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Mechanics Structured 2

This document discusses work, energy, and power concepts related to a mass falling near Earth's surface and an elevator moving between floors. It defines work as force applied over a distance. For a mass falling with constant speed in air, its gravitational potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases. An elevator accelerates from rest to a maximum velocity and then decelerates to a stop. Its acceleration, distance, work, power, and motor efficiency are calculated.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

8 views

Mechanics Structured 2

Uploaded by

Drish Shah

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Mechanics Structured 2

1. This question is about work, energy and power.

(a) Define the work done by a force.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

A body of mass m is in a gravitational field of strength g. The body is moved through a distance
h at constant speed v in the opposite direction to the field.

(b) Derive an expression in terms of

(i) m, g and h, for the work done on the body;

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) m, g and v, for the power required to move the body.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) A mass falls near the Earth’s surface at constant speed in still air. Discuss the energy
changes, if any, that occur in the gravitational potential energy and in the kinetic energy
of the mass.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

2. This question is about the kinematics of an elevator (lift).

1
(a) Explain the difference between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass of an object.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

An elevator (lift) starts from rest on the ground floor and comes to rest at a higher floor. Its
motion is controlled by an electric motor. A simplified graph of the variation of the elevator’s
velocity with time is shown below.

velocity / m s –1
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
time / s

(b) The mass of the elevator is 250 kg. Use this information to calculate

(i) the acceleration of the elevator during the first 0.50 s.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) the total distance travelled by the elevator.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

2
(iii) the minimum work required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv) the minimum average power required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(v) the efficiency of the electric motor that lifts the elevator, given that the input power
to the motor is 5.0 kW.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) On the graph axes below, sketch a realistic variation of velocity for the elevator. Explain
your reasoning. (The simplified version is shown as a dotted line)

velocity / m s –1
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
time / s
(2)

The elevator is supported by a cable. The diagram below is a free-body force diagram for when
the elevator is moving upwards during the first 0.50 s.

3
tension

weight

(d) In the space below, draw free-body force diagrams for the elevator during the following
time intervals.

(i) 0.5 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s

(3)

A person is standing on weighing scales in the elevator. Before the elevator rises, the reading on
the scales is W.

(e) On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the reading on the scales varies during
the whole 12.00 s upward journey of the elevator. (Note that this is a sketch graph – you
do not need to add any values.)

reading on scales

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
time / s
(3)

(f) The elevator now returns to the ground floor where it comes to rest. Describe and explain
the energy changes that take place during the whole up and down journey.

4
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 25 marks)

3. This question is about projectile motion and the use of an energy argument to find the speed
with which a thrown stone lands in the sea.

Christina stands close to the edge of a vertical cliff and throws a stone. The diagram below (not
drawn to scale) shows part of the trajectory of the stone. Air resistance is negligible.

15 m s –1
O
Q

25 m

sea

Point P on the diagram is the highest point reached by the stone and point Q is at the same
height above sea level as point O.

(a) At point P on the diagram above draw arrows to represent

(i) the acceleration of the stone (label this A).

(1)

(ii) the velocity of the stone (label this V).

(1)

5
The stone leaves Christina’s hand (point O) at a speed of 15 m s−1 in the direction shown. Her
hand is at a height of 25 m above sea level. The mass of the stone is 160 g. The acceleration due
to gravity g = 10 m s−2.

(b) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the stone immediately after it leaves Christina’s
hand.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) State the value of the kinetic energy at point Q.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Calculate the loss in potential energy of the stone in falling from point Q to hitting
the sea.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Determine the speed with which the stone hits the sea.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

4. This question is about the collision between two railway trucks (carts).

(a) Define linear momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

In the diagram below, railway truck A is moving along a horizontal track. It collides with a
stationary truck B and on collision, the two join together. Immediately before the collision,
truck A is moving with speed 5.0 ms–1. Immediately after collision, the speed of the trucks is v.

6
5.0 ms –1

B
A

Immediately before collision

B
A

Immediately after collision

The mass of truck A is 800 kg and the mass of truck B is 1200 kg.

