Chapter 2

Computer System
Two types of mouse:

Computer – is an electronic device that accepts o Mechanical Mouses – earlier or older

data as input, processes the input data by version of mouse, meron mga track ball
performing mathematical and logical operations on na ginagamit as sensor.
it, and gives the desired output. o Optical Mouse – latest version, use
sensor (or laser) in order to detect
Components of Computer System movement.
o Gaming mouse – this is actually under
 Hardware
the optical mouse.
 Software
- mas precise
 Peopleware - have additional buttons sa gilid.
HARDWARE - much expensive, 1k to 5k.

 Physical component of the component 3. Scanner – flat bed scanner, mas malalaki ang
 Tangible parts (everything that is tangible) napiprint kaysa sa 3 in 1 printer which is A4
lang ang kayang iprint.
FOUR (4) COMPONENTS OF HARDWARE
 image acquisition, to scan or take
A. Input Devices picture of the document
 Accepts instruction and data that comes  digitize the information and present it
from the user. on the computer screen.
 Eto ang mga ni-encode and type.  Used in banks.
 Ginagamit for entering your data and
instruction to perform different function. 4. Barcode Reader – Tries to read barcodes
(these are the lines with different codes) or
Different Types of Input Devices: item codes, once read, codes will appear on
computer as readable materials.
1. Keyboard – similar to a typewriter but more
advanced and mas maraming keys.  Example: Optical Scanner para mabasa
ang product code para matransfer sa
Three types of keys: computer.
 Example: Handheld Barcode Reader
o Alphanumeric Keys – includes numbers
(supermarket) & Fix Barcode Reader
and letters.
o Punctuation Keys - includes keys such
5. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
as question marks, comma, period, etc.
 Used to read checks and automatic na
(punctuation marks)
matransmit sa computer.
o Special Keys – includes control keys,
 Checking checks.
function keys (F1, F2 etc.), arrow keys,
 For bank industries.
caps lock, tabs, shift.
 They can read papers that uses special ink
“Click shift to access the symbols or function to tell if they are genuine or not.
keys”
6. Optical mark reader – they try to read the
2. Mouse – used for pointing and clicking in the presence of the mark.
application we’re using.  Used to check shaded answers
 invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963 (examination, surveys, ballot answers)
 May lalabas na resibo after voting, which
is the summary.
  Also used in National Exams. o Page Printer- per page, common
nagpriprint ng photos.

B. Output Example: Laser Printer, Magnetic Printer

 Display result of the computer processing
for user. C. Storage devices
 They simply display output or yung data  store data entered before processing and
we entered. store the results after processing.
 Location of the outputs.
1. Visual Display Unit or Monitor – display
image, graphic and text that let the user see Types of Storage Devices:
how the computer is responding to their
Primary storage – “MAIN MEMORY”, 1st
commands.
storage in the devices and it is built-in.
 Older version of monitor uses CRT
(Cathode Ray Tube), to transfer or  It holds data, program, instructions, that
display images to the monitor. are currently used by your device.
 CRT is invented by VLADIMIR
ZWORYKIN. Monochrome sila. a. RAM (Random Access Memory)
 It randomly selects and use any location of
“Without monitor you can use projector.”
this memory to direct store and retrieve
data and instructions. It is also referred to
2. Speakers and Audio Response system read/write memory because information
 Usually they try to produce sounds, verbal can be “read” from a RAM chip also be
output, and audio. “written” into it.
 Example: play music  Temporarily store information.
 Short Term Memory.
 Volatile memory – usually store
3. Printer temporary files na ginagamit while your
 To produce hard copy output. device is running; ex: mga apps na store sa
RAM habang ginagamit natin para
Types of printers: matanggal usually nag clean tayo.
o Character Printer – they try to print one  Real Time
character at a time.
b. ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Example:  A Read Only Memory is one in which
information is permanently stored. The
Dot matrix – doesn’t use ink, it uses ribbons.
information from the memory can only be
(Colors: black, blue, red), mas maingay than
read and it is not possible to write fresh
usual printers.
information into it.
Thermal Printer – for printing receipts, it uses  Non- volatile – built-in na permanently
ink. nakastore sa device
 You can disable the apps if you don’t want
Inkjet Printer - These printers are most to use it.
common in homes and small offices.
Secondary storage – external memory of the
o Line Printer - one line at a time. device or back-up storage.
Example: Drum Printer – mas malaki. a. Hard Disk
  iba’t ibang klase ng hard disk, yung hard e. DVD (Digital Versatile Disk or Digital
disk sa computer and laptop are different Video Disk then)
in size.  Larger than CD but kind of a same type.
 External drives, Iron wolf 18TB  Capacity 7 times larger than the CD’s
 You can have one or more hard disk in
your computer as long as meron pang f. Optical Disk Drive
available slot sa system unit.  Used in laptops or computer to read CD
or DVD.
b. SSD (Solid State Drive)
 ginagamit sa laptop, another mind of drive g. Tape Drives
kaya lang mas mabilis si SSD.  Uses ribbon or tape fro recording.
 For old laptops, you can have both SSD  VHS – for videos.
and HHD, as long as there is available  Cassete tape – for music.
slot, usually kapalit niyang slot is yung sa  Bago magkaroon ng CD eto gamit.
optical disk drive (yung sa CD).
h. Flash Drives – ito ung nag-aappear mismo sa
c. Floppy Disk screen.
 1.4 megabyte only yung storage capacity USB (Universal Serial Bus) – ito yung
niya. mismong port na sinasaksakan ng drive.
 Used for office documents.  Store data, data back-up, transfer files.
 Lifespan: 3-4 years or lower depending on  Convenient, versatile, handy
how you use it.  Mataas ang storage capacity – up to 1TB
 You read its content by using Floppy
Disk Drive. i. OTG Drives – can connect to phone.

