1. Convert the following angles into radian measure.

(Give your answers correct to 3 significant

figures.)
(a) 188.2°
(b) 12.6°

π
(a) 188.2° = 188.2( ) rad.
180
= 3.28 rad. (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

π
(b) 12.6° = 12.6( ) rad.
180
= 0.220 rad. (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

2. Convert the following angles into radian measure. (Express your answers in terms of π.)
(a) 15°
(b) 330°

π
(a) 15° = 15( ) rad.
180
π
= rad.
12

π
(b) 330° = 330( ) rad.
180
11π
= rad.
6

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 3. Convert the following angles into degree measure.
7π 3π
(a) (b)
6 8

7 π 7 π 180°
(a) = ( )
6 6 π
= 210°

3π 3π 180°
(b) = ( )
8 8 π
= 67.5°

4. Convert the following angles into degree measure. (Give your answers correct to 2 decimal
places.)
(a) 0.84c (b) 3.14c

180°
(a) 0.84c = 0.84( )
π
= 48.13° (corr. to 2 d.p.)

180°
(b) 3.14c = 3.14( )
π
= 179.91° (corr. to 2 d.p.)

⌢
5. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. OA = 6 cm and AB = 9 cm.

O 6 cm A
θ

9 cm
B

(a) Find θ. (Express your answer in radian measure.)

(b) Find the area of minor sector OAB.

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 AB
⌢
(a) θ = rad.
OA
9
= rad.
6
= 1.5 rad.

1 2
(b) Area of minor sector OAB = (6) (1.5) cm2
2
= 27 cm2

⌢
6. In the figure, PQ = 8 cm and ∠POQ =
π
. Find the radius and the area of sector OPQ. (Express
6
your answers in terms of π.)
P

8 cm
π
6
O Q

8
Radius of sector OPQ = cm
π
6
48
= cm
π

1 48 2 π
Area of sector OPQ = ( ) ( ) cm 2
2 π 6
192
= cm 2
π

⌢
7. The figure shows a sector where AB = 30 cm. It is given that the area of the sector is 200 cm2.
Find θ. (Express your answer in radian measure.)
30 cm

A B
θ

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 30
Radius of the sector = cm
θ
1 30
∵ Area of the sector = ( ) 2 θ cm 2
2 θ
450
∴ 200 =
θ
θ = 2.25 rad.

8. An iron wire of 30 cm long is bent into a sector as shown in the figure. ∠AOB = 72° and OA = r cm .
A

r cm

72°
O B

(a) Find the value of r.

(b) Find the area of the sector.
(Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.)

(a) ∠AOB = 72°

π
= 72( ) rad.
180
2π
= rad.
5
2π
2r + r ( ) = 30
5
r (10 + 2π)
= 30
5
150
r=
10 + 2π
= 9.21 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

1 150 2 2π
(b) Area of the sector = ( ) ( ) cm2
2 10 + 2π 5
= 53.3 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

122

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 9. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. R is a point on OP such that QR ⊥ OP. ∠POQ = 45°.
It is given that the area of the minor segment cut off by PQ is 10 cm2 . Find the radius. (Give
your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

O R
P
45 °

∠POQ = 45°
π
= 45( ) rad.
180
π
rad.
=
4
Let r cm be the radius.
QR π
= sin
OQ 4
2r
QR = cm
2
Area of the minor segment = Area of sector OPQ − Area of ΔOPQ
1 π 1 2r
10 = r 2 ( ) − r ( )
2 4 2 2
80 = πr 2 − 2 2r 2
80
r2 =
π−2 2
r = 16.0 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The radius is 16.0 cm.

10. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. The radius is 10 cm. Radius OC and chord AB are
perpendicular to each other and intersect at D. CD = 4 cm .

O
4 cm

C D 10 cm

B
(a) Find ∠AOB. (Express your answer in radian measure and correct to 3 significant figures.)
(b) Find the area of the major segment cut off by AB.

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 (a) OD = OC − CD
= (10 − 4) cm
= 6 cm
OD 6 3
cos∠BOD = = =
OB 10 5
∠AOB = 2 × ∠BOD
= 1.85 rad. (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

(b) BD 2 + OD 2 = OB 2 (Pyth. theorem)

BD = 102 − 6 2 cm
= 8 cm
Area of the major segment = Area of ΔOAB + Area of major sector OAB
1 1
= [ (8 × 2)(6) + (10) 2 (2π − ∠AOB )] cm2
2 2
= [48 + 50(2π − ∠AOB )] cm2
= 269 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

11. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle with the radius of 7 cm. C is a point outside the
circle such that AC and BC touch the circle. AC = BC = 24 cm . Find the area of the shaded
region. (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
A
7 cm
O 24 cm

B
C

(OA)( AC )
Area of OBCA = 2 × [ ]
2
= (OA)( AC )
= 7 × 24 cm 2
= 168 cm 2
Let ∠AOC = θ , then ∠AOB = 2θ .
24
tan θ =
7
θ = 1.287 (corr. to 4 sig. fig.)

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 1
Area of minor sector OAB = (OA) 2 (2θ)
2
1 2
= (7) (2 × 1.287) cm2
2
= 63.06 cm2 (corr. to 4 sig. fig.)
Area of the shaded region = Area of OBCA − Area of minor sector OAB
= (168 − 63.06) cm 2
= 105 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

12. In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle where AD = 30 cm . E is a point on AD such that BCE is a
sector.
A E D

B C
30 cm

π
(a) If ∠EBC = , find the length of AB.
6
(b) Hence find the area of the shaded region. (Express your answer in terms of π.)

(a) BE = BC
= 30 cm
∠AEB = ∠EBC (alt. ∠s, AD // BC)
π
=
6
AB π
= sin
BE 6
1
AB = × 30 cm
2
= 15 cm

(b) Area of the shaded region = Area of rectangle ABCD − Area of sector BCE
1 π
= [30 × 15 − (30) 2 ( )] cm2
2 6
= (450 − 75π) cm2

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13. In the figure, ABCD is a square with sides of 6 cm each. O is the centre of sector OEFG where
O and F are the mid-points of AD and BC respectively.
A O D

E G

B F C

(a) Find ∠EOG. (Express your answer in terms of π and in radian measure.)
(b) Find the perimeter of the shaded region. (Give your answer correct to 3 significant
figures.)

(a) OE = OF
= AB
= 6 cm
6
OA = cm
2
= 3 cm
OA
cos ∠AOE =
OE
3
=
6
1
=
2
π
∠AOE = rad.
3
∵ ΔAOE ≅ ΔDOG (R.H.S.)
∴ ∠DOG = ∠AOE (corr. ∠s, ≅Δs)
π
= rad.
3
∠AOE + ∠EOG + ∠DOG = π rad. (adj. ∠s on st. line)
π π
∠EOG = (π − − ) rad.
3 3
π
= rad.
3

⌢
(b) E F G = 6 ×
π
cm
3
= 2π cm

126

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 AE 2 = OE 2 − OA2
AE = 6 2 − 32 cm
= 27 cm
= 3 3 cm
EB = AB − AE
= (6 − 3 3 ) cm
DG = AE
= 3 3 cm
CG = DC − DG
= (6 − 3 3 ) cm
⌢
Perimeter of the shaded region = E F G + EB + BC + CG
= [2π + (6 − 3 3 ) + 6 + (6 − 3 3 )] cm
= 13.9 cm (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

14. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle with the radius of 8 cm. ∠COD = 60°. B is a point on
the circumference such that AB // OC. E is a point on AD such that BE ⊥ AD.
B C

60 °
A D
E O 8 cm

(a) Find ∠AOB. (Express your answer in terms of π and in radian measure.)
(b) Find the length of BE. (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
(c) Find the area of the minor segment cut off by AB. (Give your answer correct to
3 significant figures.)

(a) ∠COD = 60°

π
= 60( ) rad.
180
π
= rad.
3
∠OAB = ∠COD (corr. ∠s, AB // OC)
π
= rad.
3

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 ∠OBA = ∠OAB (base ∠s, isos. Δ)
π
= rad.
3
∠AOB + ∠OAB + ∠OBA = π rad. (∠ sum of Δ)
π π
∠AOB = (π − − ) rad.
3 3
π
= rad.
3

BE
(b) = sin ∠AOB
OB
π
BE = OB sin
3
3
= 8× cm
2
= 4 3 cm
= 6.93 cm (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

(c) Area of the minor segment = Area of sector OAB − Area of ΔOAB
1 π 1
= [ (8) 2 ( ) − (8)(4 3 )] cm2
2 3 2
= 5.80 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

15. In the figure, O is the centre of the semi-circle with the radius of r cm. S is a point on PR such
that QS ⊥ PR. ∠QOS = θ .
Q

θ
R r cm O S P

(a) Express the area of ΔOQR in terms of r and θ.