(b) (i) Calculate the speed v immediately after the collision.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy lost during the collision.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Suggest what has happened to the lost kinetic energy.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

5. This question is about the kinematics and dynamics of circular motion.

(a) A car goes round a curve in a road at constant speed. Explain why, although its speed is
constant, it is accelerating.

.....................................................................................................................................

7
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

In the diagram below, a marble (small glass sphere) rolls down a track, the bottom part of which
has been bent into a loop. The end A of the track, from which the marble is released, is at a
height of 0.80 m above the ground. Point B is the lowest point and point C the highest point of
the loop. The diameter of the loop is 0.35 m.

marble

0.80 m C

0.35 m

ground B

The mass of the marble is 0.050 kg. Friction forces and any gain in kinetic energy due to the
rotating of the marble can be ignored. The acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 ms–2.

Consider the marble when it is at point C.

(b) (i) On the diagram opposite, draw an arrow to show the direction of the resultant force
acting on the marble.
(1)

(ii) State the names of the two forces acting on the marble.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) Deduce that the speed of the marble is 3.0 ms–1.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iv) Determine the resultant force acting on the marble and hence determine the
reaction force of the track on the marble.

8
...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

7. This question is about estimating energy changes for an escalator (moving staircase).

The diagram below represents an escalator. People step on to it at point A and step off at point
B.

30m

40°
A

(a) The escalator is 30 m long and makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal. At full
capacity, 48 people step on at point A and step off at point B every minute.

(i) Calculate the potential energy gained by a person of weight 7.0 × 102 N in moving
from A to B.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Estimate the energy supplied by the escalator motor to the people every minute
when the escalator is working at full capacity.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) State one assumption that you have made to obtain your answer to (ii).

...........................................................................................................................

9
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

The escalator is driven by an electric motor that has an efficiency of 70%.

(b) Using your answer to (a) (ii), calculate the minimum input power required by the motor
to drive the escalator.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

8. This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground and the engine used in the process.

Large metal bars can be driven into the ground using a heavy falling object.

object mass = 2.0×103 kg

bar mass = 400kg

In the situation shown, the object has a mass 2.0 × 103 kg and the metal bar has a mass of 400
kg.

The object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s–1 It comes to rest on the bar without bouncing.
As a result of the collision, the bar is driven into the ground to a depth of 0.75 m.

(a) Determine the speed of the bar immediately after the object strikes it.

.....................................................................................................................................

10
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) Determine the average frictional force exerted by the ground on the bar.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

In order that the falling object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s–1, it must be raised to a
certain height above the bar. Assuming that there are no energy losses due to friction,
calculate how long it takes the engine to raise the object to this height.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

12. Electric motor

(a) In an experiment to measure the efficiency of a small dc electric motor, the motor is
clamped to the edge of a bench. The motor is used to raise a small weight that is attached
to a pulley wheel by cotton thread. The pulley wheel is rotated by the motor. The thread
wraps around the pulley wheel, so raising the weight.

11
axel

motor pulley wheel

cotton thread

weight
Side view End-on-view

The time taken for the motor to raise the weight through a certain height is measured. It is
assumed that the weight accelerates uniformly whilst being raised. The weight of the
cotton thread is negligible.

(i) Draw a labelled free-body force diagram of the forces acting on the accelerating
weight.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) The weight has a mass of 15 g and it takes 2.2 s to raise it from rest through a
height of 0.84 m. Calculate the tension in the thread as the weight is being raised.
(Acceleration of free fall g = 10 m s−2.)

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) In a second experiment, the current is adjusted so that the weight of mass 15 g is raised at
constant speed. The motor is connected to a 6.0 V supply and it now takes the motor 3.4 s
to raise the weight through 0.84 m.

(i) Suggest how it might be determined that the weight is being raised at constant
speed.

12
.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Determine the power delivered to the weight by the motor. (Acceleration of free
fall g = 10 m s−2.)

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) The current in the motor is 45 mA. Estimate the efficiency of the motor.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

13. Mechanical power

(a) Define power.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) A car is travelling with constant speed v along a horizontal straight road. There is a total
resistive force F acting on the car.

Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is

P = Fv.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

13
4.80 km

0.30 km

The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s−1. During the climb, the average
resistive force acting on the car is 5.0  102 N. The total weight of the car and the driver
is 1.2  104 N.

(i) Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the
incline.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Determine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
bottom to the top of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Using your answers to (i) and (ii), calculate a value for the minimum power output
of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(iv) State one reason why your answer to (iii) is only an estimate.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

14
14. This question is about energy and momentum.

A train carriage A of mass 500 kg is moving horizontally at 6.0 m s–1. It collides with another
train carriage B of mass 700 kg that is initially at rest, as shown in the diagram below.

6.0m s–1

train carriage A train carriage B

500kg 700kg

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocities of the two train carriages
before, during and after the collision.

v / ms–1
6.0
train carriage B
5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 t / s
–1.0
train carriage A
–2.0

(a) Use the graph to deduce that

(i) the total momentum of the system is conserved in the collision;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

15
(ii) the collision is elastic.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the average force experienced by train carriage B.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

15. Motion of a ball

A ball of mass 0.25 kg is projected vertically upwards from the ground with an initial velocity
of 30 m s–1. The acceleration of free fall is 10 m s–2, but air resistance cannot be neglected.

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of this ball for the upward part
of the motion.

16
v / ms–1 30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
t/s

(a) State what the area under the graph represents.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Estimate the maximum height reached by the ball.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Determine, for the ball at t = 1.0 s,

(i) the acceleration;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

17
(ii) the magnitude of the force of air resistance.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Use the graph to explain, without any further calculations, that the force of air resistance
is decreasing in magnitude as the ball moves upward.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) The diagram below is a sketch graph of the upward motion of the ball.

Draw a line to indicate the downward motion of the ball. The line should indicate the
motion from the maximum height of the ball until just before it hits the ground.

v / ms–1 30

0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 t/s
–10

–20

–30
(2)

(f) State and explain, by reference to energy transformations, whether the speed with which
the ball hits the ground is equal to 30 m s–1.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(g) Use your answer in (f) to state and explain whether the ball takes 2.0 s to move from its
maximum height to the ground.

18
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

16. Block on an inclined plane

A block is held stationary on a frictionless inclined plane by means of a string as shown below.

string

block

inclined plane

(a) (i) On the diagram draw arrows to represent the three forces acting on the block.
(3)

(ii) The angle  of inclination of the plane is 25. The block has mass 2.6 kg. Calculate
the force in the string. You may assume that g = 9.8 m s–2.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The string is pulled so that the block is now moving at a constant speed of 0.85 m s–1 up
the inclined plane.

(i) Explain why the magnitude of the force in the string is the same as that found in
(a)(ii).

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Calculate the power required to move the block at this speed.

.........................................................................................................................

19
(2)

(iii) State the rate of change of the gravitational potential energy of the block. Explain
your answer.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

17. This question is about Newton’s laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.

(a) Explain how Newton’s third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

0.70 m 0.70 m

rotating
blades

downward motion of air

The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.

...................................................................................................................................

20
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m2. (Area of a circle = r2)

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s–1. No other air is disturbed.

The density of the air is 1.2 kg m–3.

Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,

(i) the mass per second;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) the rate of change of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f) Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

21
(g) In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle  to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.

While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angle .
(4)

(h) Use your diagram in (g) opposite to explain why a forward force F now acts on the
helicopter and deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by

a = g tan 

where g is the acceleration of free fall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(5)

(i) Suggest why, even though the forward force F does not change, the acceleration of the
helicopter will decrease to zero as it moves forward.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 25 marks)

22
19. This question is about the breaking distance of a car and specific heat capacity.

(a) A car of mass 960 kg is free-wheeling down an incline at a constant speed of 9.0 m s–1.

speed = 9.0 m s -1

15

The slope makes an angle of 15° with the horizontal.

