Instruction Set of 8086

Instruction Set of 8086

The 8086 microprocessor supports 8 types of
instructions
• Data Transfer Instructions
• Arithmetic Instructions
• Bit Manipulation Instructions
• String Instructions
• Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch
& Loop Instructions)
• Processor Control Instructions
• Iteration Control Instructions
• Interrupt Instructions
 Data Transfer Instructions
Instruction to transfer a word
• MOV − Used to copy the byte or word from the provided source to
the provided destination.
• PPUSH − Used to put a word at the top of the stack.
• POP − Used to get a word from the top of the stack to the provided
location.
• PUSHA − Used to put all the registers into the stack.
• POPA − Used to get words from the stack to all registers.
• XCHG − Used to exchange the data from two loca ons.
• XLAT − Used to translate a byte in AL using a table in the memory.

Instructions for input and output port transfer

• IN − Used to read a byte or word from the provided port to the
accumulator.
• OUT − Used to send out a byte or word from the accumulator to
the provided port.
 Data Transfer Instructions
Instructions to transfer the address
• LEA − Used to load the address of operand into the provided register.
• LDS − Used to load DS register and other provided register from the
memory
• LES − Used to load ES register and other provided register from the
memory.

Instructions to transfer flag registers

• LAHF − Used to load AH with the low byte of the flag register.
• SAHF − Used to store AH register to low byte of the flag register.
• PUSHF − Used to copy the flag register at the top of the stack.
• POPF − Used to copy a word at the top of the stack to the flag
register.
Examples
 Arithmetic Instructions
These instructions are used to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
Instructions to perform addition
• ADD − Used to add the provided byte to byte/word to word.
• ADC − Used to add with carry.
• INC − Used to increment the provided byte/word by 1.
• AAA − Used to adjust ASCII a er addi on.
• DAA − Used to adjust the decimal a er the addi on/subtrac on opera on.
Instructions to perform subtraction
• SUB − Used to subtract the byte from byte/word from word.
• SBB − Used to perform subtrac on with borrow.
• DEC − Used to decrement the provided byte/word by 1.
• NPG − Used to negate each bit of the provided byte/word and add 1/2’s
complement.
• CMP − Used to compare 2 provided byte/word.
• AAS − Used to adjust ASCII codes a er subtrac on.
• DAS − Used to adjust decimal a er subtrac on.
 Arithmetic Instructions
Instruction to perform multiplication

• MUL − Used to mul ply unsigned byte by byte/word by word.

• IMUL − Used to mul ply signed byte by byte/word by word.
• AAM − Used to adjust ASCII codes a er mul plica on.

Instructions to perform division

• DIV − Used to divide the unsigned word by byte or unsigned double word
by word.
• IDIV − Used to divide the signed word by byte or signed double word by
word.
• AAD − Used to adjust ASCII codes a er division.
• CBW − Used to fill the upper byte of the word with the copies of sign bit of
the lower byte.
• CWD − Used to fill the upper word of the double word with the sign bit of
the lower word.
Examples
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
These instructions are used to perform operations where
data bits are involved, i.e. operations like logical, shift,
etc.
Instructions to perform logical operation
• NOT − Used to invert each bit of a byte or word.
• AND − Used for adding each bit in a byte/word with the
corresponding bit in another byte/word.
• OR − Used to mul ply each bit in a byte/word with the
corresponding bit in another byte/word.
• XOR − Used to perform Exclusive-OR operation over each bit
in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in another
byte/word.
• TEST − Used to add operands to update flags, without
affecting operands.
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
Instructions to perform shift operations

• SHL/SAL − Used to shi bits of a byte/word towards le and put

zero(S) in LSBs.
• SHR − Used to shi bits of a byte/word towards the right and put
zero(S) in MSBs.
• SAR − Used to shi bits of a byte/word towards the right and copy
the old MSB into the new MSB.
Instructions to perform rotate operations

• ROL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the le , i.e. MSB to

LSB and to Carry Flag [CF].
• ROR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to
MSB and to Carry Flag [CF].
• RCR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to
CF and CF to MSB.
• RCL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the le , i.e. MSB to
CF and CF to LSB.
 String Instructions
String is a group of bytes/words and their memory is always allocated in a sequential order.