(b) If the area of sector OPQ and the area of the segment cut off by QR are equal, show that
sin θ + 2θ = π .

QS
(a) = sin θ
OQ
QS = r sin θ cm

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 (OR)(QS )
Area of ΔOQR =
2
(r )(r sin θ)
= cm2
2
1
= r 2 sin θ cm2
2

1 2
(b) Area of sector OPQ = r θ cm 2
2
Area of the segment = Area of sector OQR − Area of ΔOQR
1 1
= [ r 2 (π − θ) − r 2 sin θ] cm2
2 2
1
= r 2 (π − θ − sin θ) cm2
2
∵ Area of sector OPQ = Area of the segment
1 2 1
∴ r θ = r 2 (π − θ − sin θ)
2 2
θ = π − θ − sin θ
sin θ + 2θ = π

⌢
16. In the figure, OAB is an equilateral triangle with sides of 1 cm each. PQ is an arc with O as
the centre and divides ΔOAB into two parts with equal areas. C is a point on AB such that
AB ⊥ OC .
O

r cm

P Q

A C B

(a) Find the value of r.

(b) Find the length of PQ .
⌢
(Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.)

OC
(a) sin ∠OBC =
OB
π OC
sin =
3 OB
3
OC = cm
2

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 1
∵ Area of sector OPQ = × Area of ΔOAB
2
1 2 π 1 1 3
∴ r ( ) = × ( ×1× )
2 3 2 2 2
3 3
r2 =
4π
3 3
r=
4π
= 0.643 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

⌢ π
(b) PQ = r ( ) cm
3
3 3 π
=( )( ) cm
4π 3
= 0.673 cm (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

17. In the figure, O and H are the centres of the larger circle and the smaller circle respectively.
AC and BD are the diameters of the larger circle and ∠DOC = 90° . The two circles touch each
other at E. AC and BD touch the smaller circle at F and G respectively.
E
A B
H

F G
O

D C

(a) If the radius of the smaller circle is 5 cm, find the radius of the larger circle.
(b) Find the area of the shaded region.
(Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.)

(a) E

A H B

F G

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 OH 2 = OF 2 + HF 2 (Pyth. theorem)
2 2
= HG + HF
OH = 52 + 52 cm
= 50 cm
Radius of the larger circle = OH + HE
= ( 50 + 5) cm
= 12.1 cm (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

1
(b) Area of the shaded region = × Area of the larger circle − Area of the smaller circle
4
1
= [ × π( 50 + 5) 2 − π(5) 2 ] cm2
4
= 35.9 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

18. The figure shows four circles with the radii of r cm each. Each circle touches its adjacent
circles, and a square can be formed by joining the centres of the four circles. Express the area
of the shaded region in terms of π and r.

r cm

Let the centres of the four circles be A, B, C and D.

A B

D C

∵ ABCD is a square.
π
∴ ∠ABC = ∠BCD = ∠CDA = ∠BAD = rad.
2
and AB = BC = 2r cm
1 π
∴ Area of the shaded region = [(2r ) 2 − 4 × (r ) 2 ( )] cm2
2 2
= (4r 2 − πr 2 ) cm2
= (4 − π)r 2 cm2

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19. In the figure, the radii of the three circles are 4 cm and their centres are A, B and C.

A B

(a) Find the area of ΔABC.

(b) Find the area of the minor segment bounded by AB and AB .
⌢
(c) Find the area of the shaded region.
(Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.)

(a) Let D be a point on AB such that AB ⊥ CD and E be a point on AB .

⌢
E
A B
D

∵ AB = BC = CA (given)
∴ ΔABC is an equilateral triangle.
π
∴ ∠BAC =
3
CD π
= sin
AC 3
3
CD = (4) cm
2
= 2 3 cm
( AB )(CD )
Area of ΔABC =
2
4×2 3
= cm 2
2
= 4 3 cm 2
= 6.93 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

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 (b) Required area = Area of sector CAEB − Area of ΔABC
1 π
= [ (4) 2 ( ) − 4 3 ] cm2
2 3
8π
= ( − 4 3 ) cm2
3
= 1.45 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

(c) Area of the shaded region = Area of ΔABC + 3 × Area of the minor segment
8π
= [4 3 + 3( − 4 3 )] cm2
3
2
= 11.3 cm (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

20. In the figure, a conical paper cup is formed by sector OAB. It is given that the height of the
cup is 12 cm and the radius of its opening is 5 cm.
5 cm

12 cm
A B

(a) Find ∠AOB. (Express your answer in terms of π and in radian measure.)
(b) Find the area of sector OAB. (Express your answer in terms of π.)

⌢
(a) AB = 2π(5) cm
= 10π cm
OA = (5 cm) 2 + (12 cm) 2
2
(Pyth. theorem)
OA = 52 + 122 cm
= 13 cm
AB
⌢
∠AOB = rad.
OA
10π
= rad.
13

1 10π
(b) Area of sector OAB = (13) 2 ( ) cm2
2 13
= 65π cm2

133

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21. In the figure, a machine is made of two rollers bounded by a belt. The centres of the two
rollers are A and B, and AB = 50 cm. The radii of the two rollers are 15 cm and 10 cm. Let the
belt touches the larger roller at C and D, and the smaller one at E and F.
C

E
α A 50 cm
B β
15 cm
10 cm

D F

(a) Find α and β. (Express your answers in radian measure.)

(b) Find the length of the belt.
(c) Find the area bounded by the belt.
(Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.)

(a) Let G be a point on AD such that AD ⊥ BG .

A
50 cm
B
15 cm G
10 cm

D F
AG = AD − GD = (15 − 10) cm = 5 cm
AG 5 1
cos ∠GAB = = =
AB 50 10
Since the figure is symmetric,
∴ ∠CAB = ∠GAB
∠CAB + ∠GAB + α = 2π (∠s at a pt.)
α = 2π − 2∠GAB
= 3.34 rad. (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
AG
sin ∠ABG =
AB
5
=
50
1
=
10
π
∠ABF = ∠ABG +
2
Since the figure is symmetric,
∴ ∠ABE = ∠ABF

134

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 ∠ABE + ∠ABF + β = 2π (∠s at a pt.)
β = 2π − 2∠ABF
π
= 2π − 2(∠ABG + )
2
= π − 2∠ABG
= 2.94 rad. (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

(b) BG 2 = AB 2 − AG 2

BG = 502 − 52 cm
= 2 475 cm
DF = EC = BG = 2 475 cm
⌢
Length of the belt = CD + DF + FE + EC
⌢
= (15α + 2 475 + 10β + 2 475 ) cm
= 179 cm (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

( BF + AD )( DF )
(c) Area of trapezium ABFD =
2
(10 + 15)( 2 475 )
= cm2
2
25 2 475
= cm 2
2
Area bounded by the belt = Area of major sector ACD + Area of minor sector BEF
+ 2 × Area of trapezium ABFD
1 1 25 2 475
= [ (152 )α + (102 )β + 2 × ] cm2
2 2 2
= 1 770 cm2 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

tan θ
22. Simplify ⋅ csc θ .
sec θ

sin θ
tan θ cos θ 1
⋅ csc θ = 1
⋅
sec θ cos θ
sin θ
=1

135

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 1
23. Simplify (cot θ + ) cos θ .
cot θ

1 cot 2 θ + 1
(cot θ + ) cos θ = ( ) cos θ
cot θ cot θ
csc2 θ
=( ) cos θ
cot θ
1
sin 2 θ
= cos θ
⋅ cos θ
sin θ
1
=
sin θ
= csc θ

24. Simplify sin θ(sec3 θ − sec θ).

sin θ(sec3 θ − sec θ) = sin θ sec θ(sec2 θ − 1)

sin θ
= (tan 2 θ)
cos θ
= tan 3 θ

25. Simplify tan 2 θ(csc2 θ + sec2 θ).

1 1
tan 2 θ(csc2 θ + sec2 θ) = tan 2 θ( + )
sin θ cos 2 θ
2

cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= tan 2 θ( )
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
sin 2 θ 1
= ( 2 )
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
2

1
=
cos 4 θ
= sec4 θ

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© 2009 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.

 25
26. If sec θ = − and θ lies in quadrant II, find the values of the other five trigonometric ratios of
24
θ without using a calculator. (Leave your answers in surd form if necessary.)