(i) Deduce that the average resistive force acting on the car is 2.4×103N.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) The driver now applies the brakes and the car comes to rest in 15 m. Use your answer to
(a)(ii) to calculate the average braking force exerted on the car in coming to rest.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The same braking force is applied to each rear wheel of the car. The effective mass of
each brake is 5.2 kg with a specific heat capacity of 900 J kg–1 K–1. Estimate the rise in
temperature of a brake as the car comes to rest. State one assumption that you make in
your estimation.

estimate:

.....................................................................................................................................

23
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

assumption:

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

20. This question is about momentum and energy.

(a) Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.

definition:

.....................................................................................................................................

relation:

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) By applying Newton’s laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(5)

24
(c) In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.

24cm
bullet
speed V

plasticine

The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.2×10–3 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.

(i) Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
160 m s–1.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

21. This question is about power.

(a) Define power.

.....................................................................................................................................

25
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) A constant force of magnitude F moves an object at constant speed v in the direction of
the force. Deduce that the power P required to maintain constant speed is given by the
expression

P = Fv

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Sand falls vertically on to a horizontal conveyor belt at a rate of 60 kg s–1.

sand
60 kg s-1
2.0 m s-1

The conveyor belt that is driven by an engine, moves with speed 2.0 m s–1.

When the sand hits the conveyor belt, its horizontal speed is zero.

(i) Identify the force F that accelerates the sand to the speed of the conveyor belt.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the force F.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

26
(iii) Calculate the power P required to move the conveyor belt at constant speed.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Determine the rate of change of kinetic energy K of the sand.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(v) Explain why P and K are not equal.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The engine that drives the conveyor belt has an efficiency of 40%. Calculate the input
power to the engine.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

23. Mechanical power

(a) A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.8 km long. The total height of the incline is 0.30
km.

27
The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s–1. During the climb, the average
friction force acting on the car is 5.0  102 N. The total weight of the car and the driver is
1.2  104 N.

(i) Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the
incline.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Detemine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
bottom to the top of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Using your answers to (a)(i) and (a)(ii), calculate a value for the minimum power
output of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the
incline.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight line. At the point
where the road starts to go downwards, the driver of the car in (a), stops the car to look at
the view. In continuing his journey, the driver decides to save fuel. He switches off the
engine and allows the car to move freely down the hill. The car descends a height of 0.30
km in a distance of 6.4 km before levelling out.

The average resistive force acting on the car is 5.0  102 N.

Estimate

(i) the acceleration of the car down the incline.

.........................................................................................................................

28
.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(5)

(ii) the speed of the car at the bottom of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the hill, the car travels at
constant speed. State the value of the frictional force acting on the car whilst it is moving
at constant speed.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

24. This question is about equilibrium.

Explain whether each of the following is in equilibrium.

(a) A satellite in orbit at constant speed round the Earth.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) A small weight suspended on a string and blown to one side by a wind so that the string
makes a constant angle with the vertical, as shown below.

29
Wind

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

25. This question is about vectors.

A student sets up the apparatus shown below to investigate forces.

spring
balance B

10 N weight

The weight of 10.0 N is suspended from spring balance A by means of a light string. Spring
balance B is also attached to the string. The spring balance B is pulled horizontally as shown.

(a) Using the grid on the diagram, draw a scale diagram to determine the readings on each of
the spring balances.

30
Reading on spring balance A: ...................................................................................

Reading on spring balance B: ...................................................................................

(4)

(b) Suggest why it is not possible for the whole length of the string joining spring balances A
and B to be horizontal with the weight still suspended.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

26. This question is about circular motion.

A stone is attached to an inextensible string. The stone is made to rotate at constant speed v in a
horizontal circle. Diagram 1 below shows the stone in two positions A and B.

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

B A

A v

Diagram 2 above shows the velocity vector of the stone at point A.

(a) On diagram 2, draw vectors to show the change in velocity v of the stone from point A
to point B.
(3)

(b) Use your completed diagram 2 to explain why a force, directed towards the centre of the
circle, is necessary to cause circular motion.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

31
28. This question is about projectile motion.

A small steel ball is projected horizontally from the edge of a bench. Flash photographs of the
ball are taken at 0.10 s intervals. The resulting images are shown against a scale as in the
diagram below.

distance / cm
0 20 40 60 80 100
0

distance / cm

100

120

140

(a) Use the diagram to determine

(i) the constant horizontal speed of the ball.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

32
(ii) the acceleration of free fall.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Mark on the diagram the position of the ball 0.50 s after projection.

