CH 03

Chapter 3
Kinetic Concepts for

Analyzing Human
Motion
Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics
What is mass?
• quantity of matter composing a body

(dog, tree, desk, swimming pool,
you)
• represented by m
• units are kg

By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. 3-2
What is inertia?
• tendency to resist change in state

of motion
• proportional to mass
• has no units!

Clearly, the weight bar will stay in place in the absence of being
lifted because of it’s inertia.
What is force?
• a push or a pull
• characterized by magnitude,
direction, and point of
application
• F = ma
• unit is the Newton (N) or (Ib)

What is a free body diagram?
Force applied
Air resistance
Ball being by racquet
struck by a
racquet ball weight
(diagram showing vector representations

of all forces acting on a defined system)

What is a net force?

• the single resultant force derived
from the vector composition of
all the acting forces
• the force that determines the net
effect of all acting forces on a
body

What is a torque (T)?
• the rotary effect of a force

• the angular equivalent of force
• also known as moment of force

What is a torque?
T = Fd
T = (10N)(2m)
F = 10N
d = 2m
T = 20 Nm
axis
T = Fd (the product of force and the

perpendicular distance from the force’s
line of action to the axis of rotation)

What is the center of gravity?

• point around which a body’s weight is
equally balanced in all directions
• point that serves as an index of total
body motion
• point at which the weight vector acts
• same as the center of mass

20N 10N
CG
1m 2m
The weights are balanced, creating equal

torques on either side of the fulcrum.

What is weight?
• attractive force that the earth exerts
on a body
• wt. = mag (product of mass and the
acceleration of gravity: -9.81 m/s2)

What is weight?
• the point of application of the weight

force is a body’s center of gravity
• since weight is a force, units of
weight are units of force: N

What is pressure?
• force per unit of area over which the

force acts
• commonly used to describe force
distribution within a fluid (e.g.
blood pressure, water pressure)
• units are N/m2

What is stress?
• force per unit of area over which
the force acts
• commonly used to describe force
distribution within a solid
• units are N/m2

What is stress?

What is volume?
• space occupied by a body

• has three dimensions (width, height,
and depth)
• units are m3 and cm3

What is density?
• mass per unit of volume

• represented with the small Greek
letter rho: 
• units are kg/m3

What is specific weight?
• weight per unit of volume

• represented with the Greek
letter gamma: 
• units are N/m3

What is impulse?
• the product of force and the time

over which the force acts
(Ft)
• units are Ns

What is compression?
Original
Shape Compression
(pressing or squeezing force directed
axially through a body)
What is tension?
Original
Shape Tension
(pulling or stretching force directed
axially through a body)
What is shear?
Original
Shape Shear
(force directed parallel to a surface)

What is bending?
Compression
Tension
(asymmetric loading that produces tension

on one side of a body’s longitudinal axis
and compression on the other side)
What is torsion?
Neutral
axis
(load producing twisting of a body

around its longitudinal axis)

What is deformation?
Yield Ultimate
Point Failure
Load
Point
Elastic Plastic
Region Region
Deformation
(change in shape)
What are repetitive and acute loading?

• repetitive: repeated application of a
subacute load that is usually of
relatively low magnitude
• acute: application of a single force of
sufficient magnitude to cause
injury to a biological tissue

Repetitive vs. acute loading
Load Magnitude
Likelihood of Injury
Frequency of Loading

Vector Algebra
What is vector composition?
(process of determining a single

vector from two or more vectors
by vector addition)

Vector Algebra
The composition of vectors with the same

direction requires adding their magnitudes.
Vector Algebra
The composition of vectors with the opposite

directions requires subtracting their magnitudes.
Vector Algebra
The tip-to-tail method of vector composition.

Vector Algebra
What is vector resolution?

(operation that replaces a single vector
with two perpendicular vectors
such that the vector composition
of the two perpendicular vectors
yields the original vector)

Vector Algebra
Vectors may be resolved into perpendicular

components. The vector composition of
each pair of components yields the original
vector.
Which of the following defines center of gravity?
A. intersection of the 3 cardinal planes
1 B. the point around which a body's weight is equally balanced regardless of body position
C. both A & B
D. neither A nor B
Which of the following is not true about weight? Which of the following statements is true?
A. measurement unit = lb A. weight is always a force
2
B. measurement unit = N
C. weight is a force
B. force is always a weight
C. pressure is synonymous with force 4

D. changes depending on gravity D. pressure is synonymous with weight
E. all of the above are true
Which of the following relationships is correct? Which of the following is a correct unit of inertia?
A. m = F / a A. psi
3 B. F = m / a
C. a = m / F
B. kg/m
C. lb/ft
3
3
5
D. none of the above D. none of the above
3-35
Which of the following defines center of gravity?
A. intersection of the 3 cardinal planes
1 B. the point around which a body's weight is equally balanced regardless of body position
C. both A & B
D. neither A nor B
Which of the following is not true about weight? Which of the following statements is true?
A. measurement unit = lb A. weight is always a force
2
B. measurement unit = N
C. weight is a force
B. force is always a weight
C. pressure is synonymous with force 4

D. changes depending on gravity D. pressure is synonymous with weight
E. all of the above are true
Which of the following relationships is correct? Which of the following is a correct unit of inertia?
A. m = F / a A. psi
3 B. F = m / a
C. a = m / F
B. kg/m
C. lb/ft
3
3
5
D. none of the above D. none of the above
3-36

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Chapter 3

Kinetic Concepts for

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

• quantity of matter composing a body

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

• tendency to resist change in state

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

What is a free body diagram?

(diagram showing vector representations

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

What is a net force?

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

What is a torque (T)?

• the rotary effect of a force

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

T = Fd (the product of force and the

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

What is the center of gravity?

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

The weights are balanced, creating equal

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

• the point of application of the weight

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

• force per unit of area over which the

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

• space occupied by a body

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

• mass per unit of volume

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

What is specific weight?

• weight per unit of volume

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

• the product of force and the time

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

(force directed parallel to a surface)

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

(asymmetric loading that produces tension

(load producing twisting of a body

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

What are repetitive and acute loading?

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

What is vector composition?

(process of determining a single

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

The composition of vectors with the same

The composition of vectors with the opposite

The tip-to-tail method of vector composition.

What is vector resolution?

Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition

Vectors may be resolved into perpendicular

C. pressure is synonymous with force 4

E. all of the above are true

C. pressure is synonymous with force 4

E. all of the above are true