P
25 θ
x
N 24 O

NP 2 = OP 2 − ON 2
= 252 − 242
= 49
∴ NP = 7
7
∴ sin θ =
25
24
cos θ = −
25
7
tan θ = −
24
25
csc θ =
7
24
cot θ = −
7

27. If cot θ = 5 and 180° ≤ θ ≤ 270° , find the values of sin θ and sec θ without using a calculator.
(Leave your answers in surd form if necessary.)

θ
N 5
x
1 O

OP 2 = NP 2 + ON 2
= 12 + 52
= 26
∴ OP = 26

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 1
∴ sin θ = −
26
26
=−
26
26
sec θ = −
5

9 3π
28. If csc θ = − and ≤ θ ≤ 2π, find the value of sec θ + tan θ without using a calculator. (Leave
7 2
your answer in surd form if necessary.)

θ
N
x
O
7
9

ON 2 = OP 2 − NP 2
= 92 − 7 2
= 32
∴ ON = 32
=4 2
9
sec θ =
4 2
9 2
=
8
7
tan θ = −
4 2
7 2
=−
8
9 2 7 2
∴ sec θ + tan θ = + (− )
8 8
2 2
=
8
2
=
4

138

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 1
29. If cos θ = − and θ lies in quadrant III, find the value of sin θ − cot θ without using a calculator.
3
(Leave your answer in surd form if necessary.)

θ
N 1
x
O

NP 2 = OP 2 − ON 2
= 32 − 12
=8
∴ NP = 8
=2 2
2 2
sin θ = −
3
1
cot θ =
2 2
2
=
4
2 2 2
∴ sin θ − cot θ = − −
3 4
−8 2 − 3 2
=
12
11 2
=−
12

30. If csc θ = 4 and tan θ < 0 , find the value of (cos θ − cot θ) (sin θ + sec θ) without using a calculator.
(Leave your answer in surd form if necessary.)

∵ csc θ > 0 and tan θ < 0

∴ θ lies in quadrant II.

139

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 y

P
4 θ
1
x
N O

ON 2 = OP 2 − NP 2
= 42 − 12
= 15
∴ ON = 15
15
cos θ = −
4
cot θ = − 15
1
sin θ =
4
4
sec θ = −
15
15 1 4
∴ (cos θ − cot θ)(sin θ + sec θ) = [− − (− 15 )][ + (− )]
4 4 15
3 15 15 − 16
=( )( )
4 4 15
3 15 − 48
=
16

1 3 sin θ − csc θ
31. If sin θ = − and cos θ < 0, find the value of without using a calculator. (Leave
5 sec θ + 2 tan θ
your answer in surd form if necessary.)

∵ sin θ < 0 and cos θ < 0

∴ θ lies in quadrant III.
y

θ
N
x
1 O
5
P

140

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 ON 2 = OP 2 − NP 2
= ( 5 ) 2 − 12
=4
∴ ON = 2
1
sin θ = −
5
csc θ = − 5
5
sec θ = −
2
1
tan θ =
2
1 ) − (− 5 )
3 sin θ − csc θ 3(− 5
∴ =
sec θ + 2 tan θ − 5
+ 2( 12 )
2

− 3 55 + 5
=
5
− 2
+1
−3 5 + 5 5 2
=( )( )
− 5+2 5
4 5 2+ 5
= ×
5(2 − 5 ) 2 + 5
8 5 + 4×5
=
5(4 − 5)
8 5 + 20
=−
5

25 3π 3 cot θ + 2 csc θ
32. If csc2 θ = and π ≤ θ ≤ , find the value of without using a calculator.
9 2 cos θ
(Leave your answer in surd form if necessary.)

3π
∵ π≤θ≤
2
∴ csc θ ≤ 0
25
csc2 θ =
9
5 5
csc θ = − or (rejected)
3 3

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 y

θ
N
x
O
3
5
P

ON 2 = OP 2 − NP 2
= 52 − 32
= 16
∴ ON = 4
4
cot θ =
3
4
cos θ = −
5
4 5
3 cot θ + 2 csc θ 3( 3 ) + 2(− 3 )
∴ =
cos θ − 54
2
3
= 4
−5
5
=−
6

π
33. If sec2 θ = 2 and ≤ θ ≤ π , find the value of (sec θ + tan θ) sin θ without using a calculator.
2
(Leave your answer in surd form if necessary.)

π
∵ ≤θ≤π
2
∴ sec θ ≤ 0
sec2 θ = 2
sec θ = − 2 or 2 (rejected)
y

P
2
θ
x
N 1 O

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 NP 2 = OP 2 − ON 2
= ( 2 ) 2 − 12
=1
∴ NP = 1
tan θ = −1
1
sin θ =
2
1
∴ (sec θ + tan θ) sin θ = [− 2 + (−1)] ×
2
2 +1
=−
2
2+ 2
=−
2

34. If cot 2 α + cot 2 β = 1, prove that csc2 α + csc2 β = 3.

csc2 α + csc2 β = cot 2 α + 1 + cot 2 β + 1

= cot 2 α + cot 2 β + 2
=1+ 2
=3
∴ csc2 α + csc2 β = 3

6
35. Find the maximum value of y = .
2 csc2 θ + 1

∵ For any real number θ,

csc2 θ ≥ 1
2 csc2 θ + 1 ≥ 3
1 1
2
≤
2 csc θ + 1 3
6
≤2
2 csc2 θ + 1
∴ Maximum value of y = 2

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 5
36. Find the minimum value of y = 3 − .
2 sec2 θ − 1

∵ For any real number θ,

sec2 θ ≥ 1
2 sec2 θ − 1 ≥ 1
1
≤1
2 sec2 θ − 1
5
≤5
2 sec2 θ − 1
5
− ≥ −5
2 sec2 θ − 1
5
3− ≥ −2
2 sec2 θ − 1
∴ Minimum value of y = −2

csc θ
37. Prove that (1 − sin θ)(1 + csc θ) = .
1 + tan 2 θ

(1 − sin θ)(1 + csc θ) = 1 − sin θ + csc θ − sin θ csc θ

1
= 1 − sin θ + −1
sin θ
1 − sin 2 θ
=
sin θ
cos 2 θ
=
sin θ
1 1
= 1 ⋅
2
sin θ
cos θ
1
= ⋅ csc θ
sec2 θ
csc θ
=
1 + tan 2 θ
csc θ
∴ (1 − sin θ)(1 + cos θ) =
1 + tan 2 θ

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38. Prove that sin 2 θ tan θ − cos2 θ cot θ = tan θ − cot θ.

sin 3 θ cos 3 θ
sin 2 θ tan θ − cos 2 θ cot θ = −
cos θ sin θ
sin 4 θ − cos 4 θ
=
sin θ cos θ
(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)(sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ)
=
sin θ cos θ
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
= −
cos θ sin θ
= tan θ − cot θ

∴ sin 2 θ tan θ − cos2 θ cot θ = tan θ − cot θ

cos θ + cot θ
39. Prove that cos θ cot θ = .
tan θ + sec θ

cos θ
cos θ + cot θ cos θ + sin θ
= sin θ
tan θ + sec θ cos θ
+ cos1 θ

cos θ sin θ + cos θ cos θ

= ×
sin θ + 1 sin θ
cos θ(sin θ + 1)
= × cot θ
sin θ + 1
= cos θ cot θ

cos θ + cot θ
∴ cos θ cot θ =
tan θ + sec θ

145

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 sin θ tan θ
40. Prove that − = 2 − sec θ sin 2 θ.
csc θ − cot θ csc θ + cot θ

sin θ tan θ sin θ(csc θ + cot θ) − tan θ(csc θ − cot θ)

− =
csc θ − cot θ csc θ + cot θ (csc θ − cot θ)(csc θ + cot θ)
1 + cos θ − cos1 θ + 1
=
csc 2 θ − cot 2 θ
1
2 + cos θ − cos θ
=
1 + cot 2 θ − cot 2 θ
1
= 2 + cos θ −
cos θ
cos 2 θ − 1
= 2+
cos θ
sin 2 θ
= 2−
cos θ
= 2 − sec θ sin 2 θ
sin θ tan θ
∴ − = 2 − sec θ sin 2 θ
csc θ − cot θ csc θ + cot θ

cot θ 1 + csc θ
41. Prove that =− .
1 − csc θ cot θ

cot θ 1 + csc θ cot 2 θ + (1 + csc θ)(1 − csc θ)

+ =
1 − csc θ cot θ cot θ(1 − csc θ)
cot 2 θ + (1 − csc2 θ)
=
cot θ(1 − csc θ)
cot 2 θ + (−cot 2 θ)
=
cot θ(1 − csc θ)
=0
cot θ 1 + csc θ
∴ =−
1 − csc θ cot θ