In the space below, you should carry out any calculations so that you can accurately
position the ball.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) A second ball is projected from the bench at the same speed as the original ball. The ball
has small mass so that air resistance cannot be neglected. Draw on the diagram the
approximate shape of the path you would expect the ball to take.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

29. This question is about throwing a stone from a cliff.

Antonia stands at the edge of a vertical cliff and throws a stone vertically upwards.

v = 8.0ms –1

Sea

The stone leaves Antonia’s hand with a speed v = 8.0ms–1.

The acceleration of free fall g is 10 m s–2 and all distance measurements are taken from the
point where the stone leaves Antonia’s hand.

(a) Ignoring air resistance calculate

33
(i) the maximum height reached by the stone.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) the time taken by the stone to reach its maximum height.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

The time between the stone leaving Antonia’s hand and hitting the sea is 3.0 s.

(b) Determine the height of the cliff.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

30. This question is about trajectory motion.

Antonia stands at the edge of a vertical cliff and throws a stone upwards at an angle of 60° to
the horizontal.

v = 8.0ms –1

60°

Sea

34
The stone leaves Antonia’s hand with a speed v = 8.0 m s–1. The time between the stone leaving
Antonia’s hand and hitting the sea is 3.0 s.

The acceleration of free fall g is 10 m s–2 and all distance measurements are taken from the
point where the stone leaves Antonia’s hand.

Ignoring air resistance calculate

(a) the maximum height reached by the stone.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) the horizontal distance travelled by the stone.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

31. This question is about momentum and the kinematics of a proposed journey to Jupiter.

(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

A solar propulsion engine uses solar power to ionize atoms of xenon and to accelerate them. As
a result of the acceleration process, the ions are ejected from the spaceship with a speed of
3.0 × 104 m s–1.

xenon ions spaceship

speed = 3.0×104 m s –1 mass = 5.4×102 kg

(b) The mass (nucleon) number of the xenon used is 131. Deduce that the mass of one ion of
xenon is 2.2 × 10–25 kg.

.....................................................................................................................................

35
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The original mass of the fuel is 81 kg. Deduce that, if the engine ejects 77 × 1018 xenon
ions every second, the fuel will last for 1.5 years. (1 year = 3.2 × 107 s)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The mass of the spaceship is 5.4 × 102 kg. Deduce that the initial acceleration of the
spaceship is 8.2 × 10–5 m s–2.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(5)

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the spaceship. The
solar propulsion engine is switched on at time t = 0 when the speed of the spaceship is 1.2 × 103
m s–1.

36
10.0

9.5

a / ×10– 5m s– 2
9.0

8.5

8.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
t / ×107 s

(e)Explain why the acceleration of the spaceship is increasing with time.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Using data from the graph, calculate the speed of the spaceship at the time when the
xenon fuel has all been used.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(g) The distance of the spaceship from Earth when the solar propulsion engine is switched on
is very small compared to the distance from Earth to Jupiter. The fuel runs out when the
spaceship is a distance of 4.7 × 10–11 m from Jupiter. Estimate the total time that it would
take the spaceship to travel from Earth to Jupiter.

.....................................................................................................................................

37
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 19 marks)

32. This question is about projectile motion.

A marble is projected horizontally from the edge of a wall 1.8 m high with an initial speed V.

1.8 m

ground

A series of flash photographs are taken of the marble. The photographs are combined into a
single photograph as shown below. The images of the marble are superimposed on a grid that
shows the horizontal distance x and vertical distance y travelled by the marble.

