x + cot 1 x = , xR
2 2

(iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = , x  1
2
2. Identities of Addition and Substraction:
sin1 x + sin1 y = sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x  , x  0, y  0 & (x 2 + y2)  1

2 2
I-1 (i)
=   sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x  , x  0, y  0 & x 2 + y2 > 1

2 2
cos1 x + cos1 y = cos1 x y  1  x 1  y 2  , x  0, y  0

2
(ii)
 
xy
(iii) tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1 , x > 0, y > 0 & xy < 1
1  xy
xy 
=  + tan1 , x > 0, y > 0 & xy > 1 = , x > 0, y > 0 & xy = 1
1  xy 2
 2 2
I-2 (i) sin1 x  sin1 y = sin1  x 1  y  y 1  x  , x  0, y  0
 
 2
1  y 2  , x  0, y  0, x  y
(ii) cos1 x  cos1 y = cos1  x y  1  x 

xy
(iii) tan1 x  tan1y = tan1 , x  0, y  0
1  xy

 2 sin x
1
if | x |  1

2
I-3 (i) sin  2 x 1  x 2 
1
1
=    2 sin x if x 1
   2

   2 sin 1 x

 if x 1
2

M AT H EM AT I C S
 2 cos 1 x if 0  x 1
(ii) cos1 (2 x 2  1) =  1
2   2 cos x if  1  x  0
 2 tan 1x if | x |  1
2x  1
(iii) tan 1
=    2 tan x if x  1
1 x2


   2 tan 1x  if x 1
 2 tan 1x if | x | 1
2x 
(iv) sin1 =    2 tan 1x if x  1
1  x2


   2 tan 1x  if x  1
1 x2  2 tan 1x if x  0
(v) cos1 =  1
1x2  2 tan x if x  0
 x  y  z  xyz 
If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = tan1  1  xy  yz  zx  if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & (xy + yz + zx) < 1
 
NOTE:
(i) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z =  then x + y + z = xyz

(ii) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
1 1 
(iii) tan1 1 + tan1 2 + tan1 3 =  (iv) tan1 1 + tan1 + tan1 =
2 3 2


Math Formula Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math Formula Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math Formula Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AIM FREE EDUCATION TO ALL (APUL)

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 1

3. Centroid, Incentre & Excentre:

7. Angle between two straight lines : tan  = m1  m2 .

9. A point and line:

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 2

12. A Pair of straight lines through origin: ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 3

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 4

(c) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y = mx 

Latus Rectum (l ) :  = 2 2 c = T.A. = C.A.

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 5

(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

5. Limits of form 1 , 00,  0

6. Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 6

Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

d sec –1 x 1 d cos ec –1x 1

3. Differentiation using substitution

5. Derivative of one function with respect to another

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 7

Tangent at (x 1, y1) is given by (y – y 1) = f(x 1) (x – x 1) ; when, f(x 1) is real.

(ii) PN = | k | 1  m2 = Length of Normal

4. Angle between the curves

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 8

1. Volume of a cuboid = bh.

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 9

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 10

7. Integration of trigonometric functions

10. Integration of type

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 11

8. If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

9. If (x)  f(x)   (x) for a  x  b, then  ( x ) dx  a

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 12

The infinite intervals are defined as follows :

Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:

tan A  tan B  tanCtan A tan B tan C

CD CD CD CD

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 13

Range of Trigonometric Expression:

Sine and Cosine Series :

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 14

a, b, c  R & D > 0 a, b, c  R & D < 0

Range in restricted domain: Given x  [x 1, x 2]

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 15

SEQUENCE & SERIES

An arithmetic progression (A.P.) : a, a + d, a + 2 d,....... a + (n  1) d is an A.P.

Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average) (A.M.):

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 16

Harmonic Mean (H.M.):

Relation between means :

2. Properties of Binomial Theorem :

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 17

5. Properties of Binomial Coefficients :

PERMUTATION & COMBINNATION

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 18

1 (a  1)(b  1)( c  1).... if N is not a perfect square

4. Binomial Probability Theorem

Download our app ‘usemybook’ from Google Play Store 19