Ganit Prakash Class X English

*$1,735$.
$6+
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GANIT PRAKASH
Class X
This book is sponsored by Govt. of West Bengal. For

Distribution without any price only to student of Govt.,
Govt. sponsd. and Govt. aided schools.
West Bengal Board of Secondary Education

˛First Edition : December, 2015
Second Edition : December, 2016
Third Edition : December, 2017
Fourth Edition : December, 2018
Fifth Edition : December, 2019
Sixth Edition : December, 2020
All rights Reserved : West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
Publisher :
Smt. Paromita Roy
Secretary-in-charge
77/2, Park Street, Kol-È700 016
Press :
West Bengal Text Book Corporation Ltd.
SGovernment of West Bengal EnterpriseV
Kolkata-È700 056
ii
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

PREAMBLE
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its
citizens : JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression,
belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote
among them all – FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the
unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-
sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES
THIS CONSTITUTION.
iii
Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties of Citizens of India
Fundamental Rights (Article 14-35 of Indian Constitution)
1. Right to Equality z No religious instruction shall be provided in
z The law of the country considers all citizens State-run educational institutions and no
equally and protects everybody equally. religious worship cannot be imparted against
z The State shall not discriminate against any the consent of the student in such institutions.
citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, 5. Cultural and Educational Rights
sex, place of birth or any of them. z All citizens of our country have the right to
z There shall be equality of opportunity for all
protect, preserve, and propagate their language,
citizens in matters relating to employment or
script and culture.
appointment to any office under the State.
z The State shall not deny admission into
z Abolition of untouchability is proclaimed and
prohibited. educational institutes maintained by it or those
z Prohibition of acceptance and use of all titles that receive aids from it to any person based on
except military and academic. race, religion, caste or language.
2. Right to Freedom z All religious and linguistic minorities have the
z Freedom of speech and expression. right to establish and administer educational
z Freedom to assemble peacefully without institutions of their choice.
arms. 6. Right to Constitutional Remedies
z Freedom to form associations/unions/ z A person can move to Supreme Court and High
cooperative societies. Court if he/she wants to get his/her fundamental
z Freedom to move freely throughout the rights protected.
territory of India. Fundamental Duties in India
z Freedom to reside in any part of the country. (Article 51A of Indian Constitution)
z Right to carry on any trade or profession/
1. Abide by the Indian Constitution and respect its ideals
occupation. and institutions, the National Flag and the National
z The convicted person will be punished in the
Anthem.
existing law.
z A person cannot be convicted for the same
2. Cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired
offence more than once. the national struggle for freedom.
z No person accused of an offence shall be 3. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and
compelled by the State to bear witness integrity of India.
against himself. 4. Defend the country and render national service when
z Right to life and personal liberty. called upon to do so.
z No person can be arrested without any valid 5. Promote harmony and the spirit of common
reason and the arrested person should be brotherhood amongst all the people of India
given the scope to defend oneself. transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
3. Right against Exploitation sectional diversities and to renounce practices
z Prohibition of labour without payment or derogatory to the dignity of women.
buying and selling of any person. 6. Value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s
z Prohibition of employment of children below
composite culture.
the age of 14 in any hazardous industry or 7. Protect and improve the natural environment
factories or mines.
including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
z Freedom of conscience, the freedom to
have compassion for living creatures.
profess, practice, and propagate religion to 8. Develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit
all citizens. of inquiry and reform.
z Right to form and maintain institutions for 9. Safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
religious and charitable intents and acquire 10. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of
the immovable and movable property. individual and collective activity so that the nation
z There can be no taxes, the proceeds of which constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and
are directly used for the promotion and/or achievement.
maintenance of any particular religion/ 11. Provide opportunities for education to his child or
religious denomination. ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
iv
PREFACE
In the year 2011, the Government of West Bengal had constituted an 'Expert Committee' in the
field of school Education to renew and reconsider the school curriculum, syllabii and textbooks
following the guidelines of National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the Right to Education
Act 2009. This book is a result of honest endeavour and tireless effort by the experts of the
concerned subject in the committee.
This book has been designed according to the syllabus of class X and has been named
'Ganitprakash'. This book follows the principles of studying Mathematics as a language so that
students when exposed to problems on the language of Mathematics, can easily understand
which Mathematical process, formula or method needed to be applied in solving the problem.
Arithmatic, Algebra and Geometry sections have been explained in such a simple and lucid
language so that all pupils can grasp the subject of Mathematics easily. The scope of Mathematics
as an effective instrument in successfully solving a pupil's personal, family and different kinds of
social problems has been emphasized.
On behalf of the board, I sincerely express my gratitude and thank all eminent teachers,
educationists, subject experts and well known illustrators who have put in sincere effort to
prepare this important book.
The West Bengal Board of Secondary Education remains obliged and pay thanks to Hon'ble
Education Minister Dr. Partha Chatterjee, Government of West Bengal, Department of Education,
W.B; West Bengal Right to Education Commission and Paschimbango Sarbosiksha Mission in
making this project a success.
Hope this book 'Ganitprakash' published by Goverment of West Bengal will play an
important role in making science related topics attractive and interesting. This will also help in
raising the standard of the study of Mathematics at Madhyamik level and provide great impetus
to the students. In this way, the Board intends to fulfil its responsibility towards society.
I humbly request all educationists, teachers and others interested in education to bring to
our notice, with an open mind, any mistake they find in the book so that the same can be
rectified in the next edition. This will improve the book and help the student community at large.
There is a saying in English, "even the best can be bettered ." We will gladly accept all concrete
criticism and feedback for the betterment of the quality of the book from all interested in and
attached to the field of education.
December – 2015
77/2Park Street President
Kolkata - 700 016 West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
v
vi
FOREWORD
˛The honourable Chief Minister of West Bengal, Smt Mamata Banerjee constituted
an 'Expert Committee' in the field of school education in 2011. This committee was
given the responsibility to review, reconsider and revise the syllabii and textbooks.
Based on the recommendations of the committee, curriculum, syllabii and textbooks
have been prepared.From the very onset, we have followed the guidelines and vision
of the National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the Right to Education Act 2009
(RTE Act, 2009) from this year according to the new Syllabii and curriculum of
class X, the textbook has been published.
The Mathematics book at the upper Primary level is called 'Ganitprakash'. The students
are guided how to solve the Mathematical problems step by step. For the benefits of
the students in every sphere, the basic concepts have been presented in a lucid language
and supplemented with 'Hands on Trial' activities. All care and effort had been taken to
make the book interesting and engaging. We have kept in mind the student's ability of
application while compiling the book. Hope this book will be whole heartedly accepted
by the student community. It is necessary to say that, from class I to class X, according
to the new syllabii and curriculum, the different Concept and Exercises have been
placed inorderly in this textbook, as the pupils will be gradually higher to the upwards
easily by following this book and be competent.
Selected educationists, teachers and subject experts have prepared the book
within a very short time. The sole controller of Madhyamik Examination, West Bengal
Board of Secondary Education has obliged us by approving the book.The West Bengal
Board of Secondary Education, Education Department of West Bengal Government,
'Paschimbango Sarsbosiksha Misson', West Bengal Right to Education Commission
have provided us with great help on several instances. We sincerely thank them.
Respected Minister of Education, Dr. Partha Chatterjee has obliged us with his
valuable suggestions and comments. We express our gratitude to him.
For the improvement of the quality of the book, the advice and suggestions of
all who love education, are welcome.
December – 2015 Chairman

Nivedita Bhavan 'Expert Committee'
5th Floor School Education Dept.
W.B. Government
Bidhannagar, Kolkata - 700091
vii
TEXT BOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF EXPERT COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL
EDUCATION
Planning and Design

Prof. Aveek Majumder (Chairman, Expert committee)
Prof. Rathindranath Dey (Member Secretary, Expert Committee)
Shankarnath Bhattacharya Sumana Som
Tapasundar Bandyopadhyay Malay Krishna Mazumder
Partha Das
Advice and Assistance

Dr. Nurul Islam
˛Cover and Illustrations

Shankar Basak
Execusion
Biplab Mondal
Translation
Arpita Mondal & Ashis Bhowmik
Translation Supervision
Anindya Sengupta
viii
Syllabus
1. Quadratic equation in one variable
iV Concept of quadratic equation in one variable
iiV Concept of quadratic equation in one variable ax²+bx+c=0 ÈSa,b,c are real numbers and az0V
iiiV Solution of quadratic equation with the help factorization. (Roots are rational numbers.)
ivV Solution of quadratic equation by expressing perfect square.
vV Concept of Sridhara Acharyya's formula.
viV Concept about the nature of roots.
viiV Concept of construction of a quadratic equation in one variable if roots are known.
viiiV Solution of real problems of quadratic equation in one variable.
2. Simple Interest
iV Concept of principal, interest, rate of interest in percent per annum, amount, time.
prt
iiV Concept of the formula SI = V
100
iiiV Concept of solution of different real problems.
3. Theorems related to circle.
iV In the same circle or in equal circles, equal chords intercept equal arcs and subtend
equal angels at the centre (Proof is not necessary)
iiV In the same circle or in equal circles, the chords which subtend equal angles at the
centre are equal (proof is not necessary).
iiiV One and only one circle can be drawn through three non-collinear points. (Proof is not
necessary)
ivV If a line drawn from the centre of any circle bisects the chord, which is not a diameter,
will be a perpendicular on the chord— proof.
vV A perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle on a chord, which in not a diameter,
bisects the chord - proof.
viV Application of above statements.
4. Rectangular Parallelopiped or Cuboid
iV Concept of the things of the shape of retanglular parallelopiped and cube which are
seen in real life.
iiV Concept of the number of the surfaces, edges, vertices and diagonals.
iiiV Concept of formation of formula of total surface area.
ivV Concept of formation of formula of volume.
vV Concept of formation of formula of the length of a diagonal.
viV Concept of solution of different real problems.
5. Ratio and proportion
iV Concept of ratio and proportion in Algebra.
iiV Concept of different types of ratio and proportion
iiiV Concept of application of different proportional properties in the problems related to
proportion
6. Compound Interest (upto 3 years) and uniform rate of increase or decrease
iV Concept of difference in simple interest and compound interest.
iiV Concept of formation of formula if the compound interest is given yearly, half-yearly
and quarterly.
iiiV Concept of solution of different real problems.
ix
ivV Concept of formula formation of uniform rate of increase or decrease from the formula
of compound interest.
vV Concept of solution of real problems.
7. Theorems related to angles in a circle
iV Concept of angle subtended at the centre and in the circle
iiV The angle subtended at the centre by an arc is twice that of an angle subtended in the
circle– proof
iiiV In any circle, angles in the same segment are equal—proof.
ivV Angle in a semicircle is a right-angle — proof.
vV If a straight line segment makes equal angles at the two points situated on the same side
of it, then the four points are concylic. (proof is not necessary)
vi) Application of above statements.
8. Right Circular Cylinder
iV Concept of right circular cylinders which are seen in real life.
iiV Concept of curved surface and plane surface of a right circular cylinder.
iiiV Concept of formula formation of curved surface area.
ivV Concept of formula formation of total surface area.
vV Concept of formula of volume.
viV Concept of solution of real problems of different types.
9. Quadratic Surd
iV Concept of irrational numbers.
iiV Concept of quadratic Surds.
iiiV Concept of pure, mixed, like and unlike quadratic Surds
ivV Concept of rationalising factor
vV Concept of rationalising factor of denominator.
viV Concept of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of quadratic surds.
viiV Concept of solution of different real problems of quadratic surds.
10 . Theorems related to cyclic quadrilateral
iV The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilaterals are supplementary to each other– proof
iiV If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary to each other, then the ver-
tices of quadrilateral are concyclic– (Proof is not necessary).
iiiV Application of above statements.
11 . Construction : Construction of circumcircle and incircle of a triangle.
iV Construction of circumcircle of a given triangle.
iiV Construction of incircle of a given triangle.
iiiV Construction of a circle about a given triangle (proof is not included in Evaluation)
12 . Sphere
iV Concept of a solid with the shape of sphere and hemisphere which are seen in real life.
iiV Concept of surfaces of sphere and hemisphere.
iiiV Concept of curved surface area of a sphere
ivV Concept of curved surface area and total surface area of a hemisphere.
vV Concept of volumes of sphere and hemisphere.
viV Concept of solution of different real problems.
x
13 . Variation
iV Concept of simple variation, inverse variation and compound variation.
iiV Concept of different problems related to variation, inverse variation and solution of real prob-
lems.
14 . Partnership Business
iV Concept about partnership business
iiV Concept of simple and mixed partnership business.
iiiV Concept about principal.
ivV Concept of distribution of dividend
vV Application of ratio in different real problems related to partnership business.
15 . Theorems related to Tangent to a circle.
iV Concept of tangent and transversal of a circle.
iiV The tangent and the radius passing through the point of contact are perpendicular to
each other — proof
iiiV If two tangents are drawn from an external point, then the two line segments joining
external point and point of contact are equal and they make equal angles at the centre—
proof.
ivV Concept of direct common tangent and transverse common tangent.
vV If two circles touch each other, then two centres of two circles and point of contact are
collinear– proof.
viV Application of above statements.
16 . Right circular cone.
iV Concept of right circular conical solids which are seen in real life.
iiV Concept of curved surface and plane surface of a right circular cone.
iiiV Concept of curved surface area of a right circular cone.
ivV Concept of total surface area of a right circular cone.
vV Concept of volume of a right circular cone.
viV Solution of different real problems.
17 . Construction : Construction of tangent to a circle.
iV Concept of construction of tangent of a circle to a point on the circle.
iiV Concept of construction of two tangents to a circle from an cxternal point.
18 . Similarity
iV Concept of similar geometric figures.
iiV A line drawn parallel to any side of a triangle divides other two sides or extended two
sides proportionally (proof is not, necessary.)
iiiV If any straight line divides two sides or extended two sides of a triangle proportionally,
then the straight line will be parallel to third side. (proof is not necessary)
ivV If two triangles are similar, their corresponding sides are proportioal (proof is not necessary)
vV If the sides of two triangles are proportional then their corresponding angles are equal.
(proof is not necessary)
viV In two triangles, if an angle of one is equal to an angle of the other and the adjacent sides
of the angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar. (proof is not necessary)
viiV If in a right angled triangle, a perpendicular is drawn from its angular point to its
hypotenuse, then the two triangles obtained are similar with original triangle and they
are similar to each other– proof
viiiV Applications of above statements.
xi
19. Problems related to different soild objects.
iV Solution of real problems related to different soild objects (rectangular parallelopiped,
right circular cylinder, sphere, hemisphere, right circular cone)
20 . Trigonometry : concept of measurement of angle.
iV Evolution, growth and explanation of necessity of trigonometry in reality.
iiV Concept of positive and negative angles.
iiiV Concept of measurement of angle.
ivV Concept of sexagesimal system and circular system, concept of their relations and
application in different problems.
21 . Construction : Determination of mean proportional.
iV Determination of mean proportional of two line segments in geometric method.
iiV Construction of a square whose area is equal to a rectangle.
iiiV Construction of a square with area equal to a triangle.
22 . Pythagoras theorem
i) Pythagoras theorem – proof.
iiV Converse of Pythagoras theorem – proof.
iiiV Applications of above theorem.
23 . Trigonometric Ratios and Trigonometric Identities.
iV Concept of different trigonometric ratios with respect to a right angled triangle.
iiV Concept of relations among different trigonometric ratios.
iiiV Determination of the values of trigonometric ratios of some standard angles S0º, 30º, 45º,
60º, 90ºV and concept of applications in different problems.
ivV Concept of applications of trigonometic ratios in different problems.
vV Concept of elimination of an angle (viz. T V from trigonometric ratios.
24 . Trigonometric Ratios of complementary angle
iV Concept of complementary angle.
iiV Concept of trigonometric ratios of a complementary angle of an angle and concept of
solution of different problems.
25 . Application of Trigonometric Ratios : Heights and Distances
iV Concept of angle of elevation and angle of depression.
iiV Concept of solution of real problems by trigonometric method with the help of right
angled triangle, angle of elevation and angle of depression.
26 . Statistics : Mean, Median, Ogive, Mode.
iV Concept of measures of central tendency.
iiV Concept of average or mean.
iiiV Concept of three methods for determination of mean (a) direct method, (b) short method
(c) standard deviation.
ivV Concept of needs of determination of median.
vV Concept of the formula require to determine median and concept of solution of different
real problems.
viV Concept of cumulaive frequency curved line or ogive.
viiV Concept of determination of median from ogive.
viiiV Necessity for determination of mode.
ixV Concept of determination of formula for mode and concept of solution of different real
problems.
xV Concept of relations among mean, median and mode.
xii
Marks distribution of first summative Evaluation
(Summative-I)
Subject MCQ SA LA** Total
Marks
Arithmetic 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 5 (5×1) 9
Algebra 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 10 (3+4+3) 14
Geometry 2 (1×2) 4 (2×2) 5 (5×1) 11
Mensuration - 2 (2×1) 4 (4×1) 6
6 10 24 40
Total Marks 6 + 10 = 16
Internal assessment : 10 Marks
** L.A.
Arithmetic
}
SiV Simple interest
SiiV Compound interest 1 out of 2 questions ı 5×1 marks = 5 marks
SiiiV Uniform rate of increase or decrease
Algebra
SiV Solution of Quadratic equation in one variable 1 out of 2 questions ı 3×1 marks = 3 marks
SiiV Application of quadratic equation in real problems
[Construction of equation and solution] 1 out of 2 questions ı 4×1 marks = 4 marks
SiiiV Ratio and proportion
SivV Quadratic Surd } 1 out of 2 questions : 3×1 marks= 3 marks
Geometry
SiV Theorem related to circle
SiiV Theorem related to angle on a circle
SiiiV Theorems related to cyclic quadriateral
Mensuration
} Theorem 1 out of 2 questions ı
5×1 marks = 5 marks
SiV Cuboid
SiiV Right circular cylinder } 1 out of 2 questions ı 4×1 marks = 4 marks
xiii
Marks distribution of second summative Evaluation
(Summative-II )
Subject MCQ SA LA** Total

Marks
Arithmetic 1 (1×1) - 5 (5×1) 6
Algebra 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 3 (3×1) 7
Geometry 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 13 (5+5+3) 17
Mensuration 2 (1×2) 4 (2×2) 4 (4×1) 10
7 8 25 40
Total Marks
7 + 8 = 15
** L.A. Internal assessment : 10 Marks
Arithmetic
SiV Partnership business 1 out of 2 questions ı 5×1 marks = 5 marks
Algebra
SiV Variation
SiiV Quadratic equation in one variable
} 1 out of 2 questions : 3×1 marks = 3 marks
Geometry
SiV Theorems related to tangent to a circle
SiiV Theorems related to similarity }Theorem 1 out of 2 questions ı 5×1 marks = 5 marks
}
SiiiV Construction of circumcircle
and incircle of a triangle ÙÙÙÈÈ Construction 1 out of 2 questions ı 5×1 marks = 5 marks
SivV Application 1question ı 3×1 marks = 3 marks
Mensuration
SiV Sphere
SiiV Right circular cone
} 1 out of 2 questions ı 4×1 marks = 4 marks
xiv
Marks distribution of Third Summative
Evaluation/Selection Test
(Summative-III )
VSA SA
Subject MCQ Fill in the blanks True or False
5 out of 6 5 out of 6 10 out of 12 L A **
(1×6) (1×5) (1×5) (2×10)
˛˛Arithmetic 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 5 (5×1)
Algebra 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 9 (3+3+3)
Geometry 1 1 1 6 (2×3) 13 (5+3+5)
Trigonometry 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 11 (3+3+5)
Mensuration 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 8 (4+4)
Statistics 1 1 1 2 (2×1) 8 (4+4)
Total 6 5 5 20 54 90
Marks 6 + 5 + 5 + 20 = 36
** LA Internal Formative Evaluation : 10 Marks
}
Arithmetic
SiV Simple interest
SiiV Compound interest and uniform 1 out of 2 questions ı 5×1 marks = 5 marks
rate of increase or decrease
SiiiV Partnership business
Algebra
SiV Quadratic equation in one variable 1 out of 2 questions ı 3×1 marks = 3 marks
SiiV Variation
SiiiV Quadratic Surd } 1 out of 2 questions ı 3×1 marks = 3 marks
SivV Ratio and proportion 1 out of 2 questions ı 3×1 marks = 3 marks
Geometry
1 out of 2 theorems : 5×1 marks = 5 marks
Application of theorem for the solution of geometric problems– 1 out of 2 questions ı 3×1 marks = 3 marks
Construction : 1 out of 2 questions ı 5×1 marks = 5 marks
}
Trigonometry
SiV Concept of measurement of angle
SiiV Trigonometric Ratio and Trigonometric ldentities 2 out of 3 questions ı 3×2 marks = 6 marks
SiiiV Trigonometric Ratios of complementary angle
SivV Application of Trigonometric Ratios:Heights & Distances– 1out of 2 questionsı 5×1marks=5marks
Mensuration
}
SiV Cuboid
SiiV Right circular cylinder
SiiiV Sphere 2 out of 3 questions ı 4×2 marks = 8 marks
SivV Right circular cone
SvV Problems related to different solid objects
Statistics
Mean, Median, Ogive, Mode 2 out of 3 questions ı 4×2 marks = 8 marks
xv
xvi
Content
Chapter Subject Page
1 Quadratic Equations in one variable ............................................................. 1
2 Simple Interest .............................................................................................. 31
3 Theorems related to circle ............................................................................ È 49
4 Rectangular Parallelopiped or Cuboid .......................................................... È 67
5 Ratio and Proportion ..................................................................................... 77
6 Compound Interest and Uniform Rate of Increase or Decrease ................. È 100
7 Theorems related to Angles in a Circle ........................................................ È 120
8 Right Circular Cylinder ................................................................................. 140
9 Quadratic Surd ............................................................................................. 149
10 Theorems related to Cyclic Quadrilateral .................................................... 163
11 Construction : Construction of circumcircle and incircle of a triangle .......... 172
12 Sphere .......................................................................................................... 179
13 Variation ....................................................................................................... 186
14 Partnership Business .................................................................................... 198
15 Theorems related to Tangent to a Circle ...................................................... 206
16 Right Circular Cone ...................................................................................... 221
17 Construction : Construction of Tangent to a circle ....................................... 229
18 Similarity ....................................................................................................... 233
19 Real life Problems related to different Solid Objects.. ................................. 261
xvii
Chapter Subject Page
20 Trigonometry : Concept of Measurement of Angle ...................................... 268
21 Construction : Determination of Mean Proportional ..................................... 278
22 Pythagoras Theorem .................................................................................... 284
23 Trigonometric Ratios and Trigonometric Identities ....................................... 291
24 Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary angle ............................................ 313
25 Application of Trigonometric Ratios : Heights & Distances ....................... 318
26 Statistics : Mean , Median , Ogive , Mode ................................................... 329
xviii
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH

1 ONE VARIABLE
Today is Sunday. We cannot play in Dhrubas'

garden. Today their garden will be cleaned and
coconuts will be plucked from the coconut
trees.
1 The number of coconuts plucked from each tree is 1 more than the number of coconut
trees in the Dhrubas' garden. The total number of coconuts plucked from Dhrubas' garden is
132. How will we get the total number of coconut trees in their garden?
Let there be x coconut trees in Dhrubas' garden
.
. . The no. of coconuts plucked from each tree is x + 1
.
. . The total no. of coconuts = x (x + 1)
From the condition, x(x+1) = 132
or, x2 + x = 132
or, x2 + x – 132 = 0 (i)
The no. of coconut trees in Dhrubas' garden will satisfy the equation (i)
But what is called the equation (i)?
The equation (i) is called a quardratic equation in one variable with real co-efficients
Because, the equation in the form of ax2+bx+c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a z 0 is
called a quadratic equation in one variable.
2 The length of the Dhrubas' rectangular garden is 5meters more than its breadth and the
area of the garden is 204 sq.m. . Let me see, how the breadth of the garden can be found out.
Let the breadth of the garden be x m.
.
. . The length of the garden is (x + 5) m.
.
. . The area of the garden = x (x + 5) sq. m.
By the condition, x(x+5) = 204
or, x2+5x–204 = 0 (ii)
The breadth of the garden satisfies the equation (ii) and the equation (ii) is a [Linear /
quadratic] equation lLet me write it myselfn
1
GANIT PRAKSH - Class- X
CHAPTER ı 1
3 Each worker, who was cleaning Dhrubas' garden has been given 30 times more money
(in `) than the number of workers. If ` 1080 is given in total, then let me construct the equation
to get the number of persons cleaning the garden.
Let x persons were cleaning the Dhrubas' garden.
.
. . Each would get = x × ` 30 = ` 30x
.
. . ` 30x × x = ` 30x2 is given in total.
.
. . According to the condition, 30x2 = 1080
or, x2 = 36
or, x2 – 36 = 0 (iii)
The number of persons, who cleaned the garden, will satisfy the equation (iii) and the equation
(iii) is a [linear/quadratic] equation. lLet me write it myselfn
Application ı 1. I see whether the following equations can be written in the form of ax2+bx+c
= 0ñ where a, b, c are real numbers and a z 0.
1
(i) (x+1) (x+3) – x(x+2) = 15 (ii) x2 – 3x = 5(2–x) (iii) x – 1 + x = 6 (x z 0)
(iv) (x–2)2 = x3–4x+4 (v) (x–3)3 = 2x(x2–1)
(i) (x+1) (x+3) – x(x+2) = 15
or, x2 + x + 3x + 3 – x2 – 2x = 15
or, 2x + 3 – 15 = 0
or, 2x – 12 = 0
or, x–6=0 (i)
The form of the equation (i) is not like ax2+bx+c = 0 lwhere a, b, c are real numbers and a z 0n
.
. . the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
.
. . though some equations seem to be quadratic equations aparently, it may not always be quadratic
equations.
(ii) x2 – 3x = 5 (2–x)
or, x2 – 3x = 10 – 5x
or, x2 – 3x + 5x – 10 = 0
or, x2 + 2x – 10 = 0 (ii)
The equation (ii) is like ax2+bx+c = 0 la, b, c are real numbers and a z 0n
.
. . the given equation is a quadratic equation.
1
(iii) x – 1 + x = 6
x²–x+1
or, x =6
or, x2 – x + 1 = 6x
or, x2 – 7x + 1 = 0 (iii)
The equation (iii) is a quadratic equation. [Let me write the reasons by understanding myself].
2
(iv) (x–2)2 = x3 – 4x + 4
or, x2 – 4x + 4 = x3 – 4x + 4
or, – x3 + x2 = 0 (iv)
Whether the equation (iv) is a quadratic equation I write it by understanding myself and show
the reason. lLet me do it myselfn
I write by understanding myself if the equation (v) is a quadratic equation. lLet me write it myselfn
Application ı 2. We, the students of class IX and X have deposited ` 1824 in the chief
Minister's relief fund. As a subscription, each student of class IX and X has given ` 1 and paise
50 respectively equal in number of students of their respective classes. If the number of students
of class IX exceeds the number of students of class X by 8, then let me find the quadratic
equation in one variable.
Let, the number of students of class X = x
.
. . The number of students of class IX will be (x + 8)
The students of class IX have given ` (x+8)×1×(x+8) = ` (x+8)2
1 x2
The students of class X have given paise x . 50 . x = ` x . 2 . x = ` 2
x2
According to the condition, 2 + (x + 8) = 1824
2
2
x2 + 2 (x + 8)
or, = 1824
2
or, x2 + 2(x2 + 16x + 64) = 3648
or, x2 + 2x2 + 32x + 128 = 3648
or, 3x2 + 32x – 3520 = 0 (i)
.
. . The equation (i) is a quadratic equation.
Application ı 3. The length of a rectangular area exceeds its breadth by 36m. Its area is 460
sqm. Let me construct a quadratic equation in one variable from the statement and determine
the co-efficients of x2, x and x0.
Let, the breadth = x m.
.
. . The length = (x+36) m. and area = x(x+36) sqm.
According to the condition, x (x+36) = 460
or, x2 + 36x = 460
or, x2 + 36x – 460 = 0 (i)
The equation (i) is a required quadratic equation in one variable, here the co-efficient of x2 is 1,
co-efficient of x is 36 and co-efficient of x0 is –460.
Let me construct the quadratic equation in another way and see what I shall get.
.
Let, the length of the rectangular area = x m. . . the breadth = (x–36) m.
Therefore, area = x(x–36) sqm.
According to the question, x (x–36) = 460
or, x2–36x–460 = 0 (i)
.
. . The equation (i) is a required quadratic equation in one variable. Here, co-efficient of x2 is
, co-efficient of x is and co-efficient of x0 is – lLet me write it myselfn
3
CHAPTER ı 1
Application ı 4. The length of a rectangular area is 2 m. more than its breadth and its area is
24 sqm., I construct a quadratic equation in one variable. [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 5. I express the equation x3–4x2–x+1 = (x+2)3 in the form of a general quadratic
equation and write the co-efficients of x2, x & x0.
x3–4x2–x+1 = (x+2)3
or, x3–4x2–x+1 = x3+6x2+12x+8
or, – 10x2 – 13x–7 = 0
or, 10x2 +13x+7 = 0
.
. . co-efficient of x2 is 10ñ co-efficient of x is and co-efficient of x0 is [Let me do it
myself]
Let us work out 1.1
1. Which of the following polynomial is a quadratic polynomial :
(i) x2–7x+2 (ii) 7x5–x(x+2) (iii) 2x (x+5)+1 (iv) 2x–1
2. Which of the following equations can be written in the form of ax2+bx+c = 0ñ where a, b,
c are real numbers and a z 0ñ let us write it.
(i) x–1+ 1x = 6, (x z 0) (ii) x+ x3 = x2, (x z 0) (iii) x2 – 6 x +2=0 (iv) (x–2)2 = x2–4x+4
3. Let us determine the power of the variable in which the equation x6–x3–2 = 0 will become
a quadratic equation?
4. (i) Let us determine the value of 'a' for which the equation (a–2)x2+3x+5 = 0 will not be
a quadratic equation.
(ii) If 4–xx = 1 , (x z 0, x z 4) be expressed in the form of ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0), then
3x
let us determine the co-efficient of x.
(iii) Let us express 3x2+7x+23 = (x+4) (x+3)+2È in the form of the quadratic equation
ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0)
(iv) Let us express the equation (x+2)3 = x(x2–1) in the form of ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0) and
write the co-efficients of x2, x and x0.
5. Let us construct the quadratic equations in one variable from the following statements.
(i) Divide 42 into two parts such that one part is equal to the square of the other part.
(ii) The product of two consecutive positive odd numbers is 143.
(iii) The sum of the squares of two consecutive numbers is 313.
6. Let us construct the quadratic equations in one variable from the following statements.
(i) The length of the diagonal of a rectangular area is 15 m. and the length exceeds its
breadth by 3 m.
(ii) One person bought some sugar at ` 80. If he would get 4 kg. more sugar with that
money, then the price of 1 kg. of sugar would be less by ` 1.
(iii) The distance between two stations is 300 km. A train went to second from first station
with uniform velocity. If the velocity of the train could be 5km/hour more, then the
time taken by the train to reach the second station would be lesser by 2 hours.
4
(iv) A clock seller sold a clock by purchasing it at ` 336. The amount of his profit percentage
is as much as the amount with which he bought the clock.
(v) If the velocity of the stream is 2kms/hr, then the total time taken by Ratanmajhi to
cover 21 kms in down stream and the same distance in upstream is 10 hours.
(vi) The time taken to clean out garden by Majid is 3 hours more than Mahim. Both of
them together can complete the work in 2 hours.
(vii) The unit digit of a two digit number exceeds its tens' digit by 6 and the product of two
digits is less than the number by 12.
(viii) There is a road of equal width around a rectangular playground in the outside of it
having the length 45 m. and breadth 40 m. and the area of the road is 450 sqm.
4 The number of coconut trees in Dhrubas' garden satisfies this quadratic equation
x2+x–132 = 0 (i) But how the number of coconut trees can be found out?
The left hand side of the quadratic equation x2+x–132 = 0 is a quadratic polynomial : x2 + x – 132
I try to factorise the quadratic polynomial x2 + x – 132.
x2+x–132 = x2+12x–11x–132
= x(x+12) – 11(x+12)
= (x+12) (x–11)
.
. . The quadratic equation x2+x–132 = 0 can be re-written as (x+12) (x–11) = 0
. .
. . If (x+12) (x–11) = 0, we get Since, pq = 0 . . p = 0 or
.
either, x+12 = 0 . . x = – 12 q = 0ñ where p, q are real numbers
.
or, x–11 = 0 . . x = 11
.
. . x = 11, or x = – 12 .
.
But the number of coconut trees can not be negative . . x z –12
.
. . There are 11 coconut trees in Dhrubas' garden.
5 By putting x = 11 and x = –12 in the quadratic equation (i), let us see what I shall get.
x2+x–132 = 0 (i)
By putting x = 11 and x = –12 one by one in the left hand side of the quadratic equation (i), I see
that, (11)2+11–132 = 0 and (–12)2+(–12)–132 = 0
i.e. x = 11 and x = –12 satisfy the quadratic equation (i).
What do we call the two numbers 11 and –12 of the quadratic equation (i)?
11 and –12 are the two roots of the quadratic equation (i). x = 11 and x = –12 are the solutions
of the quadratic equation (i).
A real number D, will be a root of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 [a, b, c are real numbers and
a z 0] if aD2+bD+c = 0. i.e. In that case, x = D will satisfy the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
5
CHAPTER ı 1
.
. . The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c la, b, c are real and a z 0n will be the
roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0.
Since, the number of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial is l1/2n,therefore, the number of
the roots of the quadratic equation is l1/2n.
6 I write the length and breadth of Dhrubas' garden by determining the roots of the quadratic
equation x2+5x–204 = 0 (ii)
x +5x–204 = 0
2
(ii)
or, x +17x–12x–204 = 0
2
or, x(x+17) –12 (x+17) = 0

or, (x+17) (x–12) = 0
.
Either x+17 = 0 . . x = –17
.
or, x–12 = 0 . . x = 12
Since, x = –17 and x = 12 are the general solutions, of the quadratic equation (ii),
therefore, –17 and 12 are the two roots of the quadratic equation (ii).
Since the breadth of the garden cannot be negative, so, x z –17
.
. . x = 12 ó
.
. . The breadth of the garden is 12 m. and the length of the garden = (x+5) m. = 17 m.
Application ı 6. Which of the adjoining are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2–5x–3 = 0,
(i) 5 (ii) 3 (iii) – 1 . I write them by understanding it.
2
2x2–5x–3 = 0 (I)
(i) Putting x = 5 in the left side of the quadratic equation (I) we get,
2.(5)2 – 5.5 – 3 = 50 – 25 – 3 = 22 z 0
.
. . x = 5 does not satisfy the equation ( I). So, 5 is not the root of the quadratic equation.
(ii) Putting x = 3 in the left side of the quadratic equation (I), we get,
2 × 32 – 5.3 – 3 = 0
.
. . x = 3 satisfy the equation (I). So, 3 is the root of the quadratic equation (I).
(iii) Putting x = – 1 in the quadratic equation (I), we see that – 1 is the root of the quadratic
2 2
equation (I) [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 7. For what value of k, 2 will be the root of the quadratic equation
kx2+2x–3 = 0, let me write by calculating it.
Since, 2 is a root of the quadratic equation kx2+2x–3 = 0,
therefore, k×22+2.2–3 = 0
or, 4k + 1 = 0
or, k = – 1
4
.
. . 2 will be a root of the quadratic equation if k = – 1 .
4
Application ı 8. Let me write by calculating, for what value of k, 1 will be a root of the
quadratic equation x2+kx+3 = 0 lLet me do it myselfn
6
Application ı 9. I try to solve the following quadratic equations by factorization.

(i) 6x2 – x – 2 = 0 (ii) 25x2 –20x+4 = 0 (iii) x2+5x = 0 (iv) 4x2 –9 = 0
(v) x²+(3– 5 )x–3 5 = 0
(i) 6x2–x–2 = 0 (I)
or, 6x – 4x +3x–2 = 0
2
or, 2x(3x–2)+1(3x–2) = 0
or, (3x–2) (2x+1) = 0
. .
Either, 3x–2 = 0 or, 3x = 2 . . x = 2 or, 2x+1 = 0 or, 2x = – 1 . . x = – 1
3 2
2 1 .2 1
i.e. x = and x = – are the solution of the quadratic equation (I) . . ñ – are the two roots
3 2 3 2
of the equation (I)
To derermine the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 lwhere a, b and c are real
numbers and a z 0n the quadratic expression ax2+bx+c is to factorised into two linear factors
and after each factor equalising to zero, the two roots are determined.
(ii) 25x2 –20x+4 = 0 (II)
or, 25x –10x–10x+4 = 0
2
or, 5x(5x–2) –2(5x–2) = 0

or, (5x–2) (5x–2) = 0
. .
Either, 5x–2 = 0 . . x = 2 or, 5x–2 = 0 . . x = 2
5 5
.
Since two factors are equal, . . x = 2 and x = 2 are the solutions of the equation (II)
5 5
. .
. . We have got two roots, and here the two roots are equal . . 2 and 2 are two roots of the
2 2
5 5 5 5
equation (II)
(iii) x2 +5x = 0 (III)
or, x(x+5) = 0
.
either, x = 0 or, x+5 = 0 . . x = –5
i.e. x = 0 and x = –5 are the solutions of the quadratic equation x2 +5x = 0.
.
. . 0 and –5 are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 +5x = 0.
If c in the quadratic equation ax2 +bx+c = 0 is 0, then one root must be 0.
(iv) 4x2 –9 = 0 (IV)
or, (2x+3) (2x–3) = 0
. .
Either, 2x+3 = 0 . . x = – 3 or, 2x–3 = 0 . . x = 3
2 2
x = – or, x = are the solutions of the quadratic equation (IV); – 3 ñ 3 are the two roots of
3 3
2 2 2 2
equation (IV)
I determine the roots of the quadratic equation in another way.
4x2 –9 = 0
.
or, 4x2 = 9 or, x2 = 9 . . x = ± 3 lx = ± 3 i.e. x = + 3 and x = – 3 n
4 2 2 2 2
. 3 3 . 3 3
. . I have got the solutions of the equation (IV) as x = and x = – ; . . – , are the two roots
2 2 2 2
of the equation (IV)
7
CHAPTER ı 1
(v) x²+(3– 5 )x–3 5 = 0
or, x2+3x – 5 x – 3 5 = 0
or, x(x+3) – 5(x+3) = 0
or, (x+3) (x– 5 ) = 0
Either, x+3 = 0 ... x = –3 or, x– 5 = 0 ... x = 5
... The two roots are –3 and 5
... Both the roots of the quadratic equation in one variable with real co-efficients are not always
rational or irrational simultaneously.
Application ı 10. Let us solve ı (x+4) (2x–3) = 6
(x+4) (2x–3) = 6
or, 2x2+8x–3x–12–6 = 0
or, 2x2+5x–18 = 0
or, 2x2+9x–4x–18 = 0
or, x(2x+9) –2(2x+9) = 0
or, (2x+9) (x–2) = 0
.
Either, 2x+9 = 0, . . x = – 9
. 2
or, x–2 = 0, . . x = 2
.
. . x = – 92 or, x = 2.
i.e. x = – 9 and x = 2 are the solutions of the quadratic equation (x+4) (2x–3) = 6.
2
Application ı 11. Let us solve the I solve the quadratic equation x + 3 = 4 1 ,
3 x 4
quadratic equation x + 3 = 4 1 , (x z 0) (x z 0) in another way.
3 x 4
x + 3 = 41 Let, x = a
. 3
3 x 4 . . The given equation will be, a+ 1 = 4 1
a 4
x2 + 9 17
or, 3x = 4 or, a+ = 4 + 1
1
a 4
or, 4x +36 = 51x
2
or, (a–4) + – 1 = 0
1
a 4
or, 4x2 –51x+36 = 0
or, (a–4) – 1 (a–4) = 0
or, 4x –48x–3x+36 = 0
2 4a
or, 4x(x–12) –3(x–12) = 0 or, (a–4) (1– 1 ) = 0
4a
or, (x–12) (4x–3) = 0 1
Either, a – 4 = 0 or, 1– = 0
. 4a
Either, x – 12 = 0, . . x = 12 . .
. 3 if a–4 = 0, then a = 4, . . x = 4 . . x = 12
or, 4x–3 = 0, . . x = 3
. 4 1 1
. . The solutions of the given equation are Again, 1– 4a = 0, then 4a = 1
. .
x = 3 & x = 12 or, 4a = 1 or, a = 1 . . x = 1 . . x = 3
4 4 3 4 4
.
. . x = 3 and x = 12 are the solutions of the given
4
equation.
8
Application ı 12. I solve and write the two roots of the quadratic equation x–b a + b =2
x–a
(x z b, a).
a b
x–b + x–a = 2
or, x–ba –1+ b –1=0
x–a
or, a–x+b b–x+a
x–b + x–a = 0
or, (a+b–x) [x–b 1 + 1 ]=0
x–a
x–a+x–b ] = 0
or, (a+b–x) [ (x–a) (x–b)
(2x–a–b) ] = 0
or, (a+b–x) [(x–a) (x–b)
2x–a–b = 0
Either, a+b–x = 0 or, (x–a) (x–b)
.
Either, a+b–x = 0, . . x = a+b
2x–a–b = 0, or, 2x–a–b = 0, ... x = a+b
or, (x–a) (x–b) 2
.
. . x = a+b and x = a+b
2 are the solutions of the given quadratic equation and the two roots are
a+b ñ a+b2
a + b = a+b,
Application ı 13. I solve and write the two roots of the quadratic equation ax–1 bx–1
1
[x z , ] 1 lLet me do it myselfn
a b
Application ı 14. I solve the quadratic equation x+3 x–3 – x+3 + 6 6 = 0 (x z –3, 3)
x–3 7
x–3 – x+3 + 6 6 = 0
x+3 x–3 7
or, a – 1 + 6 6 = 0 (i) lputting, x–3
x+3 = a n
a 7
or, a² a–1 + 48 = 0
7
or, a² –1 48
a =– 7
or, 7a2–7 = – 48a
or, 7a2 +48a–7 = 0
or, 7a2 +49a–a–7 = 0
or, 7a(a+7) –1(a+7) = 0
or, (a+7) (7a–1) = 0
.
. . One of the factors of (a+7) and (7a–1) must be zero.
. .
Either, a+7 = 0 , . . a = –7, or, 7a–1 = 0 , . . a = 1
7
Now from a = –7 we get, x–3
x+3 = –7
9
CHAPTER ı 1
or, x–3 = –7x–21
or, 8x = –18
.
or, x = – 18 ..x=–9
8 4
1 x–3
Again from a = , we get x+3 = 1
7 7
or, 7x–21 = x+3
.
or, 6x = 24 . . x = 4
.
. . x = – 9 and x = 4 are the solutions of the given quadratic equation.
4
.
. . The two roots of the equation are – 9 and 4.
4
Other Method : From (i), we get a – 1a + 48 = 0
7
or, a – 1a + 7 – 1 = 0
7
or, a + 7 – 1a – 1 = 0
7
or, (a+7) – 7a 1 (a+7) = 0
or, (a+7) (1 – 7a 1 )=0

. 1 ) must be zero.
. . One of (a+7) and (1 – 7a
. 1 = 0, ... a = 1
Either, a+7 = 0, . . a = –7, or, 1 – 7a
7
Now, if a = –7, then x–3x+3 = –7 or, x–3 = –7x–21
or, 8x = 3–21
or, 8x = –18
.
..x = –9
4
Again,if a = 1 , then x+3
x–3 = 1 or, 7x–21 = x+3
7 7
.
or, 6x = 24, . . x = 4
That is, x = – 9 and x = 4 are the solutions of the given quadratic equation. So, the given
4
equation has two roots – 9 and 4.
4
x+3+ x–3 = 2 1 (x z –3, 3) [Lets do it myself]
Application ı 15. I solve the quadratic equation x–3 x+3 2
Let us work out 1.2
1. In each of the following cases, let us justify & write whether the given values are the roots
of the given quadratic equation :
(i) x2+x+1 = 0, 1 and –1 (ii) 8x2+7x = 0, 0 and –2 (iii) x+ 1 = 13 , 5 and 4
x 6 6 3
(iv) x2 – 3 x – 6 = 0, – 3 and 2 3
2
2. (i) Let us calculate and write the value of k for which –3 will be a root the quadratic
equation 7x2+kx–3 = 0.
(ii) Let us calculate and write the value of k for which –a will be a root the quadratic
equation x2+3ax+k = 0.
10
2
3. If 3– and –3 are the two roots of the quadratic equation ax2+7x+b = 0, then let me calculate
the values of a and b.
4. Let us solve :
(i) 3y2 –20 = 160 – 2y2 (ii) (2x+1)2 + (x+1)2 = 6x+47 (iii) (x–7) (x–9) = 195
(iv) 3x – 24 = x , x z 0 (v) x + 3 = 15 , x z0 (vi) 10x – 1 = 3, x z 0
x 3 3 x x x
(x–2) x–2
(vii) 2 – 5 +2 = 0, x z 0 (viii) (x+2) + 6 (x–6) = 1, x z –2, 6
x² x
1 1 1 x x+1 1
(ix) x–3 – x+5 = 6 , x z 3, –5 (x) x+1 + x = 2 12 , x z 0, –1
ax+b cx+d a –c 3
(xi) a+bx = c+dx [azb, czd], x z – b , d (xii) (2x+1) +2x+1 = 4, x z – 1
2
x+1 + 2 x+1 3 –5 12x+17 2x+15 1 1
(xiii) 2 x+1 = 3 + x+1 6 , x z –1 (xiv) 3x+1 – x+7 = 35 , x z – 3, –7
x+3 x–3 1 1 1 1
(xv) x–3 + 6 ( x+3) = 5, x z 3, –3 (xvi) a+b+x = a + b + x , x z 0, – (a+b)
x+a 2 x+a 1 1 1 1
(xvii) (x–a) – 5(x–a) +6 = 0, x z a (xviii) x – x+b = a – a+b , x z 0, –b
1 1 1 1
(xix) (x–1)(x–2) + (x–2)(x–3) + (x–3)(x–4) = 6 , x z 1, 2, 3, 4
a b 2c
(xx) x–a + x–b = x–c , x z a, b, c (xxi) x²– ( 3 +2)x+2 3 =0
Application ı 16. My maternal uncle travelled 84 kms. by cycle and observed that if he would
be cycling with the speed of 5kms/hr more, then the time taken to complete the journey is
reduced by 5 hrs. let me calculate and write the speed of my maternal uncle's journey in km/hr.
Suppose, my maternal uncle travelled with a speed x km/hr.
84 84
According to the condition, x – x+5 = 5
84(x+5) – 84x
or, x(x+5) =5
84x + 420 – 84x
or, x2 +5x =5
or, 5(x +5x) = 420
2
or, x2+5x = 84
or, x2+5x–84 = 0
or, x2+12x–7x–84 = 0
or, x(x+12) –7(x+12) = 0
or, (x+12) (x–7) = 0
.
Either, x+12 = 0, . . x = – 12
.
or, x – 7 = 0, . . x = 7
But here x z – 12, because the speed can not be negative.
.
..x=7
.
. . My maternal uncle travelled with a speed 7 kms/hr.
11
CHAPTER ı 1
Application ı 17. My friend Ajay has written a two digit number in his copy of which the tens
digit is less by 4 than the unit digit. If the product of the two digits is subtracted from the number,
the result is equal to the square of the difference of the two digits of that number. By calculation
let us try to write the number which Ajoy can write in his copy.
.
Let, the unit digit of the two digit number written by Ajay be x; . . the tens digit is (x–4)
.
. . The number = 10(x–4) + x = 11x–40
According to the given condition, (11x–40)–x×(x–4) = {x– (x–4)}2 tens unit
or, 11x–40–x +4x = 16
2
x– 4 x
or, –x2+15x–56 = 0
or, x2–15x+56 = 0
or, x2–7x–8x+56 = 0
or, x(x–7) –8(x–7) = 0
or, (x–7) (x–8) = 0
. .
Either, x–7 = 0, . . x = 7 or, x–8 = 0, . . x = 8
.
. . x = 7 or, x = 8
If x = 7, then the two digit number will be = 11×7–40 = 37
If x = 8, the two digit number will be = 11×8–40 = 48
.
. . The required two digit number is 37 or 48
Application ı 18. The unit digit of a two digit number exceeds the tens digit by 6 and the
product of two digits is less by 12 than the number, let us write by calculating the possible unit
digit of two digit number. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 19. In the Annual sport competition of Andul school, the students stood in a
vacuum square with a depth of 6. Consequently, the number of students in the front line would
be lesser by 24 if the students were stood in a solid square. By calculating, let us write the
number of students.
Let the number of students in front line be x if they stood in a vacuum square
.
. . The total number of students = x2 – (x–2×6)2 = x2 – (x–12)2
Again, if they stood in a solid square, the total number of studdents (x–24)2
According the given condition, x2 – (x–12)2 = (x–24)2
or, x2–(x2+144–24x) = x2–48x+576
or, – x2+72x–720 = 0
or, x2–72x+720 = 0
or, x2–60x–12x+720 = 0
or, (x–60) (x–12) = 0
.
Either, x–60 = 0, . . x = 60
.
or, x – 12 = 0, . . x = 12
.
. . x = 60 and x = 12
But, here x z12 as the number of students in the front line of vacuum square with depth of 6 must
.
be greater than 12. . . x = 60
.
. . The required number of students = (x–24)2 = (60–24)2 = 362 = 1296
.
. . The number of students is 1296.
12
Let us work out 1.3

1. The difference of two positive whole numbers is 3 and the sum of their squares is 117; by
calculating, let us write the two numbers.
2. The base of a triangle is 18m. more than two times of its height, if the area of the triangle is
360 sq.m., then let us determine the height of it.
3. If 5 times of a positive whole number is less by 3 than twice of its square, then let us
determine the number.
4. The distance between two places is 200 km.; the time taken by a motor car for going from
one place to another is less by 2 hrs than the time taken by a jeep car. If the speed of the
motor car is 5 kms/hr. more than the speed of the jeep car, then by calculating let us write
the speed of the motor car.
5. The area of the Amita's rectangular land is 2000sq.m.and perimeter of it is 180 m. . By
calculating, let us write the length and breadth of the Amita's land.
6. The tens digit of a two digital number is less by 3 than the units digit. If the product of the
two digits is subtracted from the number, the result is 15. Let us write the unit digit of the
number by calculation.
7. There are two pipes in a water reservoir of our school. Two pipes together take 1191 minutes
to fill the reservoir.If the two pipes are opened separately, then one pipe would take
5 minutes more time than that of the other pipe. Let us write by calculating, the time taken
to fill the reservoir separately by each of the pipes.
8. Porna and Pijush together complete a work in 4 days. If they work separately, then the
time taken by Porna would be 6 days more than the time taken by Pijush. Let us write, by
calculating, the time taken by Porna alone to complete the work.
9. If the price of 1 dozen pen is reduced by `6, then 3more pens will be got for `30. Before
the reduction of price, let us calculate the price of 1 dozen pen.
10. V.S.A.
(A) M.C.Q.
(i) The number of roots of a quadratic equation is (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) none of them
(ii) If ax2+bx+c=0 is a quadratic equation, then (a) bz0 (b) cz0 (c) az0 (d) none of these
(iii) The highest power of the variable in a quadratic equation is (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3
(d) none of these.
(iv) The equation 4(5x2–7x+2) = 5(4x2–6x+3) is (a) linear (b) quadratic (c) 3rd degree
(d) none of these.
(v) The root/two roots of the equation x² x = 6 (a) 0 (b) 6 (c) 0 & 6 (d) –6
(B) Let us identify the following statements as true or false :
(i) (x–3)2 = x2–6x+9 is a quadratic equation (ii) 5 is the only root of the equation x2=25
(C) Let us fill in the blanks :
(i) If a= 0 and b z0 in the equation ax2+bx+c=0, then the equation is a .............. equation.
(ii) If the two roots of a quadratic equation be 1 then the equation is .................. .
(iii) The two roots of the equation x2 =6x are .............. & .............. .
11. S.A.
(i) Let us find the value of a, if one root of the equation x2+ax+3=0 is 1
(ii) Let us write the value of the other root if one root of the equation x2–(2+b)x+6=0 is 2.
(iii) Let us write the value of the other root if one root of the equation 2x2+kx+4=0 is 2.
9
(iv) Let us write the equation; if the difference of a proper fraction and its reciprocal is 20 .
(v) Let us write the values of a and b, if the two roots of the equation ax +bx+35=0 are
2
–5 and –7.
13
CHAPTER ı 1
7 Let us see, what is the type of the roots of the quadratic equation 4x2 + 9 = 0
4x2 + 9 = 0
or, 4x2 = – 9
9
or, x2 = – 4
But for any real value of x, x2 z– 49 . Because, square of any real number can not be negative.
.
. . We observe that, the quadratic equation 4x2+9 = 0 has no real root.
Now, how can we know when we will get the real roots of a quadratic equation?
At first, we express the quadratic equation ax2+ bx+c = 0 lwhere a, b, c are real and a z 0n in the
form of (x+p)2–q2 =0 lwhere p, q are realn and by taking square root we try to know the nature
of the two roots.
I express the quadratic equation x2+6x+5 = 0 in the form of (x+p)2–q2 = 0 lwhere p, q are real
numbers]
At first, by hands on trial I express (x2+6x) as the difference of two squares.
x 6 x+6 x 3 3
x x2 +x 6x =x x2 + 6x =x x2 + 3x +3x
x 3 x+3
=x – 32 3 = x+3 (x+3)2 – 32 3
3 3
3 3
3
By hands on trial, let me write what I have got.
x2+6x = (x2+ 6x
2)+ 2
6x
= x2+3x+3x = (x+3) x+3x = (x+3)x+3x+3×3–3×3 = (x+3)x+(x+3)3–3×3 = (x+3)2 – 32
= (x+3)2 – 9
. 2
. . x +6x+5 = (x+3)2 – 9+5 = (x+3)2 – 4
8 What the method of writing x2+6x+5 = 0 in the form of (x+3)2 –4 = 0 is called?
It is called the Method of Completing the square.
The quadratic equation x2+6x+5 = 0 can be written as,
(x+3)2 –9+5 = 0
or, (x+3)2 –4 = 0
or, (x+3)2 = 4
or, x+3 = ±2
.
Either, x+3 = 2 . . x = –1 .
. . . The two roots of the quadratic equation x2+6x+5 = 0
or, x+3 = – 2 . . x = – 5 are –1 and 5.
14
9 Let us see, how shall we get the two roots of the quadratic equation 3x2+x–10 = 0 by the
method of completing square.
The co-efficient of x2 in the quadratic equation 3x2+x–10 =0 is 3, which is not a perfect
square number.
.
. . By multiplying both sides of the equation 3x2+x–10 = 0 by 3, we get,
9x2+3x–30 = 0
Now, 9x2+3x–30 = (3x)2 +2.3x. 12 + ( 12)2 – ( 12)2 – 30
= (3x+ 12)2 – 14 –30 = (3x+ 12)2 – ( 14 +30) = (3x+ 12 )2 – 121
4
. 1 2 121
. . We can write 9x +3x–30= 0 as, (3x+ 2 ) –
2
=0
4
11 2
or, (3x+ 12 )2 = 121 = ( 2 )
4
1 11
or, 3x+ 2 = ± 2
11 11
Either, 3x+ 21 = 2 or, 3x+ 21 = – 2
11 11
or, 3x = 2 – 12 or, 3x = – 2 – 12
10 . 12 .
or, 3x = 2 . . x = 35 or, 3x = – 2 . . x = –2
.
. . –2 and 35 are the two roots of the quadratic equation 3x2+x–10 = 0
10 By another method, I determine the two roots of the equation 3x2+x–10 = 0, dividing both
sides of it by 3.
3x2+x–10 = 0
or, x2 + x3 – 10
3 =0
or, x2 + 2·x· 12 · 31 + ( 21 · 31)2 – ( 21 · 31)2 – 10
3 =0
or, (x+ 12 · 13)2 – ( 12 · 13)2 – 10
3 =0
or, (x+ 16 )2 – ( 16 )2 – 10 3 =0
or, (x+ 16 )2 – 36
1 – 10 = 0
3
or, (x+ 16 )2 – [ 1+120
36 ] = 0 Either, x+ 61 = 11
6 or, x+ 61 = – 11
6
or, (x+ 16 )2 = 121 11 1
36 or, x = 6 – 6 or, x = – 11 1
6 –6
or, (x+ 16 )2 = ( 11
6)
2 .
. . x = 53
.
. . x = –2
or, x+ 16 = ± 11 6 .
. . –2 and 35 are the roots of the quadratic
equation 3x2+x–10 = 0
15
CHAPTER ı 1
Application : 20. I determine the two roots of the quadratic equation 5x2+23x+12 = 0 by the
method of completing the square.
5x2+23x+12 = 0
or, x2 + 23 12
5 x+ 5 = 0
{x+ 12 (23 1 23 + 12
2 2
or, 5 )} – {2 ( 5 )} 5 =0
23 )2 – ( 23 )2 + 12 = 0
or, (x+ 10 10 5
23 )2 – 529 + 12 = 0
or, (x+ 10 100 5
23 )2 = 529 – 12 = 529 – 240 = 289 = ( 17 )2
or, (x+ 10 100 5 100 100 10
or, x+ 1023 = ± 17
10
23 = 17 or, x+ 23 = – 17
Either, x+ 10 10 10 10
i.e. Either, x = or, x = [Let me do it myself]
.
.. and are the two roots of the quadratic equation 5x2+23x+12 = 0
Application : 21. By another method, I determine the two roots of the quadratic equation
5x2+23x+12 = 0, multiplying left hand side and right hand side of it by 5 with the help of the
method of completing the square. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 22. I solve the quadratic equation 2x2–6x+1 = 0 by the method of completing
the square.
Multiplying both sides of the equation 2x2–6x+1 = 0 by 2, I get,
4x2–12x+2 = 0
or, (2x)2 –2·2x .3+32 – 32 +2 = 0
or, (2x–3)2 –9+2 = 0
or, (2x–3)2 = 7
or, 2x–3 = ± 7
or, 2x = 3 ± 7
. 3± 7
. . x= 2
. 3+ 7 3– 7
. . I have got the roots 2 , 2
. 3– 7 3+ 7
.. x= 2 and x =
2
are the solutions of the given quadratic equation.
16
Application : 23. I solve the quadratic equation 9x2+30x+31 = 0 by the method of completing
the square.
9x2+30x+31 = 0
or, (3x)2 +2·3x·5+(5)2 – (5)2 +31 = 0
or, (3x+5)2 –25+31 = 0
or, (3x+5)2 = –6
But for any real value of x, (3x+5)2 can not be negative.
.
. . The quadratic equation 9x2 + 30x+31 = 0 has no real root.
Through the determination of the roots of the quadratic equation by the method of completing
the square, we have observed that some quadratic equations have real roots, again some other
quadratic equations have no real root.
11 I determine the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 [a, b, c are real numbers and
a z 0] by the method of completing the square and try to know the nature of the roots.
ax2+bx+c = 0 [a, b, c are real numbers and a z 0]
Dividing both sides by a, I get,
x2 + ba x + ac = 0
or, (x + 2ab )2 – ( b )2 + c = 0
2a a
c
b )2 – b² + = 0
or, (x + 2a 4a² a
b )2 – ( b² – 4ac ) = 0
or, (x + 2a 4a²
b )2 = b² – 4ac
or, (x + 2a 4a²
If b2 – 4ac > 0, then taking square root of both sides, I get,
b =± b²–4ac
x + 2a 2a
b ± b²–4ac – b ± b²–4ac
or, x = – 2a 2a = 2a
–b± b²–4ac
... x = 2a
.
. . The two real roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 [a z 0] are
– b + b²–4ac – b – b²–4ac
2a and 2a where b2–4ac > 0
But what will happen when b2–4ac < 0
If b2–4ac < 0, then the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 la, b, c are real and a z 0n will have no
real root.
17
CHAPTER ı 1
In this phase, we shall solve those problems of quadratic equations, where b2–4ac > 0;
We have got, two roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 la, b, c are real and a z 0], one
– b + b²–4ac – b – b²–4ac
is 2a and other is 2a
But what the general formula of determining the roots of any quadratic equation in one variable
is called?
This general formula of determining the roots of any quadratic equation in one variable is called
Sridhara Acharyya's method.
A famous mathematician Sridhara Acharyya (cr. 750 approx) of

