I

Vector Space
What is a vector really
z
While we are familiar with
V
7
its presentation in Cartesian
Y coordinates

x Ū ⼆
Vxityjtgi
we may not know its definition properly
A set of objects EE vectors forms
a linear vector space T when satisfying
closed under addition

5 sāt5 d
5 E E 5 E

closed under multi cation by scalars

入 i 5 ⼼ 入5

atujǎ
⼆ 入
ǎtuǎ
入
Cuā xnā
 2
existence of null vector Ō
ǎt Ō ǎ

unity scdar ⼯

⼯ x ǎ ǎ

existence of negative vector ā

so that ǎttā Ō
 3
Linear Independence 光
辰 N vectors T I in one can

construct the linear combination so that

aitczci taci
If the trivial sdn G G a o is

the ONLY soon he set of vectors are

linearly cindependent B

example
Z
0 y i
Vyòi

三
Y i Vyj_Ǔ o
C y
Thus Ū i j are
x
V linearly dependent
 4

example 0 y i Vyōt Vzk

10
Z
V 9 its is Ū o
n aiitsii isi.io
Lin y 吉
⼦
Because Vzto So

xzaitczj 0 applying similar trick

a iits a o

a gig j.jo cio

不 us Ū i Ī are
linearly independent I

The maximum number of linearly independent

vectors in the vector space T is called

the dimension of T

T the above examples the dimension of the

vector space T is THREE 它
 5
Inner Product revisited 它

The inner product has the Sawing properties

alb blai
任 1 入 btuc Nalb MGK
The above properties may sound a bit abstract

不 us we often use an orthonormal basis to

represent the vectors

Elèj fj cjj 1，2 N

An vector la can noaf Kronecker delta symbol

be represented by ⼼ Ǘjla
j j
Ě a ⼼ Because lei forms

an orthonormal basis the coefcientsa can

be computed easily

gla Ěaglei _______

g
Si
 6
One can derive the familiar formula for the
inner product as below

1a Eqléi Eāilb
a

亨 的 lèj
alb
EE cibj ⼼⼼

EF cibj Sij
the Gmiliar formula
T T六
⼆ ⼀

for inner product

 7
Linear Operator

A linear operator M maps a vector lx to

another vector ly ly Mlx with the

following property
M Na ⼆ 八 Mla tu Mlb 7
tulb
Again we can represent the linear operator
M is an orthonormal basis 它

ly Alx
1X xjlèj
IYF 李 Yjlg
Alx
⼆

吾 Xj Alèj 7
⼆
亨 Yjlǖ
til Fg Alèj èil 导 学 ⼼

李 Xj Eil Alèj 导 学 èdg

⼆
_______
_________
111
8
Aij cj

Finally Y
⼆

寺 Aij Xj
⼀
是筘 ra
 8
4 D Spacetime

The Lorentz trans Emotion can be represented

as a 4x4 Matrix

CE 8 8 0 o ct

o o x
灣
卧

O o o I Z

I
Where 8 ⼆
2
1 以

Because y y ÉZ We can focus on the

2x 2 Matrix

Introduce Me hyperbolic parameter x

I
coshx r
2
1 火

uksinhx
⼆
⾄⼆ Vrcuk 2

ukzcosEx
sinkx in i.ci cz

Iyes
 9
Lorentz transformation simplifies
sinhx
台 fshx sinh.co shx
台
在 an
object moving at const velocity u

its trajectories 加 比

sinhx
台 fshx
sinhxosh.IE句
ask.ct sinhx.at
sinhx ct coshx.ut

The velocity observed in the moving frame is

GShx.UE sinhx.cz
a
Y ashx I sinhx 0
U tanhx.c
tanhx.lkyl tanhx 台 光

uu
Ǜ ⼆

1_Uyc 2

velocity addition in 4D spacetime I