The time interval between each image of the marble is 0.10 s.

x/m
0 0.50 1.0 1.5 2.0
0

–0.50

y/m –1.0

–1.5

–2.0

38
(a) On the images of the marble at x = 0.50 m and x = 1.0 m, draw arrows to represent the
horizontal velocity VH and vertical velocity VV.
(2)

(b) On the photograph, draw a suitable line to determine the horizontal distance d from the
base of the wall to the point where the marble hits the ground. Explain your reasoning.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

33. This question is about linear motion.

A police car P is stationary by the side of a road. A car S, exceeding the speed limit, passes the
police car P at a constant speed of 18 m s–1. The police car P sets off to catch car S just as car S
passes the police car P. Car P accelerates at 4.5 m s–2 for a time of 6.0 s and then continues at
constant speed. Car P takes a time t seconds to draw level with car S.

(a) (i) State an expression, in terms of t, for the distance car S travels in t seconds.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the police car P during the first 6.0 seconds of
its motion.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Calculate the speed of the police car P after it has completed its acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) State an expression, in terms of t, for the distance travelled by the police car P
during the time that it is travelling at constant speed.

39
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Using your answers to (a), determine the total time t taken for the police car P to draw
level with car S.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

34. This question is about projectile motion.

A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a vertical cliff of height 33 m as shown below.

18 m s –1

33 m

sea level

The initial horizontal velocity of the stone is 18 m s–1 and air resistance may be assumed to be
negligible.

(a) State values for the horizontal and for the vertical acceleration of the stone.

Horizontal acceleration: ............................................................................................

Vertical acceleration: ................................................................................................

(2)

(b) Determine the time taken for the stone to reach sea level.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

...................................................................................................................................

40
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

35. This question is about projectile motion.

A stone of mass 0.44 kg is thrown horizontally from the top of a cliff with a speed of 22 m s–1
as shown below.

22 m s–1

32 m cliff

sea level

The cliff is 32 m high.

(a) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the stone at sea level assuming air resistance is
negligible.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) In practice, air resistance is not negligible. During the motion of the stone from the top of
the cliff to sea level, 34 of the total energy of the stone is transferred due to air
resistance. Determine the speed at which the stone reaches sea level.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

36. This question is about the trajectory of a golf ball.

A golfer hits a golf ball at point A on a golf course. The ball lands at point D as shown on the
diagram. Points A and D are on the same horizontal level.

41
–1
30m s

–1
20m s
A D

The initial horizontal component of the velocity of the ball is 20 m s–1 and the initial vertical
component is 30 m s–1. The time of flight of the golf ball between point A and point D is 6.0 s.
Air resistance is negligible and the acceleration of free fall g = 10 m s–2.

Calculate

(a) the maximum height reached by the golf ball.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) the range of the golf ball.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

37. Linear motion

(a) Define the term acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) An object has an initial speed u and an acceleration a. After time t, its speed is v and it
has moved through a distance s.

The motion of the object may be summarized by the equations

v = u + at,

s= 1
2
v  u t.
(i) State the assumption made in these equations about the acceleration a.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

42
(ii) Derive, using these equations, an expression for v in terms of u, s and a.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The shutter speed of a camera is the time that the film is exposed to light. In order to
determine the shutter speed of a camera, a metal ball is held at rest at the zero mark of a
vertical scale, as shown below. The ball is released. The shutter of a camera is opened as
the ball falls.

0 cm

scale

camera
196 cm

208 cm

The photograph of the ball shows that the shutter opened as the ball reached the 196 cm
mark on the scale and closed as it reached the 208 cm mark. Air resistance is negligible
and the acceleration of free fall is 9.81 m s–2.

(i) Calculate the time for the ball to fall from rest to the 196 cm mark.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Determine the time for which the shutter was open. That is, the time for the ball to
fall from the 196 cm mark to the 208 cm mark.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

43
38. This question is about projectile motion.

A stone is projected horizontally from the top of a cliff with a speed 15 m s–1.

15 m s–1

70 m

sea

The height of the cliff is 70 m and the acceleration of free fall is 10 m s–2. The stone strikes the
surface of the sea at velocity V.

(a) Ignoring air resistance, deduce that the stone strikes the sea at a speed of 40 m s–1.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Use your answer in (a) to calculate the angle that the velocity V makes with the surface of
the sea.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

39. This question is about projectile motion.

A ball is projected from ground level with a speed of 28 m s–1 at an angle of 30 to the
horizontal as shown below.