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 csc A + csc B cot A − cot B
42. Prove that = .
cot A + cot B csc A − csc B

csc A + csc B cot A − cot B (csc A + csc B )(csc A − csc B ) − (cot A − cot B )(cot A + cot B )
− =
cot A + cot B csc A − csc B (cot A + cot B )(csc A − csc B )

(csc2 A − csc2 B ) − (cot 2 A − cot 2 B )

=
(cot A + cot B )(csc A − csc B )

(csc2 A − cot 2 A) − (csc2 B − cot 2 B )

=
(cot A + cot B )(csc A − csc B )
1−1
=
(cot A + cot B )(csc A − csc B )
=0
csc A + csc B cot A − cot B
∴ =
cot A + cot B csc A − csc B

43. If cos 2 α + sec2 β = 3, prove that cos 2 α(2 − sin 2 β) = 3 cos 2 β − sin 2 α.

cos 2 α(2 − sin 2 β) = (3 − sec2 β)(2 − sin 2 β)

= 6 − 2 sec2 β − 3 sin 2 β + sec2 β sin 2 β

= 6 − 2 sec2 β − 3 sin 2 β + tan 2 β

= 6 − 2 sec2 β − 3 sin 2 β + sec2 β − 1

= 5 − sec2 β − 3 sin 2 β

= 5 − (3 − cos 2 α) − 3(1 − cos 2 β)

= −1 + cos 2 α + 3 cos 2 β

= 3 cos 2 β − sin 2 α

∴ cos 2 α(2 − sin 2 β) = 3 cos 2 β − sin 2 α

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44. If sec2 α − csc2 β = 2 , find the value of tan 2 α tan 2 β − 2 tan 2 β.

tan 2 α tan 2 β − 2 tan 2 β = tan 2 β(tan 2 α − 2)

= tan 2 β(sec2 α − 1 − 2)
= tan 2 β(sec2 α − 3)
= tan 2 β(2 + csc2 β − 3)
= tan 2 β(csc2 β − 1)
= tan 2 β cot 2 β
=1

45. If tan 2 α + sec2 β = 3, find the value of cos 2 α − 4 cos 2 α cos 2 β + cos 2 β.

cos 2 α − 4 cos 2 α cos 2 β + cos 2 β = cos 2 α − cos 2 β(4 cos 2 α − 1)

4 cos 2 α − 1
= cos 2 α −
sec2 β
4 cos 2 α − 1
= cos 2 α −
3 − tan 2 α
cos 2 α(3 − tan 2 α) − (4 cos 2 α − 1)
=
3 − tan 2 α
3 cos 2 α − sin 2 α − 4 cos 2 α + 1
=
3 − tan 2 α
−sin 2 α − cos 2 α + 1
=
3 − tan 2 α
=0

3 13
46. If sin α = and sec β = − , where α and β lie in the same quadrant, find the value of
5 12
cos α + csc β
without using a calculator. (Leave your answer in surd form if necessary.)
tan α − tan β

∵ sin α > 0, sec β < 0, and α and β lie in the same quadrant.
∴ α and β lie in quadrant II.

148

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 y

P
5
3 α
x
N O

ON 2 = OP 2 − NP 2

= 5 2 − 32
= 16

∴ ON = 4
4
cos α = −
5
3
tan α = −
4
y

Q
13 β
x
M 12 O

MQ 2 = OQ 2 − OM 2

= 132 − 122
= 25

∴ MQ = 5
13
csc β =
5
5
tan β = −
12

cos α + csc β − 4 + 13
∴ = 3 5 55
tan α − tan β − 4 − (− 12 )
− 4 + 13 12
=( )( )
−9 + 5 5
27
=−
5

149

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 3π 3π
47. If csc α = −2 and cot β = − 2 , where π ≤ α ≤ and ≤ β ≤ 2π , find the value of
2 2
(tan α + cosβ)(sin α − tan β) without using a calculator. (Leave your answer in surd form if
necessary.)

α
N
x
O
1
2
P

ON 2 = OP 2 − NP 2
= 22 − 12
=3
∴ ON = 3
1
tan α =
3
3
=
3
1
sin α = −
2
y

β
2 M
x
O
1

OQ 2 = OM 2 + MQ 2
= ( 2 ) 2 + 12
=3
∴ OQ = 3
2
cos β =
3
6
=
3
1
tan β = −
2
2
=−
2

150

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 3 6 1 2
∴ (tan α + cos β)(sin α − tan β) = ( + )[− − (− )]
3 3 2 2
1 + 2 −1 + 2
= 3( )( )
3 2
3
= ( 2 + 1)( 2 − 1)
6
3
=
6

k +3 3π
48. If sec θ = and ≤ θ ≤ 2π , where k > 0 , express csc θ + cot θ in terms of k.
k +1 2

θ
k+1 N
x
O

k+3
P

NP 2 = OP 2 − ON 2
= (k + 3) 2 − (k + 1) 2
= k 2 + 6k + 9 − k 2 − 2k − 1
= 4k + 8
∴ NP = 4k + 8
=2 k+2
k +3
csc θ = −
2 k+2
k +1
cot θ = −
2 k+2
k +3 k +1
∴ csc θ + cot θ = − + (− )
2 k+2 2 k+2
2k + 4
=−
2 k+2
k+2
=−
k+2
=− k+2

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 sin θ 1 π
49. If = , where < θ < π , find the value of sin θ .
5 − 2 csc θ 2 2

sin θ 1
=
5 − 2 csc θ 2
2 sin θ = 5 − 2 csc θ
2 sin θ − 5 + 2 csc θ = 0
2 sin 2 θ − 5 sin θ + 2 = 0
(2 sin θ − 1)(sin θ − 2) = 0
1
sin θ = or sin θ = 2 (rejected)
2

50. If sec θ = 6 tan 2 θ − 9, where θ lies in quadrant IV, find the value of sec θ .

sec θ = 6 tan 2 θ − 9
sec θ = 6(sec2 θ − 1) − 9
sec θ = 6 sec2 θ − 15
6 sec2 θ − sec θ − 15 = 0
(3 sec θ − 5)(2 sec θ + 3) = 0
5 3
sec θ = or sec θ = − (rejected)
3 2

3π
51. If 9 cot2 θ − 3 csc θ − 11 = 0, where π < θ < , find the value of cot θ . (Leave your answer in
2
surd form.)

9 cot 2 θ − 3 csc θ − 11 = 0
9(csc2 θ − 1) − 3 csc θ − 11 = 0
9 csc2 θ − 3 csc θ − 20 = 0
(3 csc θ + 4)(3 csc θ − 5) = 0
4 5
csc θ = − or csc θ = (rejected)
3 3

152

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 4
csc2 θ = (− ) 2
3
16
=
9
16
1 + cot 2 θ =
9
7
cot 2 θ =
9
7 7
cot θ = or − (rejected)
3 3

tan θ 2 3π
52. If 2
= , where < θ < 2π , find the values of csc θ . (Leave your answers in surd
1 − 3 sec θ 11 2
form if necessary.)

tan θ 2
2
=
1 − 3 sec θ 11
11 tan θ = 2 − 6 sec2 θ
11 tan θ = 2 − 6(1 + tan 2 θ)
11 tan θ = − 4 − 6 tan 2 θ
6 tan 2 θ + 11 tan θ + 4 = 0
(3 tan θ + 4)(2 tan θ + 1) = 0
4 1
tan θ = − or tan θ = −
3 2
4
When tan θ = − ,
3
y

θ
3 N
x
O
4

OP 2 = ON 2 + NP 2
= 32 + 42
= 25
∴ OP = 5
5
∴ csc θ = −
4

153

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 1
When tan θ = − ,
2
y

θ
2 M
x
O
1

OQ 2 = OM 2 + MQ 2
= 2 2 + 12
=5
∴ OQ = 5
∴ csc θ = − 5

53. If 2 tan θ + 1 = sec θ , where 0 < θ < π , find the values of sin θ , cos θ and tan θ .

(2 tan θ + 1) 2 = sec2 θ
4 tan 2 θ + 4 tan θ + 1 = 1 + tan 2 θ
3 tan 2 θ + 4 tan θ = 0
tan θ(3 tan θ + 4) = 0
4
tan θ = − or 0 (rejected)
3
∵ tan θ < 0
π
∴ <θ<π
2
y

4 θ
x
N 3 O

OP 2 = NP 2 + ON 2
= 4 2 + 32
= 25
∴ OP = 5

154

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 4
∴ sin θ =
5
3
cos θ = −
5
4
tan θ = −
3

