Information and Communication

Technology
ECE 2153/3155

Course Teacher
Dr Rafia Nishat Toma
Associate Professor
ECE Discipline, Khulna University

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Communication and Information Technology
Course Code: 0714 26 ECE 2153/3155

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History of Telecommunication

 The word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele (τῆλε), meaning distant,
far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share.
 Telecommunications has evolved with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, Asia,
and the Americas.
 Signs, drum beats and semaphores were used for long distance communication in the very
early stages.
 In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems
emerged in Europe.

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Telephone

 In telephone conversation, the one who initiates the call is referred to as the
calling subscriber.
 And the one for whom the call is destined is the called subscriber.
 In other cases of information transfer, the communicating entities are known as
source and destination, respectively.
Calling Subscriber Called Subscriber

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Telephone Connection

 Graham Bell demonstrated a point-to-point telephone connection.

 A network using point-to-point connections is shown in Fig. 1.
 In such a network, a calling subscriber chooses the appropriate link to establish connection with
the called subscriber.
 In order to draw the attention of the called subscriber
before information exchange can begin, some
form of signaling is required with each link.
 If the called subscriber is engaged, a suitable
indication should be given to the calling
subscriber by means of signaling.

ECE Discipline, Khulna University Fig. 1. A networks with point-to-point links.

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Telephone Connection

 In Fig. 1, there are five entities and 10 point-to-point links.

 Let us consider the n entities in some order.
 In order to connect the first entity to all other entities, we require (n-1) links.
 With this, the second entity is already connected to the first.
 We now need (n-2) links to connect the second entity to the others.
 For the third entity, we need (n-3) links,
for the fourth (n-4) links, and so on.
 The total number of links, L, works out as follows:
𝐿 = 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛 − 2 + 𝑛 − 3 + ⋯ + 1 + 0 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)/2
 In a general case with n entities, there are n(n-1)/2 links.
Fig. 1. A networks with point-to-point links.
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Simple Telephone Communication

 In the simplest form of a telephone circuit, there is a one-way communication involving

two entities, one receiving (listening) and the other transmitting (talking).
 This form of one-way communication shown in Fig. 2 is known as simplex
communication.
 The microphone and the earphone are the transducer elements of the telephone
communication system.
 Microphone converts speech signals
into electrical signals and the
earphone converts electrical signals
into audio signals.

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Fig. 2. A Simplex Telephone Circuit.
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Simple Telephone Communication

 Most commonly used microphone is a carbon microphone.

 Microphone (mouthpiece) consists of a movable speaker diaphragm that is sensitive to both amplitude and frequency.

 The diaphragm contains carbon particles that can conduct electricity.

 As the human voice spoken into the transmitter varies, the amount of carbon granules that strike the electrical contacts in the mouthpiece also
varies—thereby sending varying analog electrical signals out into the voice network.

 In Fig. 2, the inductor acts as a high

impedance element for voice frequency
signals but permits the d.c. from the battery
to flow to the microphone and the receiver.

Fig. 2. A Simplex Telephone Circuit.

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Simple Telephone Communication

 Earphone (earpiece) acts in an opposite direction to the mouthpiece.

 The electrical signal/waves produced by the transmitter are received at an
electromagnet in the receiver.
 Varying levels of electricity produce varying levels of magnetism—that, in turn, cause
the diaphragm to move in direct proportion to the magnetic variance.
 The moving diaphragm produces varying sound that corresponds to the sound waves
that were input at the transmitter.

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Fig. 2. A Simplex Telephone Circuit.
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Simple Telephone Communication

Getting Voice Onto and

Off the Network

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Simple Telephone Communication

 In a normal telephone communication system, information is transferred both ways.

 An entity is capable of both receiving and sending although these do not take place
simultaneously.
 An entity is either receiving or sending at any instant of time.
 When one entity is transmitting, the other is receiving and vice versa.
 Such a form of communication where the information transfer takes place both ways but not
simultaneously is known as half-duplex communication.
 If the information transfer takes place in both directions simultaneously, then it is called full-
duplex communication.