44
wall h
30
16m

There is a wall of height h at a distance of 16 m from the point of projection of the ball. Air
resistance is negligible.

(a) Calculate the initial magnitudes of

(i) the horizontal velocity of the ball;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) the vertical velocity of the ball.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) The ball just passes over the wall. Determine the maximum height of the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

40. Linear motion

At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.

45
A
(not to scale)

slope
41m

B C D
1.8m

dip 12m

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.

25.0

20.0

15.0
–1
v / ms
10.0

5.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
t/s

The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.

(a) Use the graph to

(i) calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) determine the length of the slope.

.........................................................................................................................

46
.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the change EP in the gravitational potential energy of
the skier between point A and point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Use your anwers to (a)(i) and (b)(i) to determine the ratio

EP  EK  .
E P

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) Suggest what this ration represents.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He “flies” across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.

(i) Calculate the time taken for an object to fall, from rest, through a vertical distance
of 1.8 m. Assume negligible air resistance.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) The time calculated in (c)(i) is the time of flight of the skier across the dip.
Determine the horizontal distance travelled by the skier during this time, assuming
that the skier has the constant speed at which he leaves the slope at B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

47
41. This question is about projectile motion.

The barrel of a rifle is held at an angle  to the horizontal. A bullet fired from the rifle leaves the
barrel at time t = 0 with a speed 200 m s–1. The graph below shows the variation with time t of
the vertical height h of the bullet.

600

500

400

h/m 300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
t/s

(a) Using the axes below, draw a sketch graph to show the variation of h with the horizontal
distance x travelled by the bullet. (Note: this is a sketch graph; you do not have to add
any values to the axes.)

x
(2)

(b) State the expression for the initial vertical component of speed Vv in terms of the initial
speed of the bullet and the angle .

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

48
(c) Use data from the graph to deduce that the angle  = 30. (The acceleration for free fall
g = 10 m s–2)

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

42. Linear motion

At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.

A
(not to scale)

slope
41m

B C D
1.8m

dip 12m

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.

25.0

20.0

15.0
–1
v / ms
10.0

5.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
t/s

The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.

49
(a) Use the graph to

(i) calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) determine the length of the slope.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) (i) Calculate the change EP in the gravitational potential energy of the skier between
point A and point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Use your answers to (a) and (b)(i) to determine the average retarding force on the
skier between point A and point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

50
(iii) Suggest two causes of the retarding force calculated in (ii).

1. ...............................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................
(2)

(c) At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He “flies” across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.

Determine the distance CD of the point D from the edge C of the dip. Air resistance may
be assumed to be negligible.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(4)

(d) The lower side of the dip is altered so that it is inclined to the horizontal, as shown below.

B C D
slope
1.8m

dip
12m

(i) State the effect of this change on the landing position D.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Suggest the effect of this change on the impact felt by the skier on landing.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 20 marks)

51
43. This question is about projectile motion.

A stone is thrown from the top of a cliff of height 28 m above the sea. The stone is thrown at a
speed of 14 m s–1 at an angle above the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible.

14 m s–1

........... 28m

sea

The maximum height reached by the stone measured from the point from which it is thrown is
8.0 m.

(a) By considering the energy of the stone, determine the speed with which the stone hits the
sea.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) The stone leaves the cliff at time t = 0. It reaches its maximum height at t = TH. On the
axis below, draw a sketch-graph to show the variation with time t of the magnitude of the
vertical component of velocity of the stone from t = 0 to t = TS, the time just before the
stone strikes the sea.

52
speed

0 t
0
TH TS
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

44. This question is about projectile motion.

A projectile is fired horizontally from the top of a vertical cliff of height 40 m.

projectile

cliff

40 m

sea

At any instant of time, the vertical distance fallen by the projectile is d. The graph below shows
the variation with distance d, of the kinetic energy per unit mass E of the projectile.

1400

1300

1200

E / J kg –1 1100

1000

900

800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
d/m

53
(a) Use data from the graph to calculate, for the projectile,

(i) the initial horizontal speed.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) the speed with which it hits the sea.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Use your answers to (a) to calculate the magnitude of the vertical component of velocity
with which the projectile hits the sea.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

45. This question is about throwing a stone from a cliff.

Antonia stands at the edge of a vertical cliff and throws a stone vertically upwards.