54. If 3sec2 θ + 5 tan θ − 5 = 0, where 0 ≤ θ < 2π , find θ. (Give your answers correct to 3 significant
figures.)

3 sec2 θ + 5 tan θ − 5 = 0
3(1 + tan 2 θ) + 5 tan θ − 5 = 0
3 tan 2 θ + 5 tan θ − 2 = 0
(3 tan θ − 1)(tan θ + 2) = 0
1
tan θ = or tan θ = −2
3
θ = 0.322 , 3.46 or θ = 2.03, 5.18 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ θ = 0.322 , 2.03, 3.46 or 5.18

55. If 3 csc θ − 2 sin θ = 2 2 , where 0 ≤ θ < 2π , find θ. (Express your answers in terms of π.)

3 csc θ − 2 sin θ = 2 2
3 − 2 sin 2 θ = 2 2 sin θ
2 sin 2 θ + 2 2 sin θ − 3 = 0
−2 2 ± (2 2 ) 2 − 4(2)(−3)
sin θ =
2( 2)
−2 2 ± 32
=
4
−2 2 ± 4 2
=
4
2 2 6 2
= or − (rejected)
4 4
2
=
2
π 3π
θ= or
4 4

155

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 3π
56. If 5 tan 2 θ + 3sec2 θ = 27, where π < θ < , find θ. (Express your answer in terms of π.)
2

5 tan 2 θ + 3 sec2 θ = 27
5 tan 2 θ + 3(1 + tan 2 θ) = 27
8 tan 2 θ = 24
tan 2 θ = 3
tan θ = 3 or − 3 (rejected)
4π π
θ= or (rejected)
3 3

57. If csc θ + 7 cot θ = 4, where 0 < θ < π , find θ. (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

csc θ + 7 cot θ = 4
7 cot θ = 4 − csc θ
49 cot 2 θ = (4 − csc θ) 2
49(csc2 θ − 1) = 16 − 8 csc θ + csc2 θ
48 csc2 θ + 8 csc θ − 65 = 0
−8 ± 82 − 4(48)(−65)
csc θ =
2(48)
−8 ± 112
=
96
13 5
= or − (rejected)
12 4
12
sin θ =
13
θ = 1.18 or 1.97 (rejected) (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

7 π
58. It is given that sin θ + cos θ = , where < θ < π .
13 2
(a) Find the value of sin θ − cos θ .
(b) Find the values of sin θ and cos θ .
(c) Find the value of cot θ .

156

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 7
(a) sin θ + cos θ =
13
7 2
(sin θ + cos θ) 2 = ( )
13
49
sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ =
169
49
1 + 2 sin θ cos θ =
169
60
sin θ cos θ = −
169
(sin θ − cos θ) 2 = sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + cos2 θ
60
= 1 − 2(− )
169
289
=
169
π
∵ <θ<π
2
∴ sin θ > 0 , cos θ < 0
∴ sin θ − cos θ > 0
289
∴ sin θ − cos θ =
169
17
=
13

1
(b) sin θ = [(sin θ + cos θ) + (sin θ − cos θ)]
2
1 7 17
= ( + )
2 13 13
12
=
13
1
cos θ = [(sin θ + cos θ) − (sin θ − cos θ)]
2
1 7 17
= ( − )
2 13 13
5
=−
13

157

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 cos θ
(c) cot θ =
sin θ
5
− 13
= 12
13

5
=−
12

59. (a) Given that tan α and cot α are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 − 3mx + m = 0, find
the value of m.
(b) Hence find a quadratic equation in x with roots tan 2 α and cot2 α.

(a) x2 − 3mx + m = 0
m
Product of roots =
1
tan α cot α = m
m=1

−3m
(b) Sum of roots = −
1
tan α + cot α = 3

Sum of roots of the required equation

= tan 2 α + cot 2 α
= tan 2 α + 2 tan α cot α + cot 2 α − 2 tan α cot α
= (tan α + cot α) 2 − 2(1)
= 32 − 2
=7
Product of roots of the required equation
= tan 2 α cot 2 α
=1
∴ x 2 − 7 x + 1 = 0 is a required quadratic equation.

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60. Given that cos θ and csc θ are the roots of the equation 3x2 + kx − 4 = 0, where π < θ < 2π , find
the value of k.

3x2 + kx − 4 = 0
−4
Product of roots =
3
4
cos θ csc θ = −
3
4
cot θ = −
3
∵ cot θ < 0
∴ θ lies in quadrant IV.
y

θ
4 N
x
O
3

OP 2 = ON 2 + NP 2

= 4 2 + 32
= 25
∴ OP = 5
4
cos θ =
5
5
csc θ = −
3
k
Sum of roots = −
3
k
cos θ + csc θ = −
3
4 5 k
− =−
5 3 3
13
k=
5

159

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61. It is given that sin θ and cos θ are the roots of the equation 5x 2 + x + k = 0.
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Find the value of [sin θ(sec θ + 1)][cos θ(csc θ + 1)] .

(a) 5x 2 + x + k = 0
1
Sum of roots = −
5
1
sin θ + cos θ = −
5
1
(sin θ + cos θ) 2 = (− ) 2
5
1
sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ =
25
1
1 + 2 sin θ cos θ =
25
12
sin θ cos θ = −
25
k
Product of roots =
5
k
sin θ cos θ =
5
12 k
− =
25 5
12
k=−
5

(b) [sin θ(sec θ + 1)][cos θ(csc θ + 1)] = (tan θ + sin θ)(cot θ + cos θ)

= tan θ cot θ + tan θ cos θ + sin θ cot θ + sin θ cos θ

= 1 + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ cos θ

1 12
= 1 + (− ) + (− )
5 25
8
=
25

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62. If θ is an acute angle and 2 x 2 + (4 sin θ) x + 3 cos θ = 0 is an equation in x with two equal real
roots, find θ. (Express your answer in terms of π and in radian measure.)

∵ The equation has two equal real roots.

∴ Δ=0
∴ (4 sin θ) 2 − 4(2)(3 cos θ) = 0
16 sin 2 θ − 24 cos θ = 0
2 sin 2 θ − 3 cos θ = 0
2(1 − cos 2 θ) − 3 cos θ = 0
2 cos 2 θ + 3 cos θ − 2 = 0
(2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 2) = 0
1
cos θ = or cos θ = −2 (rejected)
2
π
θ=
3

cot 3 θ + 1 csc θ − sec θ + sec3 θ

63. Prove that = .
cot 3 θ − 1 csc θ + sec θ − sec3 θ

1
csc θ − sec θ + sec3 θ sin θ
− cos1 θ + 1
cos3 θ
=
csc θ + sec θ − sec3 θ 1
sin θ
+ cos1 θ − 1
cos3 θ

cos 3 θ − sin θ cos θ + sin θ

2
=
cos 3 θ + sin θ cos 2 θ − sin θ
cos 3 θ − sin θ(cos 2 θ − 1)
=
cos 3 θ + sin θ(cos 2 θ − 1)
cos 3 θ − sin θ( − sin 2 θ)
=
cos 3 θ + sin θ(− sin 2 θ)
cos 3 θ + sin 3 θ
=
cos 3 θ − sin 3 θ
cos3 θ
+1
sin 3 θ
=
cos3 θ
−1
sin 3 θ
3
cot θ + 1
=
cot 3 θ − 1
csc θ − sec θ + sec3 θ cot 3 θ + 1
∴ =
csc θ + sec θ − sec3 θ cot 3 θ − 1

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 sec θ + csc θ sec θ + 2 sin θ
64. Prove that = .
1 + cot 2 θ 1 + cot θ

sec θ + csc θ sec θ + 2 sin θ

−
1 + cot 2 θ 1 + cot θ
(sec θ + csc θ)(1 + cot θ) − (sec θ + 2 sin θ)(1 + cot 2 θ)
=
(1 + cot 2 θ)(1 + cot θ)
(sec θ + csc θ + sec θ cot θ + csc θ cot θ) − (sec θ + 2 sin θ + sec θ cot 2 θ + 2 sin θ cot 2 θ)
=
(1 + cot 2 θ)(1 + cot θ)
1 1 1 cos θ 1 cos θ 2 cos 2 θ
cos θ
+ sin θ
+ sin θ
+ − cos θ
− 2 sin θ − − sin θ
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
=
(1 + cot 2 θ)(1 + cot θ)
2 2 cos 2 θ
sin θ
− 2 sin θ − sin θ
=
(1 + cot 2 θ)(1 + cot θ)
2 − 2 sin 2 θ − 2 cos 2 θ
=
sin θ(1 + cot 2 θ)(1 + cot θ)
2 − 2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)
=
sin θ(1 + cot 2 θ)(1 + cot θ)
2−2
=
sin θ(1 + cot 2 θ)(1 + cot θ)
=0
sec θ + csc θ sec θ + 2 sin θ
∴ =
1 + cot 2 θ 1 + cot θ

1
65. If sec θ = , prove that sin8 θ + sin 6 θ + sin 2 θ − 1 = 0.
sec θ − 1

1
sec θ =
sec θ − 1
sec2 θ − sec θ = 1
1 − cos θ = cos 2 θ .......... .... (1)
1 − cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
sin 2 θ = cos θ .......... ...... (2)

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 ∴ sin8 θ + sin 6 θ + sin 2 θ − 1 = cos4 θ + cos3 θ + cos θ − 1 [ From (2) ]
= (cos2 θ) 2 + cos θ cos2 θ + cos θ − 1
= (1 − cos θ) 2 + cos θ(1 − cos θ) + cos θ − 1 [ From (1) ]
= 1 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θ + cos θ − cos2 θ + cos θ − 1
=0
∴ sin8 θ + sin 6 θ + sin 2 θ − 1 = 0

66. (a) Prove that (2 2 + 1) tan 2 θ − ( 2 + 2) tan θ sec θ + 1 = (2 tan θ − sec θ)( 2 tan θ − sec θ).