Ancient India discovered this method. For this reason, we call the
general formula of determination of the roots of the quadratic
equation as Sridhara Acharyya's formula. He composed different
books on arithmetic and algebra by considering them as separate
subjects. His contributions to the method of determining square
root and cube root and solving the problems by rule of three are
found in different books. But sadly though some parts of his original
arithmetic book have been found, his book on algebra is yet to be
found. We have come to know about the formula of quadratic
equation, discovered by him from the reference of this formula in
the name of Sridhara Acharyya written in a book by another great
mathematician of the next era, second Bhaskaracharyya (cr. 1150).
Application : 24. My elder brother has written two such numbers in his copy that one is
smaller than the other by 3 and their product is 70; I determine the two numbers which my elder
brother has written by constructing the quadratic equation in one variable and with the help of
Sridhara Acharyya's formula.
.
. . From Sridhara Acharyya's formula, I get,
Let, one number be x –b± b²–4ac
x = 2a
.
. . Other number is (x–3)
–(–3)± (–3)²–4.1×(–70)
According to the condition = 2.1
3± 9+280 3± 289
x(x–3) = 70 = 2 = 2 = 3±17
2
or, x2–3x–70 = 0 (I)
Either, x = 3+17 20
2 = 2 = 10
For using Sridhara Acharyya's formula,
comparing equation (I) with or, x = 3–17 –14
2 = 2 = –7
When x = 10, then other number will be 10 –3= 7
ax2+bx+c = 0 [az0]I get,
and when x= –7, then other number will be –7 – 3 = –10
.
a = 1, b = –3 and c = –70 . . The two numbers will be 10 and 7 or –7 and – 10.
18
Application : 25. Let us check whether the two obtained values of x that is, x = 10 and
x = –7 satisfy the quadratic equation (I). [Let me do it myself]
If the two values of x satisfy the quadratic equation in one variable, then it can be confirmly
said that those values are the solutions or roots of that quadratic equation.
Application : 26. The product of two consecutive positive odd numbers is 143. Let me construct
the equation and find out the two odd numbers by applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula.
[Let me do it myself]
Application : 27. There are `195 deposited to a group and each member of the group subscribes
money equal to the number of members in that group and then the total money is divided equally
among the members. So each one has got `28. Let us determine the number of members in that
group by applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula.
Let, the number of members in that group be x.
.
. . If each one subscribes ` x then the amount of total money = ` x × x = ` x2
The deposit money is ` 195
.
. . Total amount of money = ` (x2+195)
According to the given condition, x2+195 = 28×x
or, x2 –28x+195 = 0 (I)
For using Sridhara Acharyya's method, comparing (I) with ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0), we get, a=1,
b= –28 and c =
.
. . From Sridhara Acharyya's formula, we get,
–b± b²–4ac
x= 2a
–(–28)± (–28)²–4.1×195
= 2.1
28± – 780
= 2 [Let me do it myself]
= 28±2
2
Either, x = 28+2
2 = or, x = 28–2
2 =
.
. . The number of members may either be 15 or 13.
Let us justify whether x=15 and x=13 satisfy the equation (I) or not [Let me do it myself]
Application : 28. By applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula, let us write a positive number
which is less than its square by 30.
Hints : Let, the number = x
.
. . By the condition, x2 – x = 30
With the help of Sridhara Acharyya's formula, we get x = 6 or –5 [Let me do it myself]
Since the number is positive, so the value –5 is not being accepted
.
. . The required number = 6
19
CHAPTER ı 1
Application : 29. Meher takes 5 days less than Pritam to complete a piece of work. If by
working together they can do the work in 6 days, let us determine in how many days Pritam will
alone complete the work by applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula.
Suppose, Pritam alone completes the work in x days.
.
. . Meher alone completes the work in (x–5) days.
. 1
. . Pritam does x part of work in 1 day.
1
Meher does x–5 part of work in 1 day.
Pritam and Meher together complete the work in 6 day.
. 1
. . They together do 6 part of the work in 1 day.
1 1 1
According to the condition, x + x–5 = 6 (I)
x–5+x = 1
or, x(x–5) 6
2x–5 = 1
or, x2–5x 6
or, x2–5x = 12x–30
or, x2–17x+30 = 0 (II)
The quadratic equation (II) is the simple form of the equation (I). The solution of this equation
(II) according to the Sridhara Acharyya's formula will be —
–(–17)± (–17)²–4.1×30 17± 289+120 17 ±
x= 2.1 = 2 = 2
17 +13 17 –13
Either, x = 2 = or, x = 2 =
.
. . x = 15 or, 2
Here, if x = 2, then Pritam will do the work in 2 days. Since Meher takes 5 days less than Pritam
to complete the work, So, Meher will complete the work in (2–5)days = –3 days. But the
number of days can not be negative in anyway. So, x z 2.
.
. . x =15 i.e. Pritam alone complete the work in 15 days.
Application : 30. If the following quadratic equations have real roots, then let us determine the
roots by applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula.
(i) x2–6x+4 = 0 (ii) 9x2+7x–2 = 0 (iii) x2–6x+9 = 0 (iv) 2x2+x+1 = 0
(v) 1–x = 2x2 (vi) 2x2–9x+7= 0 (vii) x²–( 2 +1)x+ 2 =0
(i) x2–6x+4 = 0 (I)

Comparing the quadratic equation (I) with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0], we get,
a=1, b=–6 and c=4
.
. . b2 –4ac = (–6)2 – 4·1·4 = 36–16 = 20 > 0
20
.
. . The quadratic equation (I) has real roots.
–b± b²–4ac –(–6)± (–6)²–4.1.4
The roots = 2a = 2.1
6± 36–16
= 2
6± 20 6± 4×5 6±2 5 2(3± 5 )
= 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 = 3± 5
.
. . (3+ 5 ) and (3– 5 ) are the two roots of the equation (I).
(ii) 9x2+7x–2 = 0 (I)
Comparing the quadratic equation (I) with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0], we get,
a = 9, b = 7 and c = –2
.
. . b2 –4ac = > 0 [Let me do it myself]
The quadratic equation (I) has real roots.
–b± b²–4ac (7)²–4.9×(–2)
–7± –7± 121 –7±11
The roots = 2 = 2.9 = 18 = 18
–7 +11 4 2 –7 –11
Either, x = 18 = 18 = – 9 or, x = 18 = –1
. 2
. . –1 and –9 are the two roots of the equation (I)
(iii) x2–6x+9 = 0 (I)
a =1, b = –6 and c = 9
.
. . b2 –4ac = (–6)2 – 4·1·9 = 36–36 = 0
.
. . The quadratic equation (I) has real roots,
–b± b²–4ac –(–7)± 0 6±0
The roots = 2 = 2.1 = 2
6+0 6– 0
Either, x = 2 = 3 or, x = 2 = 3
.
. . The equation (I) has the two roots –3 and 3.
(iv) 2x2+x+1 = 0 (I)
a = 2, b = 1 and c = 1
.
. . b2 –4ac = (1)2 – 4·2·1 = –7 < 0
.
. . The quadratic equation (I) has no real root.
Understanding (v), (vi) & (vii) myself and by applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula, let me solve
them and determine the roots.
21
CHAPTER ı 1
Let us work out 1.4
1. (i) Let us write whether Sridhara Acharyya's formula is applicable to solve the equation
4x2+(2x–1) (2x+1) = 4x(2x–1)
(ii) Let us write what type of equations can be solved with the help of Sridhara Acharyya's
formula.
(iii) By applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula in the equation 5x2+2x–7=0, it is found that
x = k±12
10 , let us write by calculating, what will be the value of k.
2. If the following quadratic equations have real roots, then let us determine them with the
help of Sridhara Acharyya's formula.
(i)3x2+11x–4=0 (ii) (x–2) (x+4)+9=0 (iii) (4x–3)2 –2(x+3)=0
(iv) 3x2+2x–1=0 (v) 3x2+2x+1=0 (vi) 10x2 –x–3=0
(vii) 10x2–x+3=0 (viii) 25x2–30x+7=0 (ix) (4x–2)2 +6x=25
3. Let us express the following mathematical problems in the from of quadratic equations with
one variable and solve them by applying Sridhara Acharyya's formula or with the help of
factorisation.
(i) Sathi has drawn a right-angled triangle whose length of the hypotenuse is 6cm. more than
the twice of that of the shortest side. If the length of the third side is 2 cm. less than the
length of the hypotenuse, then by calculating, let us write the lengths of three sides of the
right-angled triangle drawn by Sathi.
(ii) If a two digit positive number is multiplied by its unit digit, then the product is 189 and if the
tens digit is twice the unit digit, then let us calculate the unit digit.
(iii) The speed of Salma is 1m/second more than the speed of Anik. In a 180 m race, Salma
reaches 2 seconds before than Anik. Let us write by calculating the speed of Anik in m/sec.
(iv) There is a square park in our locality. The area of a rectangular park is 78 sqm. less than the
twice of the area of that square-shaped park whose length is 5m. more than the length of
the side of that park and the breadth is 3m. less than the length of the side of that park. Let
us write by calculating, the length of the side of the square-shaped park.
(v) In our village, Proloy babu bought 350 chilli plants for planting in his rectangular land. when
he put the plants in rows, he noticed that, if he would put 24 plants more than the number
of rows in each row, 10 plants would remain excess. Let us write by calculating the number
of rows.
(vi) Joseph and Kuntal work in a factory. Joseph takes 5 minutes less time than Kuntal to make
a product. Joseph makes 6 products more than Kuntal while working for 6 hours. Let us
write by calculating, the number of products Kuntal makes during that time.
(vii) The speed of a boat in still water is 8 kms/hr. If the boat can go 15 kms. down stream and
22kms. up stream in 5 hours, then let us write by calculating, the speed of the stream.
(viii) A superfast train runs at the speed of 15kms/hr more than that of an express train. Leaving
the same station the superfast train reached a station of 180kms. distance 1hour before
than the express train. Let us determine the speed of the superfast train in km/hr.
(ix) Rehana went to the market and saw that the price of dal of 1kg. is ` 20 and the price of rice
of 1 kg. is ` 40 less than that of price of 1 kg fish. The total quantity of fish and that of dal each
in ` 240 is equal to the quantity of rice in ` 280. Let us calculate the cost price of 1 kg. fish.
22
Today we play a funny game in our school. Each of us will write 4x2–16x+15=0
a quadratic equation on the black board and other friends will
justify the existence of real roots of those quadratic equations
and calculate the roots in due time and they will inform them.
12 At first, I write on the board 4x2–16x+15 = 0
4x2–16x+15 = 0 (I)
Comparing the quadratic equation (I) with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0], we get
a=4, b = –16 and c=15
.
. . b2 –4ac = (–16)2 – 4·4·15 = 16 > 0
.
. . The quadratic equation (I) has real roots.
.
. . The real roots of the equation (I) are and [Let me do it myself]
.
. . We have got that the roots of the equation (I) are real and unequal.
13 Now, Nibedita wrote on the board 4x2 +12x+9 = 0
4x2 +12x+9 = 0 (II)
Comparing the quadratic equation (II) with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0], we get
a=4, b = 12 and c=9
.
. . b2 –4ac = (12)2 – 4·4·9 = 144–144 = 0
.
. . The quadratic equation (II) has real roots.
4x2+12x+9 = 4x2+6x+6x+9 = 2x(2x+3) +3(2x+3) = (2x+3) (2x+3)
4x2+12x+9 = 0
.
. . (2x+3) (2x+3) = 0
... The roots are – 3 and – 3
2 2
.
. . We have got, the equation (II) has real and equal roots.
14 Now, Prodip has written 4x2 –16x+21= 0
4x2 –16x+21= 0 (III)
Comparing the quadratic equation (III) with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0], we get
a=4, b = –16 and c=21
.
. . b2 –4ac = (–16)2 – 4·4·21 = 256 –336 = –80 < 0
.
. . We will not get any real root of the quadratic equation (III).
15 I determine the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c= 0 la, b, c are real numbers and
az0n and try to know the nature of roots of it.
ax2+bx+c= 0 la, b, c are real numbers and az0n
– b + b²–4ac – b – b²–4ac
The two roots of this quadratic equation are 2a and 2a
23
CHAPTER ı 1
–b –b
(I) If b2 –4ac = 0, then we get the two roots as 2a and ,2a
that is, the two roots are real and equal.
(
(II) If b2 –4ac > 0, then we get the two roots as –2ab + b²–4ac
2a ) and (–2ab – b²–4ac
2a )
i.e. We get two real and unequal roots.
(III) If b2 –4ac < 0, then we will not get any real root.
We have understood that the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0]
depends on the value of (b2 –4ac).
16 What do we call (b2 –4ac) for the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0?

As b2–4ac of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [a, b, c are real numbers and az0] determines
the nature of the roots, b2 –4ac is called the Discriminant of that quadratic equation.
We have got, the two roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0]
(I) real and equal if b2 –4ac = 0
(II) real and unequal if b2 –4ac > 0
(III) no real root if b2 –4ac < 0
The converse statements of (I)ñ(II) and (III) are also true
Application : 31. I determine the nature of the two roots of the following quadratic equations :
(i) 3x2+x–1 = 0 (ii) 4x2–4x+1 = 0 (iii) x2+x+1 = 0 (iv) 2x2+x–2 = 0
(i) Comparing the quadratic equation 3x2+x–1 = 0 with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0
[a z0], we get, a=3, b=1 and c= –1
.
. . The discriminant = b2 –4ac = (1)2 –4·3·(–1)
= 13 > 0
.
. . The two roots of the given quadratic equation are real and unequal.
(ii) The discriminant of the quadratic equation 4x2– 4x+1 = 0 is b2 – 4ac = (– 4)2 – 4·4·1
= 16 – 16
=0
.
. . The two roots of the given quadratic equation are real and equal.
(iii) The discriminant of the quadratic equation x2+x+1 = 0 is b2 – 4ac = (1)2 –4·1·1
= –3 < 0
.
. . We will not get any real root of the given quadratic equation.
Let us write by understanding the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation (iv)
24
Application : 32. Let us write the value of k for which the two roots of the quadratic equation
9x2+3kx+4 = 0 would real and equal.
Comparing the quadratic equation 9x2+3kx+4 = 0 with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0
[a z0], we get, a=9, b=3k and c= 4
Since the two roots are real and equal,
.
. . The discriminant = 0
.
. . b2–4ac = 0
i.e. (3k)2 –4·9·4 = 0
or, 9k2 = 4×9×4
.
or, k2 = 4×4 . . k = ±4
.
. . For k = ± 4, the two roots of the given quadratic equation are real and equal.
Application : 33. By understanding, let us write the value of k for which the two roots of the
quadratic equation 2x2 –10x+k = 0 are real and equal. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 34. Let us prove that the quadratic equation x2(a2+b2)+2(ac+bd)x+(c2+d2) = 0
has no real root, when ad z bc.
x2(a2+b2)+2(ac+bd)x+(c2+d2) = 0 (I)
The discriminant of the quadratic equation (I) = [2(ac+bd)]2 –4(a2+b2) (c2+d2)
= 4(ac+bd)2–4(a2c2+b2c2+a2d2+b2d2)
= 4[a²c² + b²d² +2acbd – a²c² – b2c2 – a2d2 – b²d²]
= 4[–(b2c2 – 2acbd + a2d2)]
= –4(bc–ad)2 < 0
lsince, ad z bc bc–ad z 0n
.
. . The quadratic equation (I) has no real root, when ad z bc
Application : 34. If two roots of the quadratic equation (1+m2)x2+2mcx+(c2–a2) = 0 are real
and equal, then let us prove that, c2 = a2(1+m2)
(1+m2)x2+2mcx+(c2–a2) = 0 (I)
The two roots of the quadratic equation (I) are equal.
.
. . The discriminant = 0
.
. . (2mc)2 –4(1+m2) (c2–a2) = 0
or, 4m2c2 – 4(c2+c2m2–a2–a2m2) = 0
or, 4m²c² – 4c2 – 4c²m² + 4a2 + 4a2m2 = 0
or, 4c2 = 4a2+4a2m2
or, c2 = a2 + a2m2
.
. . c2 = a2(1+m2) [proved]
25
CHAPTER ı 1
17 Let us see, what we shall get by addition and multiplication of two roots of the quadratic
equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0]
ax2+bx+c= 0 la, b, c are real numbers and a z 0n (I)
Let, two roots of the quadratic equation be D and E
. – b + b²–4ac – b – b²–4ac
..D= 2a and E = 2a
. – b + b²–4ac – b – b²–4ac
. . D+E= 2a + 2a
–b+ b²–4ac – b– b²–4ac
= 2a = – 2b b
2a = – a
We have understood that, the sum of the two roots of the quadratic equation = – co-efficient of x2
co-efficient of x
– b + b²–4ac – b – b²–4ac
D×E= 2a × 2a
(–b)²+( b²–4ac )² b²–(b² – 4ac) b²– b² + 4ac 4ac c
= 4a² = 4a² = 4a² = 4a² = a
We have understood
constant term of the equation
that, the product of the two roots of the quadratic equation =
co-efficient of x2
Ayan has written a quadratic equation 6x –19x–7 = 0 on the board.
2
18 I determine two roots of the quadratic equation written byAyan and see what I shall get by
adding and multiplying two roots of the equation.
6x2–19x–7 = 0 (IV)
Comparing the quadratic equation (IV) with the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [a z 0], I get,
a=6, b=–19 and c= –7
The discriminant of the quadratic equation (IV) = b2–4ac = (–19)2–4·6·(–7) > 0
The quadratic equation (IV) has real roots and the two roots are and
[Let me calculate and write it myself]
. 7 1
. . I have got two roots 2 and – –3
. 7 1 19 – (–19) co-efficient of x
. . The sum of two roots = 2 + (– –3 ) = 6 = 6 = –
co-efficient of x2
7 1– –7
The product of two roots = 2 × (– 3 ) = 6 =
19 I find the sum and the product of two roots of any quadratic equation by determining its
roots.
co-efficient of x
The sum of two roots = –
co-efficient of x2
constant term of the equation
The product of two roots = [Let me do it myself]
co-efficient of x2
26
Application : 36. I determine the sum and product of two roots of the quadratic equations:
(i) 6x2–x–2 = 0 (ii) 4x2–9x = 100
(i) 6x2–x–2 = 0 (I)
–1 1
The sum of two roots of the equation (I) = – 6 = 6–
–2 1
The product of two roots = 6 = – – 3
Let me write myself the sum and product of two roots of the quadratic equation (ii)
Application : 37. Let me write,by calculating the value of k for which the roots of the quadratic
equation 5x2+13x+k = 0 are reciprocal to each other.
5x2+13x+k = 0 (I)
1–
Let two roots of the equation (I) be D and D
. 1– k
. . D × D =5
k .
or, 5 = 1, . . k = 5
1
Application : 38. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation 3x2–10x+3 = 0 is 3– ñ then let me
determine the other root of it. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 39. If the ratio of two roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 [a z 0]is 1: r,
then let us show that, (r+1) = b
2 2
r ac
ax +bx+c = 0
2
(I)
Let, two roots of the equation (I) be D and rD
.
. . D+ r D = – ba
or, D (1+r) = – ab
b2
or, D2 (1+r)2 = a2 (II)
Again, D× r D = ac
D2r = ac (III)
b²
a²(1+r)²
Dividing (II) by (III), we get, = a²r = a²c
a
(r+1)2 b2 a . (r+1)2 b2
or, r = a2 × c . . r = ac [proved]
27
CHAPTER ı 1
Application : 40. If two roots of the quadratic equation x2+px+q = 0 are D and Eñ then let us
1– 1–
express the value of D3 + E3 and D + E in terms of p and q.
x +px+q = 0
2
(I)
The two roots of the equation (I) are D and E
.
. . D + E= – p and DE= q
.
. .D3 + E3 = (D + E)3 – 3DE(D + E) = (–p)3 –3q(–p)
= – p3 + 3pq = 3pq – p3
1– 1– E+ D – p – p
D + E= DE = q = q
Application : 41. If D and Eare two roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0], then
§ 1 1·
let us express the value of ¨ 3 + 3 ¸ in terms of a, b and c. [Let me do it myself]
©Į ȕ ¹
My friend Shila has done a fun.
She has written on the board — "If two roots are 3 and 4, then what will be the quadratic
equation?"
2 0 If two roots of a quadratic equation are known, then how shall we get that quadratic
equation?
That is, we determine the quadratic equation if its roots are D and E
Let the equation, which has roots D and E be
ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0] (I)
.
. . ax +bx+c=0
2
or, x2 + ab x + ac = 0 ldividing both sides by an

..
or, x2 – (D+E)x + DE = 0 l . D, E are the roots of the equation (I)n
The quadratic equation, which has two roots D and E is,
x2 – (D+E)x + DE = 0
2 1 Now, I shall make the quadratic equation according to the condition written by Shila on
the board.
The quadratic equation having roots 3 and 4 will be
.
x2 – (3+4)x + 3×4 = 0 . . x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
Application : 42. By determining, we are observing that two roots of the quadratic equation
x2 – 7x + 12 = 0are 3 and 4. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 43. If D and Eare the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 [az0], then let us
D E
determine the quadratic equation which has roots and D .
E
ax2+bx+c=0 (I)
.
D and E are the roots of the quadratic equation (I), . . D + E= – ab and DE= ac
2
2 – b –2× c
ȕ 2
Į +ȕ 2
Į+ȕ –2Įȕ a a
?Į + = = =
ȕ Į Įȕ Įȕ c
a
28
b 2 – 2c
a2 a b2 –2ac u a b2 –2ac
c a2 c ac
a
E
Again, D× =1 (III)
E D
. D E
. . The quadratic equation having rootsE andD is given by,
E E
x2 – (D+
) x + D×
D =0
E D E
.
or, x2 – ( b² –ac2ac) x + 1 = 0 . . acx2–(b2–2ac)x+ac = 0
Let us work out 1.5

1. Let us write the nature of two roots of the following quadratic equations :
(i) 2x2+7x+3=0 (ii) 3x2–2 6 x+2=0 (iii) 2x2–7x+9=0 (iv) 52 x2 – 32 x +1=0
2. By calculating, let us write the value(s) of k for which each of the following quadratic
equations has real and equal roots —
(i) 49x2+kx+1=0 (ii) 3x2–5x+2k=0 (iii) 9x2–24x+k=0 (iv) 2x2+3x+k=0
(v) x2–2(5+2k)x+3(7+10k) = 0 (vi) (3k+1)x2+2(k+1)x+k=0
3. Let us form the quadratic equations from two roots given below —
(i) 4, 2 (ii) –4, –3 (iii) –4, 3 (iv) 5, –3
4. Find m for which the two roots of the quadratic equation 4x2+4(3m–1)x+(m+7)=0 are
reciprocal to each other.
5. If two roots of the quadratic equation (b–c)x2+(c–a)x+(a–b)=0 are equal, then let us
prove that, 2b=a+c
6. If two roots of the quadratic equation (a2+b2)x2–2(ac+bd)x+(c2+d2)=0 are equal, then let
a c
us prove that, b = d
7. Let us prove that, the quadratic equation 2(a2+b2)x2+2(a+b)x+1=0 has no real root, if azb.
8. If two roots of the quadratic equation 5x2+2x–3=0 are D and Ethen let us determine the
value of,
1– 1– D² E²
(i) D2+E2 (ii) D3+E3 (iii) D + (iv) + D È
E E
9. If one root of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 is twice of the other, then let us show that, 2b2=9ac.
10. Let us form the equation whose roots are reciprocals to the roots of the equation x2+px+1=0.
11. Let us determine the equation whose roots are square of the roots of the equation x2+x+1=0.
29
CHAPTER ı 1
12. V.S.A.
(A) M.C.Q. :
(i) The sum of the two roots of the equation x2 –6x+2=0 is
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 6 (d) –6
(ii) If the product of the two roots of the equation x2–3x+k=10 is –2, then the value of
k is
(a) –2 (b) –8 (c) 8 (d) 12
(iii) If the two roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 (az0) are real and unequal, then b2–4ac
will be
(a) >0 (b) = 0 (c) <0 (d) none of these
(iv) If the two roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 (az0) be equal, then
b b – b2 b2
(a) c = – 2a (b) c = 2a (c) c = 4a (d) c = 4a
1– 1–
(v) If the two roots of the equation 3x2+8x+2=0 be D and E then the value of (D + ) is
E
3 2
(a) – 8 (b) 3 (c) –4 (d) 4
(B) Let us identify the following statements as true or false :
(i) The two roots of the equation x2+x+1=0 are real.
(ii) The two roots of the equation x2 –x+2=0 are not real.
(i) The ratio of the sum and the product of two roots of the equation 7x2–12x+18=0 is
.
(ii) If two roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a z 0) are reciprocal to each other, then
c= .
(iii) If two roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 (az0) are reciprocal to each other and
opposite in sign, then a + c = .
13. S.A.
(i) Let us write the quadratic equation if sum of its roots is 14 and the product of
them is 24.
(ii) If the sum and the product of the two roots of the equation kx2 + 2x + 3k = 0 (k z 0)
are equal, let us write the value of k.
(iii) If the two roots of the equation x2 – 22x + 105 = 0 are D and E let us write the value
of (D–E).
(iv) If the sum of the two roots of the equation x2 – x = k (2x – 1) is zero, let us write the
value of k.
(v) If one of the roots of the two equations x2 +bx+12=0 and x2+bx+q=0 is 2, let us write
the value of q.
30
SIMPLE INTEREST
2 SIMPLE INTEREST
Today we have great fun. All students of our class will

open bank account in their names. Each of us will have
our own Bank pass book. We shall be able deposit or
withdraw our money as we like.
Last year my elder brother opened an account in the
bank. He deposited ` 800 there.
After 1 year, in his pass book I have seen that the amount has increased to ` 832 from ` 800.
But why is it so?
For using my elder brother's money, bank has given him the extra ` (832–800) = ` 32
1 What is this extra money called?
This extra money is called Interest .
We shall call this type of interest as Simple Interest.
Here interest = ` (832–800) = ` 32
Principal = ` 800, Amount = Interest + Principal = ` 32 + ` 800
= ` 832
and Time = 1 yr.
Principal ÙÙÙÈÈ The money which is given or taken as loan or the money which is deposited.
TimeÈÙÙÙÈÈ The time for which loan is given or taken or the time for which money is deposited.
InterestÈÙÙÙÈ In return of using the creditor's money for a certain period of time, according to
condition, the debtor gives him some extra money. This sum of money is the interest.
The person or organisation who gives money as loan, is called creditor and the person or
organisation who takes money as loan, is called debtor. When a person deposits money in the
post office/bank, he becomes the creditor and that post office/bank is the debtor; therefore the
post office or the bank gives interest on the deposited money.
Again, when a person takes a loan from a bank or co-operative organisation, then he is the
debtor and the bank or cooperative organisation is the creditor; Therefore the person gives
interest to the bank or cooperative organisation.
I have deposited ` 500 in that bank. But my friend Sajal has deposited ` 300 in the bank.
After, 1 yr., my ` 500 has increased to ` 520 and Sajal's ` 300 has increased to ` 312.
.
. . In 1yr., I have got an interest ` (520 – 500) = ` 20
But in 1yr., Sajal has got an interest ` (312 – 300) = ` 12
2 Why have we got different interests for the same time?
If the time is fixed, the interest depends on principal. More the principal, more is the interest
on it.
31
CHAPTER ı 2
3 What interest shall we get by depositing an amount in that bank? How shall we calculate
it easily?
At first, we have to determine the rate of interest of that bank.
What is "rate of interest"?
Interest is generally computed in respect to year. The interest on ` 100 given in 1 yr is the "rate
of interest in percent per annum". For example, 10% simple interest per annum means the
interest on ` 100 in each span of 1 year is ` 10. In some cases, the interest is calculated on half
yearly, monthly or even daily basis.
In mathematical language, the problem is,
Principal (`) Time (yr.) Interest (`)
500 1 20
100 1 ?
The interest of ` 500 in 1 yr. is ` 20

20
The interest of ` 1 in 1yr is ` 500
20
The interest of ` 100 in 1yr is ` 500 × 100 = `4
.
. . In that bank, the rate of simple interest per annum is 4%
Application 1. If I deposit ` 1200 in that bank at the rate of 4% simple interest per annum,
then after 1yr. what interest I shall get-let us calculate.
Principal (`) Time (Yr.) Interest (`)
100 1 4
1200 1 ?
In that bank, the rate of simple interest is 4%

So,the interest of ` 100 in 1 yr. is ` 4
4
the interest of ` 1 in 1 yr. is ` 100
4 ×1200
the interest of ` 1200 in 1 yr. is ` 100 = `
Application : 2. lLet me do it myself˚n

Principal Time Rate of simple interest Total interest
per annum
` 600 1 yr. 5%
1
` 1800 1 yr. 4–2 %
32
SIMPLE INTEREST
Application ı 3. Shraboni has got an interest of ` 45 by depositing a sum of money in

a bank. If the rate of simple interest of the bank is 5% per annum, then by calculating
let us write, the principal deposited by Shraboni in the bank.
In mathematical language, the problem is
Principal (`) Time (year) Interest (`)
100 1 5
? 1 45
The rate of simple interest of the bank is 5% per annum.
.
. .In 1 yr. ` 5 will be the interest, when the principal is ` 100
100
In 1yr. ` 1 will be the interest, when the principal is ` 5
100×45
In 1 yr. ` 45 will be the interest when the principal is ` 5 =`
.
. . Shraboni deposited ` 900 in the bank.
Application ı 4. In one year, if Shraboni would get ` 60 as interest at the rate of simple interest
5% per annum in the bank, how much principal she deposited— let us calculate and write it.
Application ı 5. Principal Time Rate of simple Total interest
interest per annum
1 year 6% ` 90
1 year 3.5 % ` 59.50
Application ı 6. Rahamatchacha took a loan of ` 750 for 3 years at the rate of simple interest
10% per annum from the rural cooperative bank. Let me write the total interest and principal
along with the interest after calculating it.
But what is meant by "total interest"?
The interest given or received for a certain period of time on certain
principal is called "Total interest".
Principal along with interest = Principal + total interest
In the cooperative bank, the rate of simple interest is 10% per annum.
Principal (`) Time (Year) Interest (`)
100 1 10
750 3 ?
Interest of 1 year on ` 100 is ` 10
10
10 × 750
10 × 750 × 3
Interest of 3 years on ` 750 is ` 100 =`
The total interest given by him is `
.
. . In this case, principal along with interest = ` 750 + ` 225 = `
33
CHAPTER ı 2
4 I calculate it in another way and see what I shall get.
Let, the principal = ` p, time = t year
Rate of simple interest per annum = r% and total interest = ` I.
In another wayñ Interest of 1 year on ` 100 is ` r
r
pr
Interest of 1 year on ` p is ` 100
p rt . p rt . prt
Interest of t years on ` p is ` 100 . . I = 100 . . we have gotñ I = 100
Hereñ p = 750ñ t = 3ñ r = 10 and I = ?
10 × 750 × 3
By unitary method of above calculation we have gotñ I = 100 = 225.
.
. . total interest = ` I = ` 225
Application ı 7. But, if Rahamatchacha would have lended at the same rate i.e. at the rate of
10% simple interest per annum he would lend ` 750 for 8yrs, then how much interest he would
have given, let us calculate.
Interest of 1 yr. on ` 100 is ` 10
10
Interest of 1 yr. on ` 1 is ` 100
10 × 750 × 8
Interest of 8 yrs on ` 750 is ` 100 =`
prt 750 × 10 × 8
In another methodñ Interest (I) = ` 100 = ` 100 =`
lHereñ p = 750ñ r = 10 and t = 8n
We are observing that (i) if the principal and the rate of simple interest in percent per annum
remain unchanged then the time and the total interest are in direct relation.i.e. if the time is
increased, the total interest will be Sincreased/decreasedV and if time is Sincreased/
decreased), the total interest will be decreased.
Again, (ii) if the time and the rate of simple interest in percent per annum remain unchanged,
then the principle and the total interest are in [direct/inverse] relation, i.e. if the principal is
increased, the total interest will be increased and if the principal is decreased, the total interest
is . [Let me write it myself by understanding it.]
But, if the principal and the time remain unchanged (or constant), then let us see the relation
exists between the total interest and the rate of simple interest in percent per annum.
Application ı 8. Prasantababu has deposited ` 580 each in bank and post office for 4 years.
If the rates of simple interest per annum in the bank and in the post office are 5% and 6%
respectively, then let us determine the total interest he would get in each of the cases.
In the bank, the rate of simple interest per annum is 5 %,
. prt 580 × 5 × 4
. . After 4 yrs. the total interest he will get = ` 100 = ` 100 =`
In the post office, the rate of simple interest per annum is 6 %
. 580 × 6 × 4
. . After 4 yrs, the total interest he will get = ` 100 = `139.20
We are observing thatÈñ (iii) if the principal and the time are unchanged, the total interest and the
rate of simple interest in percent per annum are in (direct/inverse) relation i.e, if the rate
of simple interest in percent per annum is increased, the total interest will be increased and if
the rate of simple interest in percent per annum is decreased, the total interest will be –
34
SIMPLE INTEREST
Applicationı 9. If a loan of ` 5000 is taken at the rate of simple interest of 5% per annum from
1st January to 8th August 2003, then let us write, by calculating the interest and the amount.
Time˚ = January 31 days + February 28 days + March 31 days + April 30 days + May
219 3
31 days + June 30 days + July 31 days + August 7 days = 219 days = 365 yr. = 5 yr. l2003
is not lip-year, February is a month of 28 daysn
lFor calculating time from 1st January to 8th August, either 1 day from January or 1 day
from August will be deductedn
In mathematical languageñ the problem is,
Principal (`) Time (yr) Interest (`)
100 1 5
3–
5000 5 ?
.
. . Interest for 1 yr. on ` 100 is ` 5
5
Interest for 1 yr on ` 1 is ` 100
3 5 3
Interest for 5– yr. on ` 5000 is ` 100 × 5000 × 5– = `
prt
In another method, Interest (I) = 100 lWhere p (principalV = ` 5000, r (the rate of simple
3
interest in percent per annum) = 5 and t Stime in yr.V = 5– yr.n
500 × 5 × 3
5
=` 100 = ` 150
The total amount = ` (5000+150) = ` 5150
Application ı 10. lLet us do it myself˚n
Principal Time interest per annum Total interest principal along with interest
1
` 500 3 yr. 6 –4 %
1
` 146 1 day 2–2 %
` 4565 2 yr.˚ 6 months 4%
Application ı 11. I got some money as interest by depositing ` 500 (in a bank) for 2yr. at the
rate of simple interest 6% per annum. Let us find out, the period of time for which the same
interest can be received by depositing ` 400 in that very bank.
By depositing ` 500 for 2 yrs. in the bank at the rate of 6% interest per annum, the interest
received = ` , [Let me do it myself]
Principal (`) Time (yr.) rate of interest Total interest (`)
in percent per annum
500 2 6 60
400 ? 6 60
35
CHAPTER ı 2
I suppose, by depositing ` 400in the bank for t yrs., I have got ` 60 as interest.
. 400 × t × 6
.. 100 = 60
or, 24 t = 60
60 . 1
orñ t = 24 . . t = 2 –2
. 1
. . In 2 –2 yr. the total interest on ` 400 at the rate of simple interest of 6% per annum is ` 60.
In another method (for the 2nd part): The total interest on ` 500 is ` 60 in 2 yrs.
... The total interest on ` 1 is ` 60 in 2 × 500 yrs.
... The total interest on ` 400 is ` 60 in 400 yrs. = 2 –2 yrs.
2 ×500 1
.
. . We are observing that (iv) if the rate of simple interest be in percent per annum and the total
interest remains unchanged, then the principal and the time are in (direct/inverse) relation, i.e, if
principal is increased, time will be decreased and if principal is decreased, time will be .
Application ı 12. Ashadebi deposited a sum of money in the bank for 4 yr. at the rate of
simple interest of 6% per annum. After that time she got interest ` 240 in total.
Let us calculate and see what sum of money Ashadebi deposited in the bank.
Principal (`) Time (yr.) Interest (`)
100 1 6
? 4 240
In 1 yr. the interest is `6 when principal is ` 100
100
In 1 yr. the interest is `1 when principal is ` 6
100
In 4 yrs. the interest is ` 1 when principal is ` 4×6
100×240
In 4 yrs. the interest is ` 240 when principal is ` 4 × 6 = `
In another method, I suppose, she deposited ` p in the bank

. p ×6×4
. . Interest = ` 100
p ×6 × 4
According to the conditionñ 100 = 240
. 240 × 100
. . p = 6 × 4 = 1000
.
.. Ashadebi deposited ` 1000 in the bank.
Application ı 13. Let us write, in the blank by calculating it . [let me do it myself]
Principal Time Rate of simple interest per annum Total Interest
1
4 yr. 4 –2 % ` 72
1 day 5% `1
36
SIMPLE INTEREST
Application ı 14. By depositing ` 700 in a bank for a certain period of time at the fixed rate of
simple interest per annum, I got ` 900 as the amount. Let us write, by calculating, the amount to
be deposited for which I would get ` 1350 for the same time and at the same rate.
Principal (`) Principal with interest (`)
700 900
? 1350
.
. .The amount is ` 900 when Principal is ` 700
700
The amount is ` 1 when the principal is ` 900
700 ×1350
The amount is ` 1350 when the principal is ` 900 =`
Application ı 15. Let us write by calculating, the principal for which the amount will be ` 5160
1
when the rate of simple interest per annum is 7 –2 % and the time is 8yr.
Principal (`) Time (yr.) Total interest (`)
1
100 1 7 –2
100 8 ?
1– 15
The interest on ` 100 in 1 yr. is ` 7 2 = ` 2
15
The interest on ` 100 in 8 yrs. is ` 2 × 8 = ` 60
.
. . In this case, amount = ` 100 + ` 60 = ` 160
.
. . Newly, the problem is,
Principal (`) Amount (`)
100 160
? 5160
.
. .If amount is ` 160, the principal is ` 100
100
If amount is ` 1, the principal is ` 160
100 ×5160
If amount is ` 5160, the principal is ` 160 =`
Application ı 16. Let us write in the blank by calculation. lLet me do it myselfn

Principal Time Rate of simple interest per annum˚ Amount
5 yrs 3% ` 966
6 yrs 6% ` 13,600
37
CHAPTER ı 2
Application` ı 17. ˚ I got the interest of `900 after 3yrs. by depositing ` 5000 in a bank at the
rate of simple interest of 6% per annum. If the rate of interest in that bank would be 7% per
annum, then let us write by calculating, the time for which I would get `900 as interest.
I supose, at the rate of simple interest of 7% per annum, in yrs. the interest of ` 5000 is ` 900.
. prt
. . Interest (I) = 100 lhere p = ` 5000ñ r = 7ñ I = ` 900n
. 5000 × 7 × t . 9 00 4 . 4 4
. .900 = 100 . . t = 350 = 2–7 . . In 2 –7 yrs. I shall get the interest ` 900. 2 –7 < 3
lWe are observing that (v) if the principal and the total interest remain unchanged, then the rate
of simple interest in percent per annum are in (direct /inverse) relation with the time, i.e, if the
rate of smiple interest in percent annum is increased, the time will be decreased and if the rate
of simple interest in percent per annum is decreased, the time will be increased n lLet me write
and justify it by taking any other examplesn
Application ı 18. Ramu Pradhan has deposited ` 12500 in a bank at the rate of simple interest
1
of 5–2 % per annum. After a certain time, he got ` 2750 as interest. Let us write, by calculating,
the period of time, for which he has deposited the money in the bank.
In mathematical language, the problem is, Principal (`)Time (yr.) Total interest (`)
1 11
100 1 5 –2 = 2
12500 ? 2750
11
For, ` 100 the interest is ` ˚ 2 in 1 yr.
11
For, ` 1, the interest is ` 2 in 1×100 yr.
1u 100 1×2×100
For, `1, the interest is `1 in yr. = 11 yr.
11
2
1×2×100
For `12500 the interest is ` 1 in11×12500 yr.
1×2×100×2750
For ` 12500, the interest is ` 2750 in 11×12500 yr. = in yr.
.
. . Ramu Pradhan has deposited money in the bank for 4 yrs.
In another method, I suppose that Ramu Pradhan has deposited money in the bank for t yrs.
. 1
. . He got interest ` 2750 in t yrs. for `12500 at the rate of 5–2 % interest per annum.
. prt 11
. . 2750 = 100 lHere, p (Principal) = `12500 `, r = 2 Srate of simple interest
in percent per annumV˚ ñ I = ` 2750 STotal interestVn
11
12500× 2 ×t orñ
orñ 2750 = t = 2750×100×2
11×12500 = 4
. 100
. . Ramu Pradhan has deposited money in the bank for 4 yrs
Application ı 19. Principal Time Rate of simple interest Total Interest
per annum lLet me
1 do it
` 6400 4 –2 % ` 1008 myselfn˚
` 500 5% ` 50
38
SIMPLE INTEREST
Application ı 20. Saheli gave the total interest by taking a loan of ` 700 for 5 yrs at the
rate of simple interest of 4% per annum which is equal to the total interest if she would take
a loan of ` 900 for the same time, let us write by calculating, the rate of simple interest in
percent per annum.
700 ×5×4
The interest of ` 700 at the rate of simple interest of 4% per annum for 5yrs. = ` 100
= ` 140
Let us determine the rate of simple interest in percent per annum if Saheli gives the total interest
` 140 by taking the loan of ` 900 for 5yrs.
In mathematical language, the problem isñPrincipal(`)Time (yr) Total Interest (`)
900 5 140
100 1 ?
The interest on ` 900 for 5 yrs is ` 140
140
The interest on ` 1 for 1 yr. is ` 900×5
140 × 100 1
The interest on ` 100 for 1 yr. is ` 900 × 5 = ` 3 –9
. 1
. . The required rate of simple interest per annum is 3 –9 %
lWe are observing that (vi) if the time and the total interest remain unchanged, the principal and
the rate of simple interest in percent per annum are in (direct/inverse) relation i.e, if the
principal is increased, the rate of interest will be decreased and if the principal is decreased, the
rate of interest will be increased]
Application ı 21. What is the rate of simple interest in percent per annum if the total interest of
` 5000 for 8yrs is ` 4800?– By calculating, let us write it.
In mathematical languageñ Principal (`) Time (yr.) Total interest (`)
5000 8 4800
100 1 ?
The interest on ` 5000 for 8yrs. is ` 4800
4800
The interest on ` 1 for 1 yr is ` 5000× 8
4800 × 100
The interest on ` 100 for 1 yr is ` 5000 × 8 = yr.
.
. . The rate of simple interest per annum is = %
In another method, let the rate of simple interest per annum be r %
. 5000 ×r × 8
. . The interest of ` 5000 at the rate of simple interest of r% per annum in 8yrs = ` 100
5000 × r × 8
According to the conditionñ˚ 10 0 = 4800
4800 × 100 .
or, r = 5000 × 8 . . r = 12
.
. . The required rate of simple interest per annum is 12% .
39
CHAPTER ı 2
Application ı 22.What is the rate of simple interest in percent per annum if the amount is
` 73001 for ` 73000 in 1 day – by calculating, let us write it.
Total interest = ` 73001 – ` 73000 = `1
In mathematical language, the problem is Principal (`) Time (day) Total interest (`)
73000 1 1
100 365 ?
.
. .The interest of ` 73000 in 1 day is `1
1
The interest of ` 1 in 1 day is `73000
100 ×365
The interest of ` 100 in 365 days is ` 73000 = ` 0.5
.
. . The required rate of simple interest per annum is 0. 5 %
In another methodñ Total interest (I) = ` 73001 – ` 73000 = ` 1
1
Principal ( p) = ` 73000ñ t = 1day = 365 yr.
Let, the rate of simple interest per annum be r %
prt 73000 × r × 1 36500 5 .
I = 100 orñ 1 = 100×365 orñ r = 73000 orñ r = 10 . . r = 0.5
.
. . The rate of simple interest per annum is 0.5%
Application ı 23. (i) Let us determine the rate of simple interest in percent per annum, if the
interest on ` 500 in 4 yrs. is 100.
(ii) By calculating, let us write the rate of simple interest in percent per annum
when the principal with interest on ` 910 in 2yrs 6 months will be ` 955.50
lLet me do it myself˚n
Application ı 24. (i) Rabeya deposited `750 in the bank for 6 yrs at the rate of simple interest
of 8% per annum, let us write by calculating, the amount she has got.
(ii) But if she would get ` 1200 as the amount in the same time from that money,
then what would be the rate of simple interest in percent per annum—let us
determine it.
(iii) If the rate of simple interest in percent per annum would remain the same as in
the first case, then in how many yrs. she would get ` 1170 as the principal along
with interest from the money of the first case – let us write by calculating it.
(i) In mathematical language, the problem is Principal (`) Time (yr.) Total interest (`)
100 1 8
750 6 ?
The interest of ` 100 in 1 yr. is ` 8
8
The interest of `1 in 1 yr. is `100
8×750×6
The interest of ` 750 in 6 yrs is ` 100 = `
75 ×0×6×8
In anothe rmethod, the interest of ` 750 at the rate of 6% per annum in 6 yrs= = ` 360
prt 100
l By the help of the formula I = 100 n
.
. . Rabeya has got in total the principal along with interest ` 750 + ` 360 = ` 1110
40
SIMPLE INTEREST
(ii) In mathematical language, the problem is Principal (`) Time (yr) Total Interest (`)
750 6 (1200 – 750) = 450
100 1 ?
The interest on ` 750 in 6 yrs is ` 450
450
The interest on ` 1 in 6 yrs is ` 750
450
The interest on ` 1 in 1 yr. is ` 750×6
450 ×100
The interest on ` 100 in 1yr. is ` 750× 6 = `
.
. . The required rate of simple interest per annum is 10 %
In another method, let the required rate˚ of interest per annum be r %
prt
I = 100 , whereñ I = Total interest, p = Principal, r = rate of simple interest in percent per annumñ˚
t = time (in yr.)
. 750 × r × 6
. . Interest = 100
750 × r × 6 . 450 × 100
According to conditionñ 450 = 100 . . r = 750 × 6 = 10
.
. . The required rate of simple interest per annum is 10 % .
(iii) In mathematical language, the problem is ñ Principal (`) Time (yr.) Total interest (`)
100 1 8
750 ? (1170–750) = 420
The interest on ` 100 is ` 8 in 1 yr.
The interest on ` 1 is ` 8 in 1×100 yr.
1×100
The interest on `1 is `1 in ` 8 yr.
1×100
The interest on ` 750 is ` 1 in ˚ 750×8 yr.
1×100×420
The interest on ` 750 is ` 420 in˚ = 750×8 yr. = 7 yr.
In another method, let in t yrs the total interest of ` 750 at the rate of simple interest of 8%
per annum be ` 420.
prt
I =100 whereñ I = Total interestñ p = Principalñ r = rate of simple interest in percent per annum.
t = Time (in yr.)
. 750 × t × 8
. . 420 = 10 0
. 420×100
. . t = 750×8 = 7
.
. . The required time is 7yrs.
41
CHAPTER ı 2
Application ı 25. If a principal amounts ` 560 in 3 yrs and ` 600 in 5yrs. at the same rate of
simple interest in percent per annum, let us determine the principal and the rate of simple interest
in percent per annum.
Analysing the given data, we get,
Principal + 5 yrs. interest = ` 600
Principal + 3 yrs. interest = ` 560
SSubtracting we getV 2 yrs' interest= ` 40
The interest of 2 yrs. is ` 40
40
The interest of 1 yr is ` 2
40 × 3
The interest of 3 yrs is ` 2 = ` 60
.
. . Principal = ` 560 – ` 60 = ` 500ñ
In mathematical language, the problem is, Principal (`) Time (yr.) Total interest (`)
500 3 60
100 1 ?
The interest of ` 500 in 3yrs. is ` 60
60
The interest of ` 1 in 3yrs. is ` 500
60
The interest of ` 1 in 1 yrs. is ` 500× 3
60 × 100
The interest of `100 in 1 yr. is ` 500 ×3 = ` 4
.
. . The rate of simple interest per annum is˚ 4 %
So, the principal is `500 and the rate of simple interest per annum is 4 %
Applicationı 26. A principal amount `496 in 3 yr. and ` 560 in 5 yr. at the same rate of simple
interest in percent per annum. By calculating, let us write the principal and the rate of simple
interest in percent per annum. lLet me do it myselfn
Applicationı 27. At the time of retirement, Subirbabu got ` 6,00,000 from provident fund and
gratuity all together at a time. He wants to deposit this money in the Post Office and in the bank
so that he would get ` 34,000 as interest per year. If the rates of simple interest per annum in the
post office and bank are 6% and 5% respectively, then let us write by calculating the sum of
money deposited by him separately in the post office and in the bank.
If Subirbabu would deposite all of his money in the bank at the rate of simple interest 5% per
5
annum, then he would get the interest = `600000 × = ` 30000
100
But he wants to get S` 34000 – ` 30000V = `4000 more.
In post office he gets (6 % – 5 %) = 1 % more interest in 1 yr.
.
. . He would deposit that amount of money in the post office so that from these it would be 1%
more interest = ` 4000
42
SIMPLE INTEREST
In mathematical language, the problem is, Deposited in More interest that

the post office (`) will be received (`)
100 1
? 4000
.
. . ` 1 more interest will be recieved for the deposit of `100.
So, ` 4000 more interest will be received for the deposit of ` 100 × 4000 = ` 400000
.
. .Subirbabu deposited ` 4,00,000 in post office and ` (600000 – 400000)
In another method, = ` 200000 in the bank.
I suppose, Subirbabu deposited ` x in the bank and ` (600000 – x) in the post office.
. x×5×1
. . From the bank, he will get the interest, ` 100
(600000 – x) × 6 × 1
From the post office, he will get the interest, `
100
5x 6 (600000 – x)
According to the given condition,ñ˚ + 34000
100 100
or, 5x + 3600000 – 6x = 34000 × 100
or, – x = 3400000 – 3600000
or, – x = – 200000
.
. . x = 200000
.
. . Subirbabu deposited ` 2,00,000 in the bank and ` (600000 – 200000)
= ` 4,00,000 in the post office
Applicationı 28. A Cooperative Society of weavers took a loan at the time of purchasing a
power loom from central Cooperative bank subject to the condition, that they would repay the
interest at the rate of simple interest of 9% per annum and 1 th part of the principal at every
5
span of 2yr. of interval of time.
After two years, if the society repays ` 19,000 as first instalment, then let us write, by calculating,
then the amount of loan taken by the society.
Let, the Cooperative society took `x loan.

. x ×2 × 9 9x
. . Interest of 2yrs. = ` 100 = ` 50
9x x
According to the condition, 50 + 5 = 19000
9x + 10x
orñ 50 = 19000
orñ 19x = 19000 × 50

19000 × 50
orñ x = 19
.
. . x = 50000
.
. . The Cooperative society took a loan of ` 50000.
43
CHAPTER ı 2
Application ı 29. My aunt will make a will for ` 56,000 in the names of her two sons of the
ages 13 yrs and 15 yrs such that, each of them will recieve equal amount, having the rate of
simple interest of 10% per annum, at the time of attaining 18 years of age. Let us determine the
sum of money she had allotted for each her sons in her will.
Let, the money allotted for younger son be ` x and for the older son be ` (56000 – x)
... At the age of 18 yrs. the principal along with interest for the younger son will be
x × (18–13) × 10 ½ 3x
` ® x+ ¾= `
¯ 100 ¿ 2
At the age of 18 yrs. the principal along with interest for the older son will be
{
= ` (56000 – x) +
(56000 – x) × (18 – 15) × 10
100 }
13
= ` 10 (56000 – x)
3 x 13
According to the condition, 2 = 10 (56000 – x)
or, 30x = 26 (56000 – x)
or, 15x = 13(56000 – x)
.
or, 28x = 13 × 56000 . . x =
.
. . The principal allotted for younger son is ` 26,000 and the principal allotted for older son is
` (56000 – 26000) = ` 30000
In another method, let the amount allotted for younger son be ` x
and the amount allotted for older son be ` y
According to the conditionñ x + y = 56000 (i)
.
. . At 18 yrs. age, the principal along with interest for the younger son will be
{
` y+
y (18 – 15) × 10
100 } 13y
= ` 10
long with interest for the older son will be
=` x+ { y (18 – 15) × 10
100 =` } { 3y
}
13y
x + 10 = ` 10
3 x 13y . 13y
According to the condition, 2 = 10 or, 30x = 26y . . x = 15 (ii)
From the equation (i)ñ we get, x + y = 56000
13y 28y 15 .
or, 15 + y = 56000 or, 15 = 56000 or, y = 56000 × 28 . . y = 30000
x = 56000 – 30000 = 26000
.
. . My aunt will allot ` 26000 for her younger son and ` 30,000 for her older son.
Application ı 30. Bimalkaku deposited `1,87,500 for his son of 12 yr. of age and daughter of
14 yr. of age in the bank at the rate of simple interest 5% per annum in such away that, both of
them will get equal principal at their 18 yrs. of age. Let us calculate the money he had deposited
in the bank for each of his son and daughter. lLet me do it myself˚n
44
SIMPLE INTEREST
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45
CHAPTER ı 2
Application ı 34. Soma aunt deposits ` 6,20,000 in such a way in three banks at the rate of
simple interest of 5% per annum for 2yrs., 3 yrs. and 5yrs. respectively so that the total interests
in the 3 banks are equal. Let us calculate the sums of money deposited by Soma aunti in each of
the three banks. lLet me do it myself˚n
Let us work out 2
1. Two friends together took a loan of ` 15,000 from a bank to run a business at the rate of
simple interest of 12% per annum. Let us write, by calculating, the interest they have to pay
after 4yrs.
2. Let us determine the interest on ` 2000 at the rate of simple interest of 6% per annum from
1st January to 26th May, 2005.
3. Let us determine the amount (Principal along with interest) on ` 960 at the rate of simple
interest of 8 31% per annum for 1yr. 3months.
4. Utpalbabu took a loan of ` 3200 for 2yrs. from a Cooperative bank for cultivation of his
land at the rate of simple interest of 6% per annum. Let us write by calculating, the amount
he has to repay after 2yrs.
5. Sovadebi deposited a sum of money in a bank at the rate of simple interest of 5.25% per
annum. After 2yrs. she has got ` 840 as interest. Let us write by calculating, the money she
has deposited in the bank.
6. Goutam took a loan from a Cooperative bank for opening a poultry farm at the rate of
simple interest of 12% per annum. Every month he has to repay ` 378 as interest. Let us
determine the loan amount taken by him.
7. Let us calculate, period of time for which a sum of money becomes twice having the rate of
simple interest of 6% per annum.
8. Mannan Miyan observed, after 6 years of taking a loan that the interest to be paid had
3
become 8 th of its principal. Let us determine the rate of simple interest in percent per
annum.
9. An agricultural Co-operative society gives agricultural loan to its members at the rate of
simple interest of 4% per annum. But an interest is to be given at the rate of simple interest
of 7.4% per annum for a loan taken from the bank. If a farmer being a member of the Co-
operative society takes a loan of ` 5000 from it instead of taking loan from the bank, then
let us write, by calculating the money to be saved as interest per annum.
10. If the interest of ` 292 in 1 day be 1 paisa, then let us write by calculating, the rate of
simple interest in percent per annum.
11. Let us calculate the number of yrs. for which the interest on ` 600 at the rate of simple
interest of 8% per annum will be ` 168.
12. If I get ` 1200 as amount (principal along with interest) by depositing ` 800 in the bank at
the rate of simple interest of 10% per annum, then let us write by calculating, the time for
which the money was deposited in the bank.
13. At the same rate of simple interest per annum, if a principal yields the amount of ` 7100
in 7 yrs. and of ` 6200 in 4 yrs., let us determine the principal and rate of simple interest
per annum.
14. Amal Roy deposits ` 2000 in a bank and Poshupoti Ghosh deposits ` 2000 in a post
office at the same time. After 3yrs. they get the return amounts as ` 2360 and
` 2480 respectively. Let us write by calculating, the ratio of the rates of simple interest per
annum in the bank and in the post office.
46
SIMPLE INTEREST
15. A weaver Cooperative society takes a loan of ` 15,000 for buying a power loom. After
5 yr. the society has to repay ` 22125 for recovering the loan. Let us determine the rate of
simple interest per annum.
16. Aslamchacha got ` 1,00,00 when he retired from his service. He deposited a part of that
money in a bank and rest of his money in a post office and got ` 5400 in total per year as
interest. If the rates of simple interest per annum in the bank and in the post office are 5%
and 6%, respectively, then let us write by calculating, the sums of money he had deposited
in the bank and post office.
17. Rekhadidi deposited ` 10,000 of her savings in two separate banks at the same time. The
rate of simple interest per annum is 6% in one bank and 7% in other bank; after 2 yr., if she
gets ` 1280 in total as interest, then let us write by calculating, the sums of money she had
deposited separately in each of the two banks.
18. A bank gives 5% simple interest per annum. In that bank, Dipubabu deposits `15, 000 at
the beginning of the year, but withdraws ` 3000 after 3 months and then again, after
3 months he deposits ` 8000. Let us determine the amount (Principal along with interest)
that Dipubabu will get at the end of the year.
19. Rahamatchacha takes a loan of ` 2,40,000 from a bank for constructing a building at the
rate of simple interest of 12% per annum. After 1yr. of taking the loan he rents the house at
the rate of ` 5200 per month. Let us determine the number of yrs. he would take to repay
his loan along with interest from the income of the house rent.
20. Rothinbabu deposits money for each of his two daughters in such a way that when the ages
of each of his daughters will be 18yrs. each one will get ` 1,20,000. The rate of simple
interest per annum in the concerned bank is 10% and the present ages of his daughters are
13yr. and 8 yr. respectively. Let us determine the sums of money, he had deposited separately
in the bank in favour of each of his daughters.
21. V.S.A.
M.C.Q
(i) If the interest of ` p at the rate of simple interest of r% per annum in t years is I, then
(a) I = prt (b) prtI = 100 (c) prt = 100×I (d) none of these.
(ii) A principal becomes twice as its amount in 20 yrs at a certain rate of simple interest.
At the same rate of simple interest, that very principal becomes thrice as its amount in
(a) 30 yrs. (b) 35 yrs. (c) 40 yrs.˚ (d) 45 yrs.
(iii) If a principal becomes twice as its amount in 10 yrs., the rate of simple interest per
annum is
(a) 5 % (b) 10 % (c) 15 % (d) 20 %
(iv) If the total interest comes upto ` x for a principal for the rate of simple interest of x%
per annum in x years then the principal will be
100 100
(a) ` x (b) ` 100 x (c) ` x (d) ` x2
47
CHAPTER ı 2
(v) The total interest of a principal in n yrs. at the rate of simple interest of r% per annum
p nr
is 25 , the principal will be
p p
(a) ` 2p (b) ` 4p (c) ` 2 (d) ` 4
(B) Let us write, whether the following statements are true or false:
(i) A man takes a loan is called debtor.
(ii) If the principal and the rate of simple interest in percent per annum be constants, then
the total interest and the time are in inverse relation.
(i) A man who gives loan is called .
r
(ii) The amount of `2p in t yr. at the rate of simple interest of 2 % per annum is
`(2p + ).
(iii) The ratio of the principal and the amount (principal along with interest) in 1 yr. is 8 : 9,
the rate of simple interest per annum is .
22. S.A.
(i) Write the number of yrs. in which the amount becomes twice of the principal having
1
the rate of simple interest 6 4 % per annum.
3
(ii) The rate of simple interest per annum reduces to 3— % from 4% and for this, Amal
4
babu's annual income decreases by ` 60. Let us determine Amal babu's principal.
(iii) What is the rate of simple interest per annum, when the interest of a principal in 4 yrs.
8
will be25 part of its principal – let us determine it.
(iv) What is the rate of simple interest per annum, when the interest of a sum of money in 10
2 part of its amount (principal along with interest) – Let us determine it.
yrs. will be —
5
(v) Calculate the principal whose monthly interest is `1 having the rate of simple interest
of 5% per annum.
48
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE
3 THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE
Every sunday we, brothers and sisters, remain

busy in our household work. In the last few days
we cannot find the keys of our house. They have
been hapazardly dispersed here and there.
So, we have decided today that the keys will
be arranged properly in the separate rings.
My brother has many circular and triangular
key rings. These are,
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
We observe that the triangular key ring has got fixed in a

circular ring as in the adjoining figure.
.
. . The circular ring is approximately like the
lCircumcircle/IncirclenÈÙÈof the triangular key ring.
Now, we have made circualr disc of hard cardboard and hung it on the wall
with a hook. By fixing pins in this cardboard, we shall hang the key-rings.
We have also made some more circular copper key rings. Interior of the circle
n
I draw the circular rings on my copy and observe what I shall
get. I am observing that each circle drawn on the copy divides circle
n
the surface of the copy into three parts SiV Interior of the circle
n
SiiV circle and SiiiV exterior of the circle– Exterior of the
circle
The circle and the interior of circle together form the Circular region.
1 I draw a circle on my copy with a scale and pencil compass and try to know some
matters related to it.
I have drawn a circle with centre O and radius OA. A
x
The circle is formed with infinite number of points. O
I am observing that each point is from its centre–
49
CHAPTER ı 3
.
. . The circle is a collection of infinite number of points lying on a plane, all the points are
equidistant from a fixed point on that plane.
That fixed point is and the line segment drawn from the centre to any point of the circle
is –
2 Let us see what type of line segment I shall get by joining any two points of the circle.
On the circle with the centre O, I took the points A, B, C, D, E, F and G. G
F
Now, by joining the points B, C, D, E, F and G with the point A, I got
the line segments AB, AC, AD, AE, AF and AG respectively. A xO E
D
3 What these line segments AB, AC, AD, AE, AF and AG are called. C
B
The line segments AB, AC, AD, AE, AF and AG are called Chord of the circle
with the centre O.
ie. The line segment joining any two points of the circle is called a Chord of that
very circle.
C D
In the adjoining figure, we are observing that the line segment AB is a˛ , xO
but the line segment CD is not a . A B
A greatest chord of the circle is a ldiameter/radiusn lLet me do it myselfn

.
. . Diameter is a of a circle. But any chord is not a of a circle–
xO
Hands on trial
(i) By drawing a circle on the copy I cut out that circular region whose centre is O.
(ii) Now the circular region is folded along any line through the point O in such a way that one
part is overlapped with the other part.
(iii) Now by unfolding it I got the diamter AB as a 'crease' that passes through O.
xO o O oA xO
x B
D
(iv) Except the point B I took the other two points C and D of the circle.
And by folding AC and AD and subsequently unfolding I got two A xO B
chords AC and AD which do not pass through O. C
(v) By folding and matching the two chords AC and AD with the diameter AB, we are
observing that
AB AC [putting >/<], AB AD [putting >/<]
.
.. By hands on trial, we have got that the diameter of the circle is the greatest chord of that
circle,
50
My younger brother's friend Rabeya joined with us in this funny work. She
drew a few circles with the help of her pair of bangles. But one of these has
been broken into two pieces.
I try to get the form of the original circular bangle by joining
the broken two pieces or keeping them side by side.
As the bangle has been broken at the points of X and Y, I

have got the part of a circle from X to Y. X Y
4 What this part of the circle is called?
)
The part of the circle from X to Y is called an Arc and it is written as XY.
This smaller arc is called Minor Arc and the greater arc is called Major X Y
X Y
)
)
Arc. The name of Minor Arc is XY and the name of greater arc is XPY. x
If these very two arcs are equal in length, then what shall we get? P
If the two arcs are equal in length, then the two points X and Y will be the end points
of a diameter of the circle and then we shall get Semi circle.
Again the total length of the circle is Circumference.
My brother has drawn a chord AB in the circle drawn by Rabeya and AB is not a diameter
of the circle. As a result the circular region has been divided into two parts and each of
which has been coloured by him.
5 The chord AB divides the circular region into two parts. What each of the parts is called?
Each of the part is called Segment.
i.e, The region formed by the chord and arc of the circle is called Segment.
We have got two types of segments in the picture. One is greater segment and
other is smaller segement. The greater segment is Major Segment and smaller Major segment
segment is Minor Segment. x
I have drawn a circle whose centre is O and joining the two points A and Minor segment
B on the circle with the centre O, I have got two radii OA and .
6 What is called the region bounded by these radii OA and OB and the Major
sector
)
arc AB ? xO
)
The region bounded by the radii OA and OB and the arc AB of the circle with Minor
sector
centre O is called Sector. A B
That is, the region bounded by the two radii and the arc of any circle is called a Sector. From
this we shall get two sectors. One is Major Sector and the other is Minor Sector.
51
CHAPTER ı 3
If the said two sectotrs are equal, then we shall get semi circular region and in that
case, let me write, by drawing, the types of two radii and the arc.
My friend Ruma drew many circles on the board by taking a certain point Q as the
centre like the adjoining figure.
7 What are called the infinite number of circles drawn with a fixed point as
the common centre having the radii of different lengths?
These circles are called Concentric Circles. xQ
We are observing that the radii of concentric circles are not fixed.
8 What shall we get if we draw the circles with a radius of fixed length but having the centres
at different points? – Let us see.
x x x x These are called Equal or congruent circles.
Note : Any circle is congruent to itself also.