Following is the list of instructions under this group −

• REP − Used to repeat the given instruc on ll CX ≠ 0.

• REPE/REPZ − Used to repeat the given instruc on un l CX = 0 or zero flag ZF = 1.
• REPNE/REPNZ − Used to repeat the given instruc on un l CX = 0 or zero flag ZF = 1.
• MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW − Used to move the byte/word from one string to another.
• COMS/COMPSB/COMPSW − Used to compare two string bytes/words.
• INS/INSB/INSW − Used as an input string/byte/word from the I/O port to the provided
memory location.
• OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW − Used as an output string/byte/word from the provided
memory location to the I/O port.
• SCAS/SCASB/SCASW − Used to scan a string and compare its byte with a byte in AL or
string word with a word in AX.
• LODS/LODSB/LODSW − Used to store the string byte into AL or string word into AX.
 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
(Branch and Loop Instructions)
These instructions are used to transfer/branch the instructions during an
execution. It includes the following instructions −
Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution without any
condi on −
• CALL − Used to call a procedure and save their return address to the stack.
• RET − Used to return from the procedure to the main program.
• JMP − Used to jump to the provided address to proceed to the next
instruction.
Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution with some
condi ons −
• JA/JNBE − Used to jump if above/not below/equal instruc on sa sfies.
• JAE/JNB − Used to jump if above/not below instruc on sa sfies.
• JBE/JNA − Used to jump if below/equal/ not above instruc on sa sfies.
• JC − Used to jump if carry flag CF = 1
 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
(Branch and Loop Instructions)
Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution with some
conditions −
• JE/JZ − Used to jump if equal/zero flag ZF = 1
• JG/JNLE − Used to jump if greater/not less than/equal instruc on sa sfies.
• JGE/JNL − Used to jump if greater than/equal/not less than instruc on sa sfies.
• JL/JNGE − Used to jump if less than/not greater than/equal instruc on sa sfies.
• JLE/JNG − Used to jump if less than/equal/if not greater than instruc on sa sfies.
• JNC − Used to jump if no carry flag (CF = 0)
• JNE/JNZ − Used to jump if not equal/zero flag ZF = 0
• JNO − Used to jump if no overflow flag OF = 0
• JNP/JPO − Used to jump if not parity/parity odd PF = 0
• JNS − Used to jump if not sign SF = 0
• JO − Used to jump if overflow flag OF = 1
• JP/JPE − Used to jump if parity/parity even PF = 1
• JS − Used to jump if sign flag SF = 1
 Processor/Flag Control Instructions

These instructions are used to control the processor action by

setting/resetting the flag values.

Following are the instruc ons under this group −

• STC − Used to set carry flag CF to 1
• CLC − Used to clear/reset carry flag CF to 0
• CMC − Used to put complement at the state of carry flag CF.
• STD − Used to set the direc on flag DF to 1
• CLD − Used to clear/reset the direc on flag DF to 0
• STI − Used to set the interrupt enable flag to 1, i.e., enable INTR
input.
• CLI − Used to clear the interrupt enable flag to 0, i.e., disable INTR
input.
 Iteration Control Instructions

These instructions are used to execute the given

instructions for number of times.

Following is the list of instructions under this group −

• LOOP − Used to loop a group of instruc ons un l the

condition satisfies, i.e., CX = 0
• LOOPE/LOOPZ − Used to loop a group of instruc ons ll it
satisfies ZF = 1 & CX = 0
• LOOPNE/LOOPNZ − Used to loop a group of instruc ons ll it
satisfies ZF = 0 & CX = 0
• JCXZ − Used to jump to the provided address if CX = 0
 Interrupt Instructions

These instructions are used to call the interrupt during program

execution.

• INT − Used to interrupt the program during execu on and calling

service specified.
• INTO − Used to interrupt the program during execu on if OF = 1
• IRET − Used to return from interrupt service to the main program