(b) Hence, solve the equation (2 2 + 1) tan 2 θ − ( 2 + 2) tan θ sec θ + 1 = 0, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

(a) (2 tan θ − sec θ)( 2 tan θ − sec θ) = 2 2 tan 2 θ − 2 tan θ sec θ − 2 tan θ sec θ + sec2 θ
= 2 2 tan 2 θ − ( 2 + 2) tan θ sec θ + 1 + tan 2 θ
= (2 2 + 1) tan 2 θ − ( 2 + 2) tan θ sec θ + 1
∴ (2 2 + 1) tan 2 θ − ( 2 + 2) tan θ sec θ + 1 = (2 tan θ − sec θ)( 2 tan θ − sec θ)

(b) (2 2 + 1) tan 2 θ − ( 2 + 2) tan θ sec θ + 1 = 0

(2 tan θ − sec θ)( 2 tan θ − sec θ) = 0 [ From (a) ]
2 tan θ = sec θ or 2 tan θ = sec θ
1 1
sin θ = or sin θ =
2 2
π 5π π 3π
θ= , or θ= ,
6 6 4 4
π π 3π 5π
∴ θ= , , or
6 4 4 6

67. The figure shows three similar right-angled triangles, where ∠B1 A1 C1 = ∠B2 A 2 C2 = ∠B3 A 3 C3 = φ
and A1 C1 = A2 B2 = B3 C3 = 1.
A3

A2 φ
A1
φ
φ 1 1

B1 C1 B2 C2 B3 1 C3

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 B1C1 B2C2
(a) If φ = 30°, is = correct?
B2C2 B3C3
BC BC
(b) If 1 1 = 2 2 , find sin φ .
B2C2 B3C3

B1C1
(a) Consider ΔA 1 B 1 C 1 , sin φ =
A1C1
B1C1
sin 30° =
1
1
B1C1 =
2
BC
Consider ΔA 2 B 2 C 2 , tan φ = 2 2
A2 B2
B2C2
tan 30° =
1
1
B2C2 =
3
B1C1
∴ L.H.S. =
B2C2
1
2
= 1
3

3
=
2
BC
R.H.S. = 2 2
B3C3
1
3
=
1
3
=
3
∴ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
B1C1 B2C2
∴ When φ = 30° , = is not correct.
B2C2 B3C3

B1C1
(b) Consider ΔA 1 B 1 C 1 , sin φ =
A 1C1
B1C1
sin φ =
1
B1C1 = sin φ

164

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 B2C2
Consider ΔA 2 B 2 C 2 , tan φ =
A 2 B2
B2C2
tan φ =
1
B2C2 = tan φ

B1C1 B2C2
∵ =
B2C2 B3C3
sin φ tan φ
∴ =
tan φ 1
sin φ = tan 2 φ
sin 2 φ
sin φ =
cos 2 φ
sin φ cos2 φ − sin 2 φ = 0
sin φ(cos2 φ − sin φ) = 0
cos 2 φ − sin φ = 0 or sin φ = 0 (rejected)

1 − sin 2 φ − sin φ = 0
sin 2 φ + sin φ − 1 = 0
−1 ± 12 − 4(1)( −1)
sin φ =
2
5 −1 −1 − 5
= or (rejected)
2 2

68. Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios without using a calculator.
(a) cos 315° (b) csc 240° (c) cot(−150°)

(a) cos 315° = cos(360° − 45°)

= cos 45°
2
=
2

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 (b) csc 240° = csc(270° − 30°)
= −sec 30°
2
=−
3
2 3
=−
3

(c) cot(−150°) = −cot 150°

= −cot(180° − 30°)
= cot 30°
= 3

69. Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios without using a calculator.
5π 11π 3π
(a) tan(− ) (b) sec (c) csc( − )
4 6 4

5π 5π
(a) tan(− ) = − tan
4 4
π
= − tan(π + )
4
π
= − tan
4
= −1

11π π
(b) sec = sec(2π − )
6 6
π
= sec
6
2
=
3
2 3
=
3

3π 3π
(c) csc( − ) = − csc( )
4 4
π
= − csc( π − )
4
π
= − csc
4
=− 2

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 tan(180° − θ)
70. Simplify .
csc(90° − θ)

tan(180° − θ) − tan θ
=
csc(90° − θ) sec θ
= −sin θ

sin(−θ) tan(θ − 270°)

71. Simplify .
sec(θ + 180°)

sin(−θ) tan(θ − 270°) −sin θ tan[− (270° − θ)]

=
sec(θ + 180°) sec(180° + θ)
−sin θ [− tan(270° − θ)]
=
sec(180° + θ)
sin θ cot θ
=
−sec θ
= −cos 2 θ

3π π
72. Simplify sec( + θ) cos( + θ) .
2 2

3π π
sec( + θ) cos( + θ) = csc θ(−sin θ)
2 2
= −1

3π π
73. Simplify sec(θ − ) cot(θ + ).
2 2

3π π 3π π
sec(θ − ) cot(θ + ) = sec[− ( − θ)] cot( + θ)
2 2 2 2
3π π
= sec( − θ) cot( + θ)
2 2
= −csc θ(− tan θ)
= sec θ

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 π
74. Simplify sin(2θ − ) csc( π − 2θ).
2

π π
sin(2θ − ) csc(π − 2θ) = sin[− ( − 2θ)] csc(π − 2θ)
2 2
π
= −sin( − 2θ) csc(π − 2θ)
2
= −cos 2θ csc 2θ
= −cot 2θ

3π
75. Simplify sec2 (θ − 2π) − cot 2 (θ − ).
2

3π 3π
sec2 (θ − 2π) − cot 2 (θ − ) = sec2 [− (2π − θ)] − cot 2 [− ( − θ)]
2 2
3π
= [sec(2π − θ)]2 − [− cot( − θ)]2
2
= (sec θ) 2 − (− tan θ) 2
= sec2 θ − tan 2 θ
=1

π θ
76. Simplify 1 − sec2 ( + ) .
2 2

π θ θ
1 − sec2 ( + ) = 1 − (−csc ) 2
2 2 2
θ
= 1 − csc2
2
θ
= −cot 2
2
Alternative method:
π θ π θ
1 − sec2 ( + ) = − tan 2 ( + )
2 2 2 2
θ
= − (−cot ) 2
2
θ
= −cot 2
2

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 13 π 3π
77. If sec θ = − , where ≤ θ ≤ π , find the values of sin(π + θ) and cot( − θ) without using a
12 2 2
calculator.
y

P
13
θ
x
N 12 O

NP 2 = OP 2 − ON 2
= 132 − 122
= 25
∴ NP = 5
5
sin θ =
13
5
tan θ = −
12
∴ sin(π + θ) = −sin θ
5
=−
13
3π
cot( − θ) = tan θ
2
5
=−
12

π
78. If tan θ = 3 and θ lies in quadrant III, find the values of sec(π − θ) and sec( − θ) without
2
using a calculator. (Leave your answers in surd form if necessary.)
y

θ
N 1
x
O

OP 2 = ON 2 + NP 2
= 12 + ( 3 ) 2
=4
∴ OP = 2

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 sec θ = −2
2
csc θ = −
3
2 3
=−
3
∴ sec(π − θ) = −sec θ
=2
π
sec( − θ) = csc θ
2
2 3
=−
3

π 4
79. If csc( + θ) = − , find the value of cos(π + θ) without using a calculator.
2 3

π 4
csc( + θ) = −
2 3
4
sec θ = −
3
∴ cos( π + θ) = −cos θ
1
=−
sec θ
3
=
4

3 7
80. If tan(π − θ) = , find the value of cot(3π + θ) without using a calculator. (Leave your
7
answer in surd form.)