Let us work out 3.1
1. Let us see the adjoining figure of the circle with centre O and write A
O
the radii which are situated in the segment PAQ. x C
2. Let us write in the following È by understanding it. P Q

B
(i) In a circle, there are number of points.
(ii) A greatest chord of a circle is a of it.
(iii) Any chord divides the circular region into two˛ .
(iv) All diameters of the circle pass through the .
(v) If two segments are equal, then their two arcs are in length.
(vi) Any sector of a circular region is the region enclosed by an arc and the two˛ .
(vii) The length of the line segment joining a point outside the circle and the centre is
than the length of radius.
3. With the help of scale and pencil compass let us draw a circle and indicate the centre, a
chord, a diameter, a radius, a major arc, a minor arc on it.
4. Let us write true or false :
(i) Circle is a plane figure.
(ii) Segment of a circle is a plane region.
(iii) Sector of a circle is a plane region.
(iv) A chord is a straight line segment.
(v) An arc is a straight line segment.
(vi) There are finite number of chords of same length in a circle.
(vii) One and only one circle can be drawn by taking a fixed point as its centre.
(viii) The lengths of the radii of two congruent circles are equal.
52
Keeping the keys of the house in separate key-rings and

fixing them on a circular hard cardboard, they hung it in one
corner of our reading room. But many extra long and hard
copper wires of different lengths have been spread out here
and there.
My brother Tirtha has formed a triangle ABC by fixing a
copper wire with other two copper wires.
C
We are observing that the line segment AB forms ACB
)
at the point C. This angle formed by AB at the point C is
)) )))
subtended angle. A B
In similar way, the line segment BC forms at the point . BAC, is a subtended
angle formed by BC at the point and the line segment CA forms at the point
. ABC, is a angle formed by AC at the point B.
C
My friend Puja did a fun. She fixed some sticks inside a circular ring as
)
in the adjoining figure.
We are observing that, in the circular key-ring, the chord AB of the circle x
has formed subtended angle ACB at the point C and subtended angle A B
))
at the point D. D
But˛ ACB ADB l Putting = / z n
C
I draw a circle with its centre at O as in the adjoining figure. In this circle, I draw
)
a chord AB other than a diameter. The chord AB will make the two subtended O
x
)
angles at the centre and at any point C on the circle – Let us measure them and
A B
write their relations with the help of a protractor. lLet me do it myselfn
I draw a circle and by drawing many chords in this circle, let me see the types of
subtended angless formed by them.
A
I have drawn two chords AB and CD in the circle with its centre at O, where C
AB > CDó the chord AB and the chord CD have subtended AOB and O
) x ))
respectively at O. Measuring with the help of protractor, I am observing
that AOB COD, l Let me put > / < n B D
But if I draw some chords of equal lenths in a circle, then whether they will make
equal subtended angles at the centre-let me see it by drawing and measuring with a
protractor.
I have drawn two chords AB and CD of equal lengths in a circle with its C
centre at O, which have produced subtended angles at the centres
and respectively. O
D x
Measuring with the help of the protractor, we are observing that, AOB A
COD l Let me put = / z n B
53
CHAPTER ı 3
In the adjoining figure, let us measure the subtended angles formed by the A D
sides of the square ABCD at the centre O with the help of a protractor and
) )
)x)
determine the relation among them.
O
B C
Hands on trial
A C
(i) I have drawn a circle with its centre at O.
P x Q
(ii) In that circle, I have drawn two chords AB and CD of equal lengths. O
B D
)
(iii) The two chords AB and CD have intercepted the two ares APB
)
and CQD respectively and have formed subtended angles AOB

and COD at the centre respectively.
(iv) Cutting the two sectors OAPB and OCQD with the scissors and putting them one upon
another I am observing that the two sectors are overlapping completely.
.
)
. . I have got ı the two arcs APB and CQD are equal
and AOB = COD
.
. . By hands on trial, I have got, in a circle the chords of equal lenghths cut off arcs of
equal lenghts and produce equal subsetended angles at the centre.
Rebeya has drawn many congruent circles in her copy. i.e. the length of the radii of the circles
are Sequal / unequalV
By drawing the chords of equal length in the congruent circles drawn by Rabeya, let us see what
shall I get?
O X Y
x x x
A B P Q R S
Measuring the subtended angles of the congruent circles with centres O, Xand Y, produced by
the chords AB, PQ and RS respectively of equal lengths, we are observing that, AOB
PXQ RYS l Let us put = / z n
By hands on trial, I draw the chords of equal lengths in more than one circle with radii
of equal lengths and cutting the angles with arcs which are formed by chords at the
centres and placing them by one overlapping upon another, we are observing that.
O X Y
x x x
A B Q R S
P
The chords of equal lengths in the congruent circles cut the equal arcs and produce equal subtended
angles at the centres. lLet me do it by hands on trialn
54
And in reverse, i.e. if more than one chord of a circle, produce equal substended
angles at the centre, then let us check the type of relation exists among the chords.
I have drawn a circle whose centre is Oó by cutting this circular region with centre O and folding
it to from the angles AOB and COD at the centre in such a way that AOB = COD.
By fixing strings or sticks at the points A and B and at the points C and D, and A C
then by measuring the distances of AB and CD, we are observing that AB
CD l Let us put = / zn Ox
. D
. . By hands on trial, we are observing that if more than one chords of a B
cricle produce equal angles at the centre then the chords are of equal lengths.
I draw another circle by taking different radius and in that circle I also draw more than one
chords which make equal angles at the centre. Now measuring the chords with scale I am
observing that the lengths of the chords are . lLet me write it by measuringn
.
. . We have got, the chords of the circle, making equal subtended angles at the centre, are
equal in length.
Tirtha has drawn many equal circles in his copy, whose centres are P, Q and Ró I draw few
chords viz AB, CD and EF in the circles drawn by Tritha which make equal subtended angles at
the centre i.e., APB = CQD = ERF
Px Q
x
Rx
A B C D E F
Measuring with scale, we are observing that, AB CD EF l Let us Put = / z n lBy
drawing and measuring, let me do it, myself.n
.
. . We have got, the chords of equal circles making equal subtended angles at the centres are
equal in length.
Since they are equal in length, so the arcs intercepted by them are also Sequal/unequalV in length–
In a circle, if the two equal suntended angles formed by two arcs, the lengths of two arcs are
equal i.e., the lengths of the two chords are equal. lBy hands on trial, let us check it by
cutting papersn
Application ı 1. In a circle, the chords are PQ, QR, RS and ST. If PQ = QR = RS = ST,
T
then let us prove that, PR = QS = RT
Given ı In the circle with its centre at O, the chords are PQ, QR, RS P Ox S
and ST and PQ = QR= RS = ST
To prove ı PR = QS = RT Q R
Proof ı PQ = QR So PQ = QR .... (i) SSince equal chords of same circle intercept equal arcsV
)
)
)
Again, QR = RS So QR = RS .... (ii)

)
Adding (i) & (ii) we get, PQ + QR = QR + RS

. .
)
. . PR = QS, . . PR = QS SSince two arcs of same circle are equal in length so

the two chords are equal in lengthV
)
Again, RS = ST, So RS = ST .... (iii)

.
Adding (ii) & (iii) we get, QR + RS = RS + ST So QS = RT . . QS = RT
)
.
. . PR = QS = RT SprovedV
55
CHAPTER ı 3
Today, some of my friends have decided to play a funny game. Some
of our friends Rita, Masud, Diptarka and Tapas will draw some
points on the board. We shall try to draw circles passing through
these points and try to know their nature.
At first, Masud drew only one fixed point P on the board.
xO
9 I draw circles passing through the fixed point P and see what I shall get.
P xO
Taking any point 'O' as the centre on the board, the circle, drawn with the Ox Ox
x
length OP as radius, passes through the point P.È O
We are observing that we are getting [1/2/3/infinite] circles passing through the fixed point P.
Now Rita drew two points X and Y on the board. ÇP
1 0 I draw the circles passing through the points X and Y and see what I shall get.
Each point on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points O
X and Y is equidistant from X and Y. Taking any point O on the straight line
PQ as the centre and the radius equal to the length of OX or OY, if a circle be X O Y
drawn, it will pass through the points X and Y, where O is any point on the O
straight line PQ.
.
. . We can draw circles passing through the points X and Y. lLet me draw Q
and write it myselfn È
11 Now, Diptarka drew three non-collinear points X, Y and Z on the board.
Z
I try to draw a circle through those three non-collinear points X, Y and Z.
At first, by joining X, Y and Y, Z I got the line segments XY and YZ. For
drawing the circle passing through the points X, Y and Z I determine the centre
X Y
i.e. I determine the point which is equidistant from the points X, Y & Z.
1 2 But how shall I get the point which is equidistant from the points X, Y and Z?
I draw the perpendicular bisector PQ of the line segment XY. Each of the P Z
O
points on this line PQ is equidistant from the two points X and Y. R
Again, I draw the perpendicular bisector RS of the line segment ZY. Each S
of the points on this line RS is equidistant from the two points Y and Z. X Q Y
.
. . The perpendicular bisectors of the line segments XY and YZ are PQ and RS respectively
and since the points X, Y and Z are non-collinear, the line segments PQ and RS intesect
. each other at some point O (say).
. . . The point O is from the points X, Y and Z.
. . If the circle is drawn by taking the point O as the centre and the length OX or OY or OZ
as radius it will pass through the points X, Y and Z.
1 3 Is it possible to draw one and only one circle through the three non-collinear points X, Y
and Z?
Since the three non-collinear points X, Y, Z are fixed, so, the two line segments XY and YZ are
fixed and the two perpendicular bisectors PQ and RS are fixed. Therefore, the intersecting
point of PQ and RS is 'O' i.e., the centre is fixed and the length of the radius OX is fixed. The
only one circle drawn is possible by taking fixed centre and fixed length of radius.
.
. . We got that drawing of one and only one circle is possible through the three non-collinear
points X, Y & Z.
I am observing that by drawing a circle in the same way through any three non-collinear points, one
and only one circle can be drawn through given three non-collinear points. lLet me drawit myselfn
56
Now, Tapas drew three collinear points A, B & C on the board.

14 Let me see whether any circle can be drawn or not through three collineat points A, B and C.
I took three collinear points A, B and C. The
P R
perpendicular bisector of AB È is PQ and the
perpendicular bisector of BC is RS.
Since AB and BC are parts of same line-segment, So A
. B C
PQ || RS. . . It is not possible to get the point of
intersection of PQ & RS. Q S
.
. . No circle can be drawn through three collinear points.
Theorem : 31. Only one circle can be drawn through three non-collinear points. SThe proof is
not included in the evaluationV P C
Given ı A, B, C are three non-collinear points. R
O
To prove ı Only one circle can be drawn through three non-collinear points. E S
D
Construction : The two points A, B and the two points B and C are A B
Q
joined. The perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC are drawn
and they are PQ & RS respectively.
Since the two line-segments AB and BC are not parallel, so their two
perpendicualr bisectors PQ and RS intersect at the point O. The straight lines
PQ and RS intersect the two line-segments AB and BC respectively at the
points D and E, O, A; O, B and O, C are joined.
Proof ı In ' OAD and ' OBD
..
AD = BD S . OD is perpendicualr bisector of the line-segment ABV
..
ODA = ODB S . Each is right angleV
.
OD is common side . . ' OAD # ' OBD SBy S – A – S axiom of congruencyV
.
. . OA = OB SCorresponding sides of congruencyV
Similarly, ' OBE # ' OCE
.
... OB = OC
. . . OA = OB = OC
. . If the circle is drawn with its centre at O and the raduis equal to the length of OA, it
will pass through the points A, B, C.
So, only one circle can be drawn through three non-collinear points.
The three points A, B, C are fixed. So the two line-segments AB and BC are fixed.
The perpendicular bisectors of the two line-segments AB and BC are the straight lines PQ and
RS respectively. PQ and RS are also fixed.
So their point of intersection O is fixed.
Again since the two points O and A are fixed,
So the length of the line-segment OA is fixed. Therefore, only one circle can be drawn by taking
the fixed point 'O' at the centre with a fixed length of radius.
.
. . Only one circle can be drawn through three non-collinear points A, B, C.
1 5 My sister has drwan a circle with the help of her circular bangle.
I find out the centre of this circle.
I take any three points A, B and C on the circle. Now I find out the centre of A C
the circle by determining the point of intersectin of the perpendicular bisectors
of the line-segments AB and BC. [Let me do it myself]. B
57
CHAPTER ı 3
16 If an arc of a circle is given, then let us see, how the circle can be drawn.
)
I took a point R on the arc PQ. I draw a circle passing through the points P,
P Q
R and Q by determining its centre as before. [Let me do it myself]
R
We are observing that one and only one circle can be drawn through three non-collinear points.
But is it possible to draw a circle with more than three points?
It may not be possible to draw a circle passing through more than three points. If it is possible,
then the points are called Concyclic.
17 What is called the quadrilateral whose vertices are situated on the circle?
The quadrilateiral whose vertices lie on a circle is called Cyclic Quadrilateral.
18 What is Isosceles Trapezium?
The quadrilateral of which one pair of opposite sides is parallel and other pair of opposite sides
is unparallel and equal i.e., the two transversal sides are equal is called Isosceles Trapezium.
The parallelogram is a trapezium. But is it an isosceles trapezium? [Let me write it myself.]
Application : 2. I prove with reason that the vertices of an isosceles trapezium are concyclic.
Given : ABCD is an isosceles trapezium. AB || DC and AD = BC
P
To prove : The vertices of the trapezium are concyclic. D X C
Construction : I draw the perpendicular bisector PQ of the side DC R
and the perpendicular bisector RS of the side AD which intersect DC Z O S
at the point X and AD at the point Z respectively. PQ intersects AB at A Y B
the point Y. A, X and B, X are joined. PQ intersects RS at the point
Q
O. I join A, B, C. and D with the point O.
..
Proof : In ' ADX and ' BCX, DX = CX l . the perpendicular bisector of CD is PQn
..
ADX = BCX l . In the isosceles trapezium, the angles associated
AD = BC lGivenn with a side of the two parallel sides are equaln
.
. . ' ADX # ' BCX lBy S-A-S axiom of congruencyn
.
. . AX = BX lCorresponding sides of congruent triangles.n
In right angled triangle'AXY and right-angled triangle'BXY, AYX = BYX
.. .
l . AB || CD and CD A PQ, . . AB A PQn
Hypotenuse AX = Hypotenuse BX lproved it beforen and XY is common side of
both triangles.
.
. . ' AXY #' BXY lby R-H-S axiom of congruencyn
.
. . AY = BY lCorresponding sides of congruent trianglesn
.
. . PQ is the perpendicular bisector of ABÈ.
..
. O is situated on the perpendicular bisector PQ of DC.
.
. . DO = CO; similarly DO = AO and AO = BO
.
. . . CO = DO = AO = BO
. . By taking O as centre with the radius of the equal length of OC or OD or OA or OB, if a
circle is drawn, then it will pass through the points A, B, C and D. i.e., The vertices of the
isosceles trapezium are concyclic. SprovedV
58
We have cut off circular region by drawing many circles. My brother Rana has
drawn some chords which are not diameters.
Hands on trial O
(i) I took a circular region with its centre 'O' and took the chord AB which A M B
is not a diameter.
(ii) I have folded the circular region with its centre 'O' in such a way that the fold passes
through the point O and a part of the straight line remains on the other part. The fold
intersects the line-segment AB at the point M; OM is joined.
(iii) By measuring, I observed that OMA = OMB = 1 right angle and AM = BM.
.
. . By hands on trial, I got that the perpendicualr drawn from the centre of a circle to the chord
which is not a diameter, bisects the chord.
By cutting out another circular region, I am observing by hands on trial that a perpendicular to a
chord which is not a diameter from the centre of the circle bisects the chord. [Let me do it myself]
We took a circular region whose centre is O and chord is ABó the centre O is joined
with different points of the chord and got many line-segments of different lengths. Ox
1 9 But among these different distances which will we call "the distance of the
A M B
chord AB from the centre O?"
Among these, the length of the line-segment which is perpendicular on AB from the centre O is
called the distance of the chord AB from the centre O or it is called the perpendicular distance.
2 0 I measure the perpendicular distances of the chords from the centre
by taking another circular region with more than one chords drawing in it
and what I shall get-let me see. O
x
I have got that the perpendicular distances of the chords AB, CD and EF E F
from the centre O of the circle, with its centre at O are OP, OQ and C R
Q D
rsepectively. lLet me write it by observing the adjoining figuren A P B
I am observing that, if the lengths of chords of a circle will increase, the perpendicular distances
from the centre will lincrease / decreasen.
I am also observing that, the greatest chord of a circle i.e., passes through the centre.
. .
. . In that case, the perpendicualr distance from the centre is Zero. . . I have got that the
perpendicular distance of the diameter from the centre of a circle is .
Let us prove with reason
Theorem : 32. The perpendicular drawn to a chord, which is not a diameter, from the centre
of the circle, bsiects the chord.
Given : AB is a chord of the circle with its centre at O, which is not a diameter,
and OD, is perpendicular on the chord AB. O
x
To prove : OD, bisects the chord AB i.e., AD = DB.
Construction : O, A and O, B are joined. A D B
Proof : OD is perpendicular on the chord AB.
.
. . 'ODA and 'ODB are right-angled triangles.
.
. . In right-angled 'ODA and 'ODB, ODA = ODB SEach is right-angleV
Hypotenuse OA = Hypotenuse OB lradii of same circlen and OD is common side.
.
. . 'ODA #'ODB lBy S-A-S axiom of congruencyn
.
. . AD = DB lCorresponding sides of the congruent trianglesn lprovedn
59
CHAPTER ı 3
Application : 3. I draw a chord PQ of the circle with the centre A, which is not a diameter. I
draw a perpendicular AM on PQ from A. I prove with reason that PM = MQ. lLet me prove
it by drawingn
We have proved that if a perpendicular is drawn on the chord of a cricle, which is not a diameter,
from the centre, then it will bisect the chord.
21 But can the converse theorem of this theorem be possible? i.e., will the line-segment
joining the mid-point of the chord, which is not a diameter, and the centre of the circle be
a perpendicular on that chord?
Hands on trial
(i) At first, I cut out the circular region with its centre at O after drawing
it. I draw a chord AB, which is not a diameter of that circle.
(ii) For determining the mid-point of the chord AB, folding the papers by
hands on trial, the chord of the circular paper AB is f olded in such a way O
x
that the point A is mixing with the point B. I unfold the paper and the fold
intersects AB at the point D. i.e., the line-segment joining the centre O and A B
D
the mid-point of the chord AB is perpendicular on the chord AB.
.
. . OD A AB
.
. . By hands on trial, I have got that if any straight line passing through the centre of the circle
bisects any chord, which is not a diameter then the straight line will be perpendicular on
that chord.
Theorem : 33. Let us prove that if any straight line passing through the centre of a circle bisects
any chord, which is not a diameter, then the straight line will be perpendicular on that chord.
Given : Let, AB be a chord of the circle with its centre at O, which is not a diameter and D, is
the mid-point of AB i.e., AD = DB.
To prove : OD A AB i.e., OD, is perpendicular on the chord AB.
O
x
Construction : I join O, A and O, B.
Proof : In 'OAD and 'OBD A D B
OA = OB lradii of same circlen
AD = DB lgivenn [ D, is the mid-point AB n
and OD is common side
.
. . 'OAD #'ODB lBy S-S-S axiom of congruencyn
.
. . ODA = ODB lCorresponding parts of the congruent trianglesn
Since, OD, makes equal angles on the chord AB
So, ODA = ODB = 1 right-angle
.
. . OD A AB lprovedn
Application : 4. I prove the theorem-33 by the proof of congruency of 'OAD and 'OBD
with the help of S-A-S axiom of congruency. [Let me do it myself]
60
Application : 5. Niyamat has drawn a circle whose radius is 13 cm. in length. I have drawn a
chord AB with the length of 10 cm on it. Let us write by calculating, the distance of the chord AB
from the centre of the circle.
Let, the centre of the circle be O; the perpendicular OM, drawn on the O x
chord AB from O, intersects AB at the point M.
.
Cm
. 1 .. M
. . AM = –2 AB = cm. l . The perpendicular drawn on the chord,
13
A 5Cm. B
which is not a diameter, from the centre of circle, bisects the chord.n
In right-angled triangle AMO,
OA2 = AM2 + OM2 Sby Pythagoras theoremV
OM2 = OA2 – AM2 = (132 – 52) sq. cm. = sq. cm.
.
. . OM = 12 cm.
.
. . We have got that the perpendicular distance of the chord with length of 10 cm. from the
centre of the circle having the of radius of 13 cm. is 12 cm.
Application ı 6. The perpendicular distance of a chord from the centre of a circle, having the
radius of 17 cm. is 8 cm. in length. Let us write by calculating, the length of this chord. [Let me
do it myself]
Applicationı 7. The lengths of two parallel chords of a circle with the radius 10 cm. in length
are 16 cm. and 12 cm. Let us see by calculating, the distance between these two chords, if they
are in (i) same side (ii) opposite side of the centre.
(i) Let, the length of the radius of the circle with its centre O be 10 cm. and O
x
the two chords AB and CD are in the same side of the centre. The
A P B
lengths of AB and CD are 16 cm. and 12 cm. respectively. AB || CD. C Q D
From the point O, a perpendicular OQ is drawn on the chord CD which intersects AB at the
point P.
Since AB || CD and OQ A CDÈñ so, OP A AB.
.. .
OQD = Corresponding OPB. . OQD = 90º, . . OPB = 90º
. 1 1
. . AP = –2 AB = –2 × 16 cm. = 8 cm.
Again, OA = 10 cm.
.
. . In right-angled ' APO,
OP2 = OA2 – AP2 = (102 – 82) sq. cm. = sq. cm.
.
. . OP = 6 cm.
.. .
. OQ A CD . . CQ = [Let me write it myself]
.
. . From right-angled 'OCQ, we got, OQ = [Let me write it myself]
.
. . The distance between the chords AB and CDÈ is PQ = OQ – OP
= (8 – 6) cm. = 2 cm.
61
CHAPTER ı 3
(ii) But if the two chords AB and CD would remain in opposite side of the centre of the circle.
Q
In that case, the distance of two chords AB and CD = PQ C D
= OP + OQ = (6 + 8) cm. xO
= 14 cm. A P B
Application ı 8. In a circle with the radius of 5 cm in length, the two parallel chords of length
8cm. and 6 cm. are situated on opposite sides of the centre. Let us write by calculating, the
distance between two chords. [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 9. Let us prove that the greatest chord of a circle is its diameter.
Given : In a circle with its centre at O, MN is any chord which is not a diameter and AC is a
diameter.
To prove : AC > MN i.e., the diameter is the greatest chord. O C
x
Construction : From the centre O, the perpendicular OD is drawn on the A
chord MN. O, M are joined.
D M N
..
Proof : OM > MD l . OMD is a right-angled triangle and OM is its hypotenuse.n
..
orñ OA > MD l . OA = OM, the radii of same circlen
1 1
orñ –2 AC > –2 MN
orñ AC > MN
.
. . Diameter is greatest chord in a circle. SprovedV
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
With the help of this the ovem, Let us try to prove the application – 9
My friend Merri, has drawn two chords AB and CD of same
length in a circle with its centre X.
I drew two perpendiculars XP and XQ on two chords AB and
CD of same lengths from the centre X.
By hands on trial, I find out the relation between XP and XQÈ by
folding the paper.
Hands on trial
(i) In a tracing-paper, like above, two chords of same lengths AB and
A CD are drawn in a cricle with its centre at X. From X two
C
perpendiculars XP and XQ are drawn.
P (ii) Now, by cutting out the circular region of the tracing paper I fold it
Q
thrice in such a way that the point A is mixed with the point C
B X
x and the point B is mixed with the point D.
D
I am observing that, the point P is mixed with the point Q and by
unfolding it I observe that the fold passes through the point X.
.
. . We have got XP = XQ
.
. . By hands on trial, we have got that two chords of same length are
equidistant from the centre.
62
Application : 10. I prove with reason that two equal chords of any circle are equidistant from
its centre.
Given : In a circle with its centre O, two equal chords are AB and CD. The
distances of AB and CD from the centre O are OE and OF respectively
i.e., OE A AB and OF A CD. A C
To prove : OE = OF E
F
Construction : O, A and O, C are joined. x
B O
Proof : OE A AB and OF A CD lGivenn D
. 1 1
. . AE = –2 AB and CF = –2 CD lSince, the perpendicular drawn from the centre to a chord,
which is not a diameter, bisects the chordn
Again, AB = CD lGivenn
.
. . AE = CF ..... (i)
.
. . In right-angled 'AEO and in right-angled 'CFO, OEA = OFC [Each is right-
angle]
Hypotenuse OA = Hypotenuse OC, lradii of same circlen
AE = CF lFrom (i)n
' AEO #' CFO lBy R-H-S axiom of congruencyn
.
. . OE = OF lproved˛n
I justify by hands on trial and prove, with reason that, two equal chords of a circle
are equidistant from its centre.
But is the converse of it true? i.e. if two chords of a cricle are equidistant from its
centre, then will they be equal? Let us justify it by hands on trial and prove it with
reason.
Hands on trial
O
x
(i) On a tracing paper, I drew two equal line-segments OP and OQ P
in a circle with its centre O. Now I drew two chords AB and CD Q
so that˛ AB A OP and CD A OQ. p

(ii) Now, I cut out the paper with circular region and fold it twice
along the point O so that the point P coincides with the point Q. A O
x D
But I am observing that the chord is overlapped on the chord CD. P
. Q
. . We have got AB = CD B C
.
. . By hands on trial I have got that if the distances of two chords of a circle from the centre
are equal, then the lengths of two chords are also equal. SI prove it myself with reasonV
Application ı 11. Let us prove that the perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes
through its centre. lLet me prove it myselfn
Application ı 12. Let us prove that a straight line can not intersect a circle at more than two
points. lLet me prove it myselfn
63
CHAPTER ı 3
Application ı 13. If two circles intersect each other at two points, then let us prove that their
C
two centres lie on the perpendicular bisector of their common chord.
Given : The two circles with the centres at X and Y intersect each X O Y
other at the points C and D. So CD is their common chord.
D
To prove : The two points X and Y lie on the perpendicular bisector of the common chord CD.
Construction : From the point X, the perpendicular XO is drawn on CD, O and Y are joined.
Proof : CD is a chord of the circle with its centre X and XO A CD.
.
. . O, is the mid-point of CD.
Again, CD is a chord of the circle with its centre Y and O, is the mid-point of CD.
.
. . OY A CD
Since only one pendicular can be drawn at a point on a straight line,
So, XO and OY are situated on the same line.
.
. . The XY is the perpendicular bisector of the common chord CD.
.
. . The two centres X and Y of the two circles lie on the perpendicular bisector of their
common chord CD. [proved]
Application ı 14. I prove with reason that the line joining two mid-points of two parallel
chords of a circle passes through its centre.
Given : Let, two chords AB and CD of a Q
C D
O O
circle with its centre O, are parallel to each M x N M x N
other and the mid-points of AB and CD are P C Q D
A P B A P B
and Q respectively.
To prove : PQ, passes through O.
Construction : O, P and O, Q are joined and through O the line-segment MN is drawn parallel
to AB and CD.
.
Proof : P, is the mid-point of the chord AB. . . OP A AB
.
Again, AB || MNñ . . OP A MN
..
Similarly, OQ A CD l . Q, is the mid point of CDn
. ..
. . OQ A MN l . MN || CDn
.
. . Both OP & OQ are perpendicular on MN at the point O.
Since, only one perpendicular can be drawn on a straight line at a point.
So, P, O and Q are collinear.
.
. . PQ passes through the centre O of the circle. [proved]
64
Let us work out 3.2
1. The length of a radius of a circle with its centre O is 5 cm. and the length of its chord AB is
8 cm. Let us write by calculating, the distance of the chord AB from the centre O.
2. The length of a diameter of a circle with its centre at O is 26 cm. The distance of the chord
PQ from the point O is 5 cm. Let us write by calculating, the length of the chord PQ.
3. The length of a chord PQ of a circle with its centre O is 4 cm. and the distance of PQ from
the point O is 2.1 cm. Let us write by calculating, the length of its diameter.
4. The lengths of two chords of a circle with its centre O are 6 cm. and 8 cm. If the distance
of smaller chord from centre is 4 cm., then let us write by calculating, the distance of other
C
chord from the centre. A B
P
5. If the length of a chord of a circle is 48 cm and the distance of it from the
O
centre is 7 cm. then let us write by calculating, the length of the chord which
is 20 cm. distance away from the centre of the circle.
6. ˛In the circle of adjoining figure with its centre at O, OP A AB; if AB = 6 cm. and PC = 2
cm., then let us write by calculating, the length of radius of the circle.
7. ˛A straight line intersects one of the two concentric circles at the points A and B and the
other at the point C and D. I prove with reason that AC = DB.
8. ˛I prove that, the two intersecting chords of any circle can not bisect each other unless both
of them are diameters of the circle.
9. ˛The two circles with centres X and Y intersect each other at the points A and B. A is joined
with the mid-point 'S' of XY and the perpendicular on SA through the point A is drawn which
intersects the two circles at the points P and Q. Let us prove that PA = AQ.
10. ˛The two parallel chords AB and CD with the lengths of 10 cm and 24 cm in a circle are
situated on the opposite sides of the centre. If the distance between two chords AB and
CD is17 cm., then let us write by calculating, the length of the radius of the circle.
Hints : let the length of the radius of the circle be r cm. and the distance of the chord AB
.
from the centre be x cm. . . The distance of the chord CD from the centre is (17 – x) cm.
. 2 2 2 2 .
. . r = x + 5 & r = (17–x)2 + (12)2ñ So, x2 + 52 = (17 – x)2 + 122 . . x = 12
11. The centres of two circles are P and Q; they intersect at the points A and B. The straight
line parallel to the line-segment PQ through the point A intersects the two circles at the
points C and D. I prove that, CD = 2PQ.
12. The two chords AB and AC of a circle are equal. I prove that, the bisector of BACÈpasses
through the centre.
13. If the angle -bisector of two intersecting chords of a circle passes through its centre, then
let me prove that the two chords are equal.
14. I prove that, among two chords of a circle the length of the chord nearer to centre is greater
than the length of the other.
15. Let us write by proving which chord with the least length through any point in a circle.
65
CHAPTER ı 3
16. V.S.A.
(A) M.C.Q. ı
(i) The lengths of two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O are equal. If AOB
= 60ºñ then the value of CODÈ is
(a) 40º (b) 30º (c) 60º (d) 90º
(ii) The length of a radius of a circle is 13 cm. and the length of a chord of a circle is 10 cm.,
the distance of the chord from the centre of the circle is (a) 12.5 cm.
(b) 12 cm. (c) 69 cm. (d) 24 cm.
(iii) AB and CD are two equal chords of a circle with its centre O. If the distance of the
chord AB from the point O is 4 cm. then the distance of the chord CD from the centre
O of the circle is
(a) 2 cm. (b) 4 cm. (c) 6 cm. (d) 8 cm.
(iv) The length of each of two parallel chords AB and CD is 16 cm. If the length of the
radius of the circle is 10 cm., then the distance between two chords is (a) 12cm. (b)
16 cm. (c) 20 cm. (d) 5 cm.
(v) The centre of two concentric circles is O; a straight line intersects a circle at the points
A and B and other circle at the points C and D. If AC = 5 cm., then the length of BD
is (a) 2.5 cm. (b) 5 cm. (c) 10 cm. (d) none of these–
(B) Let us write True/False ı
(i) Only one circle can be drawn through three collinear points.
(ii) The two circles ABCDA and ABCEA are same circle.
(iii) If two chords AB and AC of a circle with its centre O are situated on the opposite
sides of the radius OA, then OAB = OAC.
(C) Let us fill in the blanks ı
(i) If the ratio of two chords PQ and RS of a circle with its centre O is 1:1, then, POQ
: ROS = .
(ii) The perpendicular bisector of any chord of a circle is of that circle.
17. S.A. ı
(i) Two equal circles of radius 10 cm. intersect each other and the length of their common
chord is 12 cm. Let us determine the distance between the two centres of two circles.
(ii) AB and AC are two equal chords of a circle having the radius of 5 cm. The centre of
the circle is situated at the outside of the traingle ABC. If AB = AC = 6 cm., then let
us calculate the length of the chord BC.
(iii) The lengths of two chords AB and CD of a circle with its centre O are equal. If AOB
= 60° and CD = 6 cm., then let us calculate the length of the radius of the circle.
(iv) P is any point in a circle with its centre O. If the length of the radius is 5 cm. and OP =
3 cm., then let us determine the least length of the chord passing through the point P.
(v) The two circles with their centres at P and Q intersect each other. at the points A and
B. Through the point A, a straight line parallel to PQ intersects the two circles at the
points C and D respectively. If PQ = 5 cm., then let us determine the length of CD.
66
RECTANGULAR PARALLELOPIPED OR CUBOID
4 RECTANGULAR PARALLELOPIPED
OR CUBOID
Out 'First Aid' box has been damaged. A new 'First Aid'
box has to be made. So, today we all brothers and sisters,
have assembled on the roof of our house in the holiday
afternoon. At first, we will try to make a box.
A D A
D
At first, we cut out a piece of rectangular
cardboard ABCD. Sathi has fixed rectangular
pieces like adjoining figure by cutting out two
other rectangular pieces of same measures i.e B C
B C
the length AB of any breadth. A D
Shakil too like Sathi fixed two other

rectangular pieces as in the adjoining figure C
B
with the same length of AD and with previous
breadth. H E
I cut out another rectangular piece HEFG similar to F

G
the rectangular piece ABCD with same length and
breadth and by fixing it on the opposite surface of (i)
A
ABCD, I have made a box like the adjoining figure.
D C
1 What these solids with rectangular surfaces of which the opposite surfaces are of equal
measures and adjacent surfaces are perpendicular to each other, are called?
These solids, of which each surface is rectangular and the length and breadth of opposite surfaces
are equal and adjacent surfaces are perpendicular to each other, are called Rectangular
parallelopiped or Cuboid.
I am observing that, the rectangular parallelopiped is situated on the rectangular surface ABCD.
2 In this position, what the surface ABCD is called?
In this position, the surface ABCD is called base of the rectangular parallelopiped and one of
the two sides of the rectangular base is length and the other one is breadth. I have understood
that the length and breadth of the rectangular parallelopiped (i) are AB and BC.
3 But what is called BE of the rectangular parallelopiped (i)?
BE is called the height of the rectangular parallelopiped (i)
The length, breadth and height are the dimensions of rectangular parallelopiped.
The rectangular parallelopiped has [1 / 2 / 3] dimensions
Again, I am observing that the rectangular parallelopiped has [4 / 5 / 6] surfaces
67
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 4
.
. . Whole surface area of a rectangular parallelopiped
= Sum of area of 6 surfaces
= 2 (AB×BC + AB×BE + BC×BE)
= 2 (length × breadth + length × height + breadth × height)
4 Two surfaces of a rectangular parallelopiped intersect each other at a straight line. What
this intersecting line-segment is called?
The intersecting line segment of two surfaces of rectangular parallelopiped is called edge.
We are observing that, a rectangular parallelopiped has 12 edges.
Let me write the edges of the rectangular parallelopiped (i) E
by observing the figure. [Let me write it myself] H
5 What the meet points of the edges of rectangular F

G
parallelopiped are called?
The meet points of the edges of a rectangular B
A
parallelopiped are called Vertex .
D C
(i)
I am observing that, a rectangular parallelopiped has
[6 / 7 / 8] vertices.
Let me write by understanding, the vertices of the
rectangular parallelopiped (i) [Let me write it myself]
My brother has done a fun. He brought his rectangular parallelopiped box of toys and by
opening its surfaces he got—
length × height
breadth breadth
o × length × breadth × length × breadth
height height
length × height
Application : 1 I am observing that the length, breadth and height of the rectangular parallelopiped
box, brought by my brother, are 40cm., 25cm. and 15 cm. respectively.
.
. . The total surface area of this box
= 2 (40×25 + 40×15 + 25×15) cm2.
= cm2.
Application : 2. The length, breadth and height of a rectangular parallelopiped box are 15cm.,
12cm. and 20cm. respectively Let me write its total surface area. [Let me do it myself]
68
My friend Rajia has brought a cardboard box from her house. I am

observing that each surface of it is a square i.e the length, breadth and
height of the box are equal. a unit
6 What this type of rectangular parallelopiped is called ?

The rectangular parallelopiped, whose length, breadth and height are equal, is called Cube.
The total surface area of a cube = 2 × {a×a + a×a + a×a} sq. unit
= 2×3a2 sq. unit [Where length of one side
= 6a sq. unit
2 of a cube = a unit]
Application : 3 By measuring, I see that the length of one side of the cube, brought by Rajia is
27 cm.
.
. . The total surface area of the cube = 6.(27)2 sq. unit = sq. unit [Let me write it myself]
Application : 4 Let us write by calculating, the quantity of coloured papers required to cover
the whole surface of a cube whose length of one side is 12 cm. [Let me write it myself]
Application : 5 The length, breadth and height of our living room are 7m., 5m. and 4m respectively.
The shape of the room is [cube/rectangular parallelopiped]
Let us calculate the total area to colour four walls of the room.
We will colour four walls of our room but we shall not colour the floor and the roof of it.
.
. . We must have to colour = 2 × length × height + 2 × breadth × height
= 2 × 7 × 4 sq.m + 2× 5 × 4 sq.m.
= sq.m.
Area of four walls of a room = 2 × (length + breadth) × height = perimeter of the base × height
Application : 6 Let us write the length of one side of a cube whose total surface area is 150
sq.cm.
Let, the length of one side of the cube be a cm.
.
. . The total surface area of the cube is 6a² sq.cm.
.
. . According to the given condition, a cm.
6a2 = 150
15 0
or, a2 = 6 =
.
..a=±5
.
But a z – 5, as length is always positive, . . a = 5; So, the length of one side of the cube is 5 cm.
Application : 7 Let us calculate the length of one side of cube whose total surface area is
486 sq.m. [Let me do it myself]
69
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 4
We have made a "First Aid" box and we have arranged
rectangular parallelopiped and cube-shaped boxes by
covering them with coloured papers. We have decided
that we shall keep our necessary things in it.
My brother is putting his wooden scale in a green cuboid
box.
Let us see, the longest scale that can be put in this box.
7 How shall we get the length of a diagonal of a E
cuboid?
By drawing a picture, we try to determine the length of
a diagonal of a cuboid. C
D
Let, in the adjoing figure, length = AB unit
A B
breadth = BC unit
height = CE unit
In right angled triangle ABCÈñ AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (i)
Again, in right angled triangle ACEñ AE2 = AC2 + CE2= AB2 + BC2 + CE2 lfrom (i)n
lIf a straight line is perpendicular on a plane, then it will be perpendicular on any straight line on
the plane passing through the point at which the perpendicular straight line intersects the plane.
In the figure, the line-segement EC is perpendicular on the plane ABCD. So, the line-segement
EC is perpendicular on CB, CD and CA at the point C.So, ACE = 90ºn
.
. . AE = AB2 +BC2 +CE 2 unit
.
. . The length of any diagonal of a cuboid = (length)2 + (breadth)2 + (height)2
Application : 8 If the length, breadth and height of a cuboid box are 20 cm., 15cm. and 10 cm.
respectively. What is the lenght of its diagonal?
The length of the diagonal will be = 202 +152 +102 cm. = 5 29 cm.–
i.e., in that case, the longest scale of length 5 29cm. can be put in that cuboid box.
8 But what will be the length of a diagonal of a cube— Let us see.
Let, the length of one side of the cube be a unit.
. a unit
. . The length of the diagonal of the cube = a 2 +a 2 +a 2 unit = 3 a unit
.
. . The length of any diagonal of a cube = 3 × length of one side
.
. . The length of the diagonal of a cube with its side of 5 cm. length is = 3 × 5 cm. = 5 3 cm.
70
Application : 9 A cuboidal room has its length, breadth and height as a, b and c unit respectively
and if a+b+c = 25 units, ab+bc+ca = 240.5 units then let us write the length of the longest rod
that can be kept in this room.
If the length = a unit, breadth = b unit and height = c unit of the room, then the longest rod that
can be kept in the room = the length of the diagonal of the room = a 2 +b 2 +c2 unit
(a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2 + 2 × [Let me write it myself]
orñ 252 = a2+b2+c2 + 2 × 240.5 c unit
. b unit
. . a2+b2+c2 = 625 – 481 =
a unit
.
. . The length of the diagonal of the room = a 2 +b 2 +c2 unit = 144 unit = unit
Application : 10 I have made a rectangular parallelopiped by joining two cubes side by side
made by Mita, whose edge is 8 cm in length. Let us calculate the total surface area and the length
of the diagonal of the rectangular parallelopiped which is made in this way. [Let me do it myself]
Hints ı The length of the rectangular parallelopiped which is made = (8+8) cm. = 16 cm.ñ
breadth = 8 cm.ñ height = 8 cm.
My friend Tathagata has coloured the surfaces of a cuboidal

box of tin whose one face is open. He has decided that he will
keep this box by filling sand in it to a corner of the roof. Sand is
necessary for different works of the house.
9 But how shall I get the quantity of the sand that can be filled in that cuboidal box?
The quantity of the sand will be equal to the volume of the cuboidal box.
10 What is this volume? How shall we measure the volume of the cuboid?
The place which a soild occupies is the volume of that solid.
The volume of a cuboid = length × breadth × height
I have collected many surfaces of rectangular cardboard of same size and I have tried to make
cuboid by putting them one after another and observed that as the height of the cuboid is
increasing its volume is lincreasingÈ / decreasingn–
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
12345678901234567890
123
12345678901234567890
123
12345678901234567890
Area of a rectangular cardboard = length × breadth

.
. . We can write, Volume of a cuboid = area of the base × height
71
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 4
Application : 11 By measuring the cuboidal at box, I am observing that the length is 32 cm.
breadth is 21 cm. and height is 15 cm.
.
. . The quantity of sand that can be filled in that box is = (32×21×15) c.c = c.c
11 But how shall we measure the volume of that box if each of its edges is of equal length i.e.,
how shall we get the volume of a cube?
Let the length of one side of the cube be a unit a unit
.
. . Volume of the cube = (a×a×a) unit3 = a3 unit3
.
. . Volume of a cube = Slength of one sideV3
Application : 12 The length of one side of a cube is 5 cm., its volume is c.c = c.c
Application : 13 If the numerical values of total surface area and volume of a cube are equal,
then let us calculate the length of its diagonal.
Let the length of one side of the cube = a unit
.
. . The total surface area of the cube = 6a2 sq.unit and its volume = a3 cubic unit.
According to the condition, a3 = 6a2
or, a3 – 6a2 = 0 a unit
or, a2 (a – 6) = 0
.. .
or, a – 6 = 0 l . a z 0n . . a = 6
.
. . The length of the diagonal of the cube = 3 × length of an edge = 6 3 unit.
Application : 14 The dimensions of a cuboid are 12 cm., 6 cm. and 3 cm respectively. Let us
calculate the length of each edge of a cube whose volume is equal to that cuboid.
The volume of the cuboid is = (12×6×3) c.c = (6×2×6×3) c.c = 63 c.c
Let the length of one edge of the cube be a cm.
.
. . Volume of the cube = a3 c.c a unit
.
According to the condition, a = 6 . . a = 6
3 3
.
. . The length of each edge of the cube is 6 cm.
Application : 15 If the length, breadth and volume of a cuboidal room are 8 m., 6m. and
192 cubic m. repectively, then let us calculate the height of the room and the area of four walls
of the room.
Let, the height of the room be h m.
.
. . Volume of the room = (8 × 6 × h) cubic m.
According to the given condition, 8×6×h = 192
.
..h= [Let me write it myself]
.
. . The height of the room is 4 m.
.
. . Area of four walls of the room = 2 × Slength + breadthV × height= [Let me write it myself]
72
Application : 16 If the area of one surface of cube be 4 times more than that of another cube,
then how many times will be the volume of the first cube than that of the second cube– Let us
write by calculating it.
Let the length of one edge of 1st cube be x unit and the length of one edge of 2nd cube be y unit.
... Area of one surface of 1st cube = x² sq.unit and Area of one surface of 2nd cube = y² sq.unit
According to the given condition, x2 = 4y2 ... x = 2y [ ... x z –2y]
. Volume of 1st cube = x 3 = (2y)3 = 8y3 = 8 [ ' y z 0]
. . Volume of 2nd cube y3 y3 y3
... Volume of 1st cube = 8 × volume of 2nd cube.
Volume of 1st cube is 8 times than that of 2nd cube.
Application : 17 The length and breadth of a cuboidal water land in neighbouring village are
18m. and 11m. repectively. In this water land, water is being irrigated from a nearby pond with
a pump. If the pump can irrigate 39,600 lit. water per hour then for how much time is required
to raise the height of the water level by 3.5 dcm of the water land – let us write by calculating it.
[1lit = 1 cubic dcm.]
If the depth of water in cuboidal water land be 3.5 dcm., then the valume of this water will be
..
(180×110×3.5) dcm.3 l . 18 m. = 180 dcm.ñ 11 m = 110 dcm.n
..
= (180×110×3.5) lit, l . 1 lit = 1 dcm.3n
The pump can fill 39600 lit. water in one hour.
. 180×110×3.5
. . The pump is to be run for hr = hr min.
39600
Application : 18 If the pump can fill 37,400 lit. water in 1 hour, then what time will be required
to raise the height of water 17 dcm. of a cuboidal water land whose length is 18m and breadth
is 11m. Let us write by calculating it. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 19 From a wooden log with the length of 5 dcm., the breadth of 5 dcm. and the
thickness of 3dcm., 40 planks are of 2m. length and 2dcm. breadth are cloven. For cleaving
wood has been destroyed. But still now 108 cubic dcm. wood is remained in the log. What is
the thickness of each plank that is cloven, let us calculate and write it.
In the log the volume of wood = ( × × ) dcm.3 = 600 dcm.3
2
The wood is destroyed = 600 × 100 dcm.3 = 12 dcm.3
Let the thickness of each plank be x d.cm.
.
. . In 1 plank the quantity of wood is (20×2×x) dcm.3
.
. . In 40 planks the quantity of wood is 40 × (20×2×x) dcm.3 = 1600 x dcm.3
After cleaving off, the remaining wood in the log is 108 dcm.3
According to the given condition, 1600x + 108 + 12 = 600
.
..x= [Let me write it myself]
.
. . Each plank had been cloven with the thickness of each is 0.3 dcm. or 3cm.
73
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 4
D C
Let us work out 4 A B
F G
E H
1. Let us write the names of 4 cuboid and 4 cube shaped solid things in our environment.
2. Let us write the names of surfaces, edges and vertices of the adjoining cuboidal figure.
3. The length, breadth and height of a cuboidal room are 5m., 4m. and 3m. repectively , Let
us write the length of the longest rod which can be kept in that room.
4. The area of one surface of a cube is 64 sq.m., let us calculate the volume of the cube.
5. In our Bokultala village, a canal is cut whose breadth is of 2m. and depth is of 8 dcm. If the
total quantity of soil extraeted is 240 cubic metre, then let us calculate the length of the canal.
6. If the length of the diagonal of a cube is 4 3 cm., then let us calculate the total surface
area of the cube.
7. The sum of the length of the edges of a cube is 60 cm., let us find out the volume of the cube.
8. If the sum of areas of 6 surfaces of a cube be 216 sq.cm., then let us calculate the volume of
the cube.
9. The volume of a rectangular parallelopiped is 432 sq.cm. If it is converted into two cubes
of equal volumes, then let us calculate the length of each edge of each cube.
10. Each side of a cube is decreased by 50%. Let us calculate the ratio of the volumes original
cube and changed cube.
11. If the ratio of length, breadth and height of a cuboidal box is 3 : 2 : 1 and its volume is 384
cc. then let us calculate the total surface area of the box.
12. The inner length, breadth and height of a box of tea are 7.5 dcm., 6 dcm. and 5.4 dcm.
respectively, if the weight of the box filled with tea is 52 kg. 350gm., but in empty state, its
weight is 3.75 kg. then let us write by calculating, the weight of 1 cubic dcm. tea.
13. The length, breadth and weight of a brass plate with squared base are x cm., 1 mm. and
4725 gm. respectively, if the weight of 1 cubic cm. brass is 8.4 gm., then let us write by
calculating, the value of x.
14. The height of Chandmari Road is to be raised. So, 30 cuboidal holes with equal depth and of
equal measure are dug out on both sides of the road and with this soil the road is elevated. If
the length and breadth of each hole are 14m. and 8m. respectively and if the total quantity of
soil required to make the road be 2520 cubic metre then let us calculate the depth of each hole.
15. If the water of 64 water filled buckets of equal measure are taken out from the water of a
1
cubical water filled tank, then 3– rd of water remains in the tank. If the length of one edge of
the tank is 1.2m, then let us calculate and write the quantity of water that can be hold in
each bucket?
16. If the length, breadth and height of one packet of one gross match box are 2.8 dcm., 1.5
dcm. and 0.9 dcm. respectively, then let us calculate the volume of one match box. [one
gross = 12 dozen]. But if the length and breadth of one match box be 5cm. and 3.5 cm.,
then let us calculate and the height of it.
74
17. Half of a cuboidal water tank with length of 2.1 m. and breadth of 1.5 m. is filled with
water. If 630 litre water is poured more into the tank, then let us calculate and write the
depth that will be increased by.
18. The length and breadth of a rectangular field of the village are 20m. and 15m. respectively.
For construction of pillars in the 4 corners of that field 4 cubic holes having length of 4 m.
are dug out and the soils removed are dispersed on the remaining land. Let us calculate and
write the height of the surfaces of the field that is increased by.
19. For elevating 6.5 dcm of a low land with length of 48 m. and breadth of 31.5 m, it is
decided that the soil will be collected by scooping a hole in a nearby land with length of
27m. and breadth of 18.2m., let us calculate the depth of the hole, in metre.
20. There were 800lit, 725 lit and 575 lit. Kerosine oil in three kerosine oil drums of the house.
The oil of these three drums is poured into a cuboidal pot and for this, the depth of oil in
drums becomes 7dcm. If the ratio of the length and breadth of the cuboidal pot is 4 : 3, then
let us write by calculating, the length and breadth of the pot.
If the depth of the cuboidal pot would be 5 dcm, then let us calculate whether 1620 lit. oil
can be kept or not in that pot.
21. The daily requirements of water of three families in our three-storyed flat are 1200 lit, 1050
lit. and 950 lit respectively. After fulfilling these requirements in order to put up a tank again
and to deposit to store 25% of the required water, only a land having the length of 2.5 m and
breadth of 1.6m has been procured. Let us calculate the depth of the tank in metre that
should be made.
If the breadth of the land would be more by 4 dcm, then let us calculate the depth of the
tank to be made.
22. The weight of a wooden box with 5cm thickness. along with its covering is 115.5 kg. But
the weight of the box filled with rice is 880.5 kg. The length and breadth of inner side of the
box are 12 dcm. and 8.5 dcm. respectively and the weight of 1 cubic dcm. rice is 1.5 kg.
Let us write the inner height of the box after calculation. Let us calculate the total expenditure
to colour the outside of the box, if the rate is ` 1.50 per sq.dcm.
23. The depth of water of a cuboidal pond with length of 20m. and breadth of 18.5 m is 3.2 m.,
let us write by calculating, the time required to irrigate whole water of the pond with a pump
having the capacity to irrigate 160 kilo lit. water per hour. If that quantity of water is poured
on a paddy field with a ridge having the length of 59.2 m and breadth of 40m., then what is
the depth of water in that land– let us write by calculating it, [1 cubic metre = 1 kilo litre]
24. V. S. A. :
(A) M.C.Q. ı
(i) The inner volume of a cuboidal box is 440 cc. and the area of inner base is 88 sq.cm.,
the inner height of the box is
(a) 4 cm. (b) 5 cm. (c) 3 cm. (d) 6 cm.
75
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 4
(ii) The length, breadth and height of a cuboidal hole are 40m., 12m. and 16m. respectively.
The number of planks having the height of 5 m. the breadth of 4m. and the thickness
of 2m., can be kept in that hole is
(a) 190˛ (b) 192 (c) 184 (d) 180
(iii) The surface area of a cube is 256 sq.m., the volume of the cube is
(a) 64 cubic metre (b) 216 cubic metre (c) 256 cubic metre (d) 512 cubic metre
lHints : The number of surfaces is 6n
(iv) The ratio of the volumes of two cubes is 1 : 27, the ratio of total surface areas of two
cubes is
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 8 (c) 1 : 9 (d) 1 : 18
(v) If total surface area of a cube is s sq. unit and the length of the diagonal is d unit, then
the relation between s and d is
s
(a) s = 6d2 (b) 3s = 7d (c) s3 = d2 (d) d2 = 2
(B) Let us write True or False of the following statements :
(i) If the length of each edge of a cube is twice of that 1st cube then the volume of this
cube is 4 times more than that of the 1st cube.
(ii) In rainy season, the height of rain fall in 2 hectre land is 5 cm, the volume of rain water
is 1000 cubic metre.
lHints ı 1 are = 100 sq.m., 1 hectre = 100 aren
(c) Let us fill in the blanks :
(i) The number of diagonals of a cuboid is .
(ii) The length of the diagonal on a surface of a cube = × the length of one edge.
(iii) If the length, breadth and height of a rectengular parallelopiped are equal, then the
special name of this solid is –
25. S.A. ı
(i) If the number of surfaces of a cuboid is x, the number of edges is y, the number of
vertices is z and the number of diagonals is p, let us write the value of x – y + z + p.
(ii) The lengths of the dimensions of two cuboids are 4, 6, 4 units and 8, (2 h – 1), 2 units
respectively. If the volumes of two cuboids are equal, then let us write the value of h.
(iii) If each edge of a cube is increased by 50%, then how much the total surface area of
the cube will be increased in percent – let us write by calculating it.
(iv) The lengths of each edge of three soild cubes are 3cm., 4cm. and 5cm. respectively,
a new soild is made by melting these three soild cubes. Let us write the length of one
edge of the new cube.
(v) The lengths of two adjacent walls of a room are 12m. and 8m. respectively. If the height
of the room is 4m., then let us write by calculating, the area of the floor of the room.
76
RATIO AND PROPORTION
5 RATIO AND PROPORTION
Today woman football match is going on in the

big field of village of Tentultala. At first a football
match between women team of Bharati Sangha
club and women team of Netaji Sangha club is
going on. A large number of students from different
schools have come to watch the match.
We see there, 60% are boys and 40% are girls present in this foot ball match.
I and Sujoy form the ratio of students present in the field and compare with equivalent quantity
Number of boys : Number of girls = 60 % : 40 % = 3 × 20 : 2 × 20 = 3 : 2
i.e. How many times or division of another same quantity in comparison to a quantity is called
ratio.
A ratio does not alter, if its first and 2nd terms are multiplied or divided by the same non zero
number.
We understand that, if number of boy students : number of girl students present in the field = a:b
a
a ak a k a b
a:b = = = ak : bk [kz0] ñ and a : b = = = : [kz0]
b bk b b k k
k
a
The value of ratio of two real numbers a and b (b z 0) is a : b or ; this a : b is read as "a is to
b
b" a is called the antecedent and b is called consequent of the ratio.
1 What is called 3 and 2 of the ratio of 3:2?
3 isÈ ˛ and 2 is of the ratio 3 : 2
2 What is called if the antecedent and consequent are equal in any ratio?
If a=b in the ratio a : b, i.e. antecedent and consequent are equal, that ratio is called ratio of
equality and if a z b i.e. antecedent and consequent are not equal in that ratio is called ratio of
inequality.
We understand that, the ratio 3:2 is ratio of inequality, but 2 : 2 is a ratio of equality.
a a
3 But what is called the two ratios when the values of > 1 and < 1
a b b
a
If the value of ratio b >1, it is called a ratio of greater inequality and if < 1, the ratio is called
b
ratio of less inequality.
3
We understand that 3 : 2 is a ratio of greater inequality as > 1,
2
2
But in the ratio 2:3, < 1ó
3
.
. . 2 : 3 is a ratio of .
77
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
4 A new ratio is formed when the antecedent and consequent of any ratio interchange their
positions. What is called this new ratio with respect to the previous ratio ?
If the antecedent and consequent of a ratio be interchanged, the changed ratio is called the
inverse ratio of the previous ratio.
b : a is the inverse ratio of a : b

We understand that 3 : 2 is the inverse ratio of 2 : 3
My friend Sujoy did a funny work. He wrote on his copy three ratios of numbers of boys and
girls present in the field as viewers of football match of different times.
He wrote 5 : 2, 4 : 3, 1 : 2
5 But if we take antecedent as product of antecedents and consequent as product of

consequents of the ratios written by Sanjay, what is called this ratio which we get ?
From two or more given ratios, if we take antecedent as product of antecedents of the given
ratios and consequent as product of consequents of the given ratio, then the ratio thus formed is
called mixed or compound ratio.
Example ı Compound ratio of a : b and c : d isÈ ac : bd
We understand that, compound ratio of 5:2ñ 4:3 and 1:2 is (5×4×1):(2×3×2) = 20:12 = 5:3
Application 1 : Let us see the ratios are given below and let us write in the blank places.
Ratio Ratio of equality/ Ratio of greater inequality/ inverse