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Simple Telephone Communication

 Figure 2 may be modified to achieve half-duplex

communication by the introduction of a transmitter
and receiver at both ends of the circuit as shown in
Fig. 3.
 In this circuit, the speech of A is heard by B as well as
in A's own earphone.
Fig. 2. A Simplex Telephone Circuit.
 This audio signal, heard at the generating end, is called
sidetone.
 A certain amount of sidetone is useful, or even
essential.
 Human speech and hearing system is a feedback
system in which the volume of speech is automatically
adjusted, based on the sidetone heard by the ear.

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Fig. 3. A Half-Duplex Telephone Circuit.
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Simple Telephone Communication

 If no sidetone is present, a person tends to shout,

and if too much of sidetone is present, there is a
tendency to reduce the speech to a very low
level.
 In the circuit of Fig. 3, the entire speech
intensity is heard as sidetone, which is not Fig. 3. A Half-Duplex Telephone Circuit.
desirable.
 Figure 4 gives a circuit where a small level of
sidetone and the full speech signal from the other
party are coupled to the receiver.

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Fig. 4. A Telephone Circuit with Sidetone Coupling.
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Telephone Numbering

 The numbering is hierarchical, and it has an internationally standardized country code

at the highest level.
 An international prefix or international access number is used for international calls.
 It tells the network that the connection is to be routed via an international telephone
exchange to another country.
 Country codes are not needed for national calls because their purpose is to make the
subscriber identification unique in the world.

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Telephone Numbering

 The country code contains one to four numbers

that define the country of subscriber B.
 Country code for Bangladesh is +880
 Country code for India is +91
 A telephone number that includes the country
code is called an international number and it
has a maximum length of 12 digits.

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Satellite

 A satellite is basically a self-contained communications system with the ability to receive signals
from Earth and to retransmit those signals back with the use of a transponder—an integrated
receiver and transmitter of radio signals.

 A satellite has to withstand the shock of being accelerated during launch up to the orbital velocity
of 28,100 km (17,500 miles) an hour and a hostile space environment where it can be subject to
radiation and extreme temperatures for its projected operational life, which can last up to 20
years.

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Satellite

 In addition, satellites have to be light, as the

cost of launching a satellite is quite expensive Satellite
and based on weight. transponder

 To meet these challenges, satellites must be

small and made of lightweight and durable
materials.
dish
 They must operate at a very high reliability of dish
more than 99.9 percent in the vacuum of space 22,300 miles
with no prospect of maintenance or repair.

uplink station downlink station

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Satellite

 The main components of a satellite consist of the communications system, which includes the
antennas and transponders that receive and retransmit signals, the power system, which includes
the solar panels that provide power, and the propulsion system, which includes the rockets that
propel the satellite.

 A satellite needs its own propulsion system to get itself to the right orbital location and to make
occasional corrections to that position.

 A satellite in geostationary orbit can deviate up to a degree every year from north to south or east
to west of its location because of the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun.

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Types of Satellite Systems

Four different types of satellites orbits have been identified. These are:
• GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) at about 36,000km above the
earth's surface.
• LEO (Low Earth Orbit) at about 500-1500km above the earth's
surface.
• MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit) at
about 6000-20,000 km above the earth's surface.
• HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit)

https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-satellite-systems
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Types of Satellite Systems

 Satellites operate in three different orbits: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and
geostationary or geosynchronous orbit (GEO).
 LEO satellites are positioned at an altitude between 160 km and 1,600 km (100 and 1,000 miles) above
Earth.
 MEO satellites operate from 10,000 to 20,000 km (6,300 to 12,500 miles) from Earth. (Satellites do not
operate between LEO and MEO because of the inhospitable environment for electronic components in
that area, which is caused by the Van Allen radiation belt.)
 GEO satellites are positioned 35,786 km (22,236 miles) above Earth, where they complete one orbit in
24 hours and thus remain fixed over one spot.
 As mentioned above, it only takes three GEO satellites to provide global coverage, while it takes 20 or
more satellites to cover the entire Earth from LEO and 10 or more in MEO.
 In addition, communicating with satellites in LEO and MEO requires tracking antennas on the ground to
ensure seamless connection between satellites.
More about satellite: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-satellite-58.html
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Satellite

 A satellite has thrusters that are fired occasionally to make adjustments in its position.