3 7
tan(π − θ) =
7
3 7
− tan θ =
7
3 7
tan θ = −
7

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 ∴ cot(3π + θ) = cot θ
1
=
tan θ
7 7
=− ×
3 7 7
7 7
=−
3× 7
7
=−
3

π 2
81. If cos(θ − ) = − , find the value of sec 2 ( π − θ) without using a calculator.
2 2

π 2
cos(θ − ) = −
2 2
π 2
cos[ − ( − θ)] = −
2 2
π 2
cos( − θ) = −
2 2
2
sin θ = −
2

∴ sec2 (π − θ) = (−sec θ) 2
= sec2 θ
1
=
cos 2 θ
1
=
1 − sin 2 θ
1
=
2 2
1 − (− 2
)
1
=
1 − 12
=2

171

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 17π 9π 11π 13π 43π 23π
82. Find the value of sin(− ) csc − cos cot + tan cos( − ) without using a
6 2 3 4 6 6
calculator.

17π 9π 11π 13π 43π 23π

sin(− ) csc − cos cot + tan cos( − )
6 2 3 4 6 6
5π π 5π π π 11π
= −sin(2π + ) csc(4π + ) − cos( 2π + ) cot(3π + ) + tan(7 π + ) cos( 2π + )
6 2 3 4 6 6
5π π 5π π π 11π
= −sin csc − cos cot + tan cos
6 2 3 4 6 6
π π π π
= −sin(π − ) × 1 − cos( 2π − ) × 1 + tan cos( 2π − )
6 3 6 6
π π π π
= −sin − cos + tan cos
6 3 6 6
1 1 1 3
=− − + ×
2 2 3 2
1
=−
2

5π π 4π
83. Simplify 3 cos csc(θ + ) + tan sec(θ − 2π) .
6 2 3

5π π 4π
3 cos csc(θ + ) + tan sec(θ − 2π)
6 2 3
π π π
= 3 cos( π − ) csc( + θ) + tan(π + ) sec[− (2π − θ)]
6 2 3
π π
= 3(−cos ) sec θ + tan sec θ
6 3
3
= 3(− ) sec θ + 3 sec θ
2
3 3
= (− + 3 ) sec θ
2
3
=− sec θ
2

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 2π 23π 17π π 5π
84. Simplify 2 csc( − ) cot cot(5π − θ) − csc sec( − ) tan( + θ) .
3 4 6 6 2

2π 23π 17π π 5π
2 csc( − ) cot cot(5π − θ) − csc sec( − ) tan( + θ)
3 4 6 6 2
2π 3π 5π π π
= 2(− csc ) cot(5π + ) cot(− θ) − csc( 2π + ) sec tan[2π + ( + θ)]
3 4 6 6 2
2π 3π 5π π π
= −2csc cot (− cot θ) − csc sec tan( + θ)
3 4 6 6 2
π π π π π
= 2 csc( π − ) cot(π − ) cot θ − csc( π − ) sec tan( + θ)
3 4 6 6 2
π π π π
= 2 csc (−cot ) cot θ − csc sec (− cot θ)
3 4 6 6
2 2
= −2( )(1) cot θ + (2)( ) cot θ
3 3
=0

cos A csc C − cos( B + C ) sec( A + C )

85. Simplify , where A + B + C = π .
cot( B + C ) sec B + cot A csc( A + B)

cos A csc C − cos( B + C ) sec( A + C ) cos A csc C − cos( π − A) sec(π − B)

=
cot( B + C ) sec B + cot A csc( A + B) cot(π − A) sec B + cot A csc(π − C )
cos A csc C − (− cos A)(− sec B)
=
(− cot A) sec B + cot A csc C
cos A(csc C − sec B)
=
cot A(− sec B + csc C )
cos A
=
cot A
= sin A

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 π 1
86. Prove that [sin(θ − 2π) sec(θ + )]2 − [ 3
]2 = cos 2 θ .
2 sec( −θ) tan( 2 − θ)
π

π 1 π 1
[sin(θ − 2π) sec( θ + )]2 − [ 3
]2 = {sin[ − (2π − θ)] sec( + θ)}2 − ( )2
2 sec( −θ) tan( 2 − θ)
π 2 sec θ cot θ

= [(sin θ)(−csc θ)]2 − (cos θ tan θ) 2

= (−1) 2 − sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ

π 1
∴ [sin(θ − 2π) sec(θ + )]2 − [ ]2 = cos 2 θ
2 sec( −θ) tan( 32π − θ)

sec( −θ) + cos( π − θ)

87. Prove that = tan 3 θ .
csc( π − θ) − sin(π − θ)

sec( −θ) + cos( π − θ) sec θ − cos θ

=
csc( π − θ) − sin(π − θ) csc θ − sin θ
1
cos θ
− cos θ
= 1
sin θ
− sin θ
1− cos 2 θ
cos θ
=
1− sin 2 θ
sin θ

sin 2 θ sin θ
= ×
cos θ cos 2 θ
sin 3 θ
=
cos 3 θ
= tan 3 θ

sec( −θ) + cos( π − θ)

∴ = tan 3 θ
csc( π − θ) − sin(π − θ)

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 1 + cos(θ − 2π) [1 + cos( π + θ)]2
88. Prove that {1 + } = 2 csc θ .
cos(θ + 32π ) sin 2 (−θ)

1 + cos( θ − 2π) [1 + cos( π + θ)]2 1 + cos[ − (2π − θ)] (1 − cos θ) 2

{1 + } = [1 + ]
cos( θ + 32π ) sin 2 (−θ) cos( 32π + θ) (−sin θ) 2
1 + cos θ (1 − cos θ) 2
= [1 + ]
sin θ sin 2 θ
1 + cos θ sin 2 θ + 1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ
= ×
sin θ sin 2 θ
1 + cos θ 2(1 − cos θ)
= ×
sin θ sin 2 θ
2(1 − cos 2 θ)
=
sin 3 θ
2 sin 2 θ
=
sin 3 θ
= 2 csc θ
1 + cos(θ − 2π) [1 + cos( π + θ)]2
∴ {1 + } = 2 csc θ
cos(θ + 32π ) sin 2 (−θ)

sec2 θ − cos 2 θ π
89. Prove that cos 2 (π − θ)[ 2 3π
− 1] = cos 2 ( + θ)(1 + cot 2 θ) .
cos ( 2 + θ) 2

2 sec2 θ − cos 2 θ
L.H.S. = cos (π − θ)[ − 1]
cos 2 ( 32π + θ)
sec2 θ − cos 2 θ
= (−cos θ) 2 [ − 1]
(sin θ) 2
sec2 θ − cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ( )
sin 2 θ
sec2 θ − 1
= cos 2 θ( )
sin 2 θ
tan 2 θ
= cos 2 θ( )
sin 2 θ
=1

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 π
R.H.S. = cos 2 ( + θ)(1 + cot 2 θ)
2
= (−sin θ) 2 (csc 2 θ)
=1
sec2 θ − cos 2 θ π
∴ cos 2 (π − θ)[ 2 3π
− 1] = cos 2 ( + θ)(1 + cot 2 θ)
cos ( 2 + θ) 2

1 π 3π
90. If cot θ = − and sec θ > 0 , find the value of [sec( −θ) + sec( + θ)] sin( + θ) without using a
3 2 2
calculator.

∵ cot θ < 0 and sec θ > 0

∴ θ lies in quadrant IV.
y

θ
N
x
O 1

OP 2 = ON 2 + NP 2
= 12 + 3 2
= 10
∴ OP = 10
sec θ = 10
10
csc θ = −
3
1
cos θ =
10
π 3π
∴ [sec(−θ) + sec( + θ)] sin( + θ) = (sec θ − csc θ)(−cos θ)
2 2
10 1
= [ 10 − (− )](− )
3 10
4 10 1
=( )(− )
3 10
4
=−
3

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 3π 5 csc(θ − π)
91. If csc( + θ) = − and sin θ > 0 , find the value of without using a
2 2 sec(θ + 32π ) + cot(2π − θ)
calculator. (Leave your answer in surd form.)