Ratio of inequality Ratio of less inequality ratio
7: 5 Ratio of inequality Ratio of greater inequality 5:7
6:6
1:4
9:2
compound ratio of
7 : 5, 1 : 4 & 9 : 2È
is ˛
Application 2 : Let us write under which condition x : y becomes ratio of less inequality and
under which condition it becomes ratio of greater inequality.
x x
The ratio x : y is a less inequality when y < 1 and greater inequality when y > 1
x y
The two equivalent ratios of x : y are Èxk : yk and k : k lwhen kz 0n
78
Application 3 : Let us write the inverse ratio of pr : qr in lowest term.È

pr p
pr : qr = qr = q = p : q
.
. . Lowest term of ratio pr : qr is p : q
.
. . Inverse ratio of lowest term of ratio pr : qr is q : p.
Application 4 : Let us write the lowest term of inverse ratio of x2yp:xy2p [Let me do it yourself]
Application 5 : If the lowest term of ratio of two positive real numbers is p : q and their
H.C.F is r, let us write the two positive numbers.
The two positive numbers are pr and qr.
Application 6 : If the ratio of two numbers is 2: 3 and their H.C.F is 7, let us write two
numbers.[Let me do it myself]
Application 7 : Let us write the compound ratios of the following ratios ²
(i) a : b, p : q and x : y (ii) a : bc, b : ca , c : ab
(i) The compound or mixed ratio of a : b, p : q and x : y is
= a×p×x : b×q×y
= apx: bqy
(ii) The compound or mixed ratio of a : bc, b : ca and c : ab is
= a×b×c : bc×ca×ab
= abc:a2b2c2 = 1:abc lDividing both the antecedent and consequent by abcn
Application 8 : Let us find the compound ratio of pq : r and r : pq and let us write the type of
ratio it is called ?
The Compound ratio of pq : r and r : pq is = pq×r : r×pq
= pqr : pqr
= 1 : 1 ldivided both the antecedent and
consequent by pqrn
.
. . The compound ratio of pq : r and r : pq is called a ratio of equality.
Application 9 : Let us write the inverse ratio of the mixed ratio of three ratios p2q : r,È q2 r : p
and r2 p : q lLet me do it myselfn
Application 10 : If A : B = 4 : 5 and B : C = 6 : 7, let us find A : C
A : B = 4 : 5 and B : C = 6 : 7
A 4 and B 6
= =
B 5 C 7
.
..A B 4 6
× = ×
B C 5 7
A 24
or, C = 35
.
. . A : C = 24 : 35
Application 11 : If A : B = 3 : 7 and B : C = 8 : 5, let us find A : C lLet me do it myself˚n
79
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
Application 12 : If A : B = 6 : 7 and B : C = 8 : 9,let us write by calculating the value of A : B : C
A : B = 6 : 7 and B : C = 8 : 9
9 63 .
B:C = 8:9 = 1: = 7:
8 8
. . A : B : C = 6 : 7 : 63
8
= 48 : 56 : 63
Alternately, At the time of finding A:B:C, at first we make the values of B in both cases as equal.
Two values of B are 7 and 8 and their L.C.M is 56
A : B = 6 : 7 = 6×8 : 7×8 = 48 : 56
.
B : C = 8 : 9 = 8×7 : 9×7 = 56 : 63 . . A : B : C = 48 : 56 : 63
Application 13 : If A:B = 5:9 and B:C = 4:5, let us write the value of A:B:C
lLet me do it
myself˚n
Application 14 : If x : y = 2 : 3, let us write by calculating the value of (4x±y) : (2x+3y)
x:y = 2:3
Let x = 2p and y = 3p [where p is a real number and pz0n
. 4x±y 4×2p±3p 8p±3p 5p 5
. . (4x±y) : (2x+3y) = 2x+3y 2×2p+3×3p 4p+9p 13p 13
= 5 : 13
.
. . (4x±y) : (2x+3y) = 5 : 13
4x±y [dividing
4x±y y numerator and
Alternative process, (4x±y) : (2x+3y) = 2x+3y =
2x+3y denominator by yn
y
4 x ±1 4× 2 ±1
=
y
=
2 x +3 2× 2 +3
y
3
3
x
putting y =
2
3 ] ]
8±3
5 = 5 :13
= 3 =
4+9 13
3
Application 15 : If x : y = 7 : 4, let us show that (5x±6y) : (3x+11y) = 11 : 65 lLet me do it

Application 16 : If (3x+5y) : (7x±4y) = 7 : 4, let us find the value of x : y myselfn˚
(3x+5y) : (7x±4y) = 7 : 4
3x+5y 7
or, =
7x±4y 4
or, 4(3x+5y) = 7(7x±4y)
or, 12x+20y = 49x±28y
or, 12x± 49x = ±28y ±20y
or, ± 37x = ±48y
x 48 .
or, y =
37
. . x : y = 48 : 37
80
Application 17 : If (2x+5y) : (5x±7y) = 5 : 3, let us find x : y. lLet me do it myself˚n

Application 18 : If (3x±2y) : (x+3y) = 5 : 6, let us find the value of (2x±5y) : (3x+4y)
3x±2y 5
=
x+3y 6
or, 6(3x±2y) = 5(x+3y)
or, 18x±12y = 5x+15y
or, 13x = 27y
x 27 .
or, y =
13
. . x : y = 27 : 13
If x = 27k and y = 13k lk is non zero real numbern
.
. . (2x±5y) : (3x+4y) = 2x±5y =
2×27k±5×13k 54k±65k ±11k ±11
= =
3x+4y 3×27k+4×13k 81k+52k 133k 133
= = ±11 : 133
.
. . (2x±5y) : (3x+4y) = ±11 : 133
But here we see that one term of ratio is negative. Is it possible in real life.
Shyamal buys an article at ` 100 and sell it at ` 130. So, profit of Shyamal is ` 30. Rafikul buys
an article for ` 100 and sells it at ` 80. So, loss of Rafikul is ` 20. i.e. profit of Rafikul is ` 20.
Ratio of profit of Shyamal & Rafikul is 30 : -20 or, 3 : -2.
Application 19 : If (7x±5y):(3x+4y) = 7:11, let us find the value of (5x±3y):(6x+5y) lLet me
do it myself]
Application 20 : Let us write what should be added to each term of the ratio x:y to make the
ratio p:q
Let k is to be added to each term of x : y to get the ratio p : q
x+k p
So, =
y+k q
or, q(x+k) = p(y+k)
or, qx+qk = py+pk
or, qk±pk = py±qx
. py±qx ( ... p : q is a ratio of inequality ... p z q ;
or, k(q±p) = py±qx . . k = q±p
. py±qx ... q ± p z)
. . Required number q±p is to be added to each term.
Application 21 : Let us write what should be added to each term of the ratio 5 : 3 to make the
ratio 7 : 6. lLet me do it myself˚n
Application 22 : Let us write by calculating, what should be subtracted from each term of the
ratio x : y to make the ratio p : q
Let r is to be subtracted from each term of x : y to get the ratio˛p : q
x± r p
So, =
y± r q
or, qx±qr = py±pr
or, pr± qr = py±qx
or, r(p±q) = py±qx
. py±qx . py ± qx
. . r = p±q . . Required number p ± q is to be subtracted from each term.
81
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
Let us work-out 5.1

1. Let us express the followings as ratios and let us write by understanding ratio of equality,
ratio of less inequality, ratio of greater inequality in each case :
(i) 4 months and 1 year 6 months (ii) 75 paise and ` 1 and 25 paise
(iii) 60 cm. and 0.6 metre (iv) 1.2 kg and 60 gram.
2. (i) Let us write the ratio of p kg and q gram.
(ii) Let us write when it is possible to find ratio of x days z months.
(iii) Let us write what type of mixed ratio of a ratio and its inverse ratio.
a b c
(iv) Let us find mixed ratio of : c, c : a , a : b.
b
(v) Let us write by calculating what ratio and x2 : yz will form the mixed ratio xy : z2
yz zx yx
(vi) Let us calculate compound ratio of inverse ratio of x2 : x , y2 : y , z2 : z
3. Let us find mixed ratio or compound ratio of the following ratios
(i) 4 : 5, 5 : 7 and 9 : 11 (ii) (x+y) : (x±y), (x2+y2) : (x+y)2 and (x2±y2)2 : (x4±y4)
4. (i) Of A : B = 6 : 7 and B : C = 8 : 7, let us find A : C
(ii) If A : B = 2 : 3 ñ B : C = 4 : 5 and C : D = 6 : 7, let us find A : D.
(iii) If A : B = 3 : 4 and B : C = 2 : 3, let us find A : B : C
(iv) If x : y = 2 : 3 and y : z = 4 : 7 let us find x : y : z
5. (i) If x : y = 3 : 4, let us find (3y±x) : (2x+y).
(ii) If a : b = 8 : 7, let us show that (7a±3b) : (11a±9b) = 7 : 5
(iii) If p : q = 5 : 7 and p±q = ±4, let us find the value of 3p+4q.
6. (i) If (5x±3y) : (2x+4y) = 11 : 12, let us find x : y.
(ii) If (3a+7b) : (5a±3b) = 5 : 3, let us find a : b.
7. (i) If (7x±5y) : (3x+4y) = 7 : 11, let us show that, (3x±2y) : (3x+4y) = 137 : 473
(ii) If (10x+3y) : (5x+2y) = 9 : 5, let us show that, (2x+y) : (x+2y) = 11 : 13
8. (i) Let us calculate what term should be added to both terms of the ratio 2 : 5 to make the
ratio 6 : 11
(ii) Let us calculate what term should be subtracted from each term of the ratio a : b to
make the ratio m : n.
(iii) What term should be added to antecedent and subtracted from consequent of ratio
4 : 7 to make a compound ratio of 2 : 3 and 5 : 4.
82
Next month a football match of teenagers will be arranged

in that field of village of Tentultala. Bharati Sangha has
decided to buy jerseys for each teenager to play football.
Soumen uncle has bought 7 jerseys at ` 560. We
accompanied with Sharmistha didi have bought 15 jerseys
at ` 1200 at the same rate.
6 I make different ratios of number of jerseys bought
by Soumen uncle and us and the price of jerseys, let
us see what we get.
The number of jerseys bought by Soumen uncle : the number of jersey bought by us = 7 : 15
The price of jerseys bought by Soumen uncle : the price of jerseys bought by us = 560 : 1200 =
7×80 : 15×80 = 7 : 15
7 But after expressing simplest form of two ratios we see that the two ratios are equal, what
this type of numbers is called that formed ratio of equality?
If four real numbers are such that the ratio of the first two is equal to ratio of the last two, then the
four numbers in that order are said to be proportional or said to be in proportion.
If four real numbers a,b,c and d (b z 0 and d z 0) be in proportion, we write a : b :: c : d where
a and b are called extreme terms and b,c are called middle term and 'd' is called the fourth term
or fourth proportion.
We understand, four numbers 7, 15, 560, 1200 are proportional i.e. 7:15::560:1200; here 7 and
1200 are extreme terms and 15, 560 are middle terms, 1200 is fourth term or fourth proportion.
8 If four numbers a, b, c and d are proportional, let us try to write relation among them.
a, b, c and d are proportioanl
.
. . a : b :: c : d
a c .
i.e,
b d
= . . ad = bc
We observe that, if four numbers are in proportion, then the product of the extreme terms is
equal to the product of the middle terms.
We understand on 7 : 15 :: 560 : 1200
7×1200 = = 15×560 lLet me do it myselfn
Application 23 : Let us see whether four numbers 2, 3, 4 and 6 are in proportion or not.
.
2×6 = and 3×4 = . . 2 : 3 :: 4 : 6
Application 24 : Let us see whether four numbers 2.5, ±2, ±5 and 4 are in proportion or not.
.
2.5×4 = and (±2)×(±5) = . . 2 .5 : (±2) :: (±5) : 4
Application 25 : Let us see whether four numbers 2, 7, 12 and 42 are in proportion or not.
[let me do it myself]
Application 26 : Let us see whether four terms ± 2, 6, 1 and ± 18 are in proportion or not.
[let me do it myself]
83
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
Application 27 : Let us find which pair of numbers given below are proportional to 5pq, 3q
(a) 15pt, 3q (b) 15pt, 9t (c) 15pr, 9t
5pq 5p 5p×3t 15pt
5pq:3q = = = =
3q 3 3×3t 9t
.
. . Required two numbers are 15pt and 9t .
Application 28 : Let us see whether 2a, 3b, 6ac and 9bc are proportional or not.
2a×9bc = and 3b ×6ac =
We get product of the extreme terms = product of the middle terms.
.
. . 2a, 3b, 6ac and 9bc are proportional.
Application 29 : Let us see whether 8x, 5yz, 40qx and 25qyz are proportional or not.
Application 30 : If 6 : x :: 2 : 13, then let us write by calculating the value of x.
6 : x :: 2 : 13
6 2
x = 13
or, 2x = 6×13
78 .
or, x =
2
. . x = 39
Application 31 : If 8 : y :: 2 : 21, let us write by calculating, the value of y.[Let me do it myself]
Application 32 : Let us find the fourth proportional of 6, 9, 12
Let the fourth proportional be x
6 : 9 :: 12 : x
6 12
or, = x
9
.
or, 6x = 9×12 ..x=
Application 33 : Let us write by calculating the fourth proportional of 5, 4, 25
Let us see how many different proportions can be obtained by any four numbers in proportion.
If four numbers a, b, c and d are in proportion
.a c
a : b :: c : d . . =
b d
a c a b . a c b d .
(i) = or, =
b d c d
. . a : c :: b : d (ii) = or, =
b d a c
. . b : a :: d : c
a c c d .
(iii) = or, =
b d a b
. . c : a :: d : b
.
. . We get if a, b, c and d are in proportion, then (i) a, c, b, d are in proportion (ii) b, a, d, c are
in proportion (iii) c, a, d, b are in proportion
We understand that, it is possible to make the independent proportions out of the four numbers
2, 3, 4 and 6 in proportion are (i) 2 : 4 :: 3 : 6 (ii) 3 : 2 :: 6 : 4 (iii) 4 : 2 :: 6 : 3
84
Application 34 :Let us write by calculating how many independent proportions can be obtained from
the proportional numbers 5, 6, 10 and 12 and mention those proportions. [Let me do it myself]
Application 35 : Let us write by calculating which number is to be added to each of 2, 4, 6 and
10 to make the sums proportional.
Let x is to be added to each.
.
. . (2+x), (4+x), (6+x) and (10+x) will be proportional,
.
. . (2+x) : (4+x) :: (6+x) : (10+x)
2+x 6+x
or, 4+x = 10+x
or, (2+x)(10+x) = (6+x)(4+x)
or, 20+10x+2x+x2 = 24+4x+6x+x2
.
or, 2x = 4 . . x = 2
.
. . Required number = 2.
Application 36 : Let us write by calculating which number is to be added to each of 12, 22, 42
and 72 to make the sums proportional. [Let me do it myself]
Application 37 : Let us write by calculating which number is to be added to each of a, b, c, d
to make the sums proportional.
Let x is to be added to each number.
.
. . (a+x) : (b+x) :: (c+x) : (d+x)
. a+x c+x
. . b+x = d+x
or, (a+x)(d+x) = (c+x)(b+x)
or, ad+dx+ax+x2 = cb+bx+cx+x2
. cb±ad
or, x(d+a±b±c) = cb±ad . . x = a+d±b±c (when a+d z b+c )
. cb±ad
. .a+d±b±c is to be added to each of a,b,c and d to make the sums proportional.
Application 38 :Let us write by calculating which number is to be added to each of 3.6,7 and
10 to make the sums proportional. [Let me do it myself]
Sharmistha didi wrote three numbers on the blackboard of the room of club.
She wrote 4, 8 and 16
Let us see whether the three numbers 4, 8 and 16 can be written
as proportion or not.
4:8 = 1:2
and 8 : 16 = 1 : 2
.
. . We can write 4 : 8 :: 8 : 16
9 But if three quantities are in proportion like wise, what this proportion is called.
Among the three quantities of the same class, if ratio of first and second term be equal to ratio of
second and 3rd term, then the three quantities are called continued proportion.
We understand that, the numbers 4, 8 and 16 which we write on the board are in continued
proportion.
85
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
10If three real numbers a, b and c (bz0, cz0) are in continued proportion, what relation
among them we shall get. ± Let us see.
a, b and c are in continued proportion
.
. . a : b :: b : c
a b
i.e. =
b c
.
or, b2 = ac . . b = ac
.
. . We get if a, b and c are in continued proportion, b2 = ac or b = ac
b will be if positive sign of a and c are both of positive sign and b will be of negative sign if a
and c are both of negative sign.
If a and c be of opposite sign, then b will be undefined.
11 If a, b and c are in continued proportion what 'b' is called ?

a b . 2
If a, b and c are in continued proportion, =
b c
. . b = ac
Here b is called the mean proportional of a and c and c is the third proportional.
a b c d
If a, b, c, d, e are continued proportional, then = = =
b c d e
We understand that 8 is mean proportional and 16 is the third proportional of three continued
proportional numbers 4, 8 and 16.
Application 39 : Let us find the 3rd proportional of 9 and 15.
Let the 3rd proportional be x
.
. . 9, 15 and x are in continued proportion.
9 15
So, =
15 x
or, 9x = 15×15
15×15 .
or, x =
9
..x=
.
. . Required 3rd proportional is 25.
Application 40 : Let us find 3rd proportional of ` 3 and ` 12. [Let me do it myself]
Application 41 : Let us find 3rd proportional of 2a2 and 3ab.
Let the 3rd proportional be x.
.
. . 2a2 , 3ab and x are in continued proportion.
. 2a2 3ab
. . 3ab = x
or, 2a2x = 3ab×3ab
3ab×3ab
or, x = 2a2
.
. . x = 9b2
2
.
. . Required 3rd proportional is 9b
2
86
Application 42 : Let us find 3rd proportional of 9pq, 12pq2 [Let me do it myself]

1 1
Application 43 : Let us find mean proportional of and
12 75
1 1
Let the mean proportional of and be x
12 75
1
So, 12 = x or, x2 = ×
1 1
x 1 12 75
75
1
or, x =
12×75
. 1
. . x = 30
.
. . Required mean proportional is 301
Application 44 : Let us write by calculating the mean proportional of 0.5 and 4.5.
Application 45 : If the extreme term of three positive continued proportional numbers are pqrñ
pr
q , let us find the mean proportional.
Let the mean proportional be x
. pr
. . pqr, x and q are in continued proportion.
.
. . pqr = x
x pr
q
pr
or, x2 = pqr × q = p2r2
or, x = p2r2
. ..
. . x = pr S . extreme terms are positiveV
.
. . Required mean proportional is pr.
Application 46 : Let us find the mean proportional of positive numbers xy2 and xz2
Let us see by calculating 5.2
1. Let us find the value of x for the following proportions.
(i) 10 : 35 :: x : 42 (ii) x : 50 :: 3 : 2
2. Let us find the fourth proportional of the followings :
1 1± 1±
(i) ±
3,4,5 (ii) 9.6 kg, 7.6 kg, 28.8 kg. (iii) x2y, y2z, z2x
(iv) (p±q), (p2±q2), p2±pq+q2
3. Let us find the 3rd proportional of the following positive numbers :
(i) 5, 10 (ii) 0.24, 0.6 (iii) p3q2, q2r (iv) (x±y)2, (x2±y2)2
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GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
4. Let us find the mean proportional of the following positive numbers :
(i) 5 and 80 (ii) 8.1 and 2.5 (iii) x3y and xy3 (iv) (x±y)2, (x+y)2
5. If the two ratios a : b and c : d express mutually opposite relations, let us write what relation
will be expressed by their inverse relation.
6. Let us write how many continued proportions can be constructed by three numbers in continued proportions.
7. If the first and second of the five numbers in continued proportion are 2 and 6 respectively,
let us find the fifth number.
8. Let us write by calculating what should be added to each of 6, 15, 20 and 43 to make the sums proportional.
9. Let us find what should be subtracted from each of 23, 30, 57 and 78 to make the results proportional.
10. Let us find what should be subtracted from each of p, q, r, s to have four numbers in proportion.È
Sabba wrote four numbers on the board like

Sharmisthadidi, which are in proportion.
Sabba wrote 3, 5, 6 and 10
We see, 3 : 5 :: 6 : 10 i.e. 3 : 5 = 6 : 10
Again, 3 : 6 = 1 : 2 = 5 : 10
i.e. 3 : 6 :: 5 : 10
We get, if 3 : 5 :: 6 : 10 then, 3 : 6 :: 5 : 10
12 I write any four proportional non zero numbers a, b,
c and d on the board and let us prove some properties of proportional. If a,b,c and d are
in proportion let us prove that a,b,c and d will be proportional.
Proof : a, b, c, d are in proportion i.e. a : b :: c : d
.
. . ab = cd
b
Multiplying both sides by we get
c
a b c b
× = ×
b c d c
a b
or, =
c d
.
. . a:c = b:d
we get, if a : b :: c : d then a : c :: b : d
13 But what is called this property of proportion ?

"If the second and third terms interchange their places, then also the four terms are in proportion", ,
this property of their proportion is called alternendo.
We understand, if 2 : 3 :: 10 : 15 then 2 : 10 :: 3 : [Let me do it myself]
Again we see, if 3 : 5 :: 6 : 10 then 3 : 6 :: 5 : 10
88
14 For four numbers a, b, c, d if a : b :: c : d, let us prove the possibility of b : a :: d : c

Proof, a : b :: c : d
a c
i.e. = i.e. ad = bc
b d
Dividing both sides by ac, we get
ad · ac = bc· ac
d b
or, =
c a
b d
or, =
a c
.
. . b : a :: d : c
.
. . we get, if a : b :: c : d then b : a :: d : c
"If two ratios are equal then their inverse ratios are also equal". This property of proportion is
called inverse or invertendo.
We understand, if 6 : 10 :: 9 : 15 then 10 : 6 :: : [Let me do it myself]
My friend Bivas has done a funny work. He made different types of proportion with the help of
four numbers 3, 5, 6 and 10, written by sabba.
He did, (3+5) : 5 = (6+10) : 10
16 If a : b :: c : d, then let us prove the possibility of (a+b ): b :: (c+d ): d.
a c
Proof : a : b :: c : d i.e. =
b d
a c
or, +1 = +1 ladding 1 both sides, we getn
b d
a+b c+d
or, =
b d
.
. . (a+b) : b :: (c+d) : d
We get, for four numbers a, b, c and d, if a : b :: c : d then (a+b) : b :: (c+d) : d
17 What is called this property of proportion ?
This property is called Componendo.
We understand. if 4 : 5 :: 8 : 10, then with the help of componendo of proportion, we get (4+5) : 5
= : 10 [Let me do it myself]
18 But if a : b :: c : d, let us prove the possibility of (a±b): b :: (c±d ): d
a c
Proof : a : b :: c : d i.e. =
b d
a c
or, ±1 = ±1 lSubtracting 1 from both sides we getn
b d
a±b c±d
or, =
. b d
. . (a±b) : b :: (c±d) : d
.
. . we get, if a : b :: c : d, then, (a±b) : b :: (c±d) : d
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GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
19 What is called this property of proportion ?
For four numbers a, b, c, d if a : b :: c : d, then (a±b) : b :: (c±d) : d. This property of proportion
is called Dividendo.
We understand, if 5 : 4 = 10 : 8, then with the help of dividendo of proportion we get (5±4) : 4 =
: 8 llet us write it by verifyingn
Application 47 : If a : b :: c : d, then let us prove with the help of componendo and dividendo
of proportion (a+b) : (a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d)
Proof, a : b :: c : d
a c a+b c+d
i.e. =
b d
or,
b
=
d
lwe get by componendon
a c a±b c±d
Again, = or, = [we get by dividendo]
b d b d
a+b a±b c+d c±d
so, · = ·
b b d d
a+b c+d
or, =
a±b c±d
.
. . (a+b) : (a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d)
Alternative proof :
a c
Let, = = k, (where k is a constant)
b d
.
. . a = bk and c = dk
.
. . a+b =
bk+b b(k+1) k+1
= =
a±b bk±b b(k±1) k±1
c+d dk+d d(k+1) k+1
Again, = = =
c±d dk±d d(k±1) k±1
.
. . (a+b) : (a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d)
.
. . We get if a : b :: c : d then (a+b) : (a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d)
If 'a : b :: c : d, then (a+b) : (a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d)'. This property of proprotion is called
componendo and dividendo.
Application 48 : Taking the numbers of proportion 7:3::14:6, let us apply componendo and
dividendo of proportion.
.
7 : 3 = 14 : 6 . . (7+3) : (7±3) = 10 : 4 = 5 : 2
Again, (14+6) : (14±6) = 20 : 8 = 5 : 2
.
. . (7+3) : (7±3) :: (14+6) : (14±6)
Application 49 : If 5 : 4 : : 10 : 8, then with the help of componendo and dividendo of
proportion, we get,
(5+4) : (5±4) :: (10+8) : [Let me do it myself]
90
Application 50 : If a : b : : c : d, then let us prove that (a2+b2) : (a2±b2) :: (c2+d2) : (c2±d2)

a c a2 c2
a : b : : c : d i.e. = or, 2 = 2 lsquaring we getn
b d b d
a +b2 c2 +d2
2
or, 2 2 = 2 2 lApplying componendo and dividendo we getn
a ±b c ±d
.
. . (a2+b2) : (a2±b2) :: (c2+d2) : (c2±d2)
a c .
Alternative proof, let = = k (where k is a constant)
b d
. . a = bk and c = dk
2 2 2 2
a 2 +b 2 (bk) +b = b (k +1) = k 2 +1
L.H.S = 2 2 =
a ±b (bk)2 ±b 2 b 2 (k 2 ±1) k 2 ±1
2 2 2 2
c 2 +d 2 (dk) +d = d (k +1) = k 2 +1 .
R.H.S = 2 2 = . . L.H.S = R.H.S lprovedn
c ±d (dk)2 ±d 2 d 2 (k 2 ±1) k 2 ±1
Application 51 : If a:b::c:d, let us prove that (4a+7b):(4a±7b)::(4c+7d):(4c±7d) [Let me do
Tusar wrote many ratios on the board. it myself]
Tusar wrote, 2 : 5, 6 : 15, 16 : 40, 24 : 60
2 6 16 24
We see, = = =
5 15 40 60
21 I make a ratio of which the antecedent term is the sum of antecedent terms and the consequent
term is the sum of consequent terms of ratio which had been written by Tuser.
2+6+16+24 = 48 = 2
5+15+40+60 120 5
.
. . We get 52 = 15 6 = 16 = 24 = 2+6+16+24
40 60 5+15+40+60
2 2 If a : b = c : d = e : f , let us prove that each ratio is equal to ˛(a+c+e) : (b+d+f)
Proof, a : b = c : d = e : f
a c e
Let = = = k (where k is a constant)
b d f
.
. . a = bk, c = dk and e = fk
. k(b+d+f)
. . a+c+e = bk+dk+fk = =k
b+d+f b+d+f b+d+f
.
. . We get, ab = cd = ef = a+c+e
b+d+f
. a a a a a +a +a +...+a
. . In general we can write, b1 = b 2 = b 3 =...= b n = b 1 +b 2 +b 3 +...+b n
1 2 3 n 1 2 3 n
23 But what is called this property of proportion?

a1 a 2 a 3 a a +a +a +...+a n
= = =...= n = 1 2 3 this property of proportion is called
b1 b 2 b 3 b n b 1 +b 2 +b 3 +...+b n
Addendo.
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GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
24 If a : b = c : d = e : f, let us see whether each ratio is equal to (i) (a+c±e) : (b+d±f) (ii) (a±
c+e) : (b±d+f) (iii) (a±c±e) : (b±d±f)
a c e .
(i) = = = k (where k is a constant) . . a = bk, c = dk, e = fk
b d f
a+c±e = bk+dk±fk = k(b+d±f) =k ... a : b = c : d = e : f = (a+c±e) : (b+d±f)
b+d±f b+d±f (b+d±f)
a±c+e bk±dk+fk k(b±d+f) .

(ii) b±d+f = b±d+f = (b±d+f) =k . . a : b = c : d = e : f = (a±c+e) : (b±d+f)
a±c±e bk±dk±fk k(b±d±f) .

(iii) b±d±f = b±d±f = (b±d±f) =k . . a : b = c : d = e : f = (a±c±e) : (b±d±f)
am+cn+ep
25 If a : b = c : d = e : f let us proof that each ratio is equal to˛ È lm, n, p are non zero
bm+dn+fp
numbersn [Let me do it myself]
2 6 8
Application 52 : We can write by applying the addendo property of proportion, = = =
3 9 12
268
Application 53 : If a :b = c:d, let us prove that (a2+c2) (b2+d2) = (ab+cd) 2
a c a2 c2 a2+c2
a: b = c:d or, =
b d
or, = =
ab cd ab+cd
lApplying addendo property, we getn
a c ab cd ab+cd
Again, = or, 2 = 2 = 2 2 lApplying addendo property, we getn
b d b d b +d
a +c
2 2
ab+cd
so, =
ab+cd b2+d2
.
. . (a2+c2) (b2+d2) = (ab+cd) 2 lprovedn
Alternative proof
a c
Let = = k (where k is a constant)
b d
.
. . a = bk, c = dk
.
. . L.H.S = (a2+c2)(b2+d2) = (b2k2+d2k2)(b2+d2) = k2(b2+d2)2
R.H.S = (ab+cd)2 = (bk×b+dk×d)2 = (b2k+d2k)2 = k2(b2+d2)2
.
. . L.H.S = R.H.S SprovedV
3
x 3 y z 3 3xyz
Application 54 : If x : a = y : b = z : c, let us show that 3 + 3 + 3 =
a b c abc
x y z
Let, = = = k (where k is a constant)
a b c
.
. . x = ak, y = bk and z = ck
3
x 3 y z 3 a 3 k 3 b3 k 3 c3 k 3
L.H.S = 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 + 3 + 3 =k 3 +k 3 +k 3 =3k 3
a b c a b c
3xyz 3×ak×bk×ck
=3k 3 .
R.H.S = abc = abc . . L.H.S = R.H.S lprovedn
92
Application 55 : If a : b = b : c, let us show that (a+b+c) (a±b+c) = a2+b2+c2

a b
Let, = = k (where k is a constant)
b c
.
. . a = bk, b = ck
So, a = ck×k = ck2
L.H.S = (a+b+c) (a±b+c) R.H.S = a2+b2+c2
= (ck2+ck+c) (ck2±ck+c) = (ck2)2 +(ck)2 +c2
= c(k2+k+1) × c(k2±k+1) = c2k4+c2k2 +c2
= c2(k2+k+1) (k2±k+1) = c2 (k4+k2+1)
= c2 [k4+2k2+1±k2]
= c2 [(k2+1)2 ± (k)2]
= c2 (k2+1+k) (k2+1±k)
= c2 (k2+k+1) (k2±k+1)
.
. . L.H.S = R.H.S lProvedn
Application 56 : If a, b, c, d are in continued proportion, let us show that (a2±b2) (c2±d2) =
(b2±c2)2
a b c
Let, = = = k (where k is a constant),
b c d
so, a = bk, b = ck, c = dk
.
. . b = dk×k = dk2 and a = dk2 ×k = dk3
R.H.S = (b2 ± c2)2
L.H.S = (a2 ± b2) (c2 ± d2)
= {(dk2)2 ±(dk)2}2
= {(dk ) ±(dk ) }{(dk) ± d }
3 2 2 2 2 2
= {d2k4± d2k2}2
= {d2k6 ±d2k4}{d2k2 ± d2}
= {d2k2 (k2 ±1)}2
= d k (k ±1)× d (k ±1)
2 4 2 2 2
= d4k4 (k2±1) 2
= d k (k ±1)
4 4 2 2
.
. . L.H.S = R.H.S lProvedn
ay±bx cx±az bz±cy x y z
Application 57 : If = = , let us prove that = =
c b a a b c
ay±bx cx±az bz±cy
= =
c b a
. c(ay±bx) b(cx±az) a(bz±cy)
.. cð
=
bð
=
að
c(ay±bx)+b(cx±az)+a(bz±cy) cay±cbx+bcx±baz+abz±acy
= = =0 lusing addendo we getn
c2 +b2 +a 2 c2 +b2 +a 2
ay±bx
So, =0 or, ay±bx = 0
c . y
or, ay = bx . . b = xa
cx±az .
Again,
b
=0 or, cx = az . . xa = zc
. y
. . xa = b = cz lProvedn
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GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
Alternative proof :
ay±bx cx±az bz±cy
Let, = = = k (where k is a constant)
.. c b a
. ay±bx = ck, cx±az = bk and bz±cy = ak
ay±bx = ck (i) cx±az = bk (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by c and (ii) by b and adding them, we get
acy ± bcx = c2k
bcx ± abz = b2k
a(cy±bz) = k(b2+c2)
k
or, cy±bz = (b2+c2)
a
k ..
or, ±ak = (b2+c2) [ . bz±cy = ak]
a
or, ±a2k = kb2+kc2
. ..
or, k(a2+b2+c2) = 0 . . k = 0 [ . a2+b2+c2 z 0]
ay±bx . y
So,
c
=0 or, ay±bx = 0 or, ay = bx . . xa = b
cx±az . . y
Again,
b
= 0 or, cx±az = 0 or, cx = az . . xa = zc . . xa = b = zc lProvedn
x y z x+y+z
Application 58 : If a+b±c = b+c±a = c+a±b , let us prove that each ratio [Let me do
a+b+c
it myself]
bz+cy cx+az ay+bx
Application 59 : If = = let us prove that
a b c
x y z
= =
a(b +c ±a ) b(c +a 2 ±b 2 ) c(a 2 +b 2 ±c 2 )
2 2 2 2
bz+cy cx+az ay+bx

= =
a b c
abz+acy bcx+baz cay+cbx
or, = =
a2 b2 c2
(bcx+baz)+(cay+cbx)±(abz+acy)
= 2 2 2
= 2 2bcx [Applying componendo and
b +c ±a b +c 2 ±a 2 dividendo, we get]
Again, similarly we get
(abz+acy)+(acy+bcx)±(bcx+baz) 2acy
Each ratio = 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
a +c ±b c +a ±b
(abz+acy)+(bcx+abz)±(acy+bcx)
and each ratio = 2 2 2
= 2 2abz
a +b ±c a +b 2 ±c2
. 2bcx = 2acy = 2abz 2abcx 2abcy 2abcz

.. or, = =
2 2 2 2 2
b +c ±a c +a ±b a +b ±c 2 2 2 2
a(b +c ±a ) b(c +a ±b ) c(a +b2 ±c 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. x y z
. . a(b 2 +c 2 ±a 2 ) = b(c 2 +a 2 ±b 2 ) = c(a 2 +b2 ±c 2 ) lDividing each by 2abc, we getn
94
4ab x+2a x+2b

Application 60 : If x = , let us show that + = 2 lgiven az0, bz0 and azbn
a+b x±2a x±2b
4ab x 2b
x=
a+b
or, =
2a a+b
ldividing both sides by 2a, we getn
x+2a 2b+a+b
so,
x±2a
=
2b±a±b
lApplying componendo and dividendo, we getn
a+3b
=
b±a
4ab x 2a
Again, x =
a+b
Óyñ 2b =
a+b
lDividing both sides by 2b, we getn
x+2b 2a+a+b
so,
x±2b
=
2a±a±b
lApplying componendo and dividendo, we getn
3a+b
=
a±b
. x+2a x+2b 3b+a 3a+b 3b+a 3a+b 3b+a±3a±b 2b±2a 2(b±a)
. . x±2a + x±2b = b±a + a±b = b±a ± b±a = b±a =
b±a
=
b±a
=2
a+b±c b+c±a c+a±b

Application 61 : If = = and a+b+c z 0, let us prove that a = b = c
a+b b+c c+a
a+b±c b+c±a c+a±b
= =
a+b b+c c+a
c a b
or, 1±
a+b
= 1±
b+c
= 1±
c+a
lsubtracting each ratio from 1, we getn
c a b
or, = =
a+b b+c c+a
a+b b+c a+c
or,
c
=
a
=
b
lApplying converse process, we getn
a+b+c b+c+a a+c+b
or,
c
=
a
=
b
ladding 1 to each ratio, we getn
1± 1± 1± . .
or, c = a = b l . a+b+cz0, dividing by a+b+cn
.
. . a = b = c lApplying converse process, we getn lProvedn
bz±cy cx±az ay±bx
Application 62 : If = , let us show that each ratio is equal to
b±c c±a a±b
bz±cy cx±az
=
b±c c±a
ay ± bx
In ratio , z is absent. Each term of first ratio is multiplied by a and each term of 2nd
a±b
ratio is multiplied by b for eleminating z, we get,
abz±acy bcx±abz abz±acy+bcx±abz
ab±ac
=
bc±ba
= lapplying addendo process, we getn
ab±ac+bc±ba
±acy+bcx ±c(ay±bx) ay±bx
= = =
±ac+bc ±c(a±b) a±b
. bz±cy cx±az ay±bx
. . b±c = c±a = a±b lProvedn
95
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
x y z 1
Application 63 : If = = , let us prove that each ratio is equal to ±2 or (±1)
y+z z+x x+y
x y z
Let = = = k (where k is a non zero constant)
y+z z+x x+y
So, x = k(y+z), y = k(z+x) and z = k(x+y)
Now, x+y+z = k(y+z) + k(z+x) + k(x+y)
or, x+y+z = k(y+z+z+x+x+y)
or, x+y+z = 2k(x+y+z)
or, (x+y+z) ± 2k(x+y+z) = 0
or, (x+y+z) (1± 2k) = 0
Either, x+y+z = 0
or, 1±2k = 0
. 1
or, ±2k = ±1 . . k = ±2
. 1
. . Each and every ratio is = 2±
Again, if x+y+z = 0, then y+z = ±x
. x x
. . y+z =
±x
= ±1
y y z z
Again, z+x = ±y; so, z+x = ±y = ± 1 and x+y = ±z ; so, = = ±1
x+y ±z
. x y z 1
. . if, y+z = z+x =
x+y
, the value of each ratio is equal to ±2 or (±1)
b a+c±b a+b+c a b c
Application64:If = = (where a+b+cz0), let us show that 2 = 3 = 4
a+b b+c±a 2a+b+2c
b a+c±b a+b+c
= =
a+b b+c±a 2a+b+2c
2b a+c±b 2(a+b+c) 2b+a+c±b+2a+2b+2c lusing addendo process
or, 2(a+b) = b+c±a = 2(2a+b+2c) = 2a+2b+b+c±a+4a+2b+4c
we getn
3(a+b+c) 3 ..
= = 5 S . a+b+cz0V
3 5(a+b+c)
b
so, = or, 5b = 3a+3b
a+b 5
. a b
or, 2b = 3a . . 2 = 3 (i)
a+c±b 3
Again, =
b+c±a 5
or, 5(a+c±b) = 3(b+c±a)
or, 5a+5c±5b = 3b+3c±3a
or, 8a±8b = ±2c
..
or, 8a±12a = ±2c [ . 2b = 3a]
.
or, ±4a = ±2c . . 2a = 4c (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get 2a = 3b = 4c lProvedn
96
b+c±a c+a±b a+b±c a b c

Application 65 : If= = , let us prove that x = y = z
y+z±x z+x±y x+y±z
b+c±a c+a±b a+b±c = b+c±a+c+a±b+a+b±c
= =
y+z±x z+x±y x+y±z y+z±x+z+x±y+x+y±z
lusing addendo process, we getn
. a+b+c
. . Each ratio = x+y+z
. b+c±a a+b+c (a+b+c) ± (b+c±a) . 2a a
. .y+z±x =
x+y+z
=
(x+y+z) ± (y+z±x)
. . Each ratio = 2x = x
c+a±b a+b+c (a+b+c) ± (c+a±b) .

similarly, =
z+x±y x+y+z
=
(x+y+z) ± (z+x±y)
. . Each ratio = 2b b
2y = y
a+b±c a+b+c (a+b+c) ± (a+b±c) . 2c c
and =
x+y±z x+y+z
=
(x+y+z) ± (x+y±z)
. . Each ratio = 2z = z
. a b c
. . x = y = z lProvedn
Application 66 : If (4a+5b) (4c±5d) = (4a±5b) (4c+5d), let us prove that a, b, c and d are in
proportion. [Let me do it myself]
Let us work-out 5.3
1. If a : b = c : d, let us show that,

(i) (a2+b2) : (a2±b2) = (ac+bd) : (ac±bd)
(ii) (a2+ab+b2):(a2±ab+b2) = (c2+cd+d2) : (c2±cd+d2)
(iii) a2+c2 : b2+d2 = (pa+qc) : (pb+qd)
2. If x : a = y : b = z : c, let us prove that,

3
y3 3
(x+y+z)3 x 3 +y3 +z3 xyz
(i) x2 + 2 + z2 = (ii) =
a b c (a+b+c)2 a 3 +b3 +c3 abc
(iii) (a2+b2+c2)(x2+y2+z2) = (ax+by+cz)2
3. If a : b = c : d = e : f, let us prove that,

5a±7c±13e
(i) Each ratio = (ii) (a2+c2+e2) (b2+d2+f 2) = (ab+cd+ef)2
5b±7d±13f
4. If a : b = b : c, let us prove that,

2 2 2
abc(a+b+c)3
(i) a+b = a 2 +b2 (ii) a 2 b 2c2 §¨ 13 + 13 + 13 ·¸ = a 3 +b3 +c3 (iii) =1
b+c b +c ©a b c ¹ (ab+bc+ca)3
5. If a, b, c, d are continued proportion, let us prove that
(i) (a2+b2+c2)(b2+c2+d2) = (ab+bc+cd)2 (ii) (b±c)2+(c±a)2+(b±d)2 = (a±d)2
97
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER˚ ı 5
m n
6. (i) If a = b , let us show that (m2+n2)(a2+b2) = (am+bn)2
a x
(ii) If b = y , let us show that, (a+b)(a2+b2)x3 = (x+y)(x2+y2)a3
x y z
(iii) If, = = , let us show that lx+my+nz = 0
lm±n2 mn±l2 nl±m2
x y z
(iv) If = = , let us show that (b±c)x+(c±a)y+(a±b)z = 0
b+c±a c+a±b a+b±c
x a+2 x 2 ±y 2 4a
(v) If y = a±2 , let us show that 2 2 = 2
x +y a +4
8ab x+4a x+4b
(vi) If x = a+b ,let us write by calculating the value of ( x±4a + x±4b )
a b c a+b+c
7. (i) If 3 = 4 = 7 , let us show that c = 2
a b c
(ii) If q±r = r±p = p±q , let us show that a+b+c = 0 = pa+qb+rc
ax+by bx±ay
(iii) If a = b , let us show that each ratio is equal to x.
a+b c+d
8. (i) If b+c = d+a , let us prove that c=a or a+b+c+d = 0
x y z a b c
(ii) If b+c = c+a = a+b , let us show that = =
y+z±x z+x±y x+y±z
x+y y+z z+x x+y+z ax+by+cz
(iii) If 3a±b = 3b±c = 3c±a , let us show that a+b+c = 2 2 2
a +b +c
x y z x ±yz y ±zx z 2 ±xy
2 2
(iv) If a = b = c , let us show that 2 = =
a ±bc b 2 ±ca c2 ±ab
3x+4y 3x±4y x u
9. (i) If = , let us show that y = v
3u+4v 3u±4v
(ii) If (a+b+c+d) : (a+b±c±d) = (a±b+c±d) : (a±b±c+d), let us prove that, a : b = c : d
10. (i) If
a 2 = b 2 = c 2 =1 , let us show that 1 + 1 + 1 = 1
b+c c+a a+b 1+a 1+b 1+c
a b c
(ii) If x2 : (by+cz) = y2 : (cz+ax) = z2 : (ax+by) = 1, let us show that, a+x +b+y +c+z = 1
x y z
11. (i) If xa+yb+zc = ya+zb+xc = za+xb+yc and x+y+z z 0, let us show that each ratio is
1
equal to a+b+c
x 2 ±yz y 2 ±zx z 2 ±xy

(ii) If = = , let us prove that (a+b+c) (x+y+z) = ax+by+cz
a b c
98
a b c a(b±c) b(c±a) c(a±b)

(iii) If y+z , let us prove that 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 2
z+x x+y y ±z z ±x x ±y
12. Very short answer type questions (V.S.A) :

(A) (M.C.Q) ı
(i) The fourth proportional of 3, 4 and 6 isÈ (a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 24
(ii) The 3rd proportional of 8 and 12 is (a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 20
(iii) The mean proportional of 16 and 25 is (a) 400 (b) 100 (c) 20 (d) 40
27 3
(iv) a is a positive number and if a : = : a , then the value of a is
64 4
81 9 16
(a) (b) 9 (c) (d)
256 16 9
(v) If 2a = 3b = 4c, then a : b : c is (a) 3: 4: 6 (b) 4: 3: 6 (c) 3: 6: 4 (d) 6: 4: 3
(B) Let us write true or false of the following statements :

(i) Compound ratio of ab : c2, bc : a2 and ca : b2 is È1 : 1
(ii) x3y, x2y2 and xy3 are continued proportional.

(i) If the product of three positive consecutive numbers is 64, then the mean proportional
of first and thired term is .
(ii) If a : 2 = b : 5 = c : 8, then 50 % of aÈ = 20 % of b = % of c
(iii) If mean proportional of (x±2) and (x±3) is x, then the value of x is .
13. Short Answers (S. A.) :
a b c 2a±3b+4c
(i) If 2 = 3 = 4 = p , let us find the value of p.
3x 2 ±5y 2 1 3x 2 ±5y 2
(ii) If = ,let us find the value of 2
3x 2 +5y 2 2 3x +5y 2
(iii) If a : b = 3:4 and x : y = 5 : 7, let us find the value of (3ax±by) : (4by±7ax)
(iv) If x, 12, y, 27 are in continued proportion, let us find the positive value of x and y.
(v) If a : b = 3 : 2 and b : c = 3 : 2, let us find the value of (a+b): (b+c)
99
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
6 COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OF

INCREASE OR DECREASE
Bappadada of our locality borrowed a sum of ` 1200 from
a cooparative bank at 8% interest per annum for two years
for buying a bicycle.
1 Let us calculate and see that after two years how much money Bappadada will repay as
interest for 2 years

1200 × 8 × 2
=` 100 =`
.
. . After 2 years Bappadada will repay the total money of ` (1200 + 192) = ` 1392. But after
2 years total ` 1399.68 has to be repaid by Bappadada.
2 How did it happen? i.e. let us calculate and see how much is the total amount more than
` 1392 after 2 years.
That cooparative bank lend ` 1200 for 2 years at Compound Interest at the rate of 8% per
annum.
3 What is compound interest?
Realy interest is of two types (i) Simple interest (ii) Compound interest.
Simple Interest : When interest is calculated on principal or capital only, that interest is said to
be simple interest. [Simple Interest]
Compound Interest : After a definite period of time, the interest acrued is added to the principal
to get the new principal. For the definite period of time, if the interest is calculated on the new
principal, then the interest is called Compound Interest.
4 How do we know that the period of time after which the compound interest is due?
The period of time after which the compound interest is due, is called the period of compund
interest, the period of compound interest are generally 3 months, 6 months and one year. In case
of compound interest if the period of time is not mentioned, it is understood that the period of
time is of 1 year.
5 What is amount subjected to compound interest?
The sum of the principal and compound interest for a fixed period of time is termed as amount.
First year principal of Bappadada = `1200
8
Interest for the first year = ` 96 [ ` 1200 × 10 0 ]
Principal for the 2nd year =` (1200 + 96) = ` 1296
. 8
. .Interest for the 2nd year = [` 1296 × 100 ] = `103.68
.
. . Amount for the 2nd year = ` (1296 + 103.68) = ` 1399.68
.
. . The principal in case of compound interest does not remain same always at the end of every
period of time, the principal changes.
100
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OF
Application 1. If I take a loan of ` 1400 at 5% compound interest per annum for 2 years. Let
us write by calculating how much compound interest and total amount I shall pay.
Let, The principal for the first year = ` 100.00
At 5 % interest for the first year = ` 5.00
Principal for the 2nd year = ` 105.00
5
At 5 %, interest for the 2nd year = ` 5.25 [ ` 105 × 10 0 ]
Amount for the 2nd year = ` 110.25
.
. . Compound interest for 2nd year = ` S110.25 – 100.00V or, ` (5.00 + 5.25V = ` 10.25
In the language of Mathematics, the problem is Principal (in `) Compound interest (in `)
100 10.25
1400 ⁄
If the principal is `100 then compound interest is ` 10.25
10 .25
,, ,, ,, 1 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 100
10.25 × 1400
,, ,, ,, 1400 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 100 =`
..
S . Principal and compound interest are ` (directly/inversely proportional)
.
. . Required compound inerest is `143.50 and amount is ` S1400 + 143.50V = `
Alternative Method Principal for the first year = ` 1400.00
.. 5
Interest for the first year = ` 70.00 l . ` 1400 × 10 0 n
5
Interest for the 2nd year = ` 73.50 l ` 1470 × 10 0 n
.
. .Compound interest for 2 years = ` S1543.50 – 1400.00V
or ` S70.00 + 73.50V = ` 143.50
Let us see by calculating alternatively : what I shall get.
Let the principal be ` p and the annual rate of compound interest be r %
. p×r×1
. . Interest for the first year = `
100
pr r
Amount for the first year = ` (p +100 ) = ` p (1 +100 )
r
Interest for the 2nd year = ` p (1 +100 )
101
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
§ r · ½
. °° p ¨1+ 100 ¸ ×r×1 °°
.. Interest for the 2nd year = ` ®
© ¹
¾
° 100 °
°¯ °¿
§ r · ½
°° § p ¨1+ ¸ ×r×1 °
r · © 100 ¹ °
Amount for the 2nd year = ` ®p ¨1+ ¸+ ¾
° © 100 ¹ 100 °
°¯ °¿
r r
= ` p (1 + 100 ) {1 + 100 }
r 2
= ` p (1 + 100 )
. r 2
. . We get amount for two years = ` p (1 + 100 ) ------------------- SIV
. r 2
. . Compound interest for 2nd year = `{p (1 +100 ) – p}
r r 2
= ` p{ 12+ (2×1× 100 ) + (100 ) –12}
r r
= ` p 100 (2 + 100 )
.
. . If p = `1400, r = 5
5 2
From (I), we get amount for two years = `1400 (1 + 100 )
10 5 10 5
= ` 1400 × 100 × 100 = `
Compound interest for two years = ` S1543.50 – 1400.00V = ` 143.50
Application ı2. If principal amount is p and annual rate of compound interest is r%, let us
calculate how much amount will be for 3 years.
r 2
From (I), we get principal for 3rd year = ` p (1 +100 )
r 2 r 2 r
Amount for 3 years = ` p (1 + 100 ) + ` p (1 + 100 ) × 100
r r
= ` p (1+ 100 )2 (1+ 100 )
r
= ` p (1+ 100 )3
. r 3
. . Amount for 3years = ` p (1 + 100 ) ------------------- SIIV
( p = Principal, r = rate of compound interest per annum and n = time (year).
Application ı 3. Let us write by calculating what is the amount on ` 1000 for 2 years at the rate
of 5% compound interest per annum. lLet me do it myselfn
102
Application ı 4. If ` 4000 are invested in a bank at the rate of 5% compound interest per
annum, then let us write by calculating the amount after 3 years.
Let, Principal for first year = ` 4000.00
.. 5
At 5% interest for first year = ` 200.00 S . ` 4000× 10 0V
Principal for 2nd year = ` 4200.00
.. 5
At 5% interest for 2nd year = ` 210.00 S . ` 4200 × 100 V
Principal for 3rd year = ` 4410.00
5
At 5% interest for 3rd year = ` 220.50 (` 4410 × 10 0 V
Amount after 3 years = ` 4630.50
.
. . Compound interest for 3 years = ` (4630.50 – 4000)
= ` 630.50
Let
Let us calculate alternatively p = ` 4000, r = 5 and n = 3years
r
From (II) we get amount after 3 years = ` p (1+ 100 )3
5
= ` 4000 (1+ 10 0 ) 3
105 105 105
= ` 4000 × 100 × 100 × 100
= `
Compound interest for 3 years = ` (4630.50 – 4000V = `
Application ı 5. At 5% compound interest per annum, let us find the compound interest on
` 10,000 for 3 years lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 6. If interest compounded half yearly, let us write by calculating compound interest
1
and amount on ` 8,000 at the rate of 10% compound interest per annum for 1–2 years.
Principal for first 6 months = ` 8000
1– .. 10 1
At 10% interest for first 6 months or 2 year = ` 400 S . ` 8000 × 10 0 × –2V
Principal for 2nd 6 months = ` 8400
.. 10 1
At 10% interest for 2nd 6 months = ` 420 S . ` 8400 × 10 0 × –2V
Principal for 3rd 6 months = ` 8820
.. 10 1
At 10% interest for 3rd 6 months = ` 441 S . ` 8820 × 10 0 × –2V
. 1
. . Amount for 1–2years = ` 9261
. 1
. . Compound interest for 1–2 years = ` (9261 – 8000) = ` 1261
103
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
Let us calculate alternatively and let us see what I shall get.
Let, Principal = ` p, rate of interest per annum = r %
p×r× 1
1 2
? Interest for first 6 months or year `
2 100
§ r ·
§ p× r ·
¨ ¸
Amount for first 6 months = ` ¨¨ p + 2¸ = p 1+
? 2
¸ ` ¨ 100 ¸¸
¨ 100 ¸ ¨
© ¹ © ¹
§ r ·
¨ 2 ¸
? Principal for 2nd 6 months= ` p ¨1 +
100 ¸¸
¨
© ¹
§ r ·
p ¨1 + 2 ¸ × r × 1
¨¨ 100 ¸¸ 2
© ¹
Interest for 2nd 6 months = `
100
§ r ·2 § r · 2×1
1 ¨ 2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
? Amount for 2nd 6 months or 2× year = ` p ¨1 +
2 100 ¸ = ` p ¨1 +
100 ¸¸
¨ ¸ ¨
© ¹ © ¹
2u 3
§ r ·3 § r · 2
¨ 2 ¸
Similarley amount for 3rd 6 months or3 × 1 years = ` p ¨1 + 2 ¸ = ` p ¨1 + 100 ¸
2 ¨¨ 100 ¸¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
We understand that if the rate of compound interest is r% per annum and the interest is
compounded half yearly or if the number of phase of compound interest in a year is 2 then the
§ r · 2n
¨ 2 ¸
amount in n years = ` p ¨1 + 100 ¸
¨ ¸ ------------------- SIIIV
© ¹
1 3–
Let, p = ` 8000, r = 10 ñ n = 1–
2 years = 2 years
3 u2
§ 10 · 2
. 1– 5
. . From (III), we get amount for 12 years = ` 8000 1 + 2 ¸ = ` 8000 S1+ 100 V 3
¨
¨¨ 100 ¸¸
© ¹
10 5 10 5 10 5
= ` 8000 × 100 × 100 × 100 =`
... Required compound interest for11– years = ` lLet me do it myselfn
2
Application ı 7. Let us find compound interest on ` 1000 at the rate of 10% compound
interest per annum and compounded the interest at 6 months interval. lLet me do it myselfn
104
Application ı 8. Let us write by calculating compound interest on `10,000 at the rate of 8%

compound interest per annum for 9 months compounded at the interval of 3 months.
Principal for first 3 months = ` 10000.00
1 .. 8 1
At 8% interest for first 3 months or 4 years = ` 200.00 [ . ` 10000 × 10 0 × 4 ]
Principal for 2nd 3 months = ` 10200.00
.. 8 1
At 8% interest for 2nd 3 months = ` 204.00 [ . ` 10200 × 10 0 × 4 ]
Principal for 3rd 3 months = ` 10404.00
.. 8 1
At 8% interest for 3rd 3 months = ` 208.08 [ . ` 10404 × 10 0 × 4 ]
... Amount for 9 months = ` 10612. 08
... Compound interest for 9 months = ` (10612.08 – 10000.00) = ` 612.08
Let us calculate alternatively
Let principal = ` p, Compound interest per annum = r%
p×r× 1
1 4
Interest for 3 months or year = ` 100
4
4× 1
§ p×r× · 1 § r · § r · 4
¨ 4¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ 4 ¸
Amount for 3 months or 1 year = ` ¨ p+ 100 ¸ = ` p ¨1 + 4 ¸ = ` p ¨1+ 100 ¸
4 ¨ ¸ ¨ 100 ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
§ r ·
. ¨ 4 ¸ 1
. . Principal for 2nd 3 months Rs
` p ¨1 + 100 ¸ >? 3 months = 4 year]
¨ ¸
© ¹ § r ·
¨
p 1+ 4 ¸× r × 1
§ r · ¨
¨ 100 ¸¸ 4
¨ ¸ © ¹
... ˚ Amount for 2nd 3 months = ` p ¨1+ 100 ¸ +
4
¨ ¸ 100
© ¹
2 4u 2
§ r · § r · 4
¨ 4 ¸ ¨ 4 ¸ .. 2
= ` p ¨1+ 100 ¸ = ` p ¨1+ 100 ¸ S . 6 months = 4 year)
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
3 4u 3
§ r · § r · 4
¨ 4 ¸ ¨ 4 ¸ 3
Similarly amount for 3 months = ` p ¨1+ 100 ¸ = ` p ¨1+ 100 ¸ S... 9 months = 4 years˚ V
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
We understand that if the rate of compound interest is r% per annum and the interest is
compounded quarterly, the number of phase of compound interest in a year is 4, then theamount
4n
§ r ·
¨
for n years = p 1+ 4 ¸
¨¨ 100 ¸¸ (IV)
© ¹
105
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
9 3
Let, p = ` 10000, r = 8 and n = 12 years = 4 years
4× 3
§ 8 · 4
¨ 4 ¸
?(From IV we get), amount for 9 months or 3 years = ` 10000 ¨1+ 100 ¸
4 ¨ ¸
© ¹
2 3
= ` 10000 (1 + 10 0 )
10 2 10 2 10 2
= ` 10000 × 100 × 100 × 100
=`
? Compound interest for 9 months = ` S – V=` [Let me do it myself]
Note: Here it is very inportant that in our present syllabus we shall restrict our discussion regarding
compound interest up to three phase of compounding only and deposited value up to three years.
Application ı 9. Rokeyabibi borrowed ` 30000 in such a way that the rate of compound
interest per annum for first, 2nd and 3rd year are 4%, 5% and 6% respectively. Let us write by
calculating how much total money she will repay after 3 years.
.. 4
4% interest for first year = ` 4.00 [ . ` 100 × 100 ]
.. 5
5% interest for first year = ` 5.20 [ . ` 104× 100 ]
Principal for 3rd year = ` 109.20
.. 6
6% interest for first year = ` 6.552 [ . ` 109.20 × 100]
. . . Amount for 3rd year = ` 115.752
... Compound interest = ` (115.752 – 100.00) or ` (4.00 + 5.20 + 6.552) = ` 15.752
In the language of Mathematics, the problem is
Principal (in `) Compound interest (in `)
100 15.752
30000 ⁄
If Principal amount is ` 100 then compound interest is ` 15.752
15. 752
1 ,, ,, ,, ,, 10 0
15.752 × 30000
30000 ,, ,, ,, ,, 10 0 = ` 4725.60
.
. . After 3 years Rokeyabibi will repay total amount = ` S30000 ` 4725.60V
= ` 34725.60
106
Let us see by calculating what I shall get alternatively.