The stone leaves Antonia’s hand with a speed v =8.0 m s–1. Ignore air resistance, the
acceleration of free fall g is 10 m s–2 and all distance measurements are taken from the point
where the stone leaves Antonia’s hand.

(a) Determine,

(i) the maximum height reached by the stone.

.........................................................................................................................

54
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) the time taken by the stone to reach its maximum height.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) The time between the stone leaving Antonia’s hand and hitting the sea is 3.0 s. Determine
the height of the cliff.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

46. This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

(a) State Newton’s third law.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

The diagram below shows two identical balls A and B on a horizontal surface. Ball B is at rest
and ball A is moving with speed V along a line joining the centres of the balls. The mass of each
ball is M.
v

Before collision A B

During the collision of the balls, the magnitude of the force that ball A exerts on ball B is FAB
and the magnitude of the force that ball B exerts on ball A is FBA.

55
the forces FAB and FBA.

During the collision A B

(3)

The balls are in contact for a time Δt. After the collision, the speed of ball A is +vA and the
speed of ball B is +vB in the directions shown.
vA vB

After the collision A B

As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.

(d) Use Newton’s second law of motion to deduce an expression relating the forces acting
during the collision to the change in momentum of

(i) ball B.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) ball A.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Apply Newton’s third law and your answers to (d), to deduce that the change in
momentum of the system (ball A and ball B) as a result of this collision, is zero.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

56
(f) Deduce, that if kinetic energy is conserved in the collision, then after the collision, ball A
will come to rest and ball B will move with speed V.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

47. This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground.

Large metal bars can be driven into the ground using a heavy falling object.

object
mass = 2.0×103 kg

bar
mass = 400 kg

In the situation shown, the object has a mass 2.0 × 103 kg and the metal bar has a mass of
400 kg.

The object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s–1. It comes to rest on the bar without bouncing.
As a result of the collision, the bar is driven into the ground to a depth of 0.75 m.

(a) Determine the speed of the bar immediately after the object strikes it.

.....................................................................................................................................

57
(4)

(b) Determine the average frictional force exerted by the ground on the bar.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

48. Momentum

(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) An ice hockey puck collides with the wall of an ice rink. The puck is sliding along a line
that makes an angle of 45 to the wall.

wall
45 45

ice rink

direction of puck direction of puck

before collision after collision

The collision between the wall and the puck is perfectly elastic.

(i) State what is meant by an elastic collision.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Discuss how the law of conservation of momentum applies to this situation.

.........................................................................................................................

58
(2)

Scale: 1.0 cm = 0.10 N s

By adding appropriate vectors to the diagram, deduce that the magnitude of the change in
momentum of the puck as a result of the collision is 0.71 N s.
(4)

(d) The sketch-graph below shows the variation with time t of the force F exerted by the wall
on the puck.

0
0 t

The total contact time is 12 ms. Estimate, explaining your reasoning, the maximum force
exerted by the wall on the puck.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

59
49. Collisions

A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.

In order to knock down a wall, the metal ball of mass 350 kg is pulled away from the wall and
then released. The crane does not move. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
speed v of the ball after release.

3.0

2.0
v / m s–1

1.0

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
t/s

The ball makes contact with the wall when the cable from the crane is vertical.

(a) For the ball just before it hits the wall,

(i) state why the tension in the cable is not equal to the weight of the ball;

60
.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) by reference to the graph, estimate the tension in the cable. The acceleration of free
fall is 9.8 m s–2.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the ball after coming into contact with
the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) (i) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) The metal ball has lost momentum. Discuss whether the law applies to this
situation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

61
(e) During the impact of the ball with the wall, 12 of the total kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into thermal energy in the ball. The metal of the ball has specific heat capacity
450 J kg–1 K–1. Determine the average rise in temperature of the ball as a result of
colliding with the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 16 marks)

50. Collisions

A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.

cable
crane

5.8 m
wall

metal ball

62
3.0