d. Compact Disk – it can store any kind of data. j. Cloud Storage

 GDrive, iCloud, DropBox
i. CD’s ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only  Accessible anywhere as long as you have
Memory) an account and internet.
 These are the most exciting invention in  Cloud – “over the internet”
their generation.
 Capacity 600 – 700 mb D. Central Processing Unit (Processor)
 Same as flashdrive as function limited nga  The brain of any computer system. It
lang ang capacity. controls, coordinates, and supervises the
operations of the computer.
ii. CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable)  Responsible to execute the program.
 We can only burn once.  Circuitry – nagproprocess ng mga input
 Kapag nagsave nang file they are and to store data and output the result.
permanently stored.
Example: CD sa bangketa COMPONENTS OF CPU:
 Burn para masave ang files sa CD. Control Unit

iii. CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable)  Controls the overall operations of the
 We can use it as many times as we want. computer.
 Dahil nag-rerewrite siya basta hindi mag  Interpret the program instruction na
error and magasgas. binibigay kay computer
 “Heart of computer system”

Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU)

  Performs all the arithmetic and logic Gigabytes (GB) – approximately 1,000 MB or one
operation on the input data billion bytes.
 Basic operation
Terabyte (TB) – approximately 1,000 GB or one
 What to add or perform operation based
trillion bytes.
on the data na ginawa natin.
NOTE…
Memory unit
The speed of your personal computer is measured
 Stores the data, instructions, intermediate in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
results and output, temporarily and during
the processing of data. Clock speed of computer:
 Like a RAM
 Megahertz – 1M ticks/second
 We can store in CPU but hindi ganon
kalaki 25-100 MB lang.  Gigahertz – 1B ticks/second

MACHINE CYCLE

1. Fetch instruction from memory.

 Main memory primary memory.
Kukunin yan sa mismong main
memory
2. Decode instructions into commands
 Then, decode instruction that
computer can understands
o It can understand only machine
language or binary codes. Hindi
niya naiintindihan ang mga letters
and numbers.
o CPU will decode/converts the
instruction into binary codes or
kung yung ano yung naiintindihan
na language ng computer.
o Machine language – ito lang
naiintindihan ni computer.
3. Execute commands
 Since na interpret na so execute na.
4. Store results in memory
 Afterwards we can either store or not
the commands.

2 manufacturers of CPU (processor)

Intel – common, latest processor I9

AMD – Advance Micro Device,

How is Computer Memory measured?

Kilobyte (KB) – approximately 1,000 bytes.

Megabyte (MB) – approximately 1,000 KB or one

million bytes.