Let principal = ` p and rate of compound interest per annum for first, 2nd and 3rd year are r1%,
r2% and r3%
. p × r1 ×1 pr1
. . Interest for first year = ` 100 = ` 100
. pr1 r1
. . Amount for first year = ` p + 100 = ` p (1 + 100 )
. r1
. . Principal for 2nd year = ` p (1 + 100 )
§ r ·
p ¨1+ 1 ¸ ×r2 ×1
. 100
. . Compound interest for 2nd year = ` © 100¹
l n
§ r ·
p ¨1+ 1 ¸ ×r2
. § r1 · © 100 ¹
. . Amount for 2nd year = ` p ¨1+ 100 ¸+ 100
© ¹
r1 r2
= ` p (1 + 100 ) (1 + 10 0 )
. r1 r2 r3
. . Similarly we get total amount for 3 years = ` p (1 + 100 ) (1 + 100 ) (1 + 100 )
Let, p " `30000 , r1 = 4 % , r2 = 5 % and r3 = 6 %
. 4 5 6
. . Amount for 3years = ` 30000 ' S1+ 100V S1+ 100V S1+ 100V
10 4 10 5 10 6
= ` 30000 ' 100 ' 100 ' 100 = Rs
At the end of 3 years Rokeyabibi will repay total amount ` 34725.60
Application ı 10. If the rate of compound interest for the first year is 4% and 2nd year is 5%,
Let us find the compound interest on ` 25000 for 2 years. [Let me do it myself]
1
Application ı 11. I lend ` 10000 at the rate of 4% compound interest per annum for 2–2 years,
let us write by calculating how much total money I shall pay.
r
Amount for first 2 years = ` p (1 + 100 )2 [p = ` 10000, r = 4]
4 10 4 10 4
= ` 10000 (1 + 10 0 )2 = ` 10000 × 100 × 100
= ` 10816
The total amount at the end of 2 years = ` 10816
1 10816 u 4 u 1
After –2 year interest = ` 2 = ` 216.32
100
1
? Total amount after 2 –2 year is ` S10816 + 216.32V= `
107
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
Let us calculate alternatively.
1 4 V2 + 10000 ` (1+ 4 V2 × 6 × 4
Amount for 2 2– years = ` 10000 S1+ 100 100 12 100
4 6
= ` 10000 S1+ 100V S1 + 12 × 100V
2 4
= ` 10000 × 104×104 102 1103232

100×100 × 100 = ` 100 = ` 11032.32
Application ı 12. Let us find the amount on ` 30000, at the rate of 6% compound interest per
1
annum for 2– 2 years. [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 13. Let us write by calculating on what sum of money the compound interest is
` 246 at the rate of 5% compound interest per annum for 2 years
At 5% interest for first year = ` 5.00
.. 5
At 5% , interest for 2nd year = ` 5.25 [ . ` 105× 10 0 ]
... Amount for 2 years = ` 110.25
... Compound interest for 2 years = ` (110.25 – 100.00) = ` 10.25
... In the language of Mathematics, the problem is : compound interest (in `) Principal (in `)
10.25 100
246 ⁄
If compound interest is ` 10.25 then principal is ` 100
,, ,, 1 ,, ,, ,,
100
10.25
,, ,, 246 ,, ,, ,,
100 × 246 = ` 2400
10.25
Let us calculate alternatively.
Let principal = ` x
5
At the rate of 5% compound interest per annum the amount for 2 years = ` x (1 + 10 0 )2
= ` x × 105
100 × 105
100 = ` 441x
100
... Compound interest for 2 years = ` (441x
100 – x)
441x
By the condition,
100 – x = 246
or,
441x – 400x = 246
400
41x
or,
400 = 246
246 × 400
... x = 41 = 2400
... Principal is ` 2400 .
108
Application ı14. Let us write by calculating what sum of money will amount ` 3528
after 2 years at the rate of 5% compound interest per annum. [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 15. Let us write by calculating on what sum of money, the difference
between simple interest and compound interest for 2 years becomes ` 80 at 4% interest
per annum.
Let principal = ` 100
... At the rate of simple interest 4% per annum, the interest on ` 100 for 2 years = ` = 100 = ` 8.
100×2×4
At the rate of 4% compound interest per annum, the compound interest on ` 100 for 2 years
4
= `{100 (1 + 100 )2 – 100}
26 6 76 100 × 51 20 4
= ` 100{( 2 5 ) 2 – 1}= `100 ( 625 – 1) = ` 625 = 25 = ` 8.16
... Difference between compound interest and simple interest = ` (8.16 – 8.00) = ` 0.16.
... In the language of Mathematics, the problem is,
Difference between interest (in `) Principal (in `)
0.16 100
80 ⁄
If difference between compound interest and simple interest is ` 16 then principal is ` 100
100
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 1 ,, ,, ,, 0.16
100 × 80
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 80 0.16 = ` 50000
... Principal is = ` 50000.
Let Principal = ` x
... Simple interest at 4% for 2 years = `
x ×4 × 2 2x
100 = ` 5
4
Compound interest at 4% for 2 years = ` x (1 + 100 )2
10 4 10 4 676x
= ` x × 100 × 100 = ` 6 25
... Compound interest for 2 years = ` ( 625 – x) = ` 625

676x 51x
51x 2x
By the condition, 62 5 – 25 = 80
51x – 50x
or, 625 = 80
or, x = 80 × 625
... x = 50000
... Principal is ` 50000
109
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
Application ı 16. Minatididi deposited a sum of money in a bank at 8% compound interest per
annum for 3 years and she gets ` 37791.36 on maturity . Let us write by calculating how much
money. Minatididi deposited in the bank.
Let Minatididi deposited ` x in the bank.
8
The amount at the rate of 8% compound interest per annum for 3 years = ` x (1 + 100)3 = ` x
10 8 10 8 10 8
× 100 × 100 × 100
... By the condition,
10 8 10 8 10 8
x ' 100 × 100 × 100 = 37791.36
x × 27 × 27 × 27 = 37791.36
or,
25 × 25 × 25
or, x =
37791.36 × 25 × 25 × 25
27 × 27 × 27
... x = 30000
... Minatididi deposited ` 30000 in the bank.
Application ı 17. Let us see by calculating alternatively that, Minatididi deposites ` 300000 in
the bank.
Application ı 18. The simple interest and compound interest of a certain sum of money for
two years are ` 400 and ` 410 respectively. Let us calculate that sum of money and the rate of
interest per annum.
Simple interest for 2 years = ` 400
Simple interest for one year S400 · 2V = ` 200
Difference between the compound interest and simple interest for 2 years = ` S410 È–È 400V= ` 10.
... Interest on ` 200 for 1 year = ` 10
Interest on ` 100 for 1 year = ` S10 · 2) = ` 5
... Rate of interest = 5%
In the language of Mathematies, the problem is Principal (in `) time (in year) Interest (in `)
100 1 5
⁄ 2 400
If interest is ` 5 for 1 year then, principal is ` 100
100
,, ,, 5 ,, 2 ,, ,, ,, ,, 2
100
,, ,, 1 2 ,, ,, ,, ,, 2×5
100 × 400
,, ,, 1 2 ,, ,, ,, ,, 2 × 5 = ` 4000
...Required principal is ` 4000
and rate of interest per annum is 5%
Let, the pricipal = ` p and the rate of interest per annum = r%
... The interest for 2 years at the rate of simple interest˛ r % per annum = ` pr × 2 = ` 1002pr
100
Again the amount at the rate the of compound interest r† per annum for 2 years = ` p S1 + r V2
... Compound interest for 2 years = ` lp S1+100 r V2 – pn = ` pl1 + 2r + S r V2 – 1n 100
100 100
pr r n
=`
100
l2 + 100
110
2pr
By the condition, = 400 È................... SiV
100
pr r n = 410 ..................... SiiV
100
l2 + 100
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get
pr ª
2+ r º
100 ¬« 100 ¼» 410
=
2pr 400
100
2+ r
or, 100 = 41
2 40
40r = 82
or, 80 +
100
2r
or, 5 = 82 – 80 = 2
or, 2r = 10 ... r " 5
2 × p× 5
... We get from (i) 100 = 400 ... p = 4000
... Principal is ` 4000 and rate of interest is 5 %
Application ı 19. The simple interest and compound interest of a certain sum of money for 2
years are ` 840 and ` 869.40 respectively. Let us calculate that sum of money and the rate of
interest . [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 20. Let us calculate at what rate of compound interest, ` 10000 amount to
` 11664 in 2 years.
Let the rate of compound interest be r% per annum The amount at rate of r% compound
interest per annum for 2 years = ` 10000 S1 + 100 r V2
By the condition, 10000 S1 +100 r V2 = 11664
or, S1 +
r 2 11664
100 V = 10000
or,
r V2 = 729
S1 + 100 625
or,
r V2 = S 27V2
S1 + 100 25
or, 1 +
r 27
100 = 25
r 27
or,
100 = 25 – 1
r 2
or,
100 = 25
or, r =
200
25 ... r " 8
... Rate of interest per annum is 8%.
111
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
Application ı 21. Let us calculate at what rate of compound interest, ` 5000 amount to ` 5832
in 2 years. [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 22. Let us write by calculating in how many years will ` 4000 in compound
interest at the rate of 10% per annum amount to ` 5324.
Let it be in 'n' years ` 4000 in compound interest at the rate of 10% per annum will amount to
` 5324.
10 n
... Amount for n years = ` 4000 (1 + 100 )
10 n
By the condition, 4000 (1 + 100 ) = 5324
11 n 5324
or, (10) = 4000
11 n 1331
or, (10) = 1000
11 n 11 3
or, (10) = (10)
... n = 3
... In the rate of compound interest of 10% per annum ` 4000 will amount to ` 5324 in 3 years.
Application ı 23. Let us write by calculating in how many years will ` 5000 in compound
interest at the rate of 10% per annum amount to ` 6050.
1. I have ` 5000 in my hand. I deposited that money in a bank at the rate of 8.5% compound
interest per annum for two years. Let us write by calculating how much money I shall get at
the end of 2 years.
2. Let us calculate the amount on ` 5000 at the rate of 8% compound interest per annum for
3 years.
3. Goutam babu borrowed ` 2000 at the rate of 6% compound interest per annum for 2
years. Let us write by calculating how much compound interest at the end of 2 years he will
pay.
4. Let us write by calculating compound interest on ` 30000 at the rate of 9% compound
interest per annum for 3 years.
5. Let us write by calculating the amount on ` 80000 for 2– 1 years at the rate of 5% com-
2
pound interest per annum.
6. Chandadavi borrowed some money for 2 years in the compound interest at the rate of 8%
per annum. Let us calculate if the compound interest is ` 2496, then how much money she
had lended.
7. Let us write by calculating the principal whose compund interest becomes ` 2648 after
getting 10% compound interest per annum for 3 years.
8. Rahaman chacha deposited some money in a cooperative bank at the rates of 9% compound
interest per annum and he received amount ` 29702.50 after 2 years. Let us calculate how
much money Rahaman chacha had deposited in cooperative bank.
112
9. Let us write by calculating what sum of money at the rate of 8% compound interest per
annum for 3 years will amount to ` 31492.80.
10. Let us calculate the difference between the compound interest and simple interest on
` 12000 for 2 years, at 7.5% interest per annum.
11. Let us write by calculating the difference between compound interest and simple interest
on ` 10,000 for 3 years at 5% per annum.
12. Let us write by calculating the sum of money, if the difference between compound interest
and simple interest for 2 years at the rate of 9% interest per annum is ` 129.60.
13. Let us write by calculating the sum of money if the difference between compound interest
and simple interest for 3 years becomes ` 930 at the rate of 10% interest per annum.
14. If the rates of compound interest for the first and the second year are 7% and 8% respec-
tively, let us write by calculating compound interest on ` 6000 for 2 years.
15. If the rate of compound interest for the first and second year are 5% and 6% respectively,
let us calculate the compound interest on ` 5000 for 2 years
16. If simple interest of a certain sum of money for 1 year is ` 50 and compound interest for 2
years is ` 102, let us write by calculating the sum of money and the rate of interest.
17. If simple interest and compound interest of a certain sum of money for two years are
` 8400 and ` 8652, then let us write by calculating the sum of money and the rate of interest.
18. Let us calculate compound interest on ` 6000 for 1 year at the rate of 8% compound
interest per annum compounded at the interval of 6 months.
19. Let us write by calculating compound interest on ` 6250 for 9 months at the rate of 10%
compound interest per annum compounded at the interval of 3 months.
20. Let us write by calculating at what rate of interest per annum will ` 6000 amount to
` 69984 in 2 years .
21. Let us calculate in how many years will ` 40000 amount to ` 46656 at the rate of 8%
compound interest per annum.
22. Let us write by calculating at what rate of compound interest per annum, the amount on
` 10,000 for 2 years is ` 12100.
23. Let us calculate in how many years will ` 50000 amount to ` 60500 at the rate of 10%
compound interest per annumn .
24. Let us write by calculating in how many years will ` 300000 amount to ` 399300 at the
rate of 10% compound interest per annumn.
1
25. Let us calculate the compound interest and amount on ` 1600 for1–2 years at the rate of
10% compound interest per annum compounded at the interval of 6 months.
113
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
A Computer training centre was inagurated

last year in our village. Willing students from
class V to X and other willing persons can
acquire priliminery knowledge on different
topics of computer with their own efficiency
at minimum cost in this institution.
Application ı 24. At present 4000 students have been taking training from this training centre.
In last 2 years it has been decided that the facility to get chance for training programme in this
centre will be increased by 5% in comparison to its previous year. Let us see by calculating how
many students will get chance to join this training programme at the end of 2 year?
At present number of students = 4000
= 200 l... 4000 × 10 0 = 200 n
5
5% increase for first year i.e. increased
Number of students at the beginning of 2nd year = 4200
5% increase for 2nd year i.e.increased= 210 l... 4200 × 10 0 = 210n
5
number of students after two years = 4410

6 What is called this equal/same rate of growth?
It is called Uniform rate of growth and if the rate decreases equally, then it is called Uniform rate
of decreases or depreciation.
Increase in population, increase the number of learners, increase production in the field of
agriculture and industry are examples of uniform rate of growth. On the other hand fall of efficiency
of a Machine due to constant use, decrease valuations of old building and furniture, decrease in
valuation of the movable properties or the transports, decrease in the number of decreases as a
result of alertness come under uniform rate of decrease or depreciation.
Alternative method : Present number of students = 4000
105
At the end of first year number of students = 4000 × 100
105 105
At the end of 2nd year number of students = 4000 × 100 × 100 = 4410
Number of students after 2nd year = 4410
The formula of rate of uniform growth is similar to that of compound interest.
Let us calculate by the formulas p(1+100r )n and let us see what I shall get,
to where p = Present population, r% = rate of increase of population in one year
and n = number of years.
Let the present population in that city be p and the rate of increase of population be r % in
1 year
. r )n
. . Population after n year = p (1 +100
I understand, here p = 4000, r = 5 and n = 2 years
. 5 105 105
. . At the end of 2nd year, the number of students will be = 4000×(1+ 100 )2= 4000× 100 × 100
=
114
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE
OF INCREASE OR DECREASE
Application ı 25. The rate of increase of population of a town at the end of a year is 2% of the
population that had been at the begining of the year. If the present population of the town be
2000000, then let us write by calculating what will be the population after 3 years.
Present population = 2000000
.. 2
Increase in population in the first year at the rate of 2%= 40000 l . 2000000 × =40000n
100
Population at the begining of the 2nd year = 2040000
.. 2
Increase in population in the 2nd year at the rate of 2% = 40800 l . 2040000×100 = 40800n
Population at the begining of the 3rd year = 2080800
.. 2
Increase in population in the 3rd year at the rate of 2% = 41616 l . 2080800 × 100 = 41616n
Population at the end of 3rd years = 2122416
.
. . Population after 3 years = 2122416 .
Let us calculate alternatively
Let, p = 2000000, r = 2 and n = 3

.
. . Population after 3 years ( 2 3
= 2000000 1 + 10 0 )
102 102 102
= 2000000 × 100 × 100 × 100
= 2122416
Application ı 26. The price of a machine in a factory of my uncle depreciates at the rate of
10% of the price at the begining of the year. If its present price is ` 60000, then let us calculate
what will be its estimated price after 3 years.
Let the present price of the machine be = ` 100.00
10% decrease in price after the first year = ` 10.00
Decrease price at the begining of the 2nd year = ` 90.00
= ` 9.00 l...90 × 10 0 = 9n
10
10% decrease in price after the 2nd year
Decrease price at the begining of the 3rd year = ` 81.00
` 8.10 l... 81 × 10 0 = 8.10n
10
10% decrease in price after the 3rd year =
Price of Machine after 3 years = ` 72.90
.
. . In the language of Mathematies, the problem is
Present price (in `) Decreased price (in `)
100 72.90
60000 ?
A direct relation exists between present price and decreased price.
115
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
. 60000
. . Estimated price of the machine after 3 years = ` 72.90 × 100 = Rs 43740
Alternative method : Present price of the machine = ` 60000
.. 10
10% decrease in the first year = ` 6000 l . 60000 × 10 0 = 6000n
Price at the begining of the 2nd year = ` 54000
.. 10
10% decrease in the 2nd year = ` 5400 l . 54000 × 10 0 = 5400n
Price at the begining of the 3rd year = ` 48600
.. 10
10% decrease in the 3rd year = ` 4860 l . 48600 × 10 0 = 4860n
Price of the machine after 3 years = ` 43740
.
. . Price of the machine after 3 years = ` 43740
Let the present price of machine be ` p, the rate of decrease the in a year = r %
. p×r
. . Decrease for 1 year = `
100
. pr r )
. . Decrease in the first year = ` ( p ± 100 ) = ` p (1 ±100
§ r ·
p ¨1± ¸ ×r
© 100 ¹
Decrease for 2nd year is `
100
. r ) ± pr (1 ± r )] = ` p (1 ± r )2
. . Price at the beginning of 3rd year = ` [ p (1 ±100 100 100 100
r )3
Similarly price of the machine after 3 years = p (1 ±100
r )n
I understand, that the price of Machine after n years = p (1 ±100
. r )n lwhere p = ` 60000, r = 10% and n = 3n
. . Price of machine after 3 years = p (1 ±100
10 )3 = ` 60000 × 90 × 90 × 90 = Rs
= ` 60000(1± 100 100 100 100
.
. . Price of the machine after 3 years = ` 43740.
Application ı 27. The price of a motor car is ` 3 lakh. If the price of the car depreciatcs at the rate
of 30% every years, let us write by calcuting, the price of the car after 3 years.[Let me do it myself]
Application ı 28. Through the publicity of road safety programmes the street accident in a
state has been decreased by 10% in comparision to its previous year. In the present year if the
number of street accidents be 2916, let us write by calculating the number of street accidents
that had been in the state 3 years before.
Let the number of street accidents 3 years before the state be x
. 10 3
. . At present the number of street accidents in that state = x (1± 100 )
10 3
By the condition, x (1± 100 ) = 2916
90 90 90 2916×100×100×100 .
or, x × 10 0 × 10 0 × 10 0 = 2916 or, x = . . x = 4000
. 90×90×90
. . The number of street accidents 3 years before in the state was 4000.
116
Application ı 29. At present the population of a city is 576000; if it is being increased at the
2
rate of 6 3 % every year, let us calculate its population 2 years ago. [Let me do it myself]
Let us work-out 6.2
1. At present the population of village of Pahalanpur is 10000; if population is being increased

at the rate of 3% every year, let us write by calculating its population after 2 years.
2. Rate of increase in population of a state is 2% in a year. The present population is 80000000;
let us calculate the population of the state after 3 years.
3. ˛The price of a machine in a leather factory depreciates at the rate of 10% every year. If the
present price of the machine be ` 100000, let us calculate what will be the price of that
machine after 3 years.
4. As a result of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, the students leaving the school before completion,
are readmitted, so the students in a year is increased by 5% in comparision to its previous
year. If the number of such readmitted students in a district be 3528 in the present year. Let
us write by calculating, the number of students readmitted 2 years before in this manner.
5. ˛Through the publicity of road-safety programme, the street accidents in Purulia district are
decreased by 10% in comparison to its previous year. If the number of street accidents in
this year be 8748, let us write by calulating, the number of street accidents 3 years before
in the district.
6. A cooperative society of fisherman implemented such an improved plan for the production
of fishes that the production in a year will be increased 10% in comparison to its previous
year. In the present year if the cooperative society can produce 406 quintals of fishes, let us
write by calculating, what will be the production of fishes after 3 years.
7. The height of tree increases at the rate of 20% every year. If the present height of tree is
28.8 metre, let us calculate the height of tree 2 years before.
8. Three years before from today a family had planned to reduce the experditure of electric
bill by 5% in comparison to its previous year. 3 years ago, that family had to spend
` 4000 in a year for electric bill. Let us write by calculating how much amount will the
family have to spend to pay the electric bill in the present year.
9. The weight of Savan babu is 80kg . In order to reduces his weight, he started regular
morning walk. He decided to reduce his weight every year by 10% . Let us write by
calculating, his weight after 3 years.
10. At present the sum of the number of students in all M.S.K in a district is 3993. If the
117
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 6
number of students increased in a year was 10% of its previous year, let us calculate the
sum of the number of students 3 years before in all the M.S.K in the district.
11. As the farmers are becoming more alert of the harmful effects of using the chemical fertilisers
and insecticides in agricultural lands, the number of farmers using fertilisers and insectisides
in the Rasulpur village decreases by 20% in a year in comparison to its previous year.
Three years ago, the number of such farmers was 3000, let us calculate the number of such
farmers in that village now.
12. The price of a machine of a factory is `180000. The price of that machine decreases by
10% in each year. Let us calculate its price after 3 years.
13. For the families having no electricity in their house, a Panchayat samity of Bakultala village
accepted a plan to offer electric connections. 1200 families in this village have no electric
connection in their house. In comparison to its previous year, it is possible to arrange
electricity every year for 75% of the families having no electricity , let us write by calculating,
the number of families without electricity after 2 years.
14. As a result of continuous publicity about harmful reactions in the use of cold drinks , the
number of users of cold drinks has decreased by 25% every year in comparison to its
privious year. 3 ago the before number of users of cold drink in a town was 80000. Let us
write by calculating, the number of users of cold drink in the present year.
15. As a result of the non smoking campaign, the number of smoker has decreased by 6 1± %
4
every year in comparison to its previous year. If the number of smokers at present in a city
is 33750, let us write by calculating, the number of smokers in that city 3 years before.
16. Very short answer type questions (V.S.A.)
(A) (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) In case of compound interest, the rate of compound interest per annum is ²
(a) equal (b) unequal (c) both equal or unequal (d) none of these
(ii) In case of compound interest
(a) The Principal remains unchanged each year
(b) Principal changes in each year
(c) Principal may be equal or unequal in each year (d) none of these
(iii) At present the population of a village is p and if increase rate of population per year
be 2r %, the population will be after n years
r )n (b) p (1 + r )n (c) p (1 + r )2n (d) p (1 ± r )n
(a) p (1 + 100 50 100 100
(iv) Present price of a machine is ` 2p and if price of the machine decreases by 2r% in
each year, the price of machine after 2n years will be.
118
r )n
(a) ` p (1 ± 100 r )n (c) ` p (1 ± r )2n (d) ` 2p (1 ± r )2n
(b) ` 2p (1 ± 50 50 50
(v) A person deposited ` 100 in a bank and got the amount ` 121 for two years, the
rate of compound interest per annum is
1
(a) 10 % (b) 20 % (c) 5 % (d) 10 ±2 %
(B) Let us write true or false for the following statements

(i) The compound interest will be always less than simple interest for some money at
fixed rate of interest for fixed time.
(ii) In case of compound interest, interest is to be added to principal at the fixed time
interval. i.e. the amount of principal increases continuously.
(i) The compound interest and simple interest for one year at the fixed rate of interest on
fixed sum of money are .
(ii) If some things are increased by fixed rate with respect to time, that is of
growth.
(iii) If some things are decreased by fixed rate with respect to time this is unifrom rate of
.
17. Short answer (S.A.):
(i) Let us write the rate of compound interest per annum, so that the amount on ` 400 for 2
years becomes ` 441.
(ii) If a sum of money doubles itself at the fixed rate of compound interest per annum in n
years, let us write in how many years will it become four times.
(iii) Let us calculate the principal that at the rate of 5% compound interest per annum becomes
` 615 after two years.
(iv) The price of a machine depreciates at the rate of r% per annum. If the price of the machine
after n years be ` v, let us find the price of the machine that was n years before.
(v) If the rate of increase in population is r% per year, the population after n years is p ; let us
find the population that was n years before.
119
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
7 THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE
Like every year, this year too an exhibition

will be arranged in the month of February
in the field of our school. We, the students
of class X will make some models on
Mathematics. We shall still get-time about
two weeks.
We have collected some small and big circular rings of different size and small and big sticks of
different lengths. Q
We have decided to put sticks inside the circular ring and find what we get,
we know from different information and we shall try to make model as per x O
information. A B
At first Sathi puts a stick inside a circular ring like the picture mentioned beside. P
Q
We see that the stick AB is a chord of circular ring.
>
Minor arc of circular ring is APB and Major arc of circular ring is AQB. > C
I Put two sticks AC and BC like the picture mentioned beside.

A B
AC and BC are another two chords of circle. P
But the chord AB of circle made a front angle at the point C. What this angle is called⁄
>
1
C
Q
x
>
Point C lies on the circle except the front circular arc APB , so, ACB subtended
front angle by the circular arc APB Èis called front angle of the
Q
C
O circle.
A B x
P
> A
O
B
>
Again if the point D lies on the circle except the circular arc A QB, ADB
subtended front angle by the circular arc AQB.
D P
Q
Let us Do 7.1
1V In the adjoining figure, AMBñ formed by the circular arc APB is> x
M
B
angle and ANBñ formed by circular arc is front angle of the circle. A O
2V SLT in the adjoining figure formed at the point L by the chord N P

is front angle.
Again since the point L lies on the circle, so, angle formed by the S x L
O
chord ST is a front angle in the segment.
Again, SLTñ formed by circular arc is a front angle of the circle. N
T
120
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE
>
Soham puts two more sticks in the circular ring like the adjoining figure. We see
that another front angle ADB in the segment made by arc APB is formed. But
ACB and ADB in the segment stand on same arc.˛
I drew a circle with centre O on my copy and drew angle in the segment with
same arc.
The four angles in the segment of a circle with centre O in the adjoining figure
are ñ ñ and . C
Let us write the angles in the segment at major arc ADEQCB and the angle in
the segment at minor arc ASPB.
2 The chord AB of a circle with centre O has made an angle AOB.
What is called this AOB ?
AOB is called the angle at the centre which is made by the arc ASB. >
Mariya and Shakil have drawn many angles at the centre and the angles in the segment.
These are,
P P Q
O O O O
P
A B A B A B A B
Q Q S Q P
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
We see in no. (i), no. (ii) circles the angle at the center formed by the arc AQB is
>
and an angle in the segment is
centre formed by the arc ASB is
. But in no. (iii) circle, the angle at the
and the angle in the segment formed by the
arc ASQ is .
.
. . In no (iii) circle, AOB is the angle at the centre and APQ in the segment are not formed
>
with the same arc. Again in no. (iv) circle, AOB at the centre and APB in the segment is
formed with the arc AQB.
Let us do 7.2
1V I drew a circle and I drew two angles in the segment in that circle which (a) are formed with
same arc (b) are not formed with same arc.
2V I drew angles at the centre and the angle in the segment which (a) are formed with same arc
(b) are not formed with the same arc.
3V Let us look at the picture and let us give answer SO is the centre of the circleV
Q Q
C
(a) P
O O Ox O
x x x x
O A B
A B A B A B A B D
P Q D P
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
121
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
>
In picture no. (i) AOB is formed with arc APB at the .
In picture no. (ii) angle in the segment is formed with arc AQB. >
In picture no. (iii) ADB is formed with arc .
In picture no. (iv) ACB is formed with arc in the segment.
In picture no. (v) angle is not an angle in the segment formed with the arc .
(b)
(i) (ii)
In picture no. (i), two angles and are in the same arc.
In picture no. (ii), and arc two angles lie in the segment .
Beena drew a circle, I drew an angle at the centre and an angle in the segment with the same
arc and find the relation between them.
Hands on trial P
1V
>
In the circle with centre O, I draw AOB at the centre and APB in the
segment with the same arc AQB.
A
O
x
B
2V Two angles APB and one angle AOB, are cut off with tracing paper. Q
P P O (P)
O A B
A B
A B A B A B
Q Q Q Q Q
B (A)
3V The two angles APB are placed side by side on AOB of a circle.
We see by hands on trial, 2APB = AOB.
i.e. we get by hands on trial that, the angle at the centre is the double of the angle in the segment
which is formed with the same arc.
Drawing another circle and drawing an angle at the centre and an angle in the
segment with same arc, I see by hands on trial that the angle at the centre is the
double of the angle in the segment. lLet me do it myselfn
122

Theorem ı 34. The front angle formed at the centre of a circle by an arc, is the double of the
angle formed by the same arc at any point on the circle.
C C C
O A B
Ox A x B O
Ox D x C
D D D
A B P A B
P P P
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Given ı AOB is the angle at the centre of the circle with centre O and ACB is the angle at
any point on the circle formed by circular arc APB.
To Prove ı AOB = 2ACB
According to the length of the circular arc APB, these may be of three types. In the fig. no. (i)
and (iv) APB are Minor areas. In the fig. no. (ii) APB is semi circular arc, in fig. no. (iii) APB is
Major arc.
Construction ı C, O are joined and C O is extended up to the point D.
Proof ı In ' AOC, OA = OC in each case lradii of same circlen
.
. . OCA = OAC
Again, in each case, side CO of ' AOCÈ is extended up to the point D.
Exterior AOD = OAC + OCA
..
= 2 OCA..... (I) l . OAC = OCAn
.
In ' BOC, OB = OC in each case l. . radii of same circlen
Again, since side CO of ' BOCÈ is extended up to the point D.
.
. . ExteriorBOD = OCB + OBC
..
= 2 OCB ...... (II) [ . OBC = OCB]
In figure (i) and (ii) AOD + BOD = 2OCA + 2OCB lWe get from I & IIn
.
. . AOB = 2 (OCA + OCB) = 2ACB ....... (III)
But in fig. no.(iii) i.e. when APB is major arc, we shall write (III)È
.
. . AOB = 2ACB
In fig. (iv) BOD – AOD = 2OCB – 2OCA
Or, AOB = 2(OCB – OCA)
.
. . AOB = 2ACB SProved V
>
Application ı 1. I drew a circle with centre P and by drawing an angle APB at the centre and
an angle AQB at the point on the circle by the arc ACB, we shall prove that, APB = 2
AQB lLet me do it myselfn
123
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
Application ı 2. O is the centre of the circumcircle of ' ABC and the point A and A
the chord BC lie on opposite sides of the centre. If BOC = 120º, let us write by Ox
calculating the value of BAC.
>
By drawing figure we see that, BOC and BAC are calculating two angles at B P C
the centre and on the circle respectively lying on the same arc BPC of a circle with
centre O.
. 1 1
. . BAC = –2 BOC = –2 × 120º = 60º
Application ı 3. The circle with centre O passes through three points A, B C, if ABOA = 35º
and ACO = 45º, let us write by calculating the value of BOC.
O
. 35º x 45º
In ' OAB,È OA = OB Sradii of same circleV . . OAB = OBA = 35º
)
)
C
B
.
In ' OAC,È OA = OC Sradii of same circleV . . OAC = OCA = 45º P
.
. . BAC = + = lLet me write if myselfn
Since the angle BOC is at the centre of the circle and BAC is on the circle formed by
.
circular arc BPC of a circle with centre O, . . BOC = 2BAC = 160º
Application ı 4. We see the circle in the adjoining figure with centre O and let us write by
calculating the value of OAB, when OAP = 25º and OBP = 35º– P
Construction ı O, P are joined
O
. 25º x 35º
Proof ı OA = OP Sradii of same circleV . . OAP = OPA
)
)
B
.. A
. OAP = 25ºñ ... OPA = 25º
.
OB = OP Sradii of same circleV . . OBP = OPB
..
. OBP = 35ºñ soñ OPB = 35º
APB = OPA + OPB = 25º + 35º = 60º
AOB = 2APB = 2 × 60º = 120º
In 'AOB, OAB + OBA = 180º – 120º = 60º lsum of three angles of a triangle is 180ºn
..
. AO = BO lradii of same circlen
. 1
. . OAB = OBA = –2 × 60º =30º
Application ı 5. Let us write by calculating the value of x and y from the two figures given below.È
lLet me do it myselfn A
)
xº
O
x) x
)
14
0º
O
0º
10
120º
C A yº B
B
)
P
(i) (ii)
124
Application ı 6. Two circles with radii of same lengths intersect each other at the points A and
B. A straight line passing through the point A, in opposite sides of the chord AB, intersects one
of the circles at the point P and the other circle at the point Q, let us prove that BP = PQ
Given ı Two equal circles intersect each other at the points A and B. A straight line passing
through the point A intersects one of the circles at P and the other circle at the point Q.
To prove ı BP = BQ
Construction ı Let X, Y be the centres of the first circle and the second circle respectively.
A, B; A, X; B, X; A,Y; and B, Y are joined.
Proof ı In ' AXB and ' AYB,È AX = AY lradii of same circlen A Q
.. P
BX = BY l . n Xx xY
AB is common side
B
.
. . ' AXB #' AYB SBy S-S-S axiom of congruencyV
.
. . AXB =AYB lcorresponding anglesn
.1 1
. . –2 AXB = –2 AYB
1 ..
Againñ APB = – 2 AXB l . AXB is an angle at the centre and APB is an angle
on the circle formed by minor arc AB of first circle]
1 ..
Similarlyñ AQB = –2 AYB l . AYB is an angle at the centre and AQB is angle
on the circle formed by minor arc AB of 2nd circlen
.
. . APB = AQB i.e. QPB = PQB
. .
. . In ' PQB, QPB = PQB . . BP = BQ lProvedn
[If the straight-line intersects the circle at the points P and Q on the same side of the chord
AB, then by drawing figure, let us prove BP = BQn
Application ı 7. ABC is an isosceles triangle with sides AB = AC; we draw ' DBC in such a
way that ' DBC and ' ABC lie on the same side of BC and BAC=2BDC. Let us prove
that, the circle drawn with centre A and with radius AB is passing through the point D i.e. the
point D lies on the circle. lLet me do it myselfn
lAnswer hints ı If point D does not lie on that D
circle, let the circle intersects BD or extended A D'
BD at the point D'. D', C are joined.
.
. . BAC = 2BD' C;
But, BAC = BDC
. B
. . BD' C = BDCñ But this is impossible if the C
points D and D' do not coincide. Because exterior angle of triangle can not be equal to one
interior opposite angle.
125
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
Let us work-out 7.1

1. O is the circumcentre of the isosceles triangle ABC, whose AB = AC, the points A and O
are opposite in side of BC. If BOC = 100º, let us write by calculating, the values of
ABC and ABO. B
2. In the adjoining figure, if O is the centre of circumcircle of ' ABC and A 110º C
x
)
AOC = 110º; let us write by calculating, the value of ABC. O
3. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral of a circle with centre O; DC is extended

to the point P. If BCP = 108º, let us write by calculating, the value of
xO
BODÈ. D ) )
C
40º 35º
4. In the adjacent figure O is the centre of the circle; AOD = 40º and A B
ACB = 35º ; let us write by calculating the value of BCO andBOD, D
and answer with reason.
xO
5. O is the centre of circle in the picture beside, if APB = 80º, let us find A
the sum of the measures of AOB and COD and answer with reason. P
C
B
6. Like the adjoining figure, we draw two circles with centres C and
A Q
D which intersect each other at the points A and B. We draw a
straight line through the point A which intersects the circle with P C
x xD
centre C at the point P and the circle with centre D at the point Q.
Let us prove that (i) PBQ = CAD (ii) BPC = BQD B
7. If the circumcentre of triangle ABC is O; let us prove that OBC + BAC = 90º
8. Each of two equal circles passes through the centre of the other and the two circles intersect
each other at the points A and B. If a straight line through the point A intersects the two
circles at points˛C and D, let us prove that 'BCD is an equilateral triangle.
9. S is the centre of the circumcircle of 'ABC and if AD A BC, let us prove that BAD = SAC
10. Two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O intersect each other at the point P, let us
prove that AOD + BOC = 2BPC.
If AOD and BOC are supplementary to each other, let us prove that the two chords
are perpendicular to each other.
11. If two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O, when produced intersect each other at
the point P, let us prove that AOC – BOD = 2BPC
12. We drew a circle with the point A of quadrilateral ABCD as centre which passes through
1
the points B, C and D. Let us prove that CBD + CDB = –2 BAD
13. O is the circumcentre of 'ABC and OD is perpendicular on the side BC; let us prove that
BOD = BAC
126
14. Very short answer type questions (V.S.A.) : R

(A) (M.C.Q.) ı
140ºx
(i) In the adjoining figure, if 'O' is the centre of circle and PQ is a P O Q
xº
diameter then the value of x is P
xº S
(a) 140 (b) 40 (c) 80 (d) 20 80º R
A
0º
O
14
(ii) In the adjoining figure, if O is the centre of circle, then the
O
)
value of x is (a) 70 (b) 60 (c) 40 (d) 200 Q 50º x
B C
(iii) In the adjoining figure, if O is centre of circle and BC is the diameter xº
then the value of x is (a) 60 (b) 50 (c) 100 (d) 80 D
(iv) O is the circumcentre of ' ABC and OAB = 50º, then the value of ACB is
(a) 50º (b) 100º (c) 40º (d) 80º
O
(v) In the adjoining figure, if O is centre of circle, the value of POR is x
(a) 20º (b) 40º (c) 60º (d) 80º P

10º
40º
Q
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true or false : R C
(i) In the adjoining figure, if O is centre of circle, then
AOB = 2ACD O
D
(ii) The point O lies within the triangular region ABC in such a way that OA A B
= OB and AOB = 2ACB. If we draw a circle with centre O and
length of radius OA, then the point C lies on the circle.
(C) Let us fill in the blanks
(i) The angle subtended at a point on the circle is of the angle subtended at the
centre by the same arc.
(ii) The length of two chords AB and CD are equal of a circle with centre O. If APB and
DQC are angles on the circle, then the values of the two angles are .
(iii) If O is the circumcentre of equilateral triangle, then the value of the front angle formed
by any side of the triangle is
15. Short answer type questions (S.A.) : A B
(i) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle, if OAB = 40º, 40º 120º
xº yº
ABC = 120º, BCO = yº and COA = xº, let us find x and y. O C
(ii) O is the circumcentre of the triangle ABC and D is the mid point of the
side BC. If BAC = 40º, let us find the value of BOD.
(iii) Three points A, B and C lie on the circle with centre O in such a way that AOCB is a
parallelogram, let us calculate the value of AOC.
(iv) O is the circumcentre of isosceles triangle ABC and ABC = 120º; if the length of the radius of
the circle is 5cm, let us find the value of the side AB. C
(v) Two circles with centres A and B intersect each other at the points
A B Q
C and D. The centre B of the other circle lies on the circle with P
centre A. If CQD = 70º, let us find the value of CPD D
127
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
Like Rabeya, Shakil also drew a circle with P Q R

centre O on the blackboard of our school and
drew a diameter AB of that circle. Trisha drew A x B
O
three semicircular angles APB, AQB and
ARB. P
Each semicircular angle is right angle llet us write the angle by measuringn
i.e. All semicircular angles are lequal/unequaln
I draw many angles in the same segment and measure those angles with
protractor and try to find the relation among them.
APB, AQB, ARB and ASB are the angles in the segment ABSRQP
Measuring with protractor and see.
APB AQB ARB = ASB l Let us write = / z n
I draw one or more angles in the same segment on my copy and by measuring with protractor
I see that angles in the same segment of a circle are lequal/unequaln llet us write by
measuring or drawingn
Hands on trial
C D
(1) We draw a circle with centre O on the white art paper. O
(2) We get chord AB joining two points A & B of circle with centre O
like the adjoining figure. A B
(3) We draw two angles ACB and ADB at the points C and D of a
circle in the same side of chord AB. i.e. ACB and ADB are two angles in the segment
ABDC of the circle with centre O.
(4) I cut off ACB and ADB by drawing it with the help of tracing paper.
(5) The two angles we draw on tracing paper are placed one upon another in such a way that
the vertices C and D are coincided.
We see, ACB and ADB are coincided. D (C)
.
. . We get by hands on trialñ ACB = ADB
A (B) B (A)
.
. . We get all the angles in the same segment of circle are equal.
128

Theorem 35. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Given ı Let ACB and ADB are any two angles in the segment ABDC of a circle with
centre O. C D
To prove ı All angles in the same segment ABDC of the circle are equal.
Since ACB and ADB are any two angles on that segment on the O
circle, the theorem will be proved if it can be shown that ACB and
A B
ADB are equal to each other. P
Construction ı O, A and O, B are joined.
Proof ı The angle AOB at the centre; the angles ACB and ADB on the circle,
are on the same arc APB.
.
. . AOB = 2ACB
and AOB = 2ADB
i.e. 2ACB = 2ADB
.
. . ACB = ADB
Let us do 7.3
(1) Let us prove that all angles subtended at the points on the circle formed by same arc are equal.
(2) Let us prove that if all angles of a circle subtended by circular arcs be equal then the lengths
of the arcs are equal.
By hands on trial and with reason we have proved that all angles of a circle subtended by the
same arcs are equal.
Is its converse theorem possible? i.e. if the line segment joining any two points
subtends equal angles at other two points on the same side of line segmennt will
four points be concyclic?
Hands on trial
(i) On a white paper,we draw a line segment AB by joining two points A and B. C D
Two equal angles ACB and ADB are formed at the points C and D on
the same side of the line segment AB.
(ii) By folding the paper we got perpendicular bisectors PQ and RS of two A B
line segments AB and CD respectively, they intersect each other at the C
point O. D
R P
(iii) By measuring with scale we see, AO OB OC OD OS
lBy hands on trial we put = / zn A B
(iv) We draw a circle with centre O and taking length of radius OA, it will Q
pass through the points A, B, C, D,
So, we get a fixed circle which passes through the non-collinear points A, B and C also it will
pass through the point D.
.
. . We get four points A, B, D and C which are concyclic.
129
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7

Theorem: 36. If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other
points on the same side of it, then the four points are concyclic.
Given : Let the line segment joining two points A and B subtends equal angles at the two
C D
points C and D.
.
. . ACB = ADB
To prove ı The points A, B, D and C are concyclic.
A B
C D
Proof ı A fixed circle is drawn through three non-collinear points A,B and D'
C. If this fixed circle does not pass through the point D, the circle intersects
AD or extended AD at a point.
A B
Let the circle intersects AD or extended AD at the point D'.
. C D'
. . Four points A, B, D'and C are concyclic D' and B are joined by a line segment. D
.
. . ACB = AD' B Sangles in the same segmentV
But ACB = ADB A B
.
. . AD' B = ADB lAs the exterior angle of a triangle
But it is absurd, unless D and D' coincides can not be equal to interior opposite
. anglen
. . A, B, D and C are concyclic.
Application ı 8. Let us see the figure of circle below and let us find the value of x. O is the
centre of circle.
B Ox D A D
40º xº E
100º 80º
xº 140º
C A B C
P
(i) (ii)
(i) O is the centre of the circle.

ABC and ADC are the front angles on the circle formed by the minor arc CPA.
. ..
. . ABC = ADC = 40º S . Given that ADC = 40ºV
and in 'ABC, ABC + ACB + BAC = 180º
.
. . 40º + 100º + x = 180º
or, xº = 180º – 140º =
.
. . x = 40
Similarly let us calculate the value of x in figure no. (ii)
130
Application ı 9. In the adjoining figure, BDC = 50º, APB = 65º, CBD = 28º ; Let us
determine the values of ADB, ABD, BAC, ACB, CAD and ACD.
BAC = BDC = l... angle in the same segmentn
A D
Again, CAD = = 28º l... angle in the same segmentn P (
65º ( 50º
In 'BPC, Exterior APB = PBC + PCB. B
) 28º
C
. .
. . 65º = 28º + ACB ; . .ACB =
.
. . ADB = ACB = langles in the same segmentn
In 'ABPÈÙÈ ABP + BPA + PAB = 180º
.
. . ABP =
.
. . ABD = lLet me do it myselfn
..
ACD = ABD = l . Front angles in the same segmentn
Application ı 10. Let us prove that the bisectors of all the angles in the same segment of a
circle pass through a fixed point.
Given ı For a circle with centre O, APB is an angle in the segment APB; bisector of APB
intersects the circle at the point Q.
P
To prove ı The bisector passes through a fixed point.
..
Proof ı APQ = BPQ l . PQ, is a bisector of APB˛n O
A
AOQ = 2APQ ; Again BOQ = 2BPQ B
i.e. APQ = BPQ ñ so, AOQ = BOQ Q
.
. . Arc AQ = Arc BQ Si.e. Arc AQ and arc BQ make front angle at the centre of the circleV
.
. . Q is the mid point of arc AQB.
If AQB is fixed, Q is also fixed point.
.
. . For any position of P on the arc APB, bisectors of APB will pass through the mid point
of its opposite arc i.e. passes through fixed point.
Application ı 11. In the adjoining figure, AB and CD are two chords of a circle. If we extend
BA and DC, they intersect each other at the point P, let us prove that PCB = PAD.
Given ı AB and CD arc two chords of a circle. BA and DC, when extended, meet each other
at the point P.
To prove ı PCB = PAD D
C
Proof ı BCD = BAD Sangles in the same segmentV
Again, PCB = 180º – BCD O
x
and PAD = 180º – BAD P A B

..
. BCD = BAD, So, 180º – BCD = 180º – BAD
.
. . PCB = PAD lProvedn
131
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
Application ı 12. The equilateral triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. P is any point on minor
arc BC, let us prove that PA = PB + PC
Given ı The equilateral triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. P is any point on minor arc BC.
To prove ı PA = PB + PC
Construction ı PX is cut off from PA making equal to PB. B,X are joined.
Proof ı PB = PX lby constructionn A
.
. . PBX = PXB (I) X
x
C
Again, ACB = APB langles in the same segmentn B
.. .
= 60º l . ABC is an equilateral triangle . . ACB = 60ºn P
.
. . PBX + PXB = 180º – 60º =
.
. . PBX = PXB = 60º lwe get from (I)n
.
. . PBX is an equilateral triangle.
.
. . PBC = PBX – CBX = CBA –CBX = XBA (II)
..
In ' BPC and ' ABX,È AB = BC l . ' ABC is an equilateral trianglen
ABX = PBC lwe get from (II)n
..
BX = PB S . ' BPX is an equilateral triangleV
.
. . ' BPC #' ABX lS-A-S congruencen
.
. . AX = PC
.
. . PA = PX + XA = PB + PC lProvedn
Let us work-out 7.2 A D
1. In the adjoining figure, DBA = 40º, BAC = 60º and
x
CAD = 20ºó let us find the values ofDCA and BCA
B C
also let us see by calculating, what the sum of BAD and
DCB will be
2. In the adjoining figure, AOB is the diameter of the circle A O
x B
and O is the centre of the circle. The radius OC is
perpendicular on AB. If P is any point on minor arc CB, P
C
let us write by calculating the values of BAC and APCÈ
3. O is the orthocentre, of the triangle ABC and the perpendicularAD drawn on BC, when
extended, intersects the circumcircle of 'ABC at the point G, let us prove that OD = DG.
132
4. I is the centre of the incircle of 'ABC; AI produced intersects the circumcircle of that
triangle at the point P, let us prove that PB = PC = PI
5. Timir drew two circles which intersect each other at the points P and Q. Through the point
P two straight lines are drawn so that they intersect one of the circles at the points A and B,
and the other circle at the points C and D respectively, let us prove that AQC = BQD.
6. Two chords AB and CD of a circle are perpendicular to each other. If a perpendicular
drawn to AD from the point of intersection P of those two chords AB and CD is produced
to meet BC at the point E, let us prove that the point E is the mid point of BC.
7. If in a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB = DC, let us prove that AC = BD
8. OA is the radius of a circle with centre at O, AQ is its chord and C is any point on the
circle. A circle passes through the points O, A, C intersects the chord AQ at the point P, let
us prove that CP = PQ
9. The triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle, the bisectors AX, BY and CZ of the angles
BAC, ABC and ACB intersect at the points X, Y, Z, on the circle respectively, let us
prove that AX is perpendicular to YZ.
10. The triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. The bisectors of the angles BAC, ABC and
ACB intersect at the points X, Y and Z on the circle respectively, let us prove that in
'XYZñ YXZ = 90º – BAC
2
11. A perpendicular drawn on BC from the point A of 'ABC intersects the side BC at the
point D and a perpendicular drawn on the side CA from the point B intersects the side CA
from the point B at the point E, let us prove that four points A,B,D,E are concyclic.
12. Very short answer type questions (V.S.A) : C x

M.C.Q. D
O
(i) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle, if
ACB = 30º, ABC = 60º, DAB = 35º and A
B
DBC = xº, the value of x is
D
(a) 35 (b) 70 (c) 65 (d) 55
O C
(ii) ˛In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle, if x
BAD = 65º, BDC = 45º, then the value of CBD A B

is (a) 65º (b) 45º (c) 40º (d) 20º
C
D E
(iii) In the adjoining figure, the O is the centre of circle,
if AEB = 110º and CBE = 30º, the value of A
O
x B
ADB is (a) 70º (b) 60º (c) 80º (d) 90º
133
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
A
(iv) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the X
B
circle, if BCD = 28º, AEC = 38º, then the value x O
of AXB is C E
D
(a) 56º (b) 86º (c) 38º (d) 28º E
(v) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle
and AB is diameter. If AB || CD. ABC = 25ºÈ, the O
x B
A

value of CED is

(a) 80º (b) 50º (c) 25º (d) 40º C D
A
(B) Write true or false ı
(i) In the adjoining figure AD and BE are E
the perpendiculars on side BC and CA
of the triangle ABC. A,B,D,E are
B C
concyclic. D
(ii) In ' ABC, AB = AC, BE and CF are the bisectors of the angles ABC and ACB
and they intersect AC and AB at the points E and F respectively. Four points B,C,E,F,
are not concyclic.
(C) Fill in the blanks :

(i) All angles in the same segment are .
(ii) If the line segment joining two points subtends equal angle at two other points
on the same side, then the four points are .
(iii) If two angles on the circle formed by two arcs are equal then the lengths of arcs
are .
B
13. Short answer type (S.A) :
O
(i) In the adjoining figure, O is centre of the circle, AC is diameter A x C

and chord DE is parallel to the diameter AC. If CBD = 60º;

E

let us find the value of CDE.È D

P S
(ii) In the adjoining figure, QS is the bisectors of an angle PQR, if x

O
SQR = 35º and PRQ = 32º, let us find the value ofQSR. Q R
C
(iii) In the adjoining figure, O is centre of the circle and AB is A

x B
diameter. If AB and CD are mutually perpendicular to each O
other and ADC= 50º; let us find the value of CAD.
D
134
A
(iv) In the adjoining figure, O is centre of the circle and AB = AC; if B

x C
ABC = 32º, let us find the value of BDC. O
D
A
Y X
(v) In the adjoining figure, BX and CY are the bisectors of the angles
B C
ABC and ACB respectively. If AB = AC and BY = 4 cm, let O
x
us find the length of AX.
Rabeya has drawn a circle with centre O, Shakil drew a diameter AB in the circle drawn by
Rabeya.
By measuring we see that, the diameter AB or circular arc

C D E Q
APB subtended angles at the points C, D & E on the circle
O
llet us write by drawing and measuringn A x B x
B
O A
Again diameter AB or circular are AQP subtended angles
at each of the points M,N,S on the˛ P M N S
3 These ACB, ADB, AEB, AMB, ANB and ASB angles i.e. what the angles
formed by a diameter of a circle at different points on a semicircle are called?
The angles formed by a diameter at different points of this semicircle are called semicircular angles.
Here each of ACB, ADB, AEB and AMB, ANB and ASB, is Semicircular angle.
By hands on trial, let us see and varify that the angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
Hands on trial
P
(1) We draw a semicircular angle APB of a circle with centre O.
(2) We draw APB twice with the help of a tracing paper and cut-off and
A x B
placing two angles at the point O on the diameter AB of the circle with O
centre O side by side like the figure given below, two angles APB are
supplementary to each other and equal. [... same measure of angle]
.
. . Each angle is right angle.
P P B
A A B
B A P A
. 1
. . We get by hands on trial, APB = –2 × 180º = 90º
.
. . We get by hands on trial, that the angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
135
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
C
Theoremı 37. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
Given ı In the circle with centre O, ACB is an angle in a semicircle. A x B
O
To prove ı ACB = 1 right angle.
>
centre O, and ACB is the angle subtended by the same arc APB.
.
>
Proof ı AOB is the angle at the centre lying on the arc APB of a circle with P
. . AOB = 2ACB .............. (I)

.
Since AB is a line segment, so, AOB is a straight angle. . . AOB = 2 right angles
.
. . 2ACB = 2 right angles l We get from (I)n
.
. . ACB = 1 right angle lProvedn
PQR is a semicircular angle of another circle with centre O, let us prove with reason that
PQR = 90º. [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 13. AB is a diameter of a circle and P is any point on the circle, if
P
PAB = 30º, let us find the value of PBA.
.
Answer ı APB is a semicircular angle . . APB = 90º ; PAB = 30º A x B
. O
. . PBA = 90º – 30º = 60º
Application ı 14. In adjoining figure, AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O. C is any point
on the circle. If BAC = 50º and CD is perpendicular on AB, let us find the value of BCD.
.
Answer ı ACB is a semicircular angle. . . ACB = 90º C
In right angled triangle ACDñ ADC = 90º, A x B

.
DAC = 50ºñ . . ACD = 90º – 50º = 40º
D O
Again, ACB = 90º ; hence BCD = 90º – 40º = 50º

Application ı 15. In the adjoining figure, the line segments AB and CD intersect at the centre
O of the circle . If AOC = 80º, CDE = 40º, let us find the value of (i) DCE and (ii) ABC.
.
Solution : CED is a semicircular angle . . CED = 90º C
In right angled triangle CED, CED = 90º, CDE = 40ºñ E
. 80º x O
. . DCE = 90º – 40º = 50º ........(i) A
B
40º
In 'BOC, Exterior AOC = OBC + OCB
80º = OBC + 50º ( ... DCE = 50º) D
.
. . OBC = 30º
So, ABC = 30º ............ (ii)
Application ı 16. let us prove with reason that the angle in the segment of a circle which is
>
greater than a semicircle is an acute angle.
Given ı The segment ACB of the circle with centre O is greater than the semicircle.
To proveı ACB is an acute angle.
136
>
>
Proof ı Since the segment ACB of the circle is greater than the semicircle.
.
. . A DB is a minor arc.
. O
C
. . AOB, the angle at the centre lying on that arc is less than 2 right angle. x
> Again, ACB is an angle on the circle also lying on the same arc
. .
A DB . .AOB < 180º i.e. 2ACB < 180º . . ACB < 90º
.
A
D
(iii)
B
. . ACB is less than1 right angle. i.e. ACB is an acute angle. lProvedn
Applicationı 17. Let us prove that the angle in the segment of a circle which is less than a
semicircle is an obtuse angle. lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 18. Let us prove with reason that the middle point of hypotenuse of
any right angled triangle is equidistant from three vertices.
Given ı In right angled triangle ABC, ACB = 90º and O is the middle point of the
hypotenuse AB.
To prove ı OA = OB = OC
Construction ı We draw a circle taking length of radius OB with centre O.
Proof ı The circle drawn with length of radius OB, taking O as centre passes through the points
A and B, if the circle does not pass through the point C, the circle intersects AC or AC
A
produced at the point C'. B', C' are joined.
. ..
. . AC´B = 90º l . semicircular anglen x
O
Again, ACB = 90º

.
. . ACB = AC´B C B
It is impossible, as exterior angle of a triangle cannot be equal to
interior opposite angle. C
'
It is possible, if C and C´ are same point.

.
. . The circle passes through the point C.
.
. . OA = OB = OC lProvedn
Application ı 19. Let us prove with reason that the circle drawn with hypotenuse of a right
angled triangle as diameter passes through the right angular vertex. lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 20. Let us prove with reason that the point of intersection of two circles drawn
with two smaller sides than the greatest side of a scalene triangle, as diameters, lies on third side.
Given ı AC is the greatest side of ' ABC. A circle
drawn with AB as diameter intersects AC at the point D. B
To prove ı The circle drawn with BC as diameter also

passes through the point D.
Construction ı B, D are joined by line segment.
Proof ı ADB is an angle in the semicircle.
. A C
. . ADB = 1 right angle. D
.
. . CDB = 1 right angle.
Since in right angled triangle CDB, CDB = 1 right angle,
So, BC is the diameter of the circle drawn with BC as diameter also passes through the point D.
137
GANIT PRAKSH
CHAPTER ı 7
Application ı21. AC is the common hypotenuse of two right angled triangles ABC and ADC,
let us prove that CAD = CBD; B
Given ı AC is the common hypotenuse of right angled triangles ABC and ADC Ox
A C
To prove ı CAD = CBD
Proof ı In 'ABC, ÈABC = 90º D
.
. . If the circle drawn with AC as diameter, it passes through the point B. Similarly, the
circle drawn with diameter AC, it passes through the point D.
CAD and CBD are the angles on the circle lie on the same minor arc DC.
.
. . CAD = CBD SProved˛V
Let us work out 7.3
1. In 'ABC, B is a right angle. A circle drawn taking AC as diameter intersects AB at the

point D, let us write the correct information from the followings :
(i) AB > AD (ii) AB = AD (iii) AB < AD
2. Let us prove that the circle drawn with any one of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle as
diameter bisects the unequal side.
3. Sahana drew two circles which intersect each other at the points P and Q. If the diameters
of the two circles are PA and PB respectively, then let us prove that A, Q, B are collinear.
4. Rajat drew a line segment PQ of which mid point is R and two circles are drawn with PR and
PQ as diameter. I drew a straight line through the point P which intersects the first circle at the
point S and the second circle at the point T. Let us prove with reason that PS = ST
5. Three points P, Q, R lie on a circle. The two perpendiculars PQ and PR at the point P
intersect the circle at the points S and T respectively. Let us prove that RQ = ST
6. ABC is an acute angled triangle. AP is the diameter of the circumcircle of the triangle ABC;
BE and CF are perpendiculars on AC and AB respectively and they intersect each other at
the point Q. Let us prove that BPQC is a parallelogram.
7. The internal and external bisectors of the vertical angle of a triangle intersect the circumcircle
of the triangle at the points P and Q. Let us prove that PQ is a diameter of the circle.
8. AB an CD are two diameters of a circle. Let us prove that ACBD is a rectangular figure.
9. Let us prove that if the circles are drawn having sides of a rhombus as diameter then the
circles pass through the fixed points. R
10. Very short answer (V.S.A.)

P x Q
(M.C.Q.) ı O
(i) PQ is a diameter of a circle with centre O, and PR = RQ; the value of RPQ is È
(a) 30º (b) 90º (c) 60º (d) 45º
138
(ii) QR is a chord of a circle and POR is a diameter of a circle. Q D R
OD is perpendicular on QR. If OD = 4 cm, the length of PQ is x

O
(a) 4cm. (b) 2cm. (c) 8cm. (d) none of these P
A
(iii) AOB is a diameter of a circle. The two chords AC and BD when
C
extended meet at the point E. If COD = 40º, the value of CED isÈ Ox E
(a) 40º (b) 80º (c) 20º (d) 70º D
B
(iv) AOB is diameter of a circle. If AC = 3 cm, C
BC = 4 cm, then the length of AB is
A x B
(a) 3 cm. (b) 4 cm. (c) 5 cm. (d) 8 cm. O
(v) In the adjoining figure, O is centre of circle & AB is a diameter, C

if BCE = 20º, CAE = 25º, the value of AEC is E
D
A x B
(a) 50º (b) 90º (c) 45º (d) 20º O
(B) Let us write true or false.
(i) The angle in the segment of a circle which is greater than a semicircle is an obtuse angle.
(ii) O is the mid point of the side AB of the triangle ABC, and OA = OB = OC; if we
draw a circle with side AB as diameter, then the circle passes through the point C.
(C) Let us fill in the blanks.
(i) Semicircular angle is .
(ii) The angle in the segment of a circle which is less than a semicircle is an
angle.
(iii) The circle drawn with hypotenuse of a right angled triangle as diameter passes
through the .
11. Short answer
(i) In isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC; a circle drawn taking AB as diameter meets the
side BC at the point D. If BD = 4cm, let us find the value of CD.
(ii) Two chords AB and AC of a circle are mutually perpendicular to each other. If AB = 4 cm,
AC = 3, let us find the length of the radius of the circle.
(iii) Two chords PQ and PR of a circle are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the
length of the radius of the circle is r cm., let us find the length of the chord QR.
(iv) AOB is a diameter of a circle. The point C lies on the circle. If OBC = 60º, let us
find the value of OCA. P
(v) In the picture beside, O is centre of the circle and AB is the diameter. C D
The length of chord CD is equal to the length of the radius of the
circle. AC and BD produced meet at the point P, let us find the value A B
x
O
of APB.
139
Ganit Prakash-Class- X
Chapter : 8
8 RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER
A fine wooden penstand has been plaecd on the table of the

reading room of our house. It has become old for few years.
Some part of it has broken, so one more penstand is required.
I and my elder sister both have decided that we shall make that type of
penstand.
1 But what is the shape of this penstand?
The shape of this penstand is like a cylinder.
In the picture beside, the penstand is like the right Circular Cylinder.
But in the pictures beside, no. (i) and (ii) cylinders are not right circular cylinder.
2 Which cylinder will we understand when only it is said to be a cylinder?
Here we shall understand right circular cylinder when only it is said to
be a cylinder.
I have a coloured rectangular paper.