 The maintenance of a satellite’s orbital position is called “station keeping,” and the
corrections made by using the satellite’s thrusters are called “attitude control.”

 A satellite’s life span is determined by the amount of fuel it has to power these thrusters.

 Once the fuel runs out, the satellite eventually drifts into space and out of operation,
becoming space debris.

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Satellite

 A satellite in orbit has to operate continuously over its entire life span.
 It needs internal power to be able to operate its electronic systems and communications
payload.
 The main source of power is sunlight, which is harnessed by the satellite’s solar panels.
 A satellite also has batteries on board to provide power when the Sun is blocked by
Earth.
 The batteries are recharged by the excess current generated by the solar panels
when there is sunlight.

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Satellite

 Satellites operate in extreme temperatures from −150 °C (−238 °F) to 150 °C (300 °F) and may
be subject to radiation in space.
 Satellite components that can be exposed to radiation are shielded with Aluminium and other
radiation-resistant material.
 A satellite’s thermal system protects its sensitive electronic and mechanical components and
maintains it in its optimum functioning temperature to ensure its continuous operation.
 A satellite’s thermal system also protects sensitive satellite components from the extreme changes
in temperature by activation of cooling mechanisms when it gets too hot or heating systems when
it gets too cold.

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Satellite

 The tracking telemetry and control (TT&C) system of a satellite is a two-way

communication link between the satellite and TT&C on the ground.
 This allows a ground station to track a satellite’s position and control the satellite’s
propulsion, thermal, and other systems.
 It can also monitor the temperature, electrical voltages, and other important parameters
of a satellite.
 Communication satellites range from microsatellites weighing less than 1 kg (2.2
pounds) to large satellites weighing over 6,500 kg (14,000 pounds).

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Satellite

 Advances in miniaturization and digitalization have substantially increased the capacity of

satellites over the years.
 Early Bird had just one transponder capable of sending just one TV channel.
 The Boeing 702 series of satellites, in contrast, can have more than 100 transponders, and with
the use of digital compression technology each transponder can have up to 16 channels, providing
more than 1,600 TV channels through one satellite.

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Do ALL satellites have to fly at the same speed so not to leave their orbit?

No, satellites that orbit at different altitudes have different speeds. Satellites that are further away actually
travel slower.
 The International Space Station has a Low Earth Orbit, about 400 kilometers (250 miles) above the earth's
surface. Objects orbiting at that altitude travel about 28,000 kilometers per hour (17,500 miles per hour).
 The GOES system of satellites, which tracks weather and other things, is in a geosynchronous orbit, 36,000
kilometers (22,000 miles) above the earth. These satellites travel at about 11,000 kilometers per hour
(7,000 miles per hour).
 The moon, at about 380,000 kilometers from the earth (240,000 miles) only travels about 3,700 kilometers
per hour (2,300 miles per hour).

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Satellite

 Satellites that are launched in to the orbit by using the rockets are called man-made satellites or
artificial satellites.
 Artificial satellites revolve around the earth because of the gravitational force of attraction between the
earth and satellites.
 Unlike the natural satellites (moon), artificial satellites are used in various applications. The various
applications of artificial satellites include:
1 Weather forecasting 5 Satellite television
2 Navigation 6 Military satellite

3 Astronomy 7 Satellite internet

4 Satellite phone 8 Satellite radio.

Tutorial (should be watched): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ror4P1UAv_g

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Thank
you
all

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