3π 5
csc( + θ) = −
2 2
5
−sec θ = −
2
5
sec θ =
2
∵ sec θ > 0 and sin θ > 0
∴ θ lies in quadrant I.
y

P
5
θ
x
O 2 N

NP 2 = OP 2 − ON 2
= ( 5 ) 2 − 22
=1
∴ NP = 1
csc θ = 5
cot θ = 2
csc(θ − π) csc[− (π − θ)]
∴ 3π
= 3π
sec(θ + 2 ) + cot(2π − θ) sec( 2 + θ) + cot(2π − θ)
−csc θ
=
csc θ − cot θ
− 5
=
5−2
− 5 5+2
= ×
5−2 5+2
− 5 ( 5 + 2)
=
( 5 ) 2 − 22
= − (5 + 2 5 )

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 3π π
92. (a) If cos θ and csc( − θ) are the roots of the equation x2 − 3kx − 2k = 0 , where < θ < π ,
2 2
find the value of k.
(b) Find the value of cos θ + sec θ .

(a) x2 − 3kx − 2k = 0
−2k
Product of roots =
1
3π
cos θ csc( − θ ) = −2 k
2
cos θ( −sec θ) = −2k
1
k=
2
−3k
(b) Sum of roots = −
1
3
cos θ + (−sec θ) =
2
3
cos θ − sec θ =
2
3
(cos θ − sec θ) 2 = ( ) 2
2
9
cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ sec θ + sec 2 θ =
4
9
cos 2 θ + sec2 θ − 2 =
4
17
cos 2 θ + sec 2 θ =
4
(cos θ + sec θ) = cos θ + 2 cos θ sec θ + sec2 θ
2 2

= cos 2 θ + sec2 θ + 2
17
= +2
4
25
=
4
π
∵ <θ<π
2
∴ cos θ < 0 , sec θ < 0
∴ cos θ + sec θ < 0
25
∴ cos θ + sec θ = −
4
5
=−
2

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 1 3π
93. It is given that sin θ − cos θ = − , where π < θ < .
4 2
(a) Find the value of sin θ + cos θ .
3π
(b) Hence, find the value of sin( − θ) .
2
(Leave your answers in surd form.)

1
(a) sin θ − cos θ = −
4
1
(sin θ − cos θ) 2 = (− ) 2
4
1
sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ =
16
1
1 − 2 sin θ cos θ =
16
15
sin θ cos θ =
32
(sin θ + cos θ) 2 = sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos2 θ
= 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ
15
= 1 + 2( )
32
31
=
16
3π
∵ π<θ<
2
∴ sin θ < 0 , cos θ < 0
∴ sin θ + cos θ < 0
31
∴ sin θ + cos θ = −
16
31
=−
4

3π
(b) sin( − θ) = −cos θ
2
1
= − [(sin θ + cos θ) − (sin θ − cos θ)]
2
1 31 1
= − [− − (− )]
2 4 4
31 − 1
=
8

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 3 3π
94. It is given that sin θ + cos θ = , where < θ < 2π .
2 2
(a) Find the value of sin θ − cos θ .
(b) Find the value of tan(π + θ) .
(Leave your answers in surd form.)

3
(a) sin θ + cos θ =
2
3 2
(sin θ + cos θ) 2 = ( )
2
3
sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ =
4
3
1 + 2 sin θ cos θ =
4
1
sin θ cos θ = −
8

(sin θ − cos θ) 2 = sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ

= 1 − 2 sin θ cos θ
1
= 1 − 2(− )
8
5
=
4
3π
∵ < θ < 2π
2
∴ sin θ < 0 , cos θ > 0

∴ sin θ − cos θ < 0

5
∴ sin θ − cos θ = −
4
5
=−
2

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 (b) tan(π + θ) = tan θ
sin θ
=
cos θ
1
2
[(sin θ + cos θ) + (sin θ − cos θ)]
= 1 [(sin θ +
2
cos θ) − (sin θ − cos θ)]
3 5
2
+ (− 2
)
=
3 5
2
− (− 2
)
3− 5 3− 5
= ×
3+ 5 3− 5
( 3 − 5 )2
=
( 3 )2 − ( 5 )2
( 3 ) 2 − 2( 3 )( 5 ) + ( 5 ) 2
=
−2
8 − 2 15
=−
2
= 15 − 4

1 π
95. If sin 2 (π + θ) = , where θ is an obtuse angle, find the value of cot 2 (π + θ) − sec( + θ) .
4 2

1
sin 2 (π + θ) =
4
1
(−sin θ) 2 =
4
1
sin 2 θ =
4
1 1
sin θ = or − (rejected)
2 2
y

P
2
1 θ
x
N O

ON 2 = OP 2 − NP 2
= 22 − 12
=3
∴ ON = 3

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 cot θ = − 3
csc θ = 2
π
∴ cot 2 (π + θ) − sec( + θ) = (cot θ) 2 − (−csc θ)
2
= cot 2 θ + csc θ
= (− 3 ) 2 + 2
=5

3π
1 − csc( θ − 2π) + tan(θ + 2
) 1 + sec( π2 + θ)
96. Prove that = .
1 + csc( π − θ) − tan(θ − π
2
) cot(π + θ)

1 − csc(θ − 2π) + tan(θ + 32π ) 1 + sec( π2 + θ)

−
1 + csc(π − θ) − tan(θ − π2 ) cot(π + θ)

1 − csc[− (2π − θ)] + tan( 32π + θ) 1 + sec( π2 + θ)

= −
1 + csc(π − θ) − tan[− ( π2 − θ)] cot(π + θ)

1 + csc(2π − θ) + tan( 32π + θ) 1 + sec( π2 + θ)

= −
1 + csc(π − θ) + tan( π2 − θ) cot(π + θ)
1 − csc θ − cot θ 1 − csc θ
= −
1 + csc θ + cot θ cot θ
cot θ(1 − csc θ − cot θ) − (1 − csc θ)(1 + csc θ + cot θ)
=
(1 + csc θ + cot θ) cot θ
cot θ − csc θ cot θ − cot 2 θ − 1 − csc θ − cot θ + csc θ + csc2 θ + csc θ cot θ
=
(1 + csc θ + cot θ) cot θ
− cot 2 θ − 1 + csc2 θ
=
(1 + csc θ + cot θ) cot θ
− csc2 θ + csc2 θ
=
(1 + csc θ + cot θ) cot θ
=0
3π
1 − csc( θ − 2π) + tan(θ + 2
) 1 + sec( π2 + θ)
∴ =
1 + csc( π − θ) − tan(θ − π
2
) cot(π + θ)

182

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 sin( 32π + θ) sec( π + θ) 2
97. If [ × ] is a root of the equation 2 y 2 − 5 y + 2 = 0, where 0 < θ < 2π ,
cos( 4π − θ) cot( 2 + θ)
π

find θ.

sin( 32π + θ) sec(π + θ) 2 −cos θ −sec θ 2

[ × ] =( × )
cos( 4π − θ) cot( 2 + θ)
π cos θ − tan θ

= csc2 θ
∴ csc2 θ is a root of the equation 2 y 2 − 5 y + 2 = 0 .
∴ 2(csc2 θ) 2 − 5 csc2 θ + 2 = 0

(2 csc2 θ − 1)(csc2 θ − 2) = 0

csc2 θ − 2 = 0 or 2 csc2 θ − 1 = 0
1
csc2 θ = 2 or csc2 θ =
2
1
sin 2 θ = or sin 2 θ = 2 (rejected)
2
1
sin θ = ±
2
π 3π 5π 7π
θ= , , or
4 4 4 4

sin 4 x − sin 4 ( 32π − x) + 4

98. It is given that y = .
sin 2 x − sin 2 ( π2 − x) + 2
2
(a) Prove that y = 1 + 2
.
2 sin x + 1
(b) Hence find the maximum and minimum values of y.

183

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 sin 4 x − sin 4 ( 32π − x) + 4
(a) y=
sin 2 x − sin 2 ( π2 − x) + 2

sin 4 x − (− cos x) 4 + 4
=
sin 2 x − (cos x) 2 + 2
sin 4 x − cos 4 x + 4
=
sin 2 x − cos 2 x + 2
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)(sin 2 x − cos 2 x) + 4
=
sin 2 x − cos 2 x + 2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x + 4
=
sin 2 x − cos 2 x + 2
sin 2 x − (1 − sin 2 x) + 4
=
sin 2 x − (1 − sin 2 x) + 2
2 sin 2 x + 3
=
2 sin 2 x + 1
2
=1+ 2
2 sin x + 1

(b) ∵ For any real number x,

0 ≤ sin 2 x ≤ 1
1 ≤ 2 sin 2 x + 1 ≤ 3
1 1
≤ ≤1
3 2 sin 2 x + 1
2 2
≤ 2
≤2
3 2 sin x + 1
5 2
≤ 1+ 2
≤3
3 2 sin x + 1
∴ Maximum value of y = 3
5
∴ Minimum value of y =
3

184

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