(i) (ii)
3 How shall we get the minimum coloured paper that will be
required for wraping out side of the penstand excluding top and bottom.
We shall know it by the measuring lateral surface of the circular cylinder.
Let us calculate lateral surface area of a right circular cylinder by hands on trial.
(1) We take a coloured rectangular paper. l unit
Let, length of the rectangular paper is l units and breadth is b units.
b unit
(2) That penstand is covered by rectangular paper along breadth
and fixed two end points by cellotape like the adjoining figure.
We see, length of the rectangular paper = l units = perimeter of the base
of the right circular˛cylinder = 2Sr units [where r unit = length of the
radius of the base of the right circular cylinder b unit
Again, breadth of the rectangular paper = b units = height of the cylinder
[let h units]
.
. . Area of that rectangular paper = lenght × breadth = l × b
= 2Sr × h sq units
Radius of the right circular = 2Srh sq units
h
cylinder means radius of the base.
. r
. . We get by hands on trial, the lateral surfaec area of the right circular cylinder is
2Srh sq units. lWhere r = length of radius of base of right circular cylinder, h = height of the
right circular cylinder]
We understand. if the radius of the base of the penstand is r units and height of the penstand is h
units, then minimum 2Srh sq units coloured paper will be required for covering the penstand.
140
RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER
4 But what will be the total surface area of a right circular cylinder?
In a right circular cylinder we have a curved surface or lateral surface and two circular plane
surfaces with same radius. Lateral surface area of a right circular cylinder =2Srh lwhere r =
length of the radius of the base of the right circular and h = height of the cylinder]
= 2Sr × h
h = Perimeter of the circular plane surface of the cylinder × height.
r
.
. . Total surface area of a right circular cylinder
= ˛Area of lateral surface + area of two circular plane surfaces.
= 2Srh + 2Sr2 lwhere r = length of radius of the base of the cylinder, h = height of cylinder
= 2Sr (h+r)
But we wraped penstand by paper, which is in the shape of right circular cylinder and its top
surface is open.
.
. . Total surface area of that penstand is = 2Srh + Sr2
lr = lenght of the radius of the cirular base of the cylinder and h = height of the cylinder]
Application ı 1. If the length of radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 12 cm. and height
is 21 cm. Let us write by calculating, its lateral surface area.
12
The length of radius of the cylinder is 2 cm. = 6 cm.
.
. . The lateral surface area of cylinder is = 2 × S × 6 × 21 sq cm.
22
= 2 × 7 × 6 × 21 sq cm. = sq cm.
Application ı 2. The perimeter of a right circular cylinder is 44 meter and height is 14 meter, let
us write by calculating its lateral surface area. lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 3. The base area of a closed cylindrical water tank is 616 sq meter and height is
21 meter. Let us write by calculating the total surface area of that tank.
Let the length of radius of circular base of water tank = r meter
.
. . Base area = Sr2 sq meter
By the condition Sr2 = 616
22
or, 7 × r2 = 616
7 .
or, r2 = 616 × 2 2 . . r =
.
. . Tatal surface area of water tank is= (2Sr2 + 2Srh) sq meter lwhere height of cylinder = h meter]
22
= 2× 7 × r (r + h) sq meter
22
= 2 × 7 × 14 (14 + 21) sq meter
= sq meter
141
Chapter : 8
Application ı 4. If perimeter of the base of any closed cylindrical pot is 22 dm. and height is
5 dm. Let us write by calculating the area that will be coloured to paint the out side of that pot .
lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 5. (i) The total surface area of a right circular cylinder with one end
open is 1474 sq cm. It the length of diameter of the base is 14 cm. Let us write by
calculating, its height.
(ii) Again if the pot would be closed at two ends, let us write by calculating, what would be its
total surface area.
14
(i) The length of radius of base of right circular cylindrical pot = 2 cm. = 7 cm.
Let the height of the pot is h cm.
.
. . Total surface area of pot = area of the base + area of the lateral surface
22 22
= ( 7 ×72 + 2 × 7 × 7 × h) sq cm.
= (154 + 44h) sq cm.
By the condition, 154 + 44h = 1474
.
..h= lLet us writen
.
. . ˛The height of the pot is 30 cm.
If the pot would be closed at two ends, surface area of that pot
= ˛Area of the upper end surface + 1474 sq cm.
22
= ( 7 × 72 + 1474) sq cm. = sq cm.
Application ı 6. The length of the diameter of the base of a drum with lid made of steel shcet is
4.2 dcm. If 112.20 sq dcm. of steel shect is required to make the drum, let us write by calculating
the height of the drum.
Again if the price of 1 sq dcm. steel is ` 25, let us calculate the production cost of the drum.
My brother and sister gathered right circular cylindrical solids,
used by them, in the corner of the room. There, they placed
their cylindrical drinking water glasses also.
We see that the diameters of bases and heights of two glasses
are different.
5 But how we shall understand that the glass which will contain maximum water?
we shall understand it by measuring the volume of the cylindrical glass.
But how we shall get the volume of a right circular cylinder?
Volume of a right circular cylinder = Area of base × height
= Sr2 × h
= Sr2h
142
Application ı 7. If length of diameter of the base of glass is 11.2 cm. and height is 15 cm., let us
calculate the volume of water that the glass will contain.
We understand, if the length of diameter of base of glass is 11.2 cm. and height is 15 cm., the
glass will contain water
11.2 2
=S× ( 2 ) × 15 cubic cm. r2
22 5 6 5 6 r1
= 7 × 1 0 × 1 0 × 15 cubic cm.
= cubic cm. h
6 But how we shall get, how much metal will be in a hollow cylindrical pipe?
The length of outer radius of a hollow pipe is r1 units,
inner radius is r2 units and height 5 h units.
Volume of hollow pipe = (Sr12h – Sr22h) cubic units
= S(r12 – r22 ) h cubic units
Application ı 8. Height of a right cirucular cylinder made of iron open at two ends is 42 cm. If
the thickness of the cylinder is 1 cm. and length of its external diameter is 10 cm., let us carculate
the volume of iron in it ?
10
The length of external radius of cylinder = 2 cm. = 5 cm.
.
It is of 1 cm. thickness. . . length of internal radius of the cylinder = (5 – 1) cm. = 4 cm.
volume of iron 1 cm.
22
= 7 ( 52 – 42) × 42 cubic cm.
22 ..
= 7 × (5+4) (5–4) × 42 cubic cm. l . a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b)n
22
= 7 × 9 × 1 × 42 cubic cm.
= 22 × 9 × 6 cubic cm.
10 cm.
= cubic cm.
Application ı 9. If we coloured inside and outside of the hollow right circular cylinder
(Application 8 ) open at two ends, let us write by calculating how much area we shall colour?
The sum of inner and outer surface area of this hollow right circular cylinder open at
two ends
= (2×S×5×21 + 2×S×4 × 21) sq cm.
= 2×S×21 (5+4) sq cm.
22 3
= 2 × 7 × 21 × 9 sq cm.
= sq cm.
If length of outer radius and inner radius of a hollow right circular cylider are r1 units and r2 units
respectively and height is h units, sum of outer and inner curved surface area = 2S(r1 + r2)h sq units
143
Chapter : 8
7 But what will be the total surface area of this hollow right circular cylinder open at two ends?
The total surface area of hollow right circular cylinder open at the two ends = 2S (r1 + r2)h +
2S (r12 – r22) sq units. [where lengths of radius of outer and inner surface are r1 and r2 units, the
height is h units]
Application ı 10. The lengths of outer and inner radii of hollow right circular pipe are 5 cm. and
4 cm. respectively.If the total surface area of the pipe is 1188 sq cm., let us calculate its length.
The total surface area of cylinder = [2S(r1 + r2)h + S(r12 – r22)] sq cm.
where, length of outer radius = r1 cm. length of inner radius = r2 cm. and height = h cm.
By the condition,
2S (r1 + r2)h + S (r12 – r22) = 1188
r1 cm.
or, S [ (5 + 4)h + (52 – 42)] = 594
22 r2 cm.
or, 7 [9h + 9] = 594
7
or, 9h + 9 = 594 × 2 2
or, 9h + 9 = 189
or, 9h = 189 – 9 h cm.
or, 9h = 180
180
or, h = 9
.
. . h = 20
.
. . Length of the cylinder is 20 cm.
Application ı 11. If the inner and outer radii of a hollow right circular cylindrical pipe of 6
metre length, are 3.5 cm. and 4.2 cm. respectively let us write by calculating the volume of the
iron that the pipe contains.
If I cubic decimetre of iron weighs 5 kilogram, let us write by calculating, the weight of the pipe.
Application ı 12. If the area of base of cylinder is 13.86 sq metre and height is 8 metre, let us
calculate the volume of the cylinder.
Let the length of radius of the base of the cylinder is r metre.
By the condition, S r2 = 13.86
22 13 8 6
or, 7 r2 = 1 0 0
13 8 6 7
or, r2 = 1 0 0 × 2 2 =
.
..r=
.
. . The volume of the cylinder is 272 × 1201 × 1201 × 8 cubic metre = cubic metre.
144
Application ı 13. If the perimeter of the base of a cylinder is 15.4 cm. and height is 10 cm., let
us calculate its volume. lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 14. If the glass of a tubelight is 105 cm. long and external circumference is
11 cm. and it is 0.2 cm. thick, let us write by calculating the volume (in cc) of the glass that will
be required to make 5 such tube light.
Let the length of external radius of tubelight = r1 cm. length of internal radius = r2 cm. and height
is h cm.
By the condition,
11×7 7
External circumfercnce is = 2Sr1 = 11 or, r1 = 2 ×22= –4
. 7
. . The length of external radius is = –4 cm. = 1.75 cm.
The glass of tubelight is 0.2 cm. thick
.
. . Length of internal radius of tubelight = r2= (1.75 – 0.2) cm. = 1.55 cm.
External volume of the tube light - internal volume of tube light
= S (r12 – r22) h
22
= 7 { (1.75)2 – (1.55)2} × 105 cubic cm.
22
= 7 × (1.75 + 1.55) (1.75 – 1.55) × 105 cubic cm.
22
= 7 × 3.30 × 0.2 × 105 cubic cm.
= cubic cm.
.
. . The glass will be required to make 5 tubelight is 5 × 217.8 cubic cm. = cubic cm.
Application ı 15. Through a hole, 110 kiloliter water enters into a ship. After closing the hole
a pump is connected for the drainage of water. If the length of diameter of the pipe of the pump
is 10 cm. and the speed of water flow is 350 metre/minute, let us write by calculating, the time
that will be required by the pump to clear off all water in the ship.
volume of water can be cleared off by the pump in 1 minute
22 10 10 1
= 7 × 2 × 2 × 100 × 3500 cubic dcm.
= 2750 cubic dcm. = 2750 litres. l1 cubic dcm. = 1 litres.˚n
. 110000
. . Time required to clear off 110 kilolitres of water = minutes˛ = minutes
2750
So, time required by the pump to clear off all water in the ship = minutes
Application ı 16. A right circular cylindrical tank of 5 metre height is filled with
water. Water comes out from there through a pipe having the length of diameter
8 cm. at a speed of 225 metre / minute and the tank becomes empty after
45 minutes. Let us write by calculting, the length of diameter of the tank.
145
Chapter : 8
Application ı 17. The lengh, breadth and height of a parallelopiped made by
copper are 11 cm. 9 cm. and 6 cm. respectively, let us write by calculating, the
1
number of coins having the length of diameter 3 cm. and 4– cm. thickness will be
obtained by melting the parallelopiped.
Volume of parallelopiped = 11 × 9 × 6 cubic cm.
The coins are right cylindrical,
3 1
So, length of radius of cylinder is –2 cm. and height –4 cm.
22 3 3 1
volume of cach coin = 7 × –2 × –2 × –4 cubic cm.
11 × 9 × 6 11 × 9 × 6 × 7 × 2 × 4
Number of coins = 22 3 3 1 = 22 × 3 × 3 = 336
u u u
7 2 2 4
Let us work out 8
1. Let us look at the picture of solid beside and answer the followings.
(i) Solid has surfaces.
(ii) Number of curved surface is and number of plane surface is .
2. Let us write the name of five solid objects of my house, the shapes of which are right
circular cylinder?
3. The length of diameter of a drum made of steel covered with lid is 28 cm. If 2816 sq cm.
steel sheet is required to make the drum, let us write by calculating the height of the drum.
4. Let us wirte by calculating how many cubic decimetre of concrete materials will be necessary to
construct two cylindrical pillars each of whose diameter is 5.6 decimetre and height is 2.5
metre.
Let us write by calculating the cost of plastering the two pillars at ` 125 per square metre.
5. If a gas cylinder for fuel purpose having the length of 7.5 dcm and the length of the inner
diameter of 2.8 dcm carries 15.015 kg of gas, let us write by calculating the weight of the
gas of per cubic dcm.
2 5
6. Out of three jars of equal diameter and height, –3 part of the first, –6 part of the second and
7–
9 part of the third were filled with dilute Sulphuric acid. Whole of acid in the three jars were
poured into a jar of 2.1 dcm. diameter, as a result the height of acid in the jar becomes 4.1
dcm. If the length of diameter of each of the three equal jars is 1.4 dcm, let us write by
calculating the heights of the three jars.
7. Total surface area of a right circular pot open at one end is 2002 sq cm. If the length of
diameter of base of the pot is 14 cm. let us write by calculating. how much liter of water
may the drum contain.
8. If a pump set with a pipe of 14 cm. diameter can drain 2500 metre water per minute. Let
us write by calculating, how much kiloliter water will that pamp drain per hour. [1liter = 1
cubic dcm].
146
9. There are some water in a long gas jar of 7 cm. dimeter. If a solid right circular cylindrical
pipe of iron having 5 cm. length and 5.6 cm. diameter be immersed completely in that
water, let us write by calculating how much the level of water will rise
10. If the surface area of a right circular cylindrical pillar is 264 sqmetre and volume is 924
cubic metre, let us write by calculating height and length of diameter of this pillar.
11. A right circular cylindrical tank of 9 metre height is filled with water. Water comes out from
there through a pipe having length of 6 cm. diameter with a speed of 225 metre per minute
and the tank becomes empty after 36 minutes, let us write by calculating the length of
diameter of the tank.
12. Curved surfaee area of a right circular cylindrical log of wood of uniform density is 440 sq
dcm. If 1 cubic dcm of wood weighs 1.5 kg and weight of the log is 9.24 quintals. Let us
write by calculating the length of diameter of log and its height.
13. The length of inner and outer diameter of a right circular cylindrical pipe open at two ends
are 30 cm. and 26 cm. respectively and length of pipe is 14.7 metre. Let us write by
calculating the cost of painting its all surfaces with coaltar at ` 2.25 per square dcm.
14. Height of a hollow right circular cylinder, open at both ends, is 2.8 metre. If length of inner
diametre of the cylinder is 4.6 dcm and the cylinder is made up of 84.48 cubic dcm of iron,
let us calculate the length of outer diameter of the cylinder.
15. Height of a right circular cylinder is twice of its radius. If the height would be 6 times of its
radius, then the volume of the cylinder would be greater by 539 cubic dcm, let us write by
calculating the height of the cylinder.
16. A group of firebrigade personnel carried a right circular cylindrical tank filled with water
and pumped out water at a speed of 420 metre per minute to put out the fire in 40 minutes
by three pipes of 2cm. diameter each. If the diameter of tank is 2.8 metre and its length is
6 metre, then let us calculate (i) what volume of water has been spent in putting out the fire
and (ii) the volume of water that still remains in the tank.
17. It is required to make a plastering of sand and cement with 3.5 cm. thick, surrounding four
cylindrical pillars, cach of whose diameter is 17.5 cm.
(i) If cach pillar is of 3 metre height, let us write by calculating how many cubic dcm of
plaster materials will be needed.
(ii) If the ratio of sand and cement in the plaster material be 4:1, let us write how many
cubic dcm of cement will be needed.
18. The length of outer and inner diameter of hollow right circular cylinder are 16 cm. and 12
cm. respectively. Height of cylinder is 36 cm. Let us calculate how many solid cylinders of
2 cm. diameter and 6 cm. length may be obtained by melting this cylinder.
19. Very short answer type question. (V.S.A.)
(A) (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) If the length of radii of two solid right circular cylinder are in the ratio 2:3 and their
heights are in the ratro 5:3, then ratio of the area of their lateral surfaces is
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 8 : 7 (c) 10 : 9 (d) 16 : 9
147
Chapter : 8
(ii) If the length of radii of two solid right circular cylinder are in the ratio 2:3 and their
height are in the ratio 5:3, then the ratio of their volumes is
(a) 27 : 20 (b) 20 : 27 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4
(iii) If volume of two soild right circular cylinder are same and their height are in the ratio
1:2, then the ratio of lengths of radii is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1: 2 (d) 2 : 1
(iv) In a right circular cylinder, if the length of radius is halved and height is doubled,
volume of cylinder will be
(a) equal (b) double (c) half (d) 4 times
(v) If the length of radius of a right circular cylinder is doubled and height is halved, the
lateral surface area will be.
(a) equal (b) double (c) half (d) 4 times
(B) Let us write true or false for the following statements:
(i) The length of radius of right circular drum is r cm. and height is h cm. If half part of the
drum is filled with water then the valume of water will be Sr2h cubic cm.
(ii) If the length of radius of a right circular cylinder is 2 unit, the numerical value of volume
and surface area of cylinder will be equal for any height.
(i) The length of a rectangular paper is l units and breadth is b units. The rectangular
paper is rolled and a cylinder is formed of which perimeter is equal to the length of the
paper. The lateral surface area of the cylinder is sq unit.
(ii) The longest rod that can be kept in a right circular cylinder having the diameter of 3
cm and height of 4 cm, then the length of rod is cm.
(iii) If the numerical values of volume and lateral surface area of a right circular cylinder
are equal then the length of diameter of cylinder is unit.
20. Short answer type question (S.A.):
(i) If the lateral surface area of a right circular cylindrical pillar is 264 sq metre and
volume is 924 cubic metre. Let us write the length of radius of the base of the pillar.
(ii) If the lateral surface area of a right circular cylinder is c square unit, length of radius of
cr
base is r unit and volume is v cubic unit, let us write the value of vÈ .
(iii) If the height of a right circular cylinder is 14 cm and lateral surface area is 264 sq cm,
let us write the volume of the cylinder.
(iv) If the heights of two right circular cylinder are in the ratio of 1:2 and perimeters are in
the ratio of 3:4, let us write the ratio of their volumes.
(v) The length of radius of a right circular cylinder is decrcased by 50% and height is
increased by 50%, let us wrtite how much percent of the volume will be changed.
148
QUADRATIC SURD
± 4
9 QUADRATIC SURD
Grandfather of Reba has presented a white board to Reba.

We draw picture on that board and use this board for
playing funny game. Today we took this board to the garden
of Motiour, for playing a funny game.
Our friend Tapen draws a house on that board and
writes some positive and negative integers in that house.
We have decided that each of us will write any two numbers from that house of integers
and arrange them in different manners and we will know their nature.
Seema wrote 5 and 4
5+4, 5–4, 5×4 ˛each is integer.
5 4
again 4 and 5 , each is linteger/rational numbern
1 By squaring 5 and 4, let us see what I get.
52 = and 42 =
.
. . We see that squares of 5 and 4Èare number.
We know that the square roots of any non negative real number a are ± a or ± a½,
½
because (+ a )2 = (a )2 = a1 = a and (– a ) 2 = a
2 But what will be the value of 0 È?
According to definition 0 =0
3 By taking square root of 4 and 5, Let us see that I get.
..
Square roots of 4 are ± 4 i.e. +2 and –2 l . (+2)2 =4 and (–2)2 =4n
Positive square root of 4 can be writen as 4
.
i.e. In language of Mathematics 4 = 2ñ . . square root of 4 is Srational/irrationalV
4 But 4 = (–2) = –2, is it possible?
2 lLet me do it myselfn
a2 = | a | laccording to definitionn
4= 22 = | 2 | = 2 and 4 = (–2)2 = | –2 | = 2
..
Square roots of 5 are ± 5 l . We shall not get any integer whose square will be 5n
We understand that, 5 is not a square number but 4 is a square number.
5 What ± 5 type of number is called?
If a is such a positive rational number which is not the square of rational number, then ± a type of
numbers is called a pure quadratic surds. Again a number of the form a ± b is called a mixed
quadratic surds, where a is rational number (non-zero) and b is a pure quadratic surd.
149
CHAPTER ı 9
25 = 25½ = (52)½ = 5 ×½ = 51 = 5 l5 is square root of 25n

2
We know that 52 = 25 so
125 = 125 /3 = (53) /3 = 5 ×

1 1 3 1/3
53 = 125 so 3 = 51 = 5 l5 is cube root of 125n
¼ ¼ 4×¼
54 = 625 so 4 625 = 625 = (54) = 5 = 51 = 5 l5 is fourth root of 625n
Usually, to denote square root, we use instead of 2 . The roots we mentioned above
are all rational numbers. But it may not happen always.
Such as 2ñ 3ñ 5ñ 3 7 ñ 4 20 ñ 5 25 ñ i.e. they are all irrational number.
.
. . ± 5 is purely quadratic surd.
6 I write by understanding 4 pure quadratic surds and 4 mixed quadratic surds.
2
4 pure quadratic surds are 3 ñ
3 ñ– 5 ñ [Let me write it myself]
3
4 mixed quadratic surds are 2 – 3 ñ 2 + 6 ñ5 – 10 ñ [Let me write it myself]
But are all quadratic surds irrational?

The value of quadratic surds can not be evaluated completely in decimal. So these are irrational
numbers. But all irrational numbers are not surds. i.e. S is irrational number but it is not
quadratic surds.
7 Are 4ñ 25 quadratic surds?
Apparently 4 ñ 25 are in the form of surds but they are not surds.
Rational number, 4 = 2 and 25 = 5
I apply Sridhar Acharyya's formula for solving the equation x2–2ax+(a2–b2)=0 sec that the roots
are a+ b and both of which are mixed surds, where b is a positive rational
number which is not a square number of any rational number [Let me do it myself]
Our discussion will be restricted within the quadratic surds, where by the word 'surd' we shall
generally mean to quadratic surd.
Monidipa wrote 8 and 12 on the board.
8 What type of number we get by the addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square
of these two numbers 8 and 12. [Let me do it myself]
Since a = a½, hence we get from the laws of indices.
ab = (ab)½ = a½ ×b½ = a× b ñ where a and b are non negative real number.
½ ½
a = a = a = a
ñ where a is non negative real number and b is positive real number.
b b b½ b
150
QUADRATIC SURD
9 I take square root of 8, 32 and 9 and write what I shall get,

8 is a pure quadratic surd as 8 is not a square rational number. Again 32 is a pure quadratic
surd as 32 is not a square rational number.
We can write 8 È as 8 = 4×2 = 4. 2 =2 2
And we can write 32 as 32 = 16×2 = 16 . 2 =4 2
10 We see that two quadratic surds 8 and 32 are rational mutiple of the same surd 2
What is called by this type of surds? Two or more quadratic surds are said to be Similar Surds
if they can be expressed as rational multiple of the same surd.
We understand 8 and 32 are similar surds.
25
Application : 1. Are 8 and 2 similar quadratic surds? Let us see by calculating.
25 25 u 2 25×2 25 u 2 5 2 . 25
8 = 2 2 and 2= 4 2 . . 8 and 2 are similar surds.
4 4
Application : 2. Let us calculate whether 12 and 28 are similar surds.
12 = 4×3 = 2 3 and 28 = 4×7 = 2 7
Two pure quadratic surds 12 and 28 are not rational multiplies of same surds.
What is called this type of pure quadratic surd?
The pure quadratic surd which are not similar surd, are dissimilar surds.
We understand that 12 and 28 are dissimilar surds.
i.e., If m and n are such numbers prime to each other [i.e. H.C.F of m and n is 1] and neither
of which is perfect square, then m and n are dissimilar surds.
Example ; 15 and 22 are prime to each other as H.C.F of 15 and 22 is 1 and 15, 22 are not
square numbers. So 15 and 22 are dissimilar surds.
11 Let us see how we shall get which number is greater between dissimilar surds 5 and 7È ?
. ..
Since 7 > 5 . . 7È > 5 S . a, b are positive number and if a2 > b2 then a > bV
Application : 3. We write similar surds in a specific place from the following quadratic surds.
45 ñ 80 ñ 147 ñ 180 and 500
45 = 9×5 = 3 5 147 = 7×7×3 = 7 3
80 = 16×5 = 4 5 180 = 6×6×5 = 6 5
500 = [Let me do it myself]
.
. . The similar surds are 45 ñ 80 ñ 180 and 500
Application : 4. Let us write the similar surds among the quadratic surds 48 ñ 27 ñ 20 and
75 [Let me do it myself]
151
CHAPTER ı 9
50 18
Reba has written 50 and 18 on the board.
50 and 18 are pure quadratic surds.
Application : 5. Let us see whether S 50 + 18V and S 50 – 18V can be expressed in pure
quadratic surds.
50 = 5 2 and 18 = 3 2
.
. . We see thatÈ 50 and 18 are similar surds
Since 5x+3x = 8x and 5x–3x =
.
.. 50 + 18 = 5 2 + 3 2 = 8 2
50 – 18 = 5 2 – 3 2 = 2 2
.
. . We see that S 50 + 18V and S 50 – 18V can be expressed in pure quadratic surds.
Application : 6. Let us write by calculating the value of S 2 + 8 V and S 2 – 8 V Èand
see whether they can be expressed in pure quadratic surds. [Let me do it myself]
Mrinal wrote 12 and 45 on the board.
Application : 7. Let us write by calculating the value of S 12 + 45V and S 12 – 45V
12 = 2 3 and 45 = 3 5
. 12
. . 12 and 45 are dissimilar surds 45
Since, sum of 2x and 3y = 2x+3y

.
.. 12 + 45 = 2 3 + 3 5
similarly 12 – 45 = 2 3 – 3 5
.
. . Again we see, S 12 + 45V and S 12 – 45V Èare irrational numbers but they can not be
written in the form of pure surds.
.
We understand, as sum of a and b = a+b, . . 5+ 7= [Let me do it myself]
Application : 8. Let us calculate the sum of the numbers 2 3 ñ 3 2 and 4 3
2 3 +3 2 +4 3 =6 3 +3 2
Application : 9. Let us write by calculating the sum of 12 ñ – 4 3 È and 6 3
Application : 10. Let us calculate, the sum of two mixed quadratic surds S2+ 3 V and S2–2 3VÈ
Sum of 30 and 2x = 30+2x and (30+2x)+(30–4x) =
.
. . S2 + 3 V + S2 – 2 3 V = 2+2+ 3 – 2 3 = 4 – 3
.
. . We get the sum of S2 + 3 V and S2 – 2 3 V is a mixed quadratic surd.
Application : 11. S9 – 2 5 V + S12 + 7 5 V = [Let me do it myself]
152
QUADRATIC SURD
Application : 12. Let us calculate the sum of S2 + 3 V and S2 – 3V

S2 + 3 V + S2 – 3 V = 2+2+ 3– 3 =4
.
. . We see that, we get the sum of two quadratic surds is a rational number.
Application : 13. I write any other two quadratic surds whose sum is a rational number.
Let us work out 9.1
1. Let us write the following numbers in the form of product of rational and irrational numbers.
(i) 175 (ii) 2 112 (iii) 108 (iv) 125 (v) 5 119
2. Let us prove that, 108 – 75 = 3
3. Let us show that, 98 + 8 – 2 32 = 2
4. Let us show that, 3 48 – 4 75 + 192 = 0
5. Let us simplify :
12 + 18 + 27 – 32
6. (a) Let us write what should be added with 5+ 3 to get the sum 2 5 .
(b) Let us write what should be subtracted from 7 – 3 to get 3 + 3È
(c) Let us write the sum of 2 + 3 Èñ 3+ 5 È and 2 + 7.
(d) Let us subtract S–5+ 3 11 V from S10– 11 V and let us write the value of subtraction.
(e) Let us subtract S5 + 2 + 7 V from the sum of S–5 + 7 V and S 7 + 2 V and
find value of subtraction.
(f) I write two quadratic surds whose sum is a rational number.
12 Now our friend Amiya wrote 7 and 11 on the board.
We see that the numbers are prime numbers which is written on the board.
Let us write the sum and difference of two pure quadratic surds 7 and 11.
13 Let us write by calculating the product of two numbers 7 and 11.

Since am×bm = (ab)m laz0, bz0, m is a rational numbern
.
.. 7 × 11 = 7½ ×11½
7, 11
½
= (7×11)
= 77½
= 77
Here 77 is a pure quadratic surd.
153
CHAPTER ı 9
Application : 14. Let us determine the product of the following quadratic surds.
(i) 2 5 × 3 2 (ii) 7 3 × 2 3 (iii) (2+ 3 ) (4+ 3 ) (iv) (5 – 3 ) (2– 3 )
(i) 2 5 × 3 2 = 2×3× 5×2 = 6 10
(ii) 7 3 × 2 3 = 7×2× 3 × 3
½
= 14 32 = 14(32) = 14×3(2×½)
.. n
= 14×3 = 42 [ . (am) = amn, az0 and m, n are rational numbers]
(iii) (2+ 3) (4+ 3 ) = 8+4 3 +2 3 + ( 3 )2
..
= 8+6 3 +3 = 11+6 3 [ . (x+y) (a+b) = ax+ay+bx+by]
(iv) (5 – 3 ) (2– 3 ) = 5×2 – 2 3 – 5 3 + ( 3 )
2
= 10–2 3 – 5 3 + 3= 13–7 3
Application : 15. Let us calculate the product of (2+ 3 + 5 )×(3– 5 )È
(2+ 3 + 5 )×(3– 5 ) = 2×(3– 5 ) + 3 ×(3– 5 ) + 5 ×(3– 5 )
= 6 –2 5 + 3 3 – 15 + 3 5 –5
= 6 – 5 + 5 + 3 3 – 15
= 1+ 5 + 3 3 – 15
Application : 16. Let us write by calculating the product of (3+ 7 – 5 )×(2 2 – 1)
Nathura wrote 13 and 5 on the board.
13 and 5 are pure quadratic surds.
Application : 17. Let us write the value of 13 · 5È

a
13 If b is said be algebric
13 y 5
5 fraction, then a is said to
We see that surd is in denominator. But how shall we make the be numerator and b is said
13 to be denominator i.e. for
denominator of free from surd? 13
5 numerator is 13 and
5
Let us see what we get if we multiply numerator and denominator by 5 denominator is 5
13 13 u 5 65 i.e.
5 5u 5 5
13 65
Rationalising denominator of È, we get 5
5
But what is called this method when a surd is multiplied by a factor to make the product free
from surd.
Any factor multiplying with any surd or forming irrational number by adding and subtracting
more than one surds, if the product is free from surds i.e. the process of getting rational number
is said to be Rationalisation and this factor is said to be Rationalising Factor of that surd or
that irrational number.
Rationalising factor of 5 Èis 5 ó further k 5 where k is a non-zero irrational number.
154
QUADRATIC SURD
.
. . A rationalise factor of a is a ó further k a , k is non zero rational number.
Application : 18. Let us write two rationalise factors of 7 È [Let me do it myself]
Application : 19. Let us see what will be the rationalising factor of (5+ 7 )
(5+ 7 ) ×(5– 7 ) = (5)2 – ( 7 )2 = 25 –7 = [(a+b) (a–b) = a2–b2]
Again, (5+ 7 ) × (–5+ 7 ) = ( 7 +5) × ( 7 –5) = ( 7 ) 2– (5) 2 =
.
. . We see that the rationalising factors of 5+ 7 È are (5– 7 ) and (–5+ 7 )
We understand that, the rationalising factor of a+ b Èis a– b or –a+ b or their rational multiple.
Application : 20. Let us write two rationalising factors of 7– 3 È [Let me do it myself]
Application : 21. Let us see the rationalising factors of ( 11 – 6)

( 11 – 6) ( 11 + 6 ) = ( 11 ) – ( 6 ) = 11– 6 = 5
2 2
Again, ( 11 – 6 ) (– 11 – 6 ) = – [( 11 – 6 ) ( 11 + 6 )]
= [Let me do it myself]
The rationalising factor of irrational number ( a – b )È is ( a + b ) or (– a– b)
or their any rational multiple.
Application : 22. Let us write two rationalising factors of ( 15 + 3 )È [Let me do it myself]

Application : 23. I write a rationalising factor of mixed surd (7 + 2 )È with which adding
(7 + 2 ) we get rational number.
(7 + 2 ) × (7 – 2 ) = 72 – ( 2 )2 =
again, (7 + 2 ) + (7 – 2 ) = 7+7 = 14
.
. . We see, that the sum and product of mixed quadratic surd 7 – 2 with the factor (7 + 2)
is rational number.
But what is said this type of rationalsing factor of any mixed quadratic surd?
If the sum and product of any mixed quadratic surd with rationalising factor are both rational
number, the mixed quadratic surd is said to be conjugate or complementary surd.
We understand that conjugate surd of mixed quadratic surd (7 + 2 ) is 7 – 2 ñ but
(–7 + 2 ) is not conjugate surd, though, it is a rationalising factor of given surd.
Because 7 + 2 +7 – 2 = 14 Srational numberV
Again (7 + 2 ) (7 – 2 ) = (7)2 – ( 2 )2 = 49–2=47 Srational numberV–

But (7 + 2 )+(–7 + 2 )=7+ 2 –7 + 2 =2 2 Sirrational numberV
155
CHAPTER ı 9
Application : 24. Let us write the conjugate surds of ( 5 –1)Èñ 3 ñ( 3 – 2)

The conjugate surd of ( 5 – 1) is – 5 –1
Conjugate surd of 3 is – 3
Conjugate surd of ( 3 – 2) Èis (– 3 – 2)
.
. . ˛we get the conjugate surd of this type of surd a + b is a – b
Conjugate surd of this type of surd a – b is a + b
Application : 25. Let us write the conjugate surds of the following mixed and pure surds.
(i) 2+ 3 (ii) 5– 2 (iii) 5 – 7 (iv) 11 +6 (v) 5 lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 26. Let us rationalise the denominator of (2 2 · 5 )

2 2
2 2· 5= (i)
5
2 2 2 2u 5 2 10 2 10
5 5u 5
2
5
5
.
. . We get 2 2 · 5 = 2 10 · 5
Application : 27. Let us rationalise the denominator of (i) 6 · 7 (ii) 5 2 · 6 3
(i) 6 · 7 =
5 2 = 5 2× 3 = 5 6 = 5 6 = 5 6 = 5 6 y 18
(ii) 5 2 ·6 3 =
6 3 6 3× 3 6 3
2
6×3 18
4 5 3 7
Application : 28. Let us rationalise the denominator of (i) (ii)
5 3 6
Application : 29. Let us rationalise the denominator of
(i) 4· (3– 2 ) (ii) ( 5 + 2) · ( 3 – 1) (iii) ( 2+ 3 ) ·( 2– 3)
4 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 12 4 2
(i) 4· 3 – 2
3– 2 3– 2 3 2 2 2
9–2 7
3 – 2
5+2 3+1
(ii) 5+2 · 3–1 = 5+2 = = 15+2 2 3+ 5+2
3–1 3–1 3+1 3 – 1
2
= 15+2 3+ 5+2
2
156
QUADRATIC SURD

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Let us work out 9.2
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157
CHAPTER ı 9
6. Let us rationalising the denominators of the following surds.
(i) 2 3+3 2 (ii) 2 –1+ 6 (iii) 3+1

6 5 3–1
(iv) 3+ 5 (v) 3 2+1 (vi) 3 2+2 3

7– 3 2 5 –1 3 2 –2 3
7. Let us divide first by second and rationalise the divisor.

(i) 3 2 + 5 ñ 2 + 1 (ii) 2 3 – 2 ñ 2 – 3 (iii) 3+ 6 ñ 3 + 2
2 5+1 – 4 5 –1 (ii) 8+3 2 – 8–3 2

8. Let us find the value of (i)
5+1 5 –1 3+ 5 3– 5
3 4.2 –2 12+ 20
Application : 31 Let us simplify :
3 18 –2 27+ 45
3 4.2 –2 12+ 20 = 3 4.2 –2 4.3+ 4.5 = 3.2 2 –2.2 3+2 5

3 18 –2 27 + 45 3 9.2 –2 9.3+ 9.5 3.3 2 –2.3 3+3 5
= 6 2 –4 3+2 5
9 2 –6 3+3 5
2 3 2 –2 3+ 5
= =2
3 3 2 –2 3+ 5 3
... Rquired result = 32
3 20+2 28+ 12
Application : 32 Let us simplify : [Let me do it myself]
5 45+2 175+ 75
5 – 3 3 2 2
Application : 33 Let us simplify : +
3+ 2 2+ 5 3+ 5
5 – 3 3 2 2
Given = + (i)
3+ 2 2+ 5 3+ 5
5 = 5 3– 2 15– 10 15– 10 = 15– 10

First part = = =
3+ 2 3+ 2 3– 2
2 2
3–2
3 – 2
3 3 = 3 3 = 3 3 5– 2 3 15– 6
Second part = = 3 15–3 6 =
2+ 5 5+ 2 5+ 2 5– 2 5–2 3
= 15– 6
158
QUADRATIC SURD
2 2 5– 3 2 10– 6
Third part = 2 2 = 2 2 = = 2 10–2 6 =
3+ 5 5+ 3 5+ 3 5– 3
2 2
5–3
5 – 3
2 10– 6
=
2
= 10– 6
.
. . From (i) we get
Given = ( 15 – 10 ) – ( 15 – 6 ) + ( 10 – 6 )
= 15 – 10 – 15 + 6 + 10 – 6 =0
.
. . Required result = 0.
5 1
Application : 34 Let us simplify : – [Let me do it myself]
2+ 3 2– 3
1
Application : 35 If x= 3 + 2 , let us calculate simplified values of the folowings (i) x – x
1 1
(ii) x2 + x2 and (iii) x3 – x3È
x= 3 + 2
. 1 1 3– 2 3– 2 3– 2 = 3– 2
.. x = = = 2 2
=
3–2
3+ 2 3+ 2 3– 2 3 – 2
1
(i) x – x = ( 3 + 2) – ( 3 – 2) = 3 + 2 – 3 + 2 = 2 2
1 1 2 1
(ii) x2 + x2 = (x – x ) + 2 ×x× x = (2 2 ) + 2.1 = 8+2 = 10
2
1 1 3 1 1
(iii) x3 – x3È = (x – x ) + 3×x× x (x – x ) = (2 2 ) + 3 ×1×2 2 = 16 2 + 6 2 = 22 2
3
1 1
Application : 36 If x= 3 + 2 let us calculate simplified values of (x – x ), (x3 + x3È) and
(x2 – x12) [Let me do it myself]
3+1 3–1
Application : 37 If x = and y = ,
3 –1 3 +1
x2 + y2 7 3 x 2 –xy+y 2
(a) let us show that 2 2 =
x –y 12
(b) let us calculate simplified value of 2
x +xy+y 2
È
x2 y 2
(c) let us calculate simplified value of y È + x È (d) let us calculate simplified value of x3–y3
At first, let us calculate value of x+yñ x–y and xy È
2 2
3+1 + 3–1 = 3+1 + 3–1

x+y = = 3+1+2 3+3+1–2 3
= 8
3 –1 3+1 3–1 3+1
2
3 – 1
2 3–1
= 8 =4
2
159
CHAPTER ı 9
3+1 3–1
or, x+y = +
3 –1 3 +1
2ª 3 +1 º
2 2
2 2
3+1 + 3–1 « »¼
= = ¬ 2
ª¬' (a+b)2 +(a–b)2 =2(a 2 +b2 ) º¼
2
3–1 3+1 3 – 1
2(3+1) 2×4
= = =4
3–1 2
2 2
3+1 – 3–1 = 3+1 – 3–1 3+1+2 3 – 3+1–2 3

x–y = = 2
3–1 3+1 3 –1 3+1 3 – 1
2
= 3+1+2 3–3–1+2 3 = 4 3 = 2 3
3–1 2
3+1 3–1
or, x–y = –
3 –1 3 +1
2 2
3+1 – 3–1 4× 3×1
= = 2
ª¬' (a+b) 2 –(a–b) 2 =4ab º¼
2
3–1 3–1 3 – 1
=4 3 =4 3 =2 3
3–1 2
3+1 3–1
x×y = × =1
3–1 3+1
2 2
x 2 +y 2 x+y –2xy 4 –2×1
(a) = = = 14 = 7× 3 = 7 3
2
x –y 2
x+y x–y 4×2 3 4×2 3 4 3× 3 12
2
x 2 –xy+y 2 x+y –3xy 4 2 –3×1 13
(b) = = 2 =
x 2 +xy+y2 2
x+y –xy 4 –1 15
2
2
2
x –xy+y 2
x–y +xy 2 3 +1
or, x 2 +xy+y 2 = x–y 2 +3xy = = 12+1 = 13
2
12+3 15
2 3 +3
We understand that we have to know the value of any one of (x + y) or (x – y)

3
x 2 + y = x +y = x+y –3xy(x+y) = 43 –3×4 = 64–12 = 52
2 3 3
(c)
y x xy xy 1
(d) x3 –y3 = (x–y)3+3xy(x–y) = (2 3 )3+3×1×2 3 = 24 3 +6 3 = 30 3
160
QUADRATIC SURD
Application : 38 Let us write which number is greater between ( 5 + 3 ) and ( 6 + 2 )È

( 5+ 3 )2 = ( 5 )2+2× 5 × 3 +( 3 )2 = 5+2 15 +3 = 8+2 15
( 6+ 2) =(
2
6 ) +2×
2
6 × 2 + ( 2 ) = 6+2 12 +2 = 8+2 12
2
. .
i.e., 15 > 12 ñ . . 8+2 15 > 8+2 12 . . ( 5 + 3 ) is greater between the two
given numbers.
Let us work out 9.3
1 1 1
1. (a) If m+m = 3 , let us calculate simplified values of (i) m 2+m2 and (ii) m 3+m3 È
(b) Let us show that, 5 3 – 5– 3 2 15

5– 3 5 3
2 2+ 3 2 2– 3 3 7 – 5 5 + 2 2
2. Let us simplify (a) – (b)
3 3+1 3 3–1 5+ 2 2+ 7 7+ 5
(c) 4 3 – 30 – 18 (d) 3 2 – 4 3 + 6
2– 2 4 3 – 18 3– 12 3+ 6 6+ 2 2+ 3
3. If x=2ñ y=3 and z=6, let us write by calculating the value of

3 x 4 y z
y+ z
–
z+ x
+
x+ y
È
1 1 1 1
4. If x = 7 + 6, let us calculate simplified values of (i) x– x (ii) x + x (iii) x2 + x2 (iv) x3 + x3È È
x+ x 2 –1 x– x 2 –1
5. Let us simplify :
x– x 2 –1 x+ x 2 –1
If the simplified value is 14, let us write by calculating the value of x.
5+1 5 –1
6. If a = and b = , let us calculate the followings :
5 –1 5 +1
3
2 2 a–b 2 2 3 3
(i) a 2 +ab+b2 (ii) 3
(iii) 3a 2 +5ab+3b2 (iv) a 3 +b3
a –ab+b a+b 3a –5ab+3b a –b
7. If x=2+ 3 , y=2– 3, let us calculate the simplified values of

1 1 1 1
(a) (i) x – x (ii) y2 + y2 (iii) x3 – x3È (iv) xy + xy
(b) 3x2–5xy+3y2
7 3 x 2 +xy+y 2 12
8. If x = and xy=l, let us show that 2 11
7– 3 x –xy+y 2
161
CHAPTER ı 9
9. Let us write which one is greater of ( 7 + 1) and ( 5 + 3 )È
10. Very short answer type question (V.S.A.):

(A) M.C.Q ı
1
(i) If x =2+ 3, the value of x + xÈ is (a) 2 (b) 2 3 (c) 4 (d) 2 – 3
(ii) If p+q= 13 and p–q= 5, then the value of pq is (a) 2 (b) 18 (c) 9 (d) 8
(iii) If a+b= 5 and a –b= 3 , the value of (a2+b2)È is
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
(iv) If we subtract 5 from 125 , the value is
(a) 80 (b) 120 (c) 100 (d) none of this
(v) The product of (5 – 3 )( 3 –1)(5 + 3 )( 3 +1) is
(a) 22 (b) 44 (c) 2 (d) 11
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true or false :
(i) 75 and 147 are similar surds.
(ii) S is a quadratic surd.
(C) Let us fill up the blank :

(i) 5 11 a˛ number Srational/irrationalV
(ii) Conjugate surd of ( 3 – 5) is .
(iii) If the product and sum of two quadratic surds is a rational number, then the surds are
surds.
11. Short answer type (S.A.)

1
(i) If x=3+2 2 , let us write the value of x+Èx
(ii) Let us write which one is greater of ( 15 + 3 ) and ( 10 + 8 )

(iii) Let us write two mixed quadratic surds of which product is a rational number.
(iv) Let us write what should be subtracted from 72 to get 32.
§ 1 1 1 ·
(v) Let us write simplified value of ¨ ¸
© 2 1 3 2 4 3¹
162
THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
10 THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
We will make some models on different

geometrical topics. We, assembled at
Mathematics laboratory of our school with
many small and big sticks. Joining sticks we
will make many small and big triangles and
quadrilaterals of different measures and with
those we will try to make some new models.
There are many circular rings in the laboratory
of mathematics. Sahana did a funny work. She is trying to make a new model joining quadrilaterals
made of sticks in the midst of the big circular ring.
We see, that the quadrilaterals of all types and measures can not be fixed inside the circular ring.
1 Let us put the quadrilaterals which can be fixed inside the circular ring
separately and try to find similarity among them.
A A
A D A D
D B
x x B x x
B C C
B D
C C
We see the opening of the joint sticks fixed at the point A and C and
putting them like the adjoining figure. (A) A
Two angles ABC and ADC are each other [complementary/ )
>
supplementary] C C
(D) B
Similarly two angles BAD and BCD are eachother. [Let us
write it myself].
I draw a circle and cyclic quadrilateral on my copy and verifying by hands trial let us see what I
shall get.
Hands on trial A
>
SiV Drawing a circle on art paper I cut it off. 1
>
SiiV Taking four points A, B, C and D on that circle and joining A, B; 4 D

>
B 2 x
B, C; C, D and D, A we get the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. >3

SiiiV I cut off the angles lebelling with 1, 2, 3, 4. C
SivV By putting two opposite angles of the four angles side by side we see that
1 + 3 = and 2 + 4 =
lLet us write by drawing and cutting and verifying by hands on trialn.
.. . By hands on trial we get, opposite angles of a cyclie quadrilateral are supplementary.
163
CHAPTER ı 10
Rahul has drawn a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS. We P
are observing by measuring with protractor that P +
R = 180º and Q + S = 180º Q x S
[Let me verify it by drawing and measuring myself ]
Let us prove with reason R
D
Therom ı 38. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Given ı ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral of a circle with centre O.
)
O
To prove ı ABC + ADC = 2 right angles >x
and BAD + BCD = 2 right angles A C
Construction ı A, O and C, O are joined
)
B
Proof ı The reflex angle AOC at the centre and the angle ABC on the circle are formed
with the circular are ADC.
? Reflex AOC = 2ABC
1
? ABC = –2 reflex AOC ...........(i)
Again, AOC is the angle at the centre and ADC is the angle on the circle formed with the
circular arc ABC.
? AOC = 2 ADC
1
? ADC = –2 AOC ...........(ii)
1 1
? From (i) and Sii), we get ABC + ADC = –2 reflex AOC + –2 AOC
1
= –2 (reflex AOC +AOC)
1
= –2 × 4 right angles = 2 right angles
Similarly by joining B, O and D, O; it can be proved that, BAD + BCD = 2 right angles
(proved)
Alternative proof :
A D
Given ı ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
x
To prove ı ABC + ADC = 2 right angles
C
and BAD + BCD = 2 right angles B
Construction ı Two diagonals AC and BD are drawn.

Proof ı ADB = ACB langles in the same segment of the circlen
Again, BAC = BDC langles in the same segment of the circlen
Again, ˚ ADC = ADB +BDC
= ACB +BAC
? ADC + ABC = ACB + BAC + ABC
? ADC + ABC = 2 right angles l... sum of three angles of a triangle is 2 right anglesn
Similarly we can prove that, BAD + BCD = 2 right angles lProvedn.
164
After proving the sum of two opposite angles to be equal to 2 right angles, it can easily be
shown that the sum of the other two opposite angles is equal to 2 right angles by using the
theorem of the sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is equal to four right angles.
I draw any cyclic quadrilateral PQRS and let us prove with reason that,
PQR + PSR = 2 right angles QPS + QRS = 2 right angleslLet me do it myselfn.
Is the converse theorem of this theorem possible?
i.e, If one pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral be supplementary then the vertices of the
quadrilateral will be concyclic.
Hands on trial
Joyita drew many quadrilaterals of which the sum of opposite angles is 2 right angles
D A D A D D A D
A ) 85º
)
110º
) C
105º
95º)
C )70º
) 75º D C
A B B (ii) C B C B
(i) (iii) (iv) (v)
SIV In picture no. SiV quadrilateral I drew two perpendicular bisetors of
sides AB and BC and they intersect each other at the point O.
D
SIIV The circle drawn with the point O as centre and OA as the length of C
105º )

radius, we see that the circle passes through the points A, B, C and . O !
!
? We get if a fixed circle passes through three non collinear points A, B ) 75º
A B
and C then the circle passes through the point D.
We get by hands and trial, if the opposite angles of a quadrilateral be supplementary, then the
vertices of the quadrilateral will be concyclic.
Like picture no. SiiVñ SiiiVñ SivV and SvV I draw any quadrilatural of which sum of opposite angles
is 180º and similarly verify by hands and trial that the vertices of quadrilateral are concyclic.
Theoremı 39. If opposite angles of any quadrilateral be Supplementary then the vertices
of the quadrilateral will be concyclic. lProof is not included in the evaluationn
Given ı Let PQRS is a quadrilateral of which PQR and PSR are
supplemenetary T S
PQR + PSR = 2 right angles. P

(i)
To prove : The vertices of a quadrilateral i.e.the four points P,Q,R,S are
concyclic R
Q
Construction :Only one circle can be drawn through three non coilinear
points P,Q,R. Let the circle does not pass through the point S. The circle
intersects PS or extended PS at the point T. T,R are joined. S T
Proof : According to the construction PQRT is a cyclic quadrilateral.
. P
. . PQR + PTR = 2 × right angles ......(i) (ii)
But PQR + PSR = 2 × right angles {Given} ......(ii)
R
From (i) and (ii) we get PQR + PTR = PQR + PSR Q
.
. . PTR = PSR
165
CHAPTER ı 10
The exterior angles of a triangle can not be equal to interior T S S T
opposite
. angle.
. . PTR = PSR is possible when the points S and T will P P
coincide. (ii)
.
. . So, the circle passes through the points P, Q, R must (i)
also pass through the point S. R R
. Q
. . The four points P, Q, R and S are concyclic. Q
Corollary ı If any side of a cyclic quadrilateral be extended, the exterior angle so formed is
equal to the interior opposite angle – Let us prove with reason.
Given ı The exterior DCE has been formed by extending the side BC of the cyclic
quadrilateral ABCD upto the point E. A D
)
To prove ı DCE = interior opposite BAD
)
Proof ı BAD + BCD = 180º [... ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral] B C
E
. .
Againñ BCD + DCE = 180º [ . DC stands on the line segment BE]
... BAD + BCD = BCD + DCE ? DCE = BAD lProvedn
Application 1 : Let us see the following pictures of two circles with centre O and write by
calculating the value of xº in each case.
A
B C 13 ) D
) xº 0º
xº)
B x C
95º) D O
(i) (ii)
A
(i) ABCD is a quadrilateral ? ABC + ADC = 180º

? xº =ABC = 180º – =
x= l Let me do it myself n
(ii) ABCD is a quadrilateral ? ABC + ADC = 180º
? ABC =
Again, BAC= right angle ? BAC = 90º
? xº +ABC + BAC = 180º
? xº + 50º + 90º = 180º;?x = lLet me do it myself n
Application 2 : ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and O is the centre of that circle. If COD =
120º and BAC = 30º. Let us write by calulating the values of BOC and BCD.
The angles, subtended by the minor arc BC, are BOC at the centre and BAC on the circle.
? BOC = 2BAC = l Let me do it myself n
The angles, COD at the centre and CAD on the circle arc subtended by the minor arc CD
1 1 D
? CAD = –2 COD = –2 × 120º = 60º
C 120º
? BAD = 30º + 60º = 90º
)
O
? In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD BCD + BAD = 180º 30º)
B A
? BCD = l Let me di it myself n (i)
166
Application 3 : The sides AD and AB of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD E C

in the picture beside are extended upto the points E and F respectively.
If CBF=120º, let us write by calculating the value of CDE. l Let D
me do it myselfn 120º
Application 4 : ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The sides AB and DC, when A
)
B F
extended meet at the point P and the sides AD and BC, when extended, meet (i)
at the point Q. If ADC = 85º and BPC = 40º, let us write by calculating
the values of BAD and CQD. A
For cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, exterior PBC = ADC = 85º
?È In ' BPC, BCP = 180º – (85º + 40º) =
B 85º
Again, BAD = exterior BCP = 55º
)
)40º D
P
?È In ' CQDñ CQD + DCQ = 85º C
?CQD = 85º – DCQ = 85º – BCP =

?BAD = 55º and CQD = 30º Q
Application 5 : Let us prove that a cyclic parallelogram is a rectangular figure
Given ı ABCD is a cyclic parallelogram.
To prove ı Quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangular figure.
Proof ı ABCD is a parallelogram.
A D
?ABC = ADC
Again, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
?ABC + ADC = B C
So, 2$BC = 180º ? ABC = 90º

One angle of parallelogram is right angle. So, ABCD is a rectangular figure.
Application 6 : ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The bisectors of DAB and BCD interesct
the circle at the points X and Y. Let us prove that XY is a diameter of that circle.
Given ı The bisectors of DAB and BCD interesect the circle at the points Y A
X and Y.
To prove ı XY is a diameter of the circle. D
Construction ı A, Y are joined B C

Proof ı The angles YAB and YCB subtended by the minor arcYB are on X
the same segment of the circle.
1
?YAB = YCB = – 2 BCD ............(I) [... CY is bisector of BCD]
Again, XAY= XAB +YAB

1 1
= –2 BAD + –2 BCD [From (I) we get, ... AX is bisector of DABÈ]
1 1
= –2 (BAD + BCD) = –2 × 180º [... ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral]
= 90º
?XAY is semicircular angle. ?XY is a diameter
167
CHAPTER ı 10
Application 7: Let us prove that a cyclic trapezium which is not a rectangle is an isosceles
trapezium or rectangle and lengths of two diagonals are equal.
A D
Givenı ABCD is a cyclic trapezium of which AD || BC
To prove ı AB = DC or ABCD is a rectangle and AC = BD
)
)
B
Proof ı ADC + DCB = 180º [... AD || BC and DC is transversal]
C
Again, BAD + DCB = 180º [... ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral]

?ADC + DCB = BAD + DCB ?ADC = BAD ............. (I)
In ' BAD and ' ADCñ BAD = ADC [From (I) we get]
ABD = DCA [... Angles in the same segment]
AD is common side
?' BAD # ' ADC [A–A–S congruence property]
? AB = DC ? ABCD is an isosceles trapezium or a rectangle and AC = BD SSimilar
part of congruent triangleV lProvedn
Application 8: The middle points of two chords AP and AQ of a circle with centre O are R
and S respectively. Let us prove that the four points O,R,A,S are concyclic.
Given ı The middle points of two chords AP and AQ of a circle with centre O are R and S
respectively. Q
To prove ı The four points O, R, A, S are concyclic.

S xO
Construction ı O, R and O, S are joined
P
Proof ı OR bisects the chord AD ?OR A AP R
A
i.e. ARO = 90º
OS bisect the chord AQ ?OS A AQ
i.e.ASO = 90º
?ARO +ASO = 90º + 90º = 180º
So, a pair of opposite angles of quadrilateral AROS is supplementary. So four points
O, R, A, S. are concyclic.
Application 9 : Let us prove that the quadrilateral formed by angle bisectors of a cyclic
quadrilaterale is also concyclic.
Given ı A cyclic quadrilateral in which AR, BP, CP and DR are bisectors of A,B, C
and D respectively.
A
To prove ı PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Proof ı In ' ARDÈñ ARD + RDA + DAR = 180º P
1– 1– D
?ARD + 2 A + 2 D = 180º ............. (I) Q
S
R
Again, in ' BPCÈñ BPC + PCB + CBP = 180º B
1 1 C
?BPC + –2 C + –2 B = 180º ............. (II)
1 1 1 1
From (I) and (II), we get ARD + –2 A + –2 D + BPC + –2 C + –2 B = 180º + 180º
168
1
Orñ ARD + BPC + –2 (A + B + C + D) = 360º A
1
OrñARD + BPC + –2 × 3630º = 360º P
D
Orñ ARD + BPC = 360º – 180º = 180º Q
?QRS + QPS = 180º S
B R
Thus, two opposite angles of quadrilateral PQRS are supplementary. C
? Hence, PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral
Let us Workout 10
S
1. In the adjoining figure two diagonals of quadrilateral PQRS intersect
P
each other at the point X in such a way that PRS = 65º and RQS =
X
45º, Let us write by calculating values of SQP and RSP. 65º
)
2. The side AB of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is extended to the point X )45º
Q R
and by measuring we see that XBC = 82º and ADB = 47º. Let us
write by measuring BAC.
3. Two sides PQ and SR of a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS are extended to meet at the point T.
O is the centre of circle. If POQ = 110º, QOR = 60º, ROS = 80º. Let us write by
measuring RQS and OTR.
4. Two circles intersect each other at the points P and Q. Two straight lines through the points
P and Q intersect one circle at the points A and C respectively and the other circle at the
points B and D respectively. Let us prove that AC || BD.
5. I drew a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD and the side BC is extended upto the point E. Let us
prove that the bisecters of BAD and DCE meet in the circle.
6. Mohit drew two straight lines through any extetrnal point X to a circle which interesects
the circle at the points A, B and points C, D respectively. Let us prove with reason that
' XAC and 'XBD are equiangular.
7. I drew two circles which intersect each other at the points G and H. Now I drew a straight
line through the point G which intersects two circles at the points P and Q and the straight
line through the point H parallel to PQ intersects the two circles at the points R and S. Let
us prove that PQ = RS.
8. I drew a triangle ABC of which AB = AC and E is any point on the extended BC. If the
circumcircle of ABC intersects AE at the point D. Let us prove that ACD = AEC.
9. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. Chord DE is the external bisector of BDC. Let us prove
that AE (Or extended AE) is the external bisector of BAC.
10. BE and CF are perpendiculars on the sides AC and AB of triangle ABC respectively. Let
us prove that four points B, C, E, F are concyclic and from it let us prove that two angles
of each of ' AEF and ' ABC are equal.
11. ABCD is a parallelogram. A circle passing through the points A and B intersects the
sides AD and BC at the points E and F respectively. Let us prove that the four points
E,F,C,D are concyclic.
12. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The two sides AB and DC are extended to meet at the point
P and two sides AD and BC are extended to meet at the point R. The two circumcircles of
' BCP and ' CDR intersect at the point T. Let us prove that the points P,T,R are collinear.
169
CHAPTER ı 10
13. If the point O is the ortho-centre of triangle ABC. Let us prove that O is the incentre of the
triangle.
14. I have drawn such a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD that AC bisceted BAD. Now AD is
extended upto the point E in such a way that DE = AB. Let us prove that CE = CA.
15. Of two circles, one passes through the centre 'Q' of the other circle and the two circles
intersect each other at the point A and B. The straright line passes through A intersects the
circle with centre Q at the point P and intersects the circle with centre 'O' at the point 'R'.
Joining P,B and R,B let us prove that PR=PB
16. Let us prove that any four veritices of a regular pentagon are concyclic.
17. Very Short Answer (V.S.A)
(A) SM. C. Q.V ı
(i) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of circle and AB is a diameter. ABCD is a cyclic
quadrilateral. If ADC = 120o, the value of BAC is D C
)
(a) 50º (b) 60º (c) 30º (d) 40º 120º
A x B
O
(ii) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle and AB is a
diameter. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. If ABC=65o,
DAC=40o the value of BCD is D C
40º
(a) 75º (b) 105º (c) 115º (d) 80º 65º )
)
A x B
O
(iii) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle and AB is a
diameter. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which AB || DC and if D
BAC = 25º then the value of DAC is ! C
(a) 50º (b) 25º (c) 130º (d) 40º ) 25º !

