8 - Over Current Relay - 2

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Power System

Protection
Overcurrent relay_2

EMAD G. SHEHATA
Coverage of instantaneous units protecting lines between substations
The percentage of coverage of an
instantaneous unit which protects a line, X,

where: V =voltage at the relay CT point;


Zs =source impedance;
Zab =impedance of the element being
protected=Zelement;
X =percentage of line protected;
Iend = current at the end of the line;
Ipick up =minimum current value for relay
pick up
Coverage of instantaneous units protecting lines between substations

For example, if Ki =1.25, and Ks =1, The effect of reducing the source
then X =0.6, i.e. the protection impedance, Zs (Ki= 1.25)
covers 60 % of the line
Setting the parameters of time delay overcurrent relays

The operating time of an overcurrent


relay has to be delayed to ensure that, in
the presence of a fault, the relay does not
Definite-time relays and inverse-time relays
trip before any other protection situated
can be adjusted by selecting two parameters
closer to the fault.
1- The time dial or time multiplier setting.
2- The pick-up or plug setting (tap setting).

Overcurrent inverse-time relay curves associated with two breakers on the same feeder
1- The pick-up setting Pick-up setting = (OLF× Inom) ÷ CTR
The pick-up setting, or plug setting, is
used to define the pick-up current of the where: OLF=overload factor that depends on
relay, and fault currents seen by the relay the element being protected;
are expressed as multiples of this value. Inom =nominal circuit current rating;
CTR=CT ratio.

Overload factor OLF:


1. The overload factor recommended for motors is 1.05.
2. For lines, transformers and generators it is normally in the range of 1.25 to 1.5.
3. In distribution systems, the overload factor can be of the order of 2.
4. In any case Inom has to be smaller than those of the CT and the thermal capacity of the
conductor; otherwise the smallest value has to be taken to calculate the pick-up setting.
1- The pick-up setting
5. In HV transmission lines the unbalance allowance could go down to 10 per cent, while in
rural distribution feeders the value could be as high as 30 percent.

6- For earth-fault relays, the pick-up setting is determined taking account of the maximum
unbalance that would exist in the system under normal operating conditions.

Pick-up setting=(0.2×Inom)÷CTR A typical unbalance allowance is 20 percent


Example: For the system shown in Figure 5.14, and starting
from the data that are given there, carry out the following:

1. Calculate the nominal currents and three-phase


short-circuit levels at each breaker.

2. Select the transformation ratios of the CTs.

3. Determine the values of the pick-up setting, time


dial and instantaneous settings of all phase relays to
ensure a co-ordinated protection arrangement.

4. Find the percentage of the line BC protected by the


instantaneous unit of the overcurrent relay associated
with breaker 2.
5. Draw the time/current characteristics of the relays
on the system.
Take into account the following considerations:
1. The discrimination margin to be 0.4 s.
2. All relays have inverse time characteristics, as shown in Figure 5.15.
3. Relay data: Pick-up setting:
• 1 to 12 A in steps of 1 A
• Time dial setting: as in Figure 5.15
• Instantaneous: 6 to 144 A in steps of 1 A.
Solution:
Calculation of nominal currents and three-phase short-circuit
levels From Figure 5.14 the short-circuit level at busbar A, and
the impedance of the line BC, can be obtained:
1- Nominal currents
Solution:
The equivalent circuit of the system
referred to 115 kV is shown in Figure 5.16.
2- Short-circuit levels2
The equivalent circuit gives:
Solution:
3- Choice of CT transformer ratio : The transformation ratio of the CTs is determined by
the larger of the two following values:
(i) Inom
(ii) maximum short-circuit current without saturation being present.
To fulfil this condition and assuming that a C100 core is used and that the total burden is
1 , then Isc(5/X)≤100 A where Isc is the short-circuit current. Table 5.2 summarizes the
calculations.
Solution:
4- Determination of the pick-up setting:

Pick-up setting = (OLF× Inom) ÷ CTR

Relay 1: 1.5(131.2)5/300=3.28 A; ⇒ pick-up set at 4 A


Relay 2: 1.5(393.6)5/800=3.69 A; ⇒ pick-up set at 4 A
Relay 3: 1.5(1093.5)5/1100=7.46 A; ⇒ pick-up set at 8 A
Relay 4: 1.5(125.5)5/300=3.14A; ⇒ pick-up set at 4 A
Solution: 5- Determination of time dial setting and calibration of the instantaneous setting:
Relay 1
Ipick up =4×300/5=240 A

Time dial setting selected is 1.0

Setting of instantaneous element=


(0.5 Isc)(1/CTR)=(0.5×4640) 5/300=38.67 A; set at 39 A.

Iinst. trip =39×300/5=2340 A primary at 13.2 kV.

PSMb= ( Iinst_trip/CTR) /pick_up set


Plug setting multiplier, PSMb =(2340 A ×5/300)×1/4=9.75 times

From Figure 5.15, with a plug setting multiplier of 9.75 and a time dial setting at 1,
t1b =0.1 s
Relay 2

2340 A should produce operation of t2a in at least t2a= 0.1+0.4=0.5 s.

Plug setting multiplier, PSMa =2340 A ×5/800×1/4=3.66 times

With PSM at 3.66 times, and top at least 0.5 s, time dial =2 is chosen

Instantaneous setting=(1.25 IfaultC)(1/CTR)=1.25 (4640)(5/800)=36.25 A;


set at 37 A

Iinst.prim =(37) 800/5=5920 A at 13.2 kV

PSMb =5920 A ×5/800×1/4=9.25 times

With 9.25 PSM and time dial setting =2⇒ from curve t2b =0.18 s
Relay 3
To discriminate with relay 2, take Iinst.prim2=5920A
Require operation of t3a in at least = t2a + discrimination time= 0.18+0.4=0.58 s
PSMa =5920A×5/ 1100×1/ 8=3.36 times
With 3.36 PSM and top=0.58 sec., ⇒ time dial setting=2

However, the instantaneous element of the relay associated with breaker 3 is


overridden and the discrimination time is applied for a fault on busbar B to
avoid lack of co-ordination with the instantaneous units of the relays associated
with the feeders from the busbar, as referred to in Section 5.3.1.

Based on Isc=14714.8 at 13.2 kV, PSMb =14714.8A×5/ 1100×1/ 8 = 8.36 times


With 8.36 times PSM and time dial setting=2, ⇒ from curve t3b=0.21 s
Relay 4
For 14714.8 A, PSM=14714.8A *(13.2/115) 5/30 0×1/ 4 = 7.04 times.
Require t4 =0.21+0.4=0.61 s
With 7.04 PSM and top=0.61 s⇒ time dial setting=5.
Setting of instantaneous element=(1.25×IfaultB)(1/CTR) = 1.25 (1689) 5/300 =35.19A
Setting=36A.
Iinst.prim=36 (300/5)=2160A referred to 115 Kv

Iinst.prim =2160 (115/13.2)=18818.2A referred to 13.2 kV


Percentage of line A-B protected by the instantaneous element of the relay
associated with breaker 2

Therefore, the instantaneous element covers 68 per cent of the line BC.

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