A x B
O
(iv) In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. BA is F

extended to the point F. If AE||CD, ABC = 92º and FAE = A ) 20º
! E
20º, then the value of BCD is
B ) 92º
(a) 20º (b) 88º (c) 108º (d) 72º
! D
C
(v) In the adjoining figure, two circles intersect each other at the
D E
points C and D. Two straight lines through the points D and C A
intersect one circle at the points A and B and the other circle at the 75º
)
points E and F respectively. If DAB = 75º, then the value of

DEF is F
C
(a) 75º (b) 70º (c) 60º (d) 105º B
170
(B) Let us write true or false ı

(i) The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is complementary.
(ii) If any side of a cyclic quadrilateral be extended in such a way that the exterior angle so
formed is equal to the interior opposite angle.
(C) Let us fill in the blanks ı
(i) If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral be suplementary then the vertices of the quadrilateral
will be –
(ii) A cyclic parallelogram is a figure.
(iii) The vertices of a square are .
18. ˛Short Answer (S.A)ı
(i) In the adjoining figure, two circles with A C D
centres P and Q intersect each other at the xP
points B and C. ACD is a line segment. If )150º
)
x xº
ARB = 150º, BQD = Xº, then let us R Q
find the value of Xo. B
D P
84º
)
C
(ii) In the adjoining figure, two circles intersect x
O O
x
each other at the points P and Q. If 80º
) B
QAD = 80º and PDA= 84º, then let A Q
us find the values of QBC and BCP. P
Q
C
D
(iii) In the adjoining figure, if BAD = 60º,
) 60ºx O
B
)
80º
ABC = 80º, then let us find the values of

DPC and BQC. A
D C

10º)

)
x O
(iv) In the adjoining figure, O is the centred of
)
80º
the circle and AC is its diameter. If AOB E B

A
= 80º and $C(= 10º, let us find the value
of BED. C
D
140º
) 50º
)
A x E
O B
(v) In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the
circle and AB is its diameter. If AOD =
140º and CAB = 50º, let us find the value
of BED.
171
CHAPPTER ı 11
11 CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE
This year it has been decided in our school that each will
make articles according to their own choice. I have decided
that I shall embroider on a new cover of our table.
So, I drew a diagram on the cover of our table with the pencil
as in the adjoining picture.
My brother did a funny work. He drew some chords in many circles drawn
by me as in the picture beside.
1 We see in diagram the chords of the circle have formed a triangle in the circle. What is the
relation between circle drawn like this and a triangle lies in the circle. (vertices of which lie on the
circle)
The circle circumscribed a triangle which lie within the circle. So, the circle is circumcircle of the
triangle.
The triangle which we shall get by adding any three points on any circle, then the cirde is
circumcircle of the triangle.
But if any triangle is given, then how shall we draw the circumcircle of this triangle?
I draw any triangle and try to draw the circumcircle of this triangle.
Construction : Construction of the circumcircle of any triangle.
By drawing a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6cm and 7 cm respectively, let us draw a circumcircle of
this triangle.
5cm.
(i) At first I draw a triangle 6cm.
7cm.
'ABC having the sides of 5 cm, A
6 cm and 7 cm respectively. P
(ii) lAt first I shall find the
R
centre of circumcircle for
drawing circle circumscribing
' ABC. So, I shall draw
perpendicular bisectors of any O
two sides of ' ABC n Q X
B
Perpendicular bisectors PQ C
and RS of sides AB and BC
of ' ABC are drawn to
intersect eachother at the
point O respectively.
S
172
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE
(iii) The point O is the intersecting point of two perpendicular bisectors AB and BC.
The point O is equidistant from the points A, B and C. Having 'O' at the centre and the length of
radius OA or OB or OC we draw a circle, which is the circumcircle of ' ABC.
Proof : O, A ; O, B ; O, C are joined.
O, is a point on the perpendicular bisector of AB.

.
. . O is equidistant from A and B i.e OA = OB
Similarly, we can prove that OB = OC

.
. . OA = OB = OC.
.
. . The circle drawn with O as centre and OA as radius, passes through the points A, B
and C of ' ABC.
.
. . That circle is a circumcircle of ' ABC.
Let us draw a circumcircle of an equilateral triangle with sides of 4 cm. lLet me do it
myselfn
2 What is called the centre and radius of circumcircle of a triangle ?

The centre of circumcircle is called circumcentre and radius is called circumradius.
Let us do 11
1. The sides of a triangle with respect to circumcircle of a triangle are l radii /chordsn of
the circle.
2. The intersecting point of the perpendicular bisectors of two chords of any circle is
3. The distances of the vertices of a triangle from the point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors of the sides are
4. The distance of any vertex from the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of
sides of triangle is the length of the l diameter / radiusn of circumcircle of the triangle.
My friend Jahir has decided that he will embroider on a handkerchief like me. So by drawing
different types of triangles on his copy he is trying to draw circumcircle. Jahir on his copy
(i) has drawn a triangle ABC of which BC = 4 cm, ABC = 600, ACB = 700
(ii) has drawn a triangle PQR of which QR = 3.5 cm, PQR = 900
and PR = 45 cm
(iii) has drawn ' XYZ of which XYZ = 1200, YZX = 300 and
YZ = 3 cm.
173
CHAPPTER ı 11
We see that no (i) triangle is an acute angled triangle. 4 cm.
I drew a circumcircle of an acute angled A

triangle ABC as triangle no (i)
We see, the circumcentre H
of an acute angled triangle
ABC lies lwithin / 70º
outsiden˚ the triangular O
region. S N
Drawing a circumcircle
of any acute angled
triangle,I see that the B C X
circumcentre lies inside
the triangular region
lLet me do it myselfn T
No (ii) triangle is a (i)
triangle which is
drawn by Jahir.

I drew a circumcircle of 4.5 cm Y
picture no (ii) triangle i.e. right 3.5 cm
angled triangle.
P
I see that the
circumcentre O of right
angled triangle PQR lies O
on hypotenuse and it lies
on of the
hypotenuse as PO = OR
Q
l Where O is the R X
circumcentre of 'PQRn
So, shall we draw the
perpendicular bisectors of
two sides of the triangle, to
find out the circumcentre of (ii)
the right angled triangle?
As the circumcentre of right-
angled triangle is the mid-point of the hypotenuse, we shall get circumcentre bisecting the
hypotenuse.
e.g. If we draw perpendicular bisector of hypotenuse PR of right-angled triangle 'PQR
we shall get circumcentre O. By drawing circumcircle of any right-angled triangle we
see that the circumcentre is the mid point of the hypotenuse of the triangle. lLet me do
it myselfn
174
No (iii) triangle which is drawn by Jahir

is triangle.
I draw circumcircle of no (iii) triangle 3cm.
i.e. I draw circumcircle of an obtuse-
angled triangle.
I see that the circumcentre O of an S
N
obtuse-angled triangle lies X O
linside / outsiden the trianglular region.
By drawing circumcircle of any obtuse
angled-triangle, we see that the circum
centre lies outside the triangular region. Q
M
We get, i) if the triangle is acute angled, Y Z R
right-angled or obluse-angled then the
circumcentre lies the triangular T
region, on the hypotenuse or the
triangular region respectively. (iii)
(ii) The circum-centre of a right-angled
triangle is the mid-point of the hypotenuse. C
I drew a triangle ABC of which AB = 3.5 cm, BAC

D
= 60º and ABC = 75º
On the triangle ABC drawn by me, Sahana has drawn
a triangle ABD of which BAD = 90ºñ ABD = 45º O
and the point D will lie on that side of AB in which the
point C lies.
I draw circumcircle of right-angled triangle ABD and see o
A B X
whether the point C lies on the circle. lLet me do it myselfn
Answer Hints : Let us determine the mid-point D of hypotenuse DB and a circle is drawn with
'O' as centre and 'DO' as length of radius and also draw a circumcircle of ' ABD.
We see that the circumcircle of ' ABDÈ passes through the point C of ' ABC.È
But let us write with reason by measuring the angle of a triangle why we get same
circumcircle of ' ABD and ' ABC. lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı1. I draw a triangle ABC of which BC = 6.5 cm, ABC = 600 and ACB = 700
At the time of drawing the triangle we will draw the length of line segment 6.5 cm with scale and
ACB = 70º with the protractor. Again why will we draw 60º angle of triangle with pencil
compass? Why we draw 60º angle of the triangle with pencil compass? At the time of construction
their is neither protractor nor any symbolic scale with us.
i.e. at the time of drawing angle and line segment. We have only a pencil, a pencil compass and
a scale without any symbol.
175
CHAPPTER ı 11
A
In question B 3.3 cm C and are given.
C 70
0
B
The angles which can be drawn with the help of pencil
compass are not given in question. B C
So, from the ray BX the length of 3.3 cm is cut off making A 3.3cm.
equal to the line segment BC which is drawn in question
and an angle YCB =700 is drawn taking equal Y Z
measurement of an angle ACB given in the question at
the point 'C' on the line segment BC.Then an angle ZBC
C B
= 60º is drawn at the point B with the help of a pencil
compass. CY and BZ intersect each other at the point A.
In this way a fixed triangle ABC is drawn.
As a line segment of length 3.3 cm and an angle measuring
600 700
70º are not given in any question paper we have to draw
B 3.3cm. C X
those two respectively with the help of a scale and protractor.
Let us work out 11.1
1. Let us draw the following triangles. By drawing the circumcircle in each case, let us write
the position of circum-centre and the length of circumradius by measuring it.
(i) An equilateral triangle having each side of length 6 cm.
(ii) An isosceles triangle whose length of the base is 5.2 cm and each of the equal sides
is 7 cm.
(iii) A right-angled triangle having two sides 4 cm and 8 cm length, containing right angle.
(iv) A right-angled triangle having length of 12 cm. hypotenuse and other side is of
5cm length.
(v) A triangle of which length of one side is 6.7 cm and the two angles adjacent to this
side are 750 and 550.
(vi) ABC is a triangle of which BC = 5 cm., ABC = 100º and AB = 4 cm.
2. Given PQ = 7.5 cm. QPR = 45º, PQR = 75º;
PQ = 7.5 cm. QPS = 60º, PQS = 60º;
Let us draw ' PQR and ' PQS in such a way that the points R and S lie on the same side
of PQ,È let us draw circum circle of ' PQRÈ and let us observe and write the position of the
point S within, on and out side the circum circle . Let us find out its explanation.
3. Given AB = 5 cm. BAC = 30º, ABC = 60º;
AB = 5 cm, BAD = 45º, ABD = 45º;
176
Let us draw 'ABC and 'ABD in such a way that the point C and D lie on opposite sides
of AB. Let us draw the circle circumscribing 'ABC. Let us write the position of the point
D with respect to circumcircle. Let us write by understanding what other characteristics we
are observing here.
4. We draw a quadrilateral ABCD having AB = 4 cm, BC = 7 cm CD = 4 cm, ABC = 600
BCD = 600. Let us draw the circle circumscribing ' ABC and write what other
characteristics we observe.
5. Let us draw the rectangle PQRS having PQ = 4 cm, and QR = 6 cm. Let us draw the
diagonals of the rectangle. Let us write by calculating the position of the centre of the
circum-circle of ' PQRÈ and the length of circum radius without drawing. By drawing
circumcircle of 'PQR, let us verify.
6. If any circular picture is given, then how shall we find its centre ? Let us find the
centre of the circle in the adjoining figure.
I draw as in the picture mentioned beside with the pencil on the

handkerchief of Jahir.
Uma has drawn many circles in the triangle as in the adjoining picture and
has made a design . Uma drew,
3 We see that the circles in the triangle touches the three sides of the triangle which
is drawn by Uma. What is called this type of circle ?
The circle inscribed in a triangle touching three sides of triangle is called inscribed circle or
incircle.
Construction : I draw a triangle of which three sides are 4.5 cm, 5.5 cm and 6 cm. Let us try to
draw in-circle of this triangle.
Construction of incircle of a triangle.
I draw a triangle of which BC = 6 cm CA = 5.5 cm and AB = 4 cm. Let us draw in-
circle of ' ABC. A
Construction Procedure :
(i) We have drawn the bisecters BI and
.
cm
CI of the two angles ABC and ACB

5.5
4.5
respectively intersecting each other at the

cm
I
points I.
(ii) From the point I, a perpendicular to the
side BC is drawn to meet BC at the point D.
B D C
(iii) A circle is drawn with centre I and 6 cm.
length of radius ID. That is the circle
inscribed in ' ABC.
177
CHAPPTER ı 11
4 What is called the centre and radius of incircle of a triangle ?
The centre of incircle of triangle is called Incentre and radius is called
Inradius.
In any equilateral triangle, the bisector of any angle and from the vertex of that angle the perpendicular
bisector on the opposite sides are the same straight lines. So, by drawing let us verify where the
circumcentre and the incentre of an equilateral triangle will lie. lLet me do it myselfn
By drawing circumcentre and incentre of an equilateral triangle we have seen, the circumcentre
and incentre of an equilateral triangle are lsame / differentn.
This part Sdrawing of an excribed circleV is not included in evaluation.
My friend Sajal has drawn different types of circles and he
tried to draw circumcircle and in circle of those triangles in A'
his copy.
Sajal did a funny work. He drew a triangle ABC of
which BC = 4.5 cm CA = 2.7 cm., AB = 3 cm. and A
extended the sides BA and BC upto A and C I
respectively. He draws bisectors ABC and
ACC which intersect each other at I.. From the D
B C X C'
point I he draws perpendicular ID on the extended
side BC which intersects the side BC at the point
D . He draws a circle with centre I and with radius
ID, touching the extended sides BC, CA and BA.
What is called this type of circle ?
The circle that touches one side of a triangle and the other two extended sides is called excircle.
Point I is said to be excentre and radius is said to be exradius.
I draw any triangle and let us try to draw excircle of that triangle.
(i) Let me write myself how many excircle and incircle of a triangle can be drawn.
(ii) Let me write myself how many points of a triangle are equidistant from the
sides of a triangle.
Let us Work out 11.2
1. Let us draw the following triangles and by drawing incircle of each circle, let us write by
measuring the length of inradius in each case.
(i) the lengths of three sides are 7 cm.ñ 6 cm. and 5.5 cm.
(ii) the length of two sides are 7.6 cm.ñ 6 cm. and the angle included by those two sides is 75º
(iii) the length of a side is 6.2 cm. and measures of two angles adjacent to this side are 50º and 75º
(iv) a triangle is a right-angled triangle of which two sides containing the right angle have
the lengths of 7 cm. and 9 cm.
(v) a triangle is a right-angled triangle of which the length of hypotenuse is 9 cm. and
another side 6.5 cm.
(vi) The triangle is an isoscales triangle having the 7.8 cm. length of base and the length of
each equal side of 6.5 cm. 10 cm.
(vii) a triangle is an isosceles triangle, having the 10 cm. length of base and each of the
equal angle is 45º
(viii) Let us draw an equilateral triangle having 7 cm. length of each side. By drawing the
circumcircle and incircle, let us find the length of circum radius and inradius and let us
write whether there is any relation between them.
178
SPHERE
12 SPHERE
Every year we buy handfans of palm leaves from the fair.

We use these handfans in our house. It is comfortable to
have small handfans on the way of going to school. So, we
have decided that we will make hand fans with the hard
board left in the house.
Sujit, the friend of my brother, has brought many small and big circular plates
of hard board.
My brother folded into two equal parts of a hard board and cuts the
semicircular plate along diameter of the circular plate and pasted a stick and
paper with gum and made a hand fan like a picture mentioned beside.
1 But, when my brother is rotating the semicirular plate taking that stick as
axis, then it looks mostly like the solid ball, What this figure is called?
Likewise the plate having rotated taking the diameter of semicircular plate as
axis, solid figure which we found is Sphere.
We understand that the surface of the sphere is like surface of a ball.
... The number of surface of sphere is and this is a [curved surface/ plane surface]
We easily made many hand fans with the help of circular plate of paper brought by Sujit, each of us
took one hand fan. Now we have decided that we shall find out spherical solid objects used in
house. My sister has brought us a big leather ball.
But now shall we get how much leather is required for making that leather ball i.e How
shall we get curved surface area or whole surface area of sphere.
Measurment of the curved surface area or whole surface area by hands on trial.
S1V Let us take a spherical ball and put it in between two vertical
hard boards just like the adjoining figure. Then after measuring
the perpendicular distance between two vertical boards. We get
the length of diameter of the ball. Hence we can easily evaluate
the length of the radius of the ball. Let it be 'r' units of length.
S2V Now we fix a pin on the ball.
S3V Then we attach a rope with the pin and it is rolled
up in such a way that there is no empty place
left and there should not be any overlapping on
any part of the rope. [See the adjoining figure]
S4V Now we make the starting point and end point of the portion of the rope which is required
to cover the whole surface of the ball.
179
Chapter : 12
S5V Let us draw a number of circles on a white hard board with
length of the radius r units.
S6V Now we start to cover each of the circular regions one after
another by the rope as it was done in the case of the ball [See
the adjoining figure]
We see the portion of the rope between the two marked points
can cover exactly four circular regions and we are left with no
remaining length of the rope.
.
. . Area of the surface of the sphere
= 4 × SArea of circular region of radius of length r units)
= 4 × Sr2 square units
= 4Sr2 square units
.
. . We got by hands and trial
The Curved Surface area or Whole Surface area of sphese is = 4Sr2
We understand that the leather required 4Sr2 square units for making leather ball with radius
r units.
Application ı 1. If the diameter of ball is 42 cm., let us calculate how much leather is required
for making ball.
. 42
Diameter of the ball = 42 cm . . Radius of the ball = 2 cm. = 21 cm.
.
. . Whole surface area of the ball = 4S × (21)2 sq cm
22
= 4 × 7 × 21×21 sq cm
= sq cm
.
. . The ball contains 5544 sq cm leather.
Application ı 2. The diameter of a sphere made of iron sheet is 14 cm., let us calculate What
is the cost of colouring the sphere at Rs. 2.50 per square cm. [Let me do it myself]
2 How shall we get the quantity of stone is required for the ball if the spherical ball would be
of the solid stone.
We shall get by determining the volume of sphere.
4
Volume of sphere = –3 Sr3 cubic unit
[where length of radius of sphere is 'r' units, the stone of the solid stone ball with radius r units
4
= 3– Sr3 cubic unit]
Application ı 3. If the length of diameter of a solid spherical ball is 14 cm. Let us write by
calculating how much stone are there in the spherical solid ball.
14
The lenght of radius of the solid spherical ball of stone = 2 cm. = 7 cm.
. 4
. . solid spherical ball of stone contains stone = 3– × 272 ×73 cubic cm.
= cubic cm.
180
SPHERE
Application ı 4. My spherical stone ball having the radius 0.7 dcm. length is completely
immersed into the water of reservoir. Let us write by calculating how much water will be overflowed
from the reservoir. [Let me do it myself]
Application ı 5. If whole area of a sphere is 2464 sq metre, let us write by calculating the
volume of the sphere.
Let the length of radius of sphere is r metre
According to the condition, 4Sr2 = 2464
22
or, 4 × 7 × r2 = 2464
7
or, r2 = 2464 × 22 × 4 = 28×7 = 72 × 22
.
. . r = 14
. 4 22
. . Volume of that sphere = 3– × 7 ×14×14×14 cubic metre.
= 11498.67 cubic metre.
3 There was a˛ paperweight on the table in my reading room. My
sister is measuring the length of radius of that paperweight. with scale.
We see that the paperweight is a solid hemispherical object of which
number of plane is and number of curved surface is .
1
The area of curved surface of this semicircular sphere = –2 × area of curved surface of sphere
1
= –2 × 4Sr2 sq unit
= 2Sr2 sq unit
[where the length of radius of semicircular sphere is r units.]
And area of plane surface of solid semicircular solid object = Sr2 sq unit
We understand that, if the length of radius of solid hemisphere is r units, then the whole surface
area = (2Sr2 + Sr2) sq units
= 3Sr2 sq units
.
. . Whole surface area of˚ Solid Hemisphere = 3Sr2 sq unit
Application : 6. If the length of diameter of hemispherical solid object is 14 cm, let us write by
calculating its whole surface area.
22
Whole surface area = 3 × 7 × 14×14 sq units
= sq units
Application ı 7. If it requires 173.25 sq cm of sheet to make a hemisphercal bowl then let us
write by calculating the length of diameter of forepart of the bowl. [Let me do it myself]
lAnswer hints ı As the bowl is not a solid object, curved surface area of sheet will only be
required.n
181
Chapter : 12
4 Now let us calculate how much stone is there in a solid hemispherical parperweight?
Let the length of radius of hemispherical paperweight be r units.
. 1
. . Volume of a solid hemisphere = –2 × volume of sphere
1 4 2
= –2 × –3 Sr3 cubic units˛ =–3Sr3 cubic units
. 2
. . Volume of hemisphere = –3Sr3 cubic units.
Application : 8. If the length of radius of solid hemisphrical solid object is 14 cm, let us
calculate how much quantity of stone is there in that object.
2 22
Stone contains in hemispherical paperweight isÈ = –
3 × 7 × 14×14×14 cubic units = cubic units
Application : 9. If ratio of whole area of two spherical solid objects is 1:4, let us write by
calculating the ratio of their volumes.
Let the lengths of radii of two spherical solid objects are r1 units and r2 units respectively.
2 2
2
According to the condition 4ʌr1 = 1 or
§r · §1· r 1
2
Óy ñ ¨ 1 ¸ = ¨ ¸ ? 1 =
4ʌr2 4 © r2 ¹ ©2¹ r2 2
4 3
Volume of first sphere ʌr1 § r1 ·
3 3
. 3 §1· 1
.. Volume of 2nd sphere
=
4 3
=¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ =
ʌr2 © r2 ¹ ©2¹ 8
3
.
. . The ratio of volumes of two spherical solid objects is 1ı8
Application : 10. If the ratio of lengths of radii of two spheres is 1:2, let us write by calculating
the ratio of their whole surface areas. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 11. If the numerical values of volume and curved surface area of a sphere are
equal, let us write by calculating numerical value of radius of sphere
Let the length of radius of sphere be r units.
. 4
. . Curved surface area of sphere = 4Sr2 sq units and volume = –3 Sr3 cubic units
4 3 . ..
3 Sr = 4Sr Si.e Numerical values are equalV . . r = 3 [ . rz0]
According to the given condition, – 2
.
. . Numarical value of length of radius of sphere is 3 cm.
5 If the lengths of outer radius and inner radius of hollow sphere are R r R
units and r units respectively, how much metal is there in a hollow sphere x
i.e. How shall we get the volume of metal which is required for making
that hollow sphere.
4
The volume of metal is required to make that hollow sphere = – 3 S (R – r ) cubic units.
3 3
182
SPHERE
Application : 12. If two spheres with the radii of 1 cm. and 6 cm. lengths are melted and a
hollow sphere with the thickness of 1 cm is made, let us write by calculating the outer curved
surface area of the hollow sphere.
Let the length of outer radius of sphere is r cm.
.
. . The length of inner radius of that sphere is = (r–1) cm.
4 4 4 4
By the condition –3 Sr3 – –3 S (r–1)3 = –3 S (1)3 + –3 S (6)3
4 4
or, –3 S{r3– (r–1)3} = –3 S (1+216)
or, r3–r3 + 3r2 – 3r + 1 = 217
or, 3r2 – 3r – 216 = 0
or, r2 – r – 72 = 0
or, r2 – 9r + 8r – 72 = 0
or, r (r–9) + 8 (r–9) = 0
or, (r–9) Sr+8V = 0
.
Either, r – 9 = 0 . . r = 9
.
or, r + 8 = 0 . . r = –8
. .
. . Since r z – 8, as r is the length of radius i.e it can not be negative. . . r = 9
.
. . The length of outer radius of new hollow sphere is 9 cm.
.
. . Outer surface area = 4 × 272 ×9×9 sq cm. = sq cm. [let us write it by calculating]
Let us work out 12

1. If the length of radius of a sphere is 10.5 cm., let us write by calculating the whole surface
area of the sphere.
2. If the cost of making a leather ball is ` 431.20 at ` 17.50 per square cm., let us write by
calculating the length of diameter of the ball.
3. If the length of diameter of the ball used for playing shotput in our school is 7 cm. let us
write by calculating how many cubic cm of iron is there in the ball.
4. If the length of diameter of a solid sphere is 28 cm and it is completly immersed into the
water, let us calculate the volume of water displaced by the sphere.
5. The length of radius of spherical gas balloon incrcases from 7 cm to 21 cm as air is being
pumped into it let us find the ratio of surface arcas of the balloon in two cases.
2
6. 127 7– sq cm. of sheet is required to make a hemispherical bowl. Let us write by calculating
the length of diameter of the forepart of the bowl.
7. The length of radius of solid spherical ball is 2.1 cm; let us write by calculating how much
cubic cm iron is there and let us find the curved surface area of the iron ball.
183
Chapter : 12
8. The length of diameter of solid sphere of lead is 14 cm. If the sphere is melted, let us write
by calculating how many spheres with length of 3.5 cm. radius can be made.
9. Three shperes made of copper having the lengths of 3 cm. 4 cm. and 5 cm. radii are melted
and a large sphere is made. Let us write by calculating the length of radius of the large sphere.
10. The length of diameter of base of a hemispherical tomb is 42 dm. Let us write by calculating the
cost of colouring the upper surface of the tomb at the rate of ` 35 per square metre.
11. Two hollow sphrers with the lengths of diameter 21 cm and 17.5 cm respectively are made
from the sheets of the same metal. Let us calculate the volumes of sheets of metal required
to make the two spheres.
12. The curved surface of a solid metalic sphere is cut in such a way that the curved surface
area of the new sphere is half of that previous one. Let us calculate the ratio of the volumes
of the portion cut off and the remaining portion of the sphere.
13. On the curved surface of the axis of a globe with the length of 14 cm. radius, two circular
holes are made each of which has the length of radius 0.7 cm. Let us calculate the area of
metal sheet surrounding its curved surface.
14. Let us write by calculating how many marbles with lengths of 1 cm. radius may be formed
by melting a solid sphere of iron having 8 cm length of radius.
15. Very short answer type question (V.S.A.)
SAV SM.C.Q.V ı
SiV The volume of a solid sphere having the radius of 2r units length is
SaV 32Sr 16Sr 8Sr 64Sr
3 3 3 3
3 cubic unit SbV 3 cubic unit˛ ScV 3 cubic unit SdV 3 cubic unit
SiiV If the ratio of the volumes of two solid spheres is 1:8, the ratio of their curved surface areas is
SaV 1ı2 SbV 1ı4 ScV 1ı8 SdV 1ı16
SiiiV The whole surface area of a solid hemisphere with length of 7 cm radius is
SaV 588 Ssq cm. SbV 392 S sq cm. ScV 147S sq cm. SdV 98S sq cm.
SivV If the ratio of curved surface areas of two solid spheres is 16:9, the ratio of their volumes is
SvV If numerical value of curved surface area of a solid sphere is three times of its volume
the length of radius is
SaV 1 unit SbV 2 unit ScV 3 unit SdV 4 unit
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true of false.
SiV If we double the length of radius of a solid sphere, the volume of sphere will be doubled.
184
SPHERE
SiiV If the ratio of curved surface areas of two hemispheres is 4:9, the ratio of their lengths
of radii is 2:3
SCV Let us fill in the blanks.

SiV The name of solid which is composed of only one surface is .
SiiV The number of surfaces of a solid hemisphere is .
SiiiV If the length of radius of a solid hemisphere is 2r units, its whole surface area is
S r 2 sq units.
16. Short answer type (S. A.)
SiV The numerical values of volume and whole surface area of a solid hemisphere are
equal, let us write the length of radius of the hemisphere.
SiiV The curved surface area of a solid shpere is equal to the surface area of a solid right
circular cylinder. The lengths of both height and diameter of cylinder. are 12 cm. Let
us write the length of radius of the sphere.
SiiiV Whole surface area of a solid hemisphere is equal to the curved surface area of the
solid sphere. Let us write the ratio of lengths of radius of hemisphere and sphere.
SivV If curved surface area of a solid sphere is S and volume is V, let us write the value of
Sñ
Vð [not putting the value of S]È
SvV If the length of radius of a sphere is increased by 50%, let us write how much percent
will be increased of its curved surface area.
185
Ganit Prakash - Class X
Chapter - 13
13 VARIATION
Rahul and I decided to make a road map indicating the position
of the school. Market, Hospital, Doctor's chamber, river,
Co-operative society, big pond, cultivated land in our village
and to paste it on a big board in front of our club room.
So we both have started work today at summer noon taking
different measures of art paper-big and small, pen, pencil,
scissors, gum etc.
1 But how shall we take measuerment of length of road in the map?
We have shown that 8km length of road of our village is equivalent to 1 cm in the map. Then 24
km length of road of our village will be equivalent to 3cm.
2 Considering the length of road of our village = x cm and length of road in the map= y cm.
in the table below; then let us write what I shall get.

× 5.5
×3.5
×7
×5
×3
Length of road of village SxV lcm.n 800000 2400000 4000000 5600000 2800000 4400000
Length of road in the map SyV lcm.n 1 3 5 7 3.5 5.5
We see that according to scale of map the ×3
length of road of village is as multiple of ×5
the first so as to. multiple of length of road ×7
in map. ×3.5
800000 2400000 4000000 ............ x ×5.5
i.c. 1 = 3 = 5 = =y
x
i.c. ÈThere is no change of value of y È
x .
Let, y = k, [kz0] . . x = ky, lhere k is non zero constantn
x
3 If the variables x and y are related to each other in such a way that y =k (non zero
constant) what will the relation between two variables be called?
x
If two interrelated variables x and y are related in such a way thatñ y = k (non zero constant), it
is called that x and y are in direct variation and non zero constant is said to be variation constant.
x and y are in Direct variation and it can be written as x v y and non zero constant is said to
be Variation Constant.
The length of road and length of road in map are x and y respectively which are related in direct
variation i.e. x v y.
186
VARIATION
We are trying to draw map of road on a square art paper with length of 60 cm.
4 If the square art paper having the sides of 60 cm. length is covered with a coloured paper,
on its four sides, then let us write by calculating how much length of coloured paper is required.
Coloured paper is required = 4×60 cm of length = 240 cm in length.
If the length of one side of square art paper is 50 cm, then the coloured paper is required to
cover the art paper of cm. length. lLet me do it yourselfn
Considering length of square art paper = x cm and perimeter ×2

5
of art paper is y cm; let us fill up the table and let us see what ×3
the relation is between x and y. 5
×6
Length of a side of square art paper SxV lcmn 60 50 100 120

Let
Perimeter of art paper (y) lcmn 240 200 400
me
5 write it
×6 myself
5
×3
×2
In this case we see that the length of square is x and perimeter is y of art paper They are so
x 1
inter related with each other that y = 4 Snon zero constantV
i.e. x and y are in direct variation.
. 1
. . xvy and here value of variation constant is 4
5 Similarly let us write by understanding that the number of pen (x) and total cost price of pen
(y) are in direct variation.lLet me do it myselfn
6 Let us write four examples related to two variables, where the variables are in direct
variations. lLet me do it myselfn
A 90 30 12 15 156
B 60 20 8 10 104
We have got values of interrelated variables A and Bı
Application ı 1. Let us find the variation relation between A and B and let us write the value of
variation constant.
We see that if value of A increases or decreases, the value of B increases or decrease.
A 90 30 12 15 156 3 . 3
Again, B = 60 = 20 = 8 = 10 = 104 = 2 . . A = 2 B
. 3
. . AvB and here value of variation constant is 2
Hence the value of variation constant is positive . So if the value of A increases or decreases then
the corresponding value of B will increase or decrease.
P 35 49 56 14
We have got the values of related variables P and Q Q 15 21 24 6
7 Let us find if there is any variation relation between P and Q, lLet me do it myselfn
187
Chapter - 13
Application : 2. The time of oscillation of a pendulum varies as the square root of its length. If
the pendullum with length of 1 metre oscillates once in a second, let us write by calculating the
length of the pendulum oscillaing once in 2.5 seconds.
Letñ˚ t = the time of oscillation, l = length of pendulum.
.
. . According to the condition t v l
.
. . t = k l lk is non zero variation constantn Variation-constant is
. always non zero by
. . If t = 1 second, l = 1 metre.
. . definition. So instead of
So, we get 1 = k 1 . . k = 1 . . Value of variation constant is 1 k is "non zero variation-
So, we get t = l constant" one may write
. k is "variation-constant"
. . If t = 2.5 seconds, l = 2.5
l = 6.25
.
. . 6.25 metre length of pendulum oscillating once in 2.5 second.
Application : 3. y varies directly with the square of x, and y = 9 when x = 9; let us express y
in the form of x and if y = 4, let us write by calculating the value of x.
y varies directly with the square of x
.
So, y vx2 . . y = kx2 lwhere K is non zero constantn
Again, y = 9 when x = 9
. 9 1
So, 9 = k(9)2 . . k = 92 = 9
1
So, y = 9 x2 (I)
1
putting y = 4 in equation (I) we got 4 = 9 x2
.
or, x2 = 36 . . x = ±6
.
. . If y = 4 then x = ± 6
Application : 4. y varies directly with the square root of x and y = 9 wwhen x = 4, let us write the
value of varional constant; and let us express y in the form of x and if y = 8, let us write the value of x.
When I and Rahul were busy in making the map of the road of the
village, my grandma had sent some laddus, made of coconut for us, in
a steel tiffin box.
8 By counting we see that there are 24 coconut laddus in the tiffin
box. We shall divide them equally without breaking any laddu, let us
find how many laddus we shall get each.
We shall get each 24÷2 = 12 laddus.
But Shibani too has joined with us in this activity.
So, we shall divide 24 laddus among 3 persons. Now each will get laddus.
But it was expected that three friends would come in club room. If they will come we shall be 6
persons in total.
So, if 24laddus are divided among 6 persons then each will get laddus.
188
VARIATION
9 Let us write in the box below how many laddus each ×2

will get if 24 laddus sent by my grand mother are divided ×3
3
among various friends. ×2
Number of friends SxV 2 3 6 4
The number of laddus (y) each would get 12 8 4
. 2
. . We see that the number of coconut laddus are unaltered, if ×3
the number if friends increases or decreases the number of 1
×3
laddus each gets will decrease or increase respectively. We 1
×2
see that 2×12 = 3×8 = 6×4 = 4×6 = x×y.
i.e. the value of x × y is unchanged. Let xy = k, (non zero constant)
10 If two interelated variables x and y such that xy = k (non zero constant), then what will be
said the relation between two variables.
If two interelated variables x and y such that xy = k (non zero constant) then it is said x and y are
1
in inverse variation. and written as˚ x vy and non zero constant is said to be Variation Constant.
Where xy = k Snon zero constatVñ and k > 0, then the value of one increases, corresponding value
of the other decreases and the value of one decreases, corresponding value of the other increases.
If xy = k Snon zero constantVñ and k < 0, let us write what type of change of two variables will be.
The number of laddus and number of friends x and y respectively are in inverse variation.
1
i.e. x vy
11 My friend Sabina by folding many square art papers with length of 50 cm. side divided
some of them equally. The remaining friends will draw on different parts of art paper and pasted
on the board in the club room. I see the artpapers folded by Sabina and let us try to write the
area of different parts
12345678
in the table below.
1234567812345
12345 1234
1234 12
12 123
123 × 16
12345678 12345 1234 12 123
12345678
1234567812345
12345 1234 12 ×8
12345678
1234567812345
12345 ×4
×2
Part of square art paper SxV 1 2 4 8 16
Area of each folded part SyV lsquare cmn 2500 1250 625 312.5 lets write
We see that, if equal number (x) of part of paper with × 1
2 1
same measure of square increases, area (y) of each ×4 1
part will.decrease. ×8 1
. . 1×2500 = 2×1250 × 16
= 4×625= 8 × 312.5= 16×156.25 = x × y
i.e. there is no change of value of xy.
. 1
. . x vy and here value of variation constant is 2500.
Application : 5. I arranged 36 buttons in a rectangular size and let us write by understanding in
each case, if there is any inverse variation between buttons lying along length and those of
breadth. lLet me do it myselfn
189
Chapter - 13
Application : 6. Let us write two examples with inter related two variables where the variables
are in inverse variation. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 7. We have got values of inter related variables x and y :
x 5 25 10 4 8
y 10 2 5 12.5 6.25
Let us determine if there is any variation relation between x and y and find the value of variation
constant.
We see that xy = 5×10 = 25×2 = 10×5 = 4×12.5 = 8×6.25
.
. . xy = Constant
. 1
. . x vy and variation constant is 50.
Application : 8. The values of interrelated variables x and y are x 3 2 6
y 18 27 9
Let us determine if there is any variation relation between x and y,lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 9. In our factory 42 machines are required to produce a given number of iron
articles in 63 days.
Let us calculate by applying the theory of variation how many machines would be required to
produce the same number of iron articles in 54 days.
Let the number of days = D and number of machines = M
Volume of work remains constant, if the number of machine will increase, the number of days
will decrease at the same rate.
.
. . D and M are in inverse variation.
1 . k
So, Dv M . . D = M lk = non zero variation constantn
If D = 63ñ M = 42
k
So, 63 = 42
or, k = 63×42
. 63×42
..D= M (I)
.
. . Putting D = 54 in equation (I)
63×42
54 = M
63×42 .
or, M = 54 . . M = 49
.
. . 49 machines would be required to produces the same number of iron articles in 54 days.
Application : 10. Samir babu takes 2 hours to reach, the station from his house by
driving a car at the speed of 60 km/hour. Let us calculate by applying the theory of
variation, how much time will he take to reach the station from his house if he drives
at the speed of 80 km/hour. lLet me do it myselfn
lAnswer Hints : Velocity and required time are in inverse variation to travel a fixed distance]
190
VARIATION
Application : 11. If xvy, then y v x let us prove with reason.

.
Proof ı xvy . . x = ky lk is non zero variation constant n
..
So, y = k1 x = mx ñ where m = k1 is a non zero variation constant. . k is non zero variation constant.
.
. . yvx
.
. . So, we get if xvyñ then y v x
Application : 12. If xvy and y v z, let us prove that x v z .
.
Proof ı xvy . . x = ky and y v z so, y = k'z
Here, k and k' are two non zero variation constants.
.
Again, x = ky = k(k'z) = kk' z = mz lWhere m = kk' = non-zero constantn . . x v z
Application : 13. If xvy let us prove that x+y v x–y
Proof ı xvy so, x = ky, where k is non zero variation constant.
. x+y ky+y y(k+1) k+1 n
. . x–y ky–y y(k–1) k–1 lwhereñ n = non zero constantn
. .
. . x+y = n (x–y) . . x+y v x–y
Application : 14. If xvy, let us prove that xn v yn
Proof ı x v y soñ x = ky, where k is non zero variation constant.
.
xn = knyn = k1yn lk1 = kn = non zero constantn . . xn v yn
Application : 15. If x+y v x–y, let us prove that xvy
Proof ı x+y v x–y
.
. . x+y = k(x–y) lwhere k is non zero variation constantn
x+y k
x–y = 1
2x k+1
or, 2y =k–1 lApplying componendo and dividendo˚n
k+1
or, xy = k1 lwhere, k1 = k–1 = non zero constantn
.
or, x = k1y . . xvy
Application : 16. If A2 + B2 v A2 –B2, let us prove that A v B lLet me do it myselfn

x y
Application : 17. If xvy and u v z, let us prove that xu v yz and u v z
Proof ı xvy, so, x = k1y
uvz, so, u = k2z lwhere k1 and k2 are non zero variation constantsn
.
. . xu = k1yāk2z = k1k2yz = myz lwhere m = k1k2 = non zero constantn
.
. . xu v yz
x = k1 y = § k 1 · y = n y k1
¨
u k 2z © k 2 ¹ z ¸ z
l where n =
k2
= non zero constantn
. x y
.. u v z
191
Chapter - 13
Our friend Arko has made some triangular regions by cutting paper.
We measure length of base and height of triangular region and let us write by calculating their
areas in the table given below.
Base of triangle (x) lcmn 8 14 13 22
Height of triangle (y) lcmn 10 7 15 12
1– 1– 1– 1–
Area of triangle (A) lsq cmn 2×8×10 2×14×7 2×13×15 2×22×12
1 u 8 u 10 1 u 14 u 7 1 u13 u15 1 u 22 u12
We got A 2 2 2 2 1
x×y 8×10 14×7 13×15 22×12 2
.
. . A v x×y
12 Here we see that a variable A is in direct variation with the product of x and y. What this
type of variation is called?
If a variable is in direct variation with the product of two or more variables, the first variable is
said to be in Joint Variation with the other variables.
13 Theorem on joint variation Sonly statement˛V
If three variables x, y and z be such that x v y when z is constant, x v z. when y is constant,
then x v yz, when y and z both vary.
We understand that here area A of triangle is in joint variation with base (x) and height (y) of triangle.
In case of ideal gas, we get from the combination of Boyl's law and Charle's law,
PV = RT, R is a non zero constant.
. T
..V=R P
1
14 Here, is V in joint variation with T and PÈÈ⁄
T 1
V = Rā P lR= constantnÈin this relation we can say V is in joint variation with T and P È.
Let us write by understanding in case of any work, total earning bears a joint variation with number
of persons engaged in that work and number of days they worked. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 18. If 5 farmers can harvest jute, cultivated in 10 bighas of land in 12 days. Let
us find by applying theory of variation how many farmers can harvest jute, cultivated in 18
bighas in 9 days.
Let numbers of farmers be A,
numbers of days be B
and area of land be C
Then numbers of farmers is in direct variation with area of land, when number of days remain
constant.
.
. . Av C ñ when B is constant.
Again, if area of land remains constant, then the number of farmers is in the inverse variation with
. 1
number of days. i.c. . . Av B ñ when C is constant.
192
VARIATION
. C ñ when B and C both vary.

. . According to theorem on joint variation, Av B
C lwhere, K is non zero constantn
i.e A = K B (I)
Given A = 5, B = 12 and C = 10
Farm(I) we get 5 = K1210
.
or, K = 5×12
10 . . K = 6
C
Now, putting the value of K in the equation (I) we get A = 6 B (II)
If B = 9 and C =18 thenñ we get from (II)ñ A = 6×18
9 = 12
.
. . Required number of farmers =12.
Application : 19. If 5 men can cultivate in 10 bighas of land in 9 days, let us calculate by theory of
variation how long will be taken by 25 men for cultivating10 bighas of land. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 20. x varies directly with y (when z is constant) and x varies inversely with z
(when y is constant) in such a way that when y=4, z=5, then x=3. when y=16, z=25, then let us
find the value of x.
x v yñ where z is constant
x v z1 ñ where y is constant˛
. y
. . x v z ñwhere y and z both vary.
y
So, x = k ā z lwhere k is non zero variation constantn (I)
Given, x=3, y = 4 and z=5
. .
. . We get from (I) 3 = k 45 . . k = 15
4
Putting the value of K in equation No (I) we get x = 15y (II)
4z
15×16 ... x = 12 = 2 2
When y =16, z=25 then from (II) we get x = 4×25 5 5
x y
Application : 21. If y v x+y and x v x–y let us show that x2 –y2 = constant.
x . x
y v x+y . . y = k1 (x+y) lwhere k1 is non zero variation constantn
y . y
Again, x v x–y . . x = k2(x–y) lwhere k2 is non zero variation constantn
x y
So, y × x = k1 (x+y) × k2(x–y)
or, 1 = k1k2 (x2–y2)
1
or, (x2–y2) = k k
1 2
. 2 2 .. .
. . x –y = constant S . k1 and k2 constant, . . k1k constantV lProvedn
1 2
193
Chapter - 13
Application : 22. x2 v yz, y2 v zx and z2 v xy let us show that the product of the three constants
of variation= 1
.
x2 v yz . . x2 = k1yz
.
Again, y2 v zx . . y2 = k2zx
.
Again, z2 v xy . . z2 = k3xy
Where, k1, k2 and k3 are non zero variation constant.
So, x2×y2×z2 = k1yz × k2zx × k3xy
or, x2y2z2 = k1k2k3 āx2y2z2
.
. . k1k2k3 = 1 lProvedn
Application : 23. a v b and b v c let us prove that a3+b3+c3 v 3abc
.
av b . . a = k1b lWhere k1 is a non zero variation constantn
.
Again, b v c . . b = k2c lWhere k2 is a non zero variation constantn
So, a = k1b = k1k2c 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a 3 +b3 +c3 = (k1k 2 c) +(k 2 c) +c = c (k1 k 2 +k 2 +1) = k1 k 2 +k 2 +1
non zero constant.
3abc 3(k1k 2 c)×(k 2 c)×c 3k1k 22 c3 3k1k 22
..
l . k1 and k2 are non zero constantsn
.
. . a3+b3+c3 v 3abc
Application : 24. If xvy and yvz, let us prove that x2+y2+z2vxy+yz+zx lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 25. The volume of any sphere varies directly as cube of its radius. If three solid
spheres with radius of 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm are melted and a new sphere is made, and no
volume is lost for melting, then in let us calculate by theory of variation the length of diameter of
new sphere.
Let the volume of a sphere of radius 'r' cm be 'v'cubic cm.
So, v v r3
.
. . v = kr3 lhere k is non zero variation constantn
.
. . Volume of a sphere with radius of 3 cm is = k×33 cubic cm.= 27k cubic cm.
Volume of a sphere with radius of 4cm is = k×43 cubic cm.= 64k cubic cm.
Volume of a sphere with radius of 5 cm is = k×53 cubic cm = 125k cubic cm.
According to the question, volume of new sphere is (27k + 64k + 125 k) cubic cm =216k cubic cm.
If the radius of the new sphere is R. then
k R3 = 216k
or, R3 = 216
.
or, R3 = 63 ..R=6
.
. . The length of radius of new sphere is 6cm
.
. . The length of diameter of new sphere is 6×2 cm = 12 cm
194
VARIATION
Application : 26. The total expenses of a hostel are partly constant and partly vary directly as
the number of boarders. When the number of boarders are 120 and 100 the total expenses are
` 2000 and ` 1700 respectively. Let us write by calculating, total number of boarders if the total
expense is `1880.
Let the expenses and number of boarders be ` x and y respectively.
Let x = k1 + B, where expenses of hostel k1 is partly constant and Bvy
.
. . B=k2yñ where k2 is non zero variation constant.
By the condition x = k1+k2y
.
Given y =120, x=2000 . . 2000 = k1 +120k2 (I)
.
Again, if y=100, x=1700 (Given) . . –1700 = – k1 +– 100k2 (II)
SSubtractingV 300 = 20k2
300 .
or, k2 = 20 . . k2 = 15
.
. . From (II) we get, 1700 = k1+100×15
or, k1 = 1700 –1500
.
. . k1 = 200
So, x = 200+15y (III)
.
. . When x = 1880 then we get from equation (III)
1880 = 200+15y
or, 15y = 1880–200
or, 15y = 1680
or, y = 168015 ... y = 112
.
. . If expenses of hostel is `1880 then the number of boarders is 112.
Application : 27. The volume of a sphere varies directly with the cube of length of
its radius. The length of diameter of a solid sphere of lead is 14 cm. If the sphere is
melted, let us find by applying theory of variation how many spheres having the
length of 3.5 cm. radius can be made. (let the volume remain unchanged before or
after melting.) lLet me do it myselfn
Let us work out 13
1. Corresponding values of two A 25 30 45 250
variables A and B are :
B 10 12 18 100
If there is any relation of variation between A and B, let us determine it and write the value of
variation constant. x 18 8 12 6
2. Corresponding values of two variables x and y 27 9
y 3 4 2 9
If there is any relation of variation between x and y, let us write it by understanding.
195
Chapter - 13
3. (i) A taxi of Bipin uncle travels 14 km path in 25 minute. Let us calculate by applying theory
of variation how much path he will go in 5 hours by driving taxi with same speed.
(ii) A box of sweets is divided among 24 children of class one of our school, they will get
5 sweets each. Let us calculate by applying theory of variation how many sweets
would each get, if the number of the children is reduced by 4.
(iii) 5o villagers had taken 18 days to dig a pond. Let us calculate by using theory of
variation how many extra persons will be required to dig the pond in 15days.
4. (i) y varies directly with square root of x and y = 9 when x = 9. Let us find the value of x
when y = 6.
(ii) x varies directly with y and invesely with z. When y=4, z=5, then x=3. Again, if y=16,
z=30, let us write by calculating the value of x.
(iii) x varies directly with y and invesely with z. When y=5, z=9 then x= 1 . Let us find
6
the relation among three variables x, y and z and if y=6 and z= 1, let us write by
5
calculating the value of x.
5. (i) If xvy, let us show that x+y vx–y
(ii) Av 1 , C v 1 let us show that Av B
C B
(iii) If a vb, b v 1 and c v d , let us write the relation of variation between a and d.
c
(iv) If xvy, y v z and z vx Let us find the relation among three constants of variation.
6. If x+yvx–y, let us show that
(i) x2+y2 v xy
(ii) x3+y3v x3–y3
(iii) ax+byv px+qy lwhere a, b, p, q are non zero constantn
7. (i) If a2+b2 v ab, let us prove that a+bv a–b
(ii) If x3+y3v x3–y3, let us prove that x+yv x–y
8. If 15 farmers can cultivate18 bighas of land in 5 days, let us determine by using the theory
of variation the number of days required by10 farmers to cultivate 12 bighas of land.
9. Volume of a sphere varies directly with the cube of its radius. Three solid spheres having
1 1–
length of 1–2 , 2 and 22 metre diametre are melted and a new solid sphere is formed. Let us
find the length of diameter of the new sphere. [let us consider that the volume of sphere
remains same before and after melting]
10. y is a sum of two variables, one of which varies directly with x and another varies inversely with
x. When x=–1, then y = 1 and when x = 3, then y = 5. Let us find the relation between x and y.
11. If a vb, b v c let us show that a3b3+b3c3+c3a3 v abc(a3+b3+c3)
12. To dig a well of x dcm deep. one part of the total expenses varies direcly with x and other
part varies directly with x2. If the expenses of digging wells of 100 dcm and 200 dcm
depths are ` 5000 and ` 12000 respectively, let us write by calculating the expenses of
diggng a well of 250 dcm depth
196
VARIATION
13. Volume of a cylinder is in joint variation with square of the length of radius of base and its
height. Ratio of radii of bases of two cylinders is 2 : 3 and ratio of their heights is 5 : 4, let
us find the ratio of their volumes.
14. ˛An agricultural Co-operative Society of village of Pachla has purchased a tractor. Previously
2400 bighas of land were cultivated by 25 ploughs in 36 days. Now half of the land can be
cultivated only by that-tractor in 30 days. Let us calculate by using the theory of variation,
the number of ploughs work equally with one tractor.
15. The Volume of a sphere varies directly with cube of length of its radius and surface area of
sphere varies directly with the square of the length of radius. Let us prove that the square
of volume of sphere varies directly with cube of its surface area.
(A) M.C.Q.
(i) x v y1 , then (a) x = y1 (b) y = x1 (c) xy = 1 (d) xy = non-zero constant.
(ii) If x v y, then (a) x2 v y3 (b) x3v y2 (c) xv y3 (d) x2 v y2

(iii) If xvy and y=8 when x=2ó if y=16, then the value of x is (a) 2 (b) 4 (b) 6 (d) 8
(iv) If xvy2 and y=4 when x=8ó if x=32, then the value of y is (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
(v) If y – z vx1 , z– xvy1 and x–y vz1 , sum of three variation constants is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true or false :–
,y
(i) If y v x1 x = non-zero constant.
(ii) If x v z and y v z then xy v z2
(i) If x v y1 and y v z1 , then x v
(ii) If x v y, x n v
(iii) If x v y and x v z, then (y + z) v
17. Short answer type question (S.A.)
(i) If x v y2 and y=2a when x=aó x and yÈ let us find the relation between x and y.
(ii) If x v y, y v z and z v x , let us find the product of three non zero constants.
(iii) If xv1y and yv1z ,let us find if there be any relation of direct or inverse variation
between x and z.
(iv) If x v yz and y v zx, let us show that z is a non zero constant.
(v) If b va3 and aÈ increases in the ratio of 2 : 3, let us find in what ratio b will be increased.
197
Chapter - 14
14 PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS
My elder sister wants to run a business of selling exercise

copies binding them in a room of the ground floor of our
house. Two friends of my elder sister, Tirtha and Tanbir, want
to join this business. So my elder sister, Tirtha and Tanbir
have started the business of selling exercise copies by investing
`10000, ` 12000, ` 11000 respectively.
1 What is called this type of business when two or more persons jointly agree to
run a business? When two or more persons together agree to form some organisations
for running jointly a business the partnership business is one of them. In partnership
business money invested by each partner is the capital of their own share.
They make a profit of ` 9900 at the end of the year in the business of my elder sister.
But how will they divide this profit.
2 Partnership business generally builds up on some principles and the principles are decided
on the basis of discussion among the partners. These are —
SiV Capital ı The business partners collect the total amount of capital by investing equally or
collect the capital at a unanimous ratio.
SiiV Distribution of profit are shared according to a joint decision.
(a) May be equally divided among the partners.
(b) May be shared on the basis of ratio of their investment.
ScV May be shared on the basis of another unanimous agreement.If the terms and
conditions of the method of profit/loss are not clearly mentioned in the agreement, it is assumed
that the profit/loss so distributed among the partners on the basis of the ratio of their investment.
SiiiV Honorrary allowance to manage a business : If a few or all the partners invest their
energy and time to run a business then the rate of their honorrary allowance is clearly mentioned
in the contact. The profit is shared only after the disbursement of these allowances.
Application 1 : My elder sister and her two friends have started a partnership business and at
first the ratio of their investment for sharing profit which they will get is to be determined.
... The ratio of disbursement of profit will be,
money of elder sister ı money of Tirtha ı money of Tanbir " 10000 ı 11000 ı 12000 " 10
ı 11 ı 12
... In the profit of ` 9900, my elder sister will get "`
10
' 9900 " `
10+11+12
11
In the profit of ` 9900, Tirtha will get " ' 9900 " ` 3300
33
12
In the profit of ` 9900, Tanbir will get " ` ' 9900 " ` 3600
33
198
PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS
Application 2 : Sulekha, Joynal and Shibu started a partnership business with capitals
` 5000, ` 4500 and ` 7000 respectively. If the profit is ` 11550, at the end of the year,
let us write by calculating the profit share by each of them. lLet me do it myselfn
Application 3 : Mitadidi, Sahanabibi and Amal uncle of our village started a business of jam-
jelly with capitals of ` 15000, ` 10000 and ` 17500. But at the end of the year loss is ` 4250.
Let us write by calculating how much more each of them will have to pay.
In partnership business the ratio of investment of Mitadidi, Sahanabibi and Amal uncle "
15000 ı 10000 ı 17500 " 6 ı 4 ı 7
Each partner shared their part of loss in the ratio of their investment.
S
... In the loss of ` 4250, Mitadidi will pay " ` 6+4+7 × 4250 " `
7
V
4
S
In the loss of ` 4250, Sahanabibi will pay " ` 17× 4250 " ` V
In the loss of ` 4250, Amal uncle will pay " ` lLet me do it myselfn
Application 4 : Mariya and Shayan started a partnership business with capital of `

25000 and 35000 respectively with the conditions that
1
(i) –3 rd of the total profit at first will be equally divided among them (ii) Later, the
remaining profit will be divided in the ratio of their capitals.
If the profit at the end of the year is ` 36000. Let us find the share of profit each will get.
1 1
SiV –3 of total profit will be equally divided i.e. ` S36000 ' –3V "` will be divided equally
among Mariya and Shyan.
SiiV Remaining ` S36000 – 12000V " ` 24000 will be divided in the ratio of their capitals.
Ratio of capitals of Mariya and Shayan " 25000 ı 35000 " 5 ı 7
... In the profit of ` 24000 Mariya will get " ` S5+7 × 24000) " `
5
7
In the profit of ` 24000Shayan will get " `. S 5+7 × 24000V " `
... Mariaya gets total " ` S12000 ≠ 2 ` 10000V " `

Sayan gets total " ` S12000 ≠ 2 ` 14000V " `
.. . According to agreement Mariya will get ` 16000 and Shayan will get ` 20000 of the profit of
` 36000.
Application 5 : Three retired persons invested ` 19500, ` 27300 and ` 15600 respectively to
set up a leather factory and after a year they had a profit of ` 43200. If they will divided 32 of this
profit equally among themselves and of the remaining in the ratio of their capitals. Let us find the
share of each one of them. lLet me do it myselfn
199
Chapter - 14
Application 6 : Abhra, Tanbir, Amrita and Tathagata started a partnership business together
with capitals of ` 15000, ` 21000, ` 30000 and ` 45000 respectively with the
condition that
SiV Abhra and Tanbir each partner will manage the business for a period of 6
months and each will get a share of 0.25 of the profit by dividing equally.
SiiV The remaining profit is to be divided among four of them in the ratio of their capitals If the
annual profit is ` 27232, let us write the share of each.
SiV ` (0.25 part of 27232) = `. will be equally divided among Abhra and Tanbir.
SiiV ` S27232 – 6808V " ` will be divided among them in the ratio of their capitals.
Ratio of capitals of Abhra, Tanbir, Amrita and Tathagata " 15000 ı 21000 ı 30000 ı 45000
" 5 ı 7 ı 10 ı 15
.. . Remaining part of profit of ` 20424 will be divided among them in the ratio of their capitals.
5
Abhra will get " ` ' 20424 " `
5+7+10+15
Similarly in ` 20424, let us write by calculating how much money will Tanbir,Amrita and Tathagata get.
... Abhra will get total " ` S6808 ÷ 2 + 37 ' 20424V " `
5
7
Tanbir will get total " ` S6808 ÷ 2 + ' 20424V " `
37
Amrita will get ` 5520 and Tathagata will get ` 8280.
Application 7 : Jaya aunty has started a small business of selling handcrafts with a capital of `
10000. After 6 months Sulekhadidi joined the business of Joya aunty with capitals of `14000.
They make a profit of ` 5100. Let us write by calculating how much profit they will get.
In this case here we see that the capitals of different partners were not invested for equal
period of time to run the business So, in this case how shall we find their ratio of capitals ?
3 This type of partnership business is called mixed partnership business.
There are two types of partnership businessÈ S1V Simple S2V Compound.
Simple ı If the capitals of all the partners are invested for the same time, then such business is
called a simple partnership business.
Compound ı If the capitals of partners are invested for different time period, then such a
business is called a compound partnership business.
Here, at first calculate the equivalent capital (with respect to time) of each partner.
But we see that in compound partnership business how shall we get equivalent capital with
respect to time.
At first the time for which the capital invested in this business of Joya aunty and Sulekhadidi will
be settled for equal period.
Let Joya aunty sells object of ` 10000 in 1 month and gets profit of ` x
She sells object of `10000 in 2 months and get profit of ` 2x.
. . . She sells object of ` 10000 in 12 months and get profit of ` 12x
Jaya aunty has to make a profit equals to ` 12x in a month she should have to invest `12 '
10000 " 120000 `
Again similarly if in one month, Sulekhadidi has to make a profit equals to that she earns the
profit investing `14000, for 6 months, she should have invested ` (6 × 14000) = ` 84000.
200
We should get the equivalent capitals of Jaya aunty and Sulekha didi with respect to 1 month
having taken equal time in both cases.
4 In compound partnership business the time for which the capital is invested must be taken
for equal period i.e. we should therefore calculate the equivalent capitals in respect of 1 month.
So, in such cases, the individual capital is multiplied by the numerical value of the time of
investment and the profit is distributed according to the ratio of these products.
... The ratio of capitals of Jaya aunty and Sulekhadidi = 120000 ı 84000 = 10 : 7
The profit is divided in the ratio of capitals. i.e. profit is divided in the ratio 10 ı 7
S
... In profit of ` 5100 Jayaunty will get " ` 10+7 × 5100 " `
10
V
S 7
In profit of ` 5100 Sulekhadidi will get " ` 10+7 × 5100 " ` V
Application 8 : Manisha has started a business with capital of ` 3750. After 6
months Rajat joined the business with a capital of ` 15000. If at the end of the year
there was a loss of ` 6900. Let us write by calculating the money each must pay to
make up the loss. lLet me do it myselfn
Application 9 : Aminabibi, Ramenbabu and Ishitaunty of our village started a partnership
business on first January of last year with capitals of ` 50000, ` 60000 and ` 70000 respectively.
On first April, Ramenbabu invested ` 10000 more money but on 1st June Ishita aunty, withdrew
` 10000. If the total profit upto 31 December was ` 39240, Let us write by calculating the
profit share of each one of them on the basis of the ratio of their capitals.
Aminabibi has invested ` 50000 for 12 months, if in a month she has to make a profit equals to
that she gained in 12 months on that amount, she should invest `. (50000 × 12) i.e. ` 60000.
Similarly, Ramenbabu has invested ` 60000 for 3 months and ` S60000 + 10000) i.e. 70000
for 9 months. Thus his invesment on a monthly sale should be ` ÄS60000 × 3V ` S70000 × 9VÅ
" ` 810000
Again Ishita aunty has invested ` 70000 for 5 months and ` S70000–10000V " ` 60000 for 7
months.
Thus her investment on a monthly scale should be " ` ÄS70000 × 5V ` S60000 × 7VÅ " 770000
The ratio of capitals of Aminabibi, Ramenbabu and Ishita aunty
" 600000 ı 810000 ı 770000 " 60 ı 81 ı 77
.. . The proportional part of share of Aminabibi, Ramenbabu and Ishita aunty in the ratio of
60 81 77
their capitals are 218 ñ 218 and 218 respectively.
Profit share is divided in the ratio of their capitals.
S V
... In the profit of ` 39240, Aminabibi will get = ` 218 × 39240 = ` 10800
60
In the profit of ` 39240, Ramenbabu will get " ` lLet me do it myselfn

In the profit of ` 39240, Ishita aunty will get " ` lLet me do it myselfn
201
Chapter - 14
Application 10 : Nivedita and Uma have started a business with capitals ` 3000 and ` 5000
respectively. After 6 months Nivedita invested ` 4000 more but after 6 months Uma withdrew
` 1000. If the profit at the end of the year is ` 6175, let us write by calculating the profit share
of each of them. lLet me do it myselfn
Application 11 : Sabba, Dipak and Pritha have started a business together with capitals of
` 6000, ` 5000 and ` 9000. After a few months Sabba has invested ` 3000 more. The profit is
` 3000 at the end of year and Pritha has got profit share of ` 1080. Let us find the period for
which Sabba's capital of ` 3000 has been invested.
Let Sabba has invested ` 3000 more after x months
. . . Sabba has invested ` 6000 for x months and ` (6000 + 3000) = ` 9000 has been
invested in the business for remaining (12 - x) months.
If Sabba would want to earn the profit in one month that she would earn at the end of the year,
Sabba should require to invest
`Ä6000 × x + 9000 × (12 – x)Å
" ` S108000 – 3000xV
Again, Dipak and Pritha invested ` 8000 and ` 9000 respectively for 12 months.
... Thus to earn in one month the profit equals to the amount they would get as profit at the end
of the year Dipak should require to invest ` 8000 × 12 and Pritha ` 6000 × 12
... The ratio of capitals of Sabba, Dipak and Pritha
" S108000 – 3000xV ı 8000 × 12 ı 9000 × 12
" S108 – 3xV ı 96 ı 108
" S36 – xV ı 32 ı 36
Profit share will be divided in the ratio of their capitals.
... Profit share of Pritha " ` 3000 '
36 3000 × 36
=`
36 – x + 32 + 36 104 – x
By the condition,
3000 × 36
= 1080
104 – x
= 100 ... x = 4
3000 × 36
or, 104 – x =
1080
... Sabba had invested ` 3000 after 4 months in the business.
Let us see by calculating 14
1. I and my friend Mala together have started a business with capitals of ` 15000 and
` 25000 respectively. If we make a profit of ` 16,800 in a year, let us see that the profit
share shall we each get ?
2. Priyam, Supriya and Bulu have opened a small shop of grocery shop with capitals of `
15000, ` 10000 and ` 25000 respectively. But after a year there was a loss of ` 3000. Let
us write by calculating what each must pay to make up the loss.
202
3. Shobha and Masud together bought a car for ` 250000 and sold it for ` 262,500. If Sobha
paid 11/2 times more than Masud, let us write by calculating their shares of profit.
4. Three friends started a partnership business by investing ` 5000, ` 6000 and ` 7000
respectively. After running the business for one year, they found that there is a loss of
`1800. They decided to pay to make up that loss to undisturb their capitals. Let us write by
calculating the amount they have to pay.
5. Dipu, Rabeya and Megha started a small business by investing the capitals of ` 6500, `
5200, ` 9100 respectively and just after one year they make a profit of ` 14,400. If they
2
had divided –3rd of the profit equally among themselves and the remaining in the ratio of
their capitals, let us find the profit share of each.
6 Three friends started a business by investing ` 8000, ` 10000 and ` 12000 respectively. They
also took an amount as bank loan. At the end of year they made a profit of ` 13400. After
paying the annual bank instalment of ` 5000 they divided the remaining profit among themselves
in the ratio of their capitals. let us write by calculating the profit share of each.
7. Three friends took loans of ` 6000, ` 8000 and ` 5000 respectively from a co-operative bank
on the condition that they would not have to pay interest, if they would repay their loan within
two years. They invested the money to purchase 4 cycle rickshaws. After two years they made
a profit of ` 30400 excluding all the expenses. They divide the profit among themselves in the
ratio of their capitals and paid back their individual loan amount to the bank. Let us write by
calculating the amount of their individual share and the ratio of their shares.
8. Three friends invested ` 12000, `15000 and ` 110000 respectively to purchase a bus. The first
2
person is a driver and the other two are conductors. They decided to divide 5 th of the profit
among themselves in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 2 according to their work and the remaining in the ratio
of their capitals. If they earn ` 29260 in one month, let us find the share of each of them.
9. Pradipbabu and Aminabibi started a business by investing ` 24000 and ` 30000 respectively
at the begining of a year. After 5 months Pradipbabu invested ` 4000 more. If the yearly
profit was ` 27716, let us write by calculating the share of each of them.
10. Niyamat chacha and Karabi didi have started a partnership business together by investing
` 30000 and ` 50000 respectively. After 6 months Niyamat chacha has invested ` 40000
more but Karabi didi withdrew ` 10000 for personal need. If the profit at the end of the
year is ` 19000, let us write by calculating the profit share of each of them.
11. Srikant and Soiffuddin invested ` 240000 and ` 30,0000 respectively at the begining of
the year to purchase a mini bus to run it on a route. After 4 months, their friend Peter joined
them with a capital of ` 81000. Shrikant and Soiffuddin have withdrawn that money in the
ratio of their capitals. Let us write by calculating the share of each if they make a profit of
` 39150 at the end of the year.
203
Chapter - 14
12. Arun and Ajoy started a business jointly by investing ` 24000 and ` 30000 respectively at
the begining of the year. But after a few months Arun invested ` 12000 more. After a year,
the profit was ` 14030 and Arun received the profit share of ` 7130. Let us find after how
many months did does Arun invest money in that business.
13. Three clay modellers from Kumartuli collectively took a loan of ` 100000 from a co-
operative bank to set up a modelling workshop. They made a contract that after paying
back the annual bank instalment of ` 28100, they would divide half of the profit among
themselves in terms of the number of working days and the other half will be equally divided
among them. Last year they each worked 300 days, 275 days and 350 days respectively
and made a profit of ` 139100. Let us write by calculating the share of each in this profit.
14. Two friends invested ` 40000 and ` 50000 respectively to start a business. They made a
contract that they would divide 50% of the profit equally among themselves and the remaining
profit in the ratio of their capitals. Let us write the share of profit of the first friend if it is
` 800 less than that of the 2nd friend.
15. Puja, Uttam and Meher started a partnership business with capitals of ` 5000, ` 7000 and
` 10000 respectively with the conditions that
(i) Monthly expense for running business is ` 125 (ii) Puja and Uttam each will get `200
for keeping the accounts. If the profit is ` 6960 at the end of the year, let us write by
calculating the profit share each would get,.
16. Very short Answer : (V.S.A.)
SAV M.C.Q :
SiV The capitals of three friends in a partnership business are ` 200, ` 150 and ` 250
respectively. After some time the ratio of their profit share will be
SaV 5ı3ı4 SbV 4ı3ı5 ScV 3ı5ı4 SdV 5ı4ı3
SiiV Suvendu and Nousad started a business with capitals of ` 1500 and ` 1000. After a
year there was a loss of ` 75. then the loss of Suvendu is
SaV ` 45 SbV ` 30 ScV ` 25 SdV ` 40
SiiiV Fatima, Shreya and Smita started a business by investing total ` 6000. After a year
Fatima, Shreya and Smita get profit share of `. 50, ` 100 and ` 150 respectively.
Smita invested in this business
SaV `1000 SbV ` 2000 ScV ` 3000 SdV `. 4000
SivV Amal and Bimal started a business. Amal invested ` 500 for 9 months and Bimal
invested some money for 6 months. If they make a profit of ` 69 in a year and Bimal
gets profit share of ` 46. The capital of Bimal in the business is
SaV `1500 SbV ` 3000 ScV `. 4500 SdV ` 6000
204
SvV Pallabi invested ` 500 for 9 months and Rajiya invested ` 600 for 5 months in a
business. The ratio of their profit share will be
SBV Let us write whether the following statements are true or false :
SiV At least 3 persons are needed in partnership business.
SiiV Ratio of capital of Raju and Ashif in a business is 5 : 4 and if Raju gets profit share of
` 80 of total profit, Ashif will get profit share of ` 100.

SiV Partnership business is type.
SiiV Without any other conditions in partnership business if the capitals of all the partners
are invested for the same time, then such a business is called
SiiiV Without any other conditions in partnership business, if the capitals of all the partners
are invested for different time period, then such a business is called
17. Short answer type question : (S.A.)

SiV In partnership business the ratio of capitals of Samir, Idrish and Antony are as
1– 1– 1
6 ı 5 ı 4 óIf they make a profit of ` 3700 at the end of the year, let us write by
–
calculating profit share of Antony.
SiiV If in partnership business the ratio of capitals of Pritha and Rabeya is 2 : 3 and the
ratio of Rabeya and Jesmin is 4 : 5, let us write by calculating the ratio of capitals of
Pritha, Rabeya and Jesmin.
SiiiV The total profit is ` 1500 in a partnership business of two persons. If the capital of Rajib
is ` 6000 and profit is ` 900, let us calculate how much was the capital of Abtab.
SivV The ratio of capitals of three persons is 3 : 8 : 5, and the profit of 1st person is ` 60
less of the 3rd person, let us calculate the total profit in this business.
SvV Jayanta, Ajit and Kunal started partnership business investing ` 15000. At the end of
the year, Jayanta, Ajit and Kunal received ` 800, ` 1000 and ` 1200 respectively as
profit share. Let us calculate the amount of Jayanta's capital that was invested in the
business.
205
Chapter - 15
15 THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
Last Sunday we along with our brothers and sisters of our

house went to the village fair. In this fair we have bought
many idols of porcelain, bangles, pickle, jelebi, whistle,
bamboo sticks and toys made of cane and different hand
made decorative pieces.
My brother bought a toy of bamboo stick
as in the adjoining picture, of which the
circular plate rotatets in the air.
I have a circular ring. I have decided that I Shall try to make this type of toy.
I putting the strick of bamboo in different positions near to the circular ring and I got
three posibilites below.
(i) A (ii) A (iii) A
P
P
Q
B B B
The stick AB and the The stick AB and the circular There is only one common point
circular ring have no ring have two common points 'P' of the stick AB and the
common point at all P and Q circular ring
We understand in no., SiV the stick AB does not intersect the circular ring. Again in
no. SiiV the stick AB intersects the circular ring.
1 But in no. (iii) in what position are the stick AB and the circular ring?
The stick AB touches the circular ring at the point P.
Like me, my friend Sumedha similarly drew in what positions a straight line and a circular
ring can possibly be to each other in her copy.
(i) (ii) (iii) x
x A x A A
P
Q
x B x B x B
We see, in picture no. (i) straight line AB does not intersect the circle.
Again, in picture no. (ii) the straight line AB intersects the circle at the points˛
and .
206
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE
2 But in the picture no. (ii) and (iii) what this straight line AB of the circle is called?.
In picture no (ii) AB is a secant of a circle and PQ is a corresponding chord of secant AB.
We see that in picture no SiiiV the common point of circle and straight line AB is .
.. . The straight line AB touches the circle at the point P.
3 But in picture no. (iii) what the straight line AB of the circle is called?
In picture no. (iii) the straight line AB is a tangent of the circle at the point P and the point P is
point of contact.
We understand that if the end points of corresponding chord of secant of circle meet each other,
the secant will be a tangent of circle A3x

Let us verify by hands and trial Ax

A circular wire is attached with a straight wire PA1 at a point 'P' A2
x

of the circular wire. Then the wire is gradually rotated about P
A1

centring the point 'P' in two directions. x

We see the positions of secant PA1, PA2, PA3 ... or PB3, PB2,
PB1 ... is rotated, when the two end points of its corresponding
chord coincide, then the secant of circle is B
x Bx3

Rajat has drawn a circle and a secant AB of it on his copy. B1 x B2x

4 Let us try to draw parallel tangent of secant of that circle. x
I draw a circle in my copy and with the help of a scale I draw two A x
' Px B'
x!
straight lines AB and CD at the two ends of the scale. Secant CD is x A B
x!
C D
parallel to the secant AB. Drawing one or more secants with the x x!
E F
scale parallel to secant AB of the circle, we get secants A'B' and x x!
!
A"B", these are the tangents of a circle at the points P and Q and !
there can not be more than two tangents parallel to secant AB. x x x !
A'' Q B''
We made a different toy like before with the help of circular ring and
stick.
Moreover, we formed different circular rings of white hard board with which we shall make
different toys.
Ritam has pasted a circular ring on his colour paper of which the centre is at O
Hands on trial
I draw a tangent at any point of this circle by hands on trial and let us see what I shall get
!!
SiV We take any three points P, Q and R respectively on a circle. C

SiiV Folding the paper I draw three tangents AB, BC and CA R Q
respectively at the points P, Q and R like the adjoining picture x
O
which intersect each other at the points A, B and C.
!
B! !!
SiiiV We get three radii OP, OQ and OR. A P2 P1 P
!
SivV Except the point P, we took any points P1, P2 on AB. From 'OP1P and 'OP2P we see that
OP1>OP and OP2>OP.
... We see that OP is the smallest of all the line segments drawn from the centre of the circle to
the tangent AB. ... OP A AB
By hands on trial we get tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
that passes through the point of contact.
207
Chapter - 15
Theorem 40. The tangent to a circle at any point on it is perpendicular to the radius passes
through the point of contact.
Given : AB is a tangent at the point P of a circle with centre O and OP is a radius through the point P.
To prove : OP and AB are perpendicular to each other i.e. OP A AB
Construction : Any other point Q is taken on the tangent AB, O, Q are joined.
Proof : Any other point on AB except P is outside the circle;
... OQ intersects the circle at a point.
Let R be the point of intersection. O
.. . OR < OQ l... R is a point between O, QÈn x
R
Again˚ñ OR = OP l...radii of same circlen x x!
.. . OP < OQ A P Q B
... The point Q is any point on AB, ... OP is the least of all the line segments drawn from
the centre O to the tangent AB. Again least distance is perpendicular distance.
... OP A AB SprovedV
Let us prove converse theorem of 40 with reason
Application : 1 The perpendicular drawn on radius at the end point of radius of a circle will be
a tangent to the circle at the end point of radius.
Given : In a circle with centre O and OP is a radius and AB is perpendicular on OP at the point P.
To prove : Straight line AB is a tangent at the point 'P' of a circle with centre O.
Proof : Let AB is not a tangent at the point P of a circle with centre O.
We draw a tangent CD at the point 'P' of circle with centre O.
... CD is the tangent at the point P of circle with centre O and OP is radius xO
through the point P, So, OP is perpendicular on CD.?OPD = 900 Dx !

Again, OPB = 90 SgivenV l OP is perpendicular on ABn
0 !Ax x !
.. .OPD = OPB i.e. the straight lines CD and AB will coincide each other. ! xC P B
So, straight line CD is not a tangent at the point P of circle with centre O.
?Straight line AB is the tangent at the point P of a circle with centre O.
Application : 2 Let us prove that only one tangent can be drawn at any point on the circle.
lHints : Only one perpendicular can be drawn on radius through that point. n
Application : 3 Let us prove that perpendicular drawn to the tangent of the circle at the point of
contact passes through the centre.
lHints : Only one perpendicular can be drawn at any point on a straight line n
Application : 4 In the adjoining figure, AT is a tangent at the point A of the circle with centre O.
Let us express x in terms of y.
A
In a circle with centre O, AT is tangent at A and OA is the radius through the !
point of contact. yº xº(
.. .OAT = 90º; Again, ATO = xº B x
O T
Again, for 'AOTÈ AOT = 90º – xº (i)
. .
Again, for 'AOBÈ OAB = OBA = yº [ . OA and OB are radii of same circle ... OA=OB]
In 'AOBÈ exterior AOT = OAB + OBA = 2yº (ii)
...From (i) and (ii) we get 2yº = 90º – xº or xº = 90º – 2yº ...x = 90 – 2y
208
Application : 5 We drew a circle with centre O, of which one diameter is AB and the
tangent at the point A is PAQ; RS is a chord parallel to the tangent PAQ, let us prove
with reason that AB, is perpendicular bisector of RS. B
Proof : Let AB intersects RS at the point T. PAQ is the tangent at
the point A and AB is a diameter ... AB APQ
R S
T
x
AgainPQ || RS lgivenn O
... AB ARS i.e. OT ARS
P Q
!
... T is the mid-point of RSÈ l.... The perpendicular drawn on the chord of the
A circle from
its centre bisects the chord n
... AB is perpendicular bisector of RS
Application : 6 Let us prove that the two tangents at the extremities of a diameter of any circle
are parallel to each other. [Let me do it myself]
1. Masum has drawn a circle with centre 'O' of which AB is a chord. I draw a tangent at the point
B which intersects extended AO at the point T. If BAT = 21º, let us write by calculating the
value of BTAÈ.
2. XY is a diameter of a circle. PAQ is a tangent to the circle at the point. 'A'. The perpendicular
drawn on the tangent of the circle from X intersects PAQ at Z. Let us prove that XY is a
bisector of YXZÈ.
3. I drew a circle having PR as a diameter. I draw a tangent at the point P and a point S is
taken on the tangent of the circle in such a way that PR = PS. If RS intersects the circle at
the point T. Let us prove that ST = RT= PT.
4. Two radii OA and OB of a circle with centre O are perpenticular to each other. If two
tangents drawn at the point A and B intersect each other at the point T, let us prove that
AB = OT and they bisect each other at a right-angle.
5. Two chords AB and AC of the larger of two concentric circles touch the other circle at
1
points P and Q respectively. Let us prove that, PQ = –2 BC.
6. X is a point on the tangent at the point A lies on a circle with centre O. A secant drawn from
a point X intersects the circle at the points Y and Z. If P is a mid-point of YZ, let us prove
that XAPO or XAOP is a cyclic quadrilateral
7. P is any point on diameter of a circle with centre O. A perpendicular drawn on diameter at
the point O intersects the circle at the point Q. Extended QP intersects the circle at the
point R. A tangent drawn at the point R intersects extended OP at the point S. Let us prove
that SP = SR
8. ˛Rumela drew a circle with centre O of which QR is a chord. Two tangents drawn at the
points Q and R intersect each other at the point P. If QM is a diameter, let us prove that
QPR = 2 RQM.
9. Two chords AC and BD of a circle intersect each other at the point O. If two tangents
drawn at the points A and B intersect each other at the point P and two tangents drawn at
the points C and D intersect at the point Q, let us prove that P + Q = 2BOC.
209
Chapter - 15
To day we have decided that we shall try to draw a tangent to a circle from
any point by hands on trial and we shall know the number of tangents that
can be drawn.
Hands on trial
SiV We take three coloured card board.
SiiV Drawing three circles with same measure with centre O on a white paper and cut off the
circular region and pasted them on this coloured paper.
SiiiV In three boards three pins are attached at the point P like picture below outside the circular
region, on the circular region and inside the circular region respectively and a pin is attached
with the one end of this thread and other end rotaing in different directions like picture
mentioned below. I tried to draw tangent of circle with thread.
- - - -A

- -

--
B P A

--------- x
--
---
x x
P
-
xO x P x
x
xO O

- - - - B

SiV SiiV SiiiV
We see that in picture no. (i) i.e. tangents can be drawn to a circle from any point outside it
In picture no. (ii) i.e. tangent can be drawn to a circle from a point lying on the circle.
In picture no. (iii) No tangent can be drawn to a circle from any point lying inside the circle.
In a circle with centre O, P is an external point and Q is an interior
Qx
point and a point R lying on circle like the adjoining figure.
xO
Let us verify by hands on trial that how many tangents can be drawn from xP
x
the points P, Q and R to that circle. R
... By hands on trial we understood that two tangents can be drawn from an external point of
that circle.
Application : 7 Two tangents can be drawn to a circle from an external point.
Given : T is any external point for a circle with centre O.
To prove : Two tangents can be drawn from T to the circle with centre O. A !
Construction : T, O are joined, A circle is drawn with TO as diameter. P
T is an external point and O is an interior point of a circle with centre O. So T x xO
the circle drawn taking TO as diametre intersects the circle with centre O B !
at two points. Let the two points of intersection be A and B; T, A; T, B; O,
A; O, B are joined.
Proof : Each of OAT andOBT is an angle in a semicircle
... OAT = OBT = 1 right angle
i.e. OA A AT and OB A BT
TA and TB are perpendiculars on radii OA and OBÈ at the points A and B respectively.
... TA and TB are tangents to the circle with centre O at the points A and B respectively.
We get two tangents can be drawn to a circle from an external point. lprovedn
We understand that, from any linterior/externaln point, no tangent can be drawn to the
circle [Let me do it myself ]
210
Application : 8 I drew two tangents PA and PB to a circle with centre O from an external point P which touches
the circle at the points A and B respectively. Let us prove that APB + AOB = 1800 [Let me do it myself]
We proved by hands on trial and with reason that two tangents can be drawn to a circle
from an external point.
But let us verify by hands on trial what relation will be there between two tangents.
Hands on trial
S1V I drew a circle with centre O on a paper and took any point P outside the circle.
S2V Now a scale is put on paper in such a way like picture below in two directions of centre of
circle that the scale touches the point P and the circle.
xO x
x P P
xO
S3V Folding two sides of the paper, we get two points of contact A and A !
B from point P of a circle with centre O and A, P; B, P; O, P; O, P xO
A and O, B are joined and we get two tangents AP and BP.
B !
S4V Folding twice the paper along OP we see that AP and BP coincide each other and OA and
OB coincide each other.
.
. . By hands on trial, we get AP = BP and AOP = BOP.
By hands on trial we get if two tangents are drawn to a circle from a point outside it, then the line
segments joining the points of contact and the exterior are equal and they subtend equal angles
at the centre.
[Similary drawing another circle, let us verify it by hands on trial ]
But what the length from the external point P to the point of contact A is called?
The length from the external point P to the point of contact A is said to be length of tangent
PA from the point P.
Theorem 41, If two tangents are drawn to a circle from a point outside it, then the line segments joining
the point of contact and the exterior point are equal and they subtend equal angles at the centre.
Given : P be a point outside the circle with centre O. From the point P two tangents PA and PB
are drawn, whose points of contact are A and B respectively. O, A; O,B; O,P are
joined, this PA and PB subtend POA and POB at the centre ! A
respectively. P
Ox
To prove that : (i) PA = PB (ii) POA = POB
! B
Proof : PA and PB are tangents and OA and OB are the radii through the points of contact.
.
. . OA APA and OB APB
In the right angled triangles POA and POB, OAP = OBP Seach is 1 right angleV
hypotenuse OP is common side and OA = OB Sradii of the same circleV
.
... ' PAO # ' PBO lR-H-S axiom of congruencyn
. . PA = PB Scorresponding sidesV ........ l(i) proved n
and POA = POB Scorresponding anglesV ......... l(ii) proved n
211
Chapter - 15
From this theorem we get more, APO = BPO Scorresponding anglesV.

.
. . OP, bisects APB.
Application : 9 I drew a circle with centre 'O' of which length of radius is 6 cm. A point P is
10 cm. away from the centre O of a circle. A tangent PT is drawn. Let us write by calculating the
length of the tangent PT.
OT is radius and PT is a tangent of circle with centre O. 6 cm. T
. O
In right-angled triangle POT. . . OT A PT
x
.
. . PT2 = PO2 – OT2 lwe get from Pythagoras theoremn
10
cm
or, PT2 = {(10)2 – (6)2} sq.cm.
.
= (100 – 36) sq.cm. P
= 64 sq.cm.
.
. . PT = 64 cm.
= 8 cm.
.
. . We get, length of tangent PT is 8 cm.
Application : 10 If I draw a circle with centre O, a point P is 26 cm. away from the centre of
the circle and the length of the tangent drawn from the point P to the circle is 10 cm., let us write
by calculating the length of radius of the circle.
PT = 10 cm.ñ PO = 26 cm. T 1
0c
. m .
. . From right-angled triangle POT, we get, Ox P
26 cm.
PO2 = PT2 + OT2 lwe get from Pythagoras theoremn
.
. . (26cm.)2 = (10cm.)2 + OT2
or, OT2 = (26cm.)2 – (10cm.)2 =
.
. . OT = cm. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 11 Two radii OA and OB of a circle with centre O make an angle 130º between
them in the adjoining picture. Two tangents drawn at the points A and B intersect at the point T,
let us write by calculating the values of ATB and ATO.
Two tangents drawn at the points A and B of a circle intersect each other at the point T.
.
. . AT and BT are the two tangents through the point T and OA and OB are the radii
through the points of contact.
. A
. . OA A AT and
.
. . ATB + AOB = 360º – (90º + 90º)
x- - - - -
= 180º ------
O
------
. ------
. . ATB = 180º – 130º = 50º --- T
B
Again, OT, bisectsATB. So,ATO = 50º = 25º
2
212
Let us do 21.1
(1) Let us write by calculating the length of tangent from a point at a distance of 13 cm. from the
centre of circle to the point of contact of a tangent to a circle having 5 cm. length of radius.
(2) If the distance of a point P situated at a distance of 13 cm. form the centre of a circle with
centre O and length of tangent drawn through the point P is 12 cm., let us write by calculating
the length of radius of the circle.
(3) Two tangents PA and PB are drawn through an external point A to a circle with centre O.
If AOB = 120º, let us write by calculating the values of APB and APOÈ
Application : 12 Two tangents have been drawn from an external point A to a circle with centre
O which touch the circle at the points B and C respectively. Let us prove that AO is perpendicular
bisector of BC.
Given : Two tangents AB and AC have been drawn from an external point A which touch the
circle at the points B and C respectively. A, O are joined. AO intersects BC at the point D.
To prove : AO is the perpendicular bisector of BC
Proof : AB and AC are tangents of a circle with centre O. So, AB = AC
and AO has bisected an angle BAC. i.e., BAD = CAD B
In 'ABD and 'ACD, AB = AC

O
x
BAD = CAD and AD is common side D
.
. . ' ABD #' ACD SS-A-S property of congruencyV A
So, BD = CD Scorresponding sidesV C
and BDA = CDA Scorresponding anglesV

..
Again, BDA + CDA = 180º or, 2BDA = 180º S . BDA = CDAV
. . .
. . BDA = 90º . . AD A BC . . AD, is perpendicular bisector of BC (proved)
Let us do 21.2
(1) Let us prove that the line segment joining a point outside a circle and the centre bisects the
angle included by two tangents drawn from the external point.
(2) Let us prove that the bisector of an angle included by two tangents to a circle from a point
out side it passes through the centre.
(3) Let us prove that if two tangents drawn to a circle at two points on it intersect each other,
then the lengths of the line segments from the point of intersection to the points of contact
are equal.
Today we have decided that we shall draw a circular picture of our
own environment. Niladri can draw good picture. He drew a circular
field on our school's black board.
pat
h
But a path equally width is running all arround out field
x
side the circular field of our village. I draw a picture
of circular field with path.
213
Chapter - 15
We see that, we get two circles having same centre i.e. we get two concentric circles. Here
Rabeya is trying to make a new thing putting two circullar ring in different positions.
5 I see the position of circular rings as being put by Rabeya and let us see different position
of rings. x
x x x x x x x x x
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

We see that in picture no. (i) two circles but, in picture no. (ii) two circles are not concentric
circles, in picture no. (iii) two circles do not intersect each other, in picture no. (iv) the two
circles intersect each other at two points.
6 If tangents are drawn at the point of contact, then what type of tangent we shall get let us
see it by drawing picture.
But we see, in picture no. (v) and (vi) two circles touch each other.
7 How shall we understand that two circle touch each other?

xA xA xA
P
P P
Ox xO' Ox x O' xO xO'
xB
B
x xB

(vii) (viii) (ix)
There is only one intersecting point P of two circles with centre O and O' in the same plane and
if the tangent of circle with centre O touches the circle with centre O' at that point, then it is
called the two circles touch each other at the point P. In picture no. (vii) two circles do not touch
each other. In picture no. (viii) and (ix) two circles touch each other.
In picture no. (viii) two circle touch internally each other at the point P.
AB is a common tangent of two circles.
Again, in picture no. (ix) two circle touch externally each other at the point P. AB is a
of the two circles. [Let me do it myself]
We understand that, if a straight line touches each of two circles, then the straight line is called a
common tangent of two circles.
8 Let us draw a common tangent of two circles in different ways on my exercise book and
let us see what I shall get.

Px xO xO

O Px O Px

P x
x x

(x) (xi) (xii) (xiii)

214
We see that in different positions of two circles sometimes 1 or 2 or 3 or sometimes four

common tangents are drawn.
But sometimes we see that the two circles are situated on the same side of the common
9
tangents, again some other times the two circles are situated on the opposite sides of the common
tangents. What this type of tangent is called?
If two circles lie on same side of a common tangent the tangent is said to be direct common
tangent and if two circle lie on opposite side of common tangent, the common tangent is said to
be tranverse common tangent.
We understand that the tangents of pictures no. (x) and (xi) are direct common tangents. But in
picture no. (xii) there are two direct common tangents and 1 common tangent. Again in
picture no. (xiii) there are direct common tangent and transverse common tangents.
[let us write by seeing the picture]
10 But if two circles touch each other, then let us verify by drawing picture, the position of
point of contact and centre of circle.
From the picture we see
P P that two centres of circle
Ax Bx A Bx Ax
P xx and point of contact lie
B
on same straight line.
I draw any two circles which touch each other and I see that two centers of circles and point of
contact are colinear. [Let me do it myself]
Theorem 42 : If two circles touch each other, then the point of contact will lie on the line
segment joining the two centres.

Given : Two circles with centres A and B Sx Sx
touch each other at the point P. x P xA P x x
A
B B
To prove : A, P and B are collinear. Tx Tx

Construction : A, P and B, P are joined
Proof : Two circles with centres A and B touch each other at a point P.
.
. . There exists a common tangent at the point P.
Let ST is the common tangent, which touches both the circle at the point P.
... ST is the tangent of circle with centre A and AP is the radius through the point of contact
.
. . AP A ST
Again, ST is the tangent to the circle with centre B and BP is the radius through the
point of contact.
.
. . BP A ST
.
. . AP and BP are both perpendiculars to ST at the same point P.
.
. . AP and BP lie on the same straight line i.e., A, P and B are collinear.
215
Chapter - 15
Let us prove with reason that if two circles touch each other, the straight line through the centre of
one circle and the point of contact passes through the centre of other circle. [Let me do it myself]
It two circles touch each other externally, the distance between the centres of two circles is
equal to lsum/different] of the lengths of the radii of the circles.
P
˛ In pictures beside PQ = PA + AQ P
x xQ
A Q
x x
A
Again, if two circles touch each other internally, the distance between the centers
of two circles is equal to the difference of the length of the radii of two circles. In picture beside
PQ = – [Let me right it myself]
Application : 13 I draw a circle with centre O of which AB is a diameter. Two parallel tangents are
drawn at the points A and B of diameterAB of the circle to intersect the tangent, drawn to the circle
at another point T of the circle, at the points P and Q respectively. Let us prove that POQ = 90º
Given : AB is a diameter of circle with centre O. Two parallel tangents are drawn at points A
and B. Tangent drawn to the circle at another point T intersects the tangents which
drawn at the points A and B, at the points P and Q respectively.
A P

To prove : POQ = 90º

Construction : O, P; O, Q and O, T are joined
Proof : Tangents drawn at points A and T of a circle Ox
with centre O intersect at P. T

.
. . PO, is the internal bisector ofAPT
. 1

B Q
. . TPO = –2APT (i)
Similarly, tangents drawn at points T and B intersect at Q.
. 1
. . TQO = –2BQT (ii)
Again, AP || BQ and PQ is the transversal
.
. . APT + BQT = 180º
. 1 1
. . TPO + TQO = –2APT + –2BQT lWe get from(i) and (ii)n
1 1
= –2(APT + BQT) = –2× 180º = 90º
.
. . For ' POQ remainingÈ POQ = 90º lProvedn
Application : 14 If a quadrilateral ABCD is circumseribed about a circle with centre O, let us
prove that AB + CD = BC + DA
Given : A qudrilateralABCD is circumseribed about a circle with centre O
Let sides of quadrilateral AB, BC, CD and DA touch the circle
at the points P, Q, R and S respectively. A
S
To prove : AB + CD = BC + DA D
Proof : AS and AP are two tangents to a circle with centre O, drawn
.
from the exterior point A, So, . . AS = AP P xO
Similarly, BP = BQ, CQ = CR and DR = DS
AB + CD = AP + BP + CR + DR R
= AS + BQ + CQ + DS = (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ) = AD + BC B
Q C
lProvedn
216
A
Application : 15 In the adjoining figure, the incircle of 'ABC Ètouches the sides
AB, BC and CA at the points D, E and F repectively. Let us prove that AD + D F
O
x
BE + CF = AF + CE + BD = 21 È(perimeter of 'ABC) [Let me do it myself]
B E C
Application : 16 Two circles with centres P and Q touch each other externally at the point A.
A direct common tangent to the two cicle touches the two circles at R and S respectively. Let
us prove that
(i) direct common tangent drawn at the point A bisects the line segment RS at the
point T.
(ii) RAS = 1 right angle
(iii) If PT and QT intersect AR and AS at points C and B respectively, then ABTC
is a rectangular figure.
Given : Two circles with centre P and Q touch each other externally at the point A. A direct
common tangent to the two circles touches the two circles at the points R and S
respectively. Tangent drawn at the point A intersects RS at the point T. PT intersects AR
at C and QT intersects at B.
To prove : (i) AT bisects RS
T S

R
(ii) RAS = 1 right angle

C B
(iii) ABTC is a rectangular figure.
x A x
Q
Proof : Tangent drawn at the point A intersects RS at P
the point T. TR and TA are two tangents from the
point T to a circle with centre P.
.
. . TR = TA
.
Similarly, TS = TA . . TR = TS
.
. . AT bisects RSÈ l(i) is Provedn
.
Again, for ' ATR, TR = TA . . TAR = TRA
Similarly, TAS = TSA
.
. . RAS = TAR + TAS = 90º
..
l . TRA + TAR + TAS + TSA = 180º
. . l(ii) is Provedn
. . 2 (TAR +TAS) = 180º; . . TAR + TAS = 90º]
Again, PT is the bisector of RTA and QT is the bisector of ATS
.
. . PT A TQ i.e. PTQ = 1 right-anglle, Similarly, QT A SA
In 'TRC and 'TAC, TR=TA,
PT A RA and QT A SA,
. RTC = ATC, TC= TC common side
. .ACT = ABT = 1 right-anglle .
. . 'TRC #'TAC (S-A-S congruency)
In quadrilateral ABTC, ACT = ABT = 90º . .
. . . TCR = TCA . . PT ARA]
and CAB = 90º . . CTB = 90º
. ..
. . ABTC is a parallelogram S . opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equalV
Again one angle of parallelogram ABTC is 1 right angle
.
. . ABTC is a rectangular figure l(iii) Provedn
217
Chapter - 15
Application : 17. Sumita draws two circles which touch each other externally at the point O.
If PQ and RS are diameters of the two circles and they are parallel, let us prove that P, O and S
are collinear.
Given : Two circles touch each other externally at the point O. Diameters PQ and RS of two
circles are parallel. P
To prove : P, O and S are collinear. R
Construction : Let the centres of the two circles be O
Ax
A and B. O, A;O, B; O, P; xB
O,Q; O, R; O, S are joined.

Proofı A and B are the centres of two circles. S
Q
The two circles touch each other externally at O.
.
. . A, O and B are collinear.
.
In ' AOP,È AP = AO, . . APO = AOP
Again, PAO + APO + AOP = 180º
.
. . 2AOP = 180º – PAO
Similarly, we get from ' BOR, 2ROB = 180º – RBO
.
. . 2AOP + 2ROB = 360º – (PAO + RBO)
..
= 360º – 180º l . PQ || RS and AB is transversaln
= 180º
.
. . AOP + ROB = 90º
.
. . POR = 180º – (AOP + ROB) = 180º – 90º = 90º
..
POR + ROS = 90º + 90º = 180º S . ROS is an angle in a semi circle
.
. . ROS = 90ºV
.
. . POS = 180º
.
. . P, O and S points are collinear. lProvedn
1. An external point is situated at a distance of 17 cm from the centre of a circle having 16
cm. diameter, let us determine the length of the tangent drawn to the cricle from the external
point.
2. The tangents drawn at points P and Q to a circle intersect at A. If PAQ = 60º, let us find
the value of APQÈ.
3. AP and AQ are two tangents drawn from an external point A to a circle with centre O, P
and Q are points of contact. If PR is a diameter, let us prove that OA || RQ.
4. Let us prove that for a quadrilateral circumscribed about a circle, the angles subtended by
any two opposite sides at the centres are supplementary to each other.
5. Let us prove that a parallelogram circumscribed by a circle is a rhombus.
6. Two circles drawn with centres A and B touch each other externally at C, O is a point on
the tangent drawn at C, OD and OE are tangents at the points D and E drawn to the two
circles of centres A and B respectively. If COD = 56º, COE = 40º, ACD = xº and
BCE = yº. Let us prove that OD = OC = OE and y – x = 8
218
7. Two circles with centres A and B touch each other internally. Another circle touches the
larger circle internally at the point X and the smaller circle externally at the point Y. If O be
the entre of that circle, let us porve that AO+BO is constant.
8. Two circles have been drawn with centre A and B which touch each other externally at the
point O. I draw a straight line passing through the point O intersects the two circles at P and
Q respectively. Let us prove that AP || BQ.
9. Three equal circles touch one another externally. Let us prove that the centres of the three
circles form an equilateral triangle.
10. Two tangents AB and AC drawn from an external point A of a circle touch the circle at the
point B and C. A tangent drawn to a point X lies on minor arc BC intersects AB and AC
at the points D and E respectively. Let us prove that perimeter of ' ADE = 2 AB.
11. Very short answer type. (V.S.A.)
M.C.Q.
(i) A tangent drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point A touches the circle
at the point B. If OB = 5 cm, AO = 13 cm, then the length of AB is
(a) 12 cm. (b) 13 cm. (c) 6.5 cm. (d) 6 cm.
(ii) Two circles touch each other externally at the point C. A direct common tangent AB
touch the two circles at the points A and B. Value of ACB is
(a) 60º (b) 45º (c) 30º (d) 90º
(iii) The length of radius of a circle with centre O is 5cm. P is a point at the distance of
13 cm from the point O. The length of two tangents are PQ and PR from the point P.
The area of quadrilateral PQOR is
(a) 60 sq cm. (b) 30 sq cm. (c) 120 sq cm. (d) 150 sq cm.
(iv) The lengths of radii of two circles are 5 cm and 3cm. The two circles touch each other
externally. The distance between two centres of two circles is
(a) 2 cm. (b) 2.5 cm. (c) 1.5 cm. (d) 8 cm.
(v) The lengths of radii of two circles are 3.5 cm and 2 cm. The two circles touch each
other internally. The distance between the centres of two circles is
(a) 5.5 cm. (b) 1 cm. (c) 1.5 cm. (d) none of these
(i) P is a point inside a circle. Any tangent drawn on the circle does not pass through
the point P.
(ii) There are more than two tangents can be drawn to a circle parallel to a fixed line.
(i) If a straight line intersects the circle at two points, then the straight line is called
of circle.
(ii) If two circles do not intersect or touch each other, then the maximum number of
common tangents can be drawn is .
(iii) Two circles touch each other externally at the point A. A common tangent drawn to
two circles at the point A is common tangent (direct/transverse)
219
Chapter - 15
12. Short answer question (S.A.)
(i) In the adjoining figure O is the centre and BOA is P
a diameter of the circle. A tangent drawn to a circle
B x T
at the point P intersects the extended BA at the O A
point T. If PBO = 30º, let us find the value of
PTA. A
(ii) ˛In the adjoining figure, ' ABC circumscribed a

circle and touches the circle at the points P, Q, R. If P R
xO
AP = 4 cm, BP = 6cm, AC = 12 cm and
BC = x cm, let us determine the value of x. B Q C
(iii) In the adjoining figure, three circles with centres A, xC

R
B, C touch one another externally. If AB = 5 cm, Q
BC = 7cm and CA = 6 cm, let us find the length of Bx
P x
A
radius of circle with centre A.
(iv) ˛In the adjoining figure, two tangents drawn from

external point C to a circle with centre O touch the P
A
circle at the points P and Q respectively. A tangent
C R xO
drawn at another point R of a circle intersects CP
B
and CA at the points A and B respectively. If CP = Q
11 cm. and BC = 7cm, let us determine the length
of BR.
(v) The lengths of radii of two circles are 8 cm and 3
cm and distance between two centres is 13 cm. let
us find the length of a common targent of two circles.
220
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
16 RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
In the last month, we have made many hand fans by fixing a

thin stick on a half-circular cardboard.
Again we have observed that we get globe-shaped solids if these
hand fans are revolved forcibly by taking the sticks as axis.
1 But in similar way, let us see, what we shall get if a right-angled triangular cardboard is
revolved with respect to a stick by fixing it along its perpendicular or base.
A C A C
My friend Aslam has cut out a right-angled triangular
region ABC, as in the adjoining figure from a coloured
rectangular cardboard, of which its A is a right-angle.
I have fixed a very thin stick with a side AB adjacent to
right angle of this right-angled triangular cardboard ABC B B
and I have got a figure like the adjoining figure.
2 Now taking the stick AB as axis and let us revolve the triangular cardboard around the
axis with a high speed. Let us see what we will get :
A C C' A C
B SiV B SiiV SiiiV

We observe that by revolving the right-angled triangle ABC around its axis having taken the side
AB as axis, a shape of solid is formed like a cone of icecream.
3 What is the solid having this kind of shape called ?
The solid of this kind of shape is called right-circular cone.
4 What is the circle formed with AC by revolving the right-angled triangle
ABC with respect to the side AB?
The circle formed by AC of the figure (ii) is called the base of the right-
circular cone. The radius of the circular base of the cone is AC and the
centre of the circular base is A.
5 What is the point B of the right circular cone in this fig. (ii) is called?
The point B of the figure (ii) is called the apex of the right circular cone. Again the perpendicular AB
on the circular base is called the Height of the right circular cone and BC is called the Slant height.
The number of surfaces of a closed cone is . One is plane and other is
[curved/plane] [Let me write it myself]
221
Chapter - 16
6 I write the names of 4 solid objects which are used in our house and whose shapes are
like right circular cones.
My sister has made two circular cones with paper as the adjoining figures.
SiiiV SivV
7 Are the cones of the figures (iii) and (iv) right circular cones?
The cones of the figures SiiiV and SivV are not right circular cones. Because the line-seqments
joining the apex of the cones and the centres of their circular regions are not perpendicularly
situated on their bases.
8 Let us observe the following figures of cones and let us write by understanding which are
right circular cones among them :
Sa V Sb V ScV Sd V
But here, we shall treat the 'Cone' as 'right circular cone'.

I shall try to make a right circular cone. But how shall I get the quantity of paper to be required
to make a cone?
I shall get it by determining the curved surface area of the right circular cone.
Let us make the right circular cone and determine its curved
Hands on trial
surface area.
1. I fixed up a white art paper on a wooden board.
2. Now I cut out a circular region by drawing a circle

with a radius of l unit length on that art paper.
3. From that circular region I cut out any sector.
4. Now I got a hollow right circular cone by fixing the
two extreme radii s with gum from that cut off sector.
O l
x l
O
T
222
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Hands on trial Let us determine the curved surface area of that cone.
(1) By taking a right circular cone, like the following figure, I have unfolded it by cutting along
its slant height.
Let the slant height of the right circular cone = l unit and radius = r unit
r 2Sr
A B
l

.
. . By unfolding a right circular cone, I have got a sector.
The slant height of the cone = The length of the radius
of the circular region = l. lArea of sector = 36T 0 × Sl2, where
The radius of the base of the cone = r sector makes an angle T0 at the centre
. of the circular region.
. . The circumference of the base of the cone = 2Sr =
The length of the sector. Again, the length of the arc and the
. angle subtended by the arc at the
. . The curved surface area of a right circular cone centre of a circular region are
= Area of sector . T 2ʌr
proportional . . 360 =
length of arc 2ʌl
= × Area of Circle
cirecumference of circle 2Sr
2ʌr T
= u ʌl 2 sq. unit = Srl sq. unit
2ʌl l
.
. . By hands on trial, we have got, the curved surface area of a right circular cone = Srll
[Where, the radius of the base of the cone is r and the slant height = l ]
To make a right circular cone with one face open, Srl sq. unit paper is required, where r =
and l = [Let me write it myself]
Application : 1. If the length of the diameter of the base and the slant height of the right circular
cone with one face open, which I have made are 14cm and 12cm respectively. Let us calculate
the quantity of the paper that has been required to make this cone.
14
The length of the radius of the base of the cone = 2 cm. = 7 cm.
.
. . The curved surface area of the cone = 22 7 × 7 × 12 sq. cm = 264 sq. cm.
Application : 2. Let us calculate the curved surface area of a right circular cone whose radius
of the base is 1.5m and slant height is 2m. [Let me do it myself]
4
Application : 3. If the area of the base of a cone is 78–7 sq.cm and slant height is 13cm., then
let us calculate its curved surface area.
Let the length of the radius of the base of the cone be r cm.
22 4 .
According to the condition, 7 r2 = 78 –7 ..r=
.
. . Curved surface area of the cone = sq.cm. [Let me do it myself]
223
Chapter - 16
660
Application : 4. If the circumference of the base of a cone is 7 cm. and the slant height is
25cm, then let us calculate the curved surface area of the cone. [Let me do it myself]
9 But if I make a closed right circular cone, then let me calculate the quantity of artpaper
which is to be required to make it.

Let the radius of the base of the right circular cone be r unit and the slant height be l unit.
.
. . The required quantity of art paper = The curved surface area of the
cone + The area of the base of the cone
= Sr l + Sr2 squnit
= Sr ( l + r) squnit
The total surface area of the cone = Sr (r +ll ) sq. unit
Application : 5. Let us write the total surface area of a cone whose length of the radius of the
base is 1.5cm. and slant height is 2.5 cm.
22
The total surface area of the cone = 7 × 1.5 (1.5 + 2.5) sq cm.
22 1 5
= 7 × 1 0 × 4sq cm. = sq cm.
Application : 6. Let us write the total surface area of a cone whose diameter of the base is
20cm. and slant height is 2.5 cm. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 7. I have made a right circular cone whose diameter of the base is 12cm. and
slant height is 10cm. Let me write by calculating, the height of the cone. B
12
The lenght of the radius of the base of right circular cone = 2 cm. = 6 cm. 10 cm.
In the figure, the radius of the base of the cone is OA, slant height is AB
and height is OB A
O
OA = 6 cm. AB = 10 cm., The height of the cone = OB 6 cm.
.
. . In right angled triangle OAB, AB2 = OB2 + OA2 (From Pythagoras theorem)
or, OB2 = AB2 – OA2
..
or, OB = + AB2 – OA2 l . height can not be – ve]
= (Slant height)2 – (radius)2
= (10)2 – 62 cm.
= 64 cm.
= 8cm.
.
. . The height of the cone is 8cm.
.
. . Height of a cone = (Slant height)2 – (radius)2
Application : 8. Let us calculate the slant height of a right circular cone whose
660
circumference is 7 cm and height is 20 cm. [Let me do it myself]
224
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
I have seen a glass flask with the shape of a right circular cone in the science
laboratory of our school. This flask is filled with water. But Let us see how we
shall get the quantity of water that can be hold in that right circular cone shaped
flask. Let us try to measure it by hands on trial.
Hands on trial
S1V I took an empty right circular cylindrical pot and an empty right circular conical pot with the
same diameter of the base and with same height.
S2V Now, after completely filling the conical pot with water, that water is poured into a cylindrical pot.
1 2
˛First time˚ part is ˛Second time˚ ˚ part Thired time it is
3 3
filled up.˛ is filled up.˛ completely filled up.
We are observing that the cylindrical pot is filled completely by pouring the conical pot thrice.
So, the volume of cylinder = 3 × volume of cone
. 1 1
. . Volume of cone = –3 × volume of cylinder = –3 Sr2h
. 1
. .By hands on trial, we have got, volume of cone = –3 Sr2h [where r = length of the radius of
base and h = height of cone]
. 1
. . The water in the right circular conical flask of our school laboratory is = –3 Sr2h
Application : 9. If the height of a corical flask of the science laboratory of the school is 4dcm.
and slant height is 5 dcm, then let us calculate the quantity of water that can be hold in the flask.
Let, the length of the radius of base of conical flask be r dcm.
. 5 dcm.
. . (5)2 = r2 + (4)2
4 dcm.
.
or, r2 = 52 – 42 = 9 . . r = 3
. . r dcm.
But the length of the radius can not be negative. . . r z – 3 . . r = 3
. 1
. . The quantity of water that can be hold in that flask = –3 × 22
7 ×3×3×4= cubic dcm.
Application : 10. If the circumference of the base of right circular come is 2.2 m. and height is
45 dcm., then let us write by calculating, the volume of it. [Let me do it myself]
Application : 11. The lengths of the two sides adjacent to right angle of
a right-angled triangle are 4 cm and 3cm.
Let us write by calculating, the curved surface area, total surface area and 3 cm.
volume of the solid formed by completely revolving the triangle once by
taking the longer side adjacent to right angle as axis.
4 cm.
Hints : The height of the right circular cone formed will be 4cm. and
radius will be 3 cm.
225
Chapter - 16
Application : 12. The slant height of a right circular cone is 7 cm. and the total surface area of
it is 147.84 sq.cm. Let us determine the base radius of the cone.
21
Let the length of the base radius of the cone = r cm. Either, 5r – 21 = 0 or, 5r = 21 or, r = 5
. .
. . The total surface one of the cone = 22
7 r (r+7) sq.cm. . . r = 4.2
22 or, 5r + 56 = 0 or, 5r = – 56
or, 7 r (r+7) = 147.84
.
14784 7 1176
or, r (r+7) = 100 × 2 2 = 25 . . r = –56
5
or, 25r2 + 175r – 1176 = 0 But the length of the radius can not be negative.
.
or, 25r2 + 280r – 105r – 1176 = 0 . . r z –56
5
or, 5r (5r + 56) – 21 (5r + 56) = 0 So, r = 4 . 2
.
or, (5r + 56) (5r – 21) = 0 . . The length of base radius of the cone is 4.2 cm.
Application : 13. If the ratio of the heights of the two right circular cone is 1:3 and the ratio of
the lengths of their radii is 3:1, then let us show by calculating, that the ratio of the volumes of two
cones will be 3:1.
Let the height of 1st cone be x unit, the height of 2nd cone be 3x unit, where x is common multiple.
Again the length of the radius of 1st cone is 3y unit and the length of the radius of 2nd cone is y
unit, where y is common multiple.
1
Volume of 1st cone u ʌ × (3y) 2 × x
Therefore,
Volume of 2nd cone = 1
3 9 3
= = ... he ratio of the volumes of
u ʌ × (y) 2 × 3x 3 1 two cones is 3 : 1
3
Application : 14. If the ratio of the heights of two right circular cone is 2:3 and the ratio of the
lengths of their radii is 3:5. Then let us write by calculating, the ratio of the volumes of two cones.
Application : 15. The area of the base of a right circular conical tent is 13.86 sq.m. For making
the tent, the tripal with the cost of `5775 is required and if the price of 1 sq m. tent is `250, then
let us determine the height of the tent. Let us write by calculating, the air in the tent in litre.
Let, the base radius of the tent be r m, height be h m, and slant height be l m.
Area of the base is 13.86 sq. m.
22 .
According to the condition, 7 × r 2 = 13.86 . . r = lLet me calculate it myselfn
.. . The length of the radius is 2.1 m.
5775
The quantity of the tripal in ` 5775 at the rate of ` 250 per metre = 250 sq.m = 23.1 sq.m.
... Curved (lateral) surface area = Srl sq.m = 23.1 sq.m
or, 7 × 10 × l = 23.1 ... l = –2 lLet me calculate if myselfn
22 21 7
... Slant height = –2 m˚ = 3.5 m

7
? h = + l 2 – r2 l... height can not be negativen

.
= (3.5)2 – (2.1)2 = (3.5+2.1) × (3.5 – 2.1) = lLet me write it myselfn . . Height = 2.8 m.˚
... The air occupied in the tent = –3 × 272 ×2.1×2.1×2.8 =
1
m3 = 12936 dcm3
= 12936 litre
226
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Let us work out 16

1. I have made a closed right circular cone whose length of the base radius is 15cm and slant
height is 24cm. Let us calculate the curved surface area and total surface area of that cone.
2. Let us determine the volume of the cone when, (i) base area is 1.54 sq.m. and height is
2.4m. (ii) the length of base diameter is 21m and slant height is 17.5m.
3. Amina has drawn a right-angled triangle whose lengths of two sides adjacent to right angle
are 15 cm and 20 cm. Let us determine the curved surface area, total surface area and
volume of the solid which is formed by taking the side of length 15cm. which is formed by
completely revolving the triangle once around the side of the triangle with the length of
15cm, having been taken as an axis.
4. If the height and slant height of a cone are 6cm. and 10cm. respectively, let us determine
total surface area and volume of the cone.
5. If the volume of a right circular cone is 100S cm3 and height is 12cm., then let us write by
calculating, the slant height of the cone.
6. 77 sq.m. tarpauline is required to make a right circular conical tent. If the slant height of the
tent is 7 m., then let us write by calculating, the base area of the tent.
7. The diameter of the base area of a right circular cone is 21m. and height is 14m. Let us
calculate the expenditure to colour the curved surface at the rate of `1.50 per sq.m.
8. The length of the base diameter of a wooden toy of conical shape is 10cm. The expenditure for
polishing whole surfaces of the toy at the rate of ` 2.10 per cm2 is ` 429. Let us calculate the
height of the toy. Let us also determine the quantity of wood which is required to make the toy.
9. The quantity of iron sheet to make a boya of right circular conical shape is 75 73 m2. If the
slant height of it is 5m., then let us write, by calculating, the volume of air in the boya and its
height. Let us determine the expenditure to colour the whole surface of the boy a at the rate
of ` 2.80 per m2. [The width of the iron-sheet not to be considered while calculating.]
10. In a right circular conical tent 11 persons can stay. For each person 4m2 space in the base and
20m3 air are necessary. Let us determine the height of the tent put up exactly for 11 persons.
11. The external diameter of a conical- coronet made off thermocol is 21 cm. in length. To
wrap up the outer surface of the coronet with foil, the expenditure will be ` 57.75 at the
rate of 10p. per cm2. Let us write by calculating, the height and slant height of the coronet.
12. A heap of wheat is in the shape of a right circular cone, its base diameter is 9 m. and height
is 3.5 m. Let us determine the total volume of wheat. Let us calculate the minimum quantity
of plastic sheet to be required to cover up this heap of wheat lsuppose S = 3.14 ,
130 = 11.4n
13. (V.S.A.)
(A) (M.C.Q) ı
(i) If the slant height of a right circular cone is 15cm. and the length of the base diameter
is 16 cm., then the lateral surface area of the cone is
(a) 60 S cm2. (b) 68 S cm2. (c) 120 S cm2. (d) 130 S cm2.
227
Chapter - 16
(ii) If the ratio of the volumes of two right circular cones is 1:4 and the ratio of their radii
of their bases is 4:5, then the ratio of the heights is
(a) 1ı5 (b) 5ı4 (c) 25ı16 (d) 25ı64
(iii) Keeping the radius of a right circular cone same, if the height of it is increased twice,
the volume of it will be increased by
(a) 100 % (b) 200 % (c) 300 % (d) 400 %
(iv) If each of radius and height of a cone is increased by twice of its length, then the
volume of it will be
(a) 3 times (b) 4 times (c) 6 times (d) 8 times of the previous one.
r
(v) If the length of the radius of a cone is –2 unit and slant height of it is 2l unit, then the total
surface area is
r
(a) 2Sr (l+ r) sq. unit (b) Sr (l + –4) sq. unit (c) Sr (l+r) sq. unit (d) 2Srl sq. unit
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true or flase :
(i) If the length of base radius of a right circular cone is decreased by half and its height is
increased by twice of it then the volume remains same.
(ii) The height, radius and slant height of a right circular cone are always the three sides of
a right-angled triangle.
(i) AC is the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle ABC, the radius of the right circular
cone formed by revolving the triangle once around the side AB as axis is²
(ii) If the volume of a right circular cone is V cubic unit and the base area is A sq. unit, then
its height is .
(iii) The lengths of the base radii and the heights of a right circular cylinder and a right
circular cone are equal. The ratio of their volumes is .
14. (S.A.)
(i) The height of a right circular cone is 12cm. and its volume is 100Scm3. Let us write
the length of the radius of the cone.
(ii) The curved surface area of a right circular cone is 5 times of its base area. Let us
write the ratio of the height and the length of radius of the cone.
(iii) If the volume of a right circular cone is V cubic unit, base area is A sq. unit and height
AH
is H unit, then let us write the value of V È.
(iv) The numerical values of the volume and the lateral surface area of a right circular cone
are equal. If the height and the radius of the cone are H unit and r unit respectively,
1 1
then let us write the value of h 2 + r 2 .
(v) The ratio of the lengths of the base radii of a right circular cylinder and a right circular
cone is 3:4 and the ratio of their heights is 2:3; let us write the ratio of the volumes of
the cylinder and the cone.
228
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT TO A
17 CIRCLE
This year, in summer holidays the repairing work of our village
club-room will be done.
The subscriptions are collected from all families of our locality.
Each family has given subscription according to their ability. The
iron grill has to be fixed up in front verandah of the club-room.
So all the little ones of the locality, together will select the design
of the grill.
Going to the iron shop we have selected a design of the grill like this —
On returning home, Maya tried to draw the design
of the grill in her copy.
We observe that there are many circles and line-segments in our selected design. But how are
the circles and line-segments in the design?
Some line-segments have touched the circles in the design, i.e. some line-segments are tangents
of the circles.
How many tangents can be drawn in a circle? Let us observe by drawing it.
At a point on the circle, l1/2Èn tangent/tangents can be drawn. But from the
point outside the circle l1/2n tangent/tangents can be drawn on the circle.
Construction : I draw a circle with a radius of 2.5 cm length and I draw a tangent on any point
of the circle.
I have drawn a circle with its centre at O and radius of 2.5 cm length and A is any point on it; I
draw a tangent of the circle with centre O at the point A.
Rule of Construction :
(i) I joined O, A.
(ii) I drew a perpendicular PQ 2.5 cm
on OA at the point A with a
pencil compass.
?PQ is the tangent at the point O
A of circle with centre O
Proof : The radius OA of the
circle with centre O intersects the
circle at the point A and Q A P
PQAOA.
?PQ, is the tangent of the circle with centre O at the point A.
[... Any radius of a circle intersects at the point on the circle, the perpendicular drawn on that
radius at that point is the tangent of the circle.]
229
Chapter - 17
Construction : I draw a circle with radius of 2.6 cm. length and I draw a tangent on this circle
from an external point at a distant of 5.7 cm from the centre of that circle.
5.7 cm
2 .6 cm
O Y A X
(i) I have drawn a circle with centre O and with radius of 2.6 cm. length. I cut off a line-
segment OA of 5.7 cm length from any ray OX.
(ii) I joined O, A.
(iii) I bisect the line-segment OA at the point Y.
(iv) Taking Y at centre and the radius of YO length. I draw a half circle which intersects the
circle with centre O at the point P.
(v) By joining A, P; I extended it.
?AP is the tangent of the circle with centre O from an external point A.
Proof : I join O, P.
OPA is a semi-circular angle. So OPA = 90º, OP is the radius of the
circle with centre O and OPA PA. So, AP is a tangent of the circle with
centre O.
If the distance of the external point A from the centre O of the circle is
twice of the radius, then the mid-point Y of OA lies on the circle with
centre O.
230
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
I have proved by hands on trial and with reason that, from any external point
of a circle, two tangents can be drawn. I try to draw it myself.
Construction : I draw a circle with a radius of 3 cm length. I draw two tangents of
the circle from an external point at a distance of 7 cm away from the centre.
(i) I have drawn a circle with centre O whose radius is 3 cm. and I cut off the line-segment
OA from the ray OY at a distance of 7 cm. from the centre O.
(ii) I bisect the line-segment OA. Let the mid-point of OA be X.
7 cm
(iii) I draw a circle by 3 cm
taking X as centre and
the radius of XO length
which intersects the
circle with centre O at the P
points P and Q.
O
(iv) By joining A, P X A Y
and A, Q I extended
them.
o o
? AP and AQ are
two tangents of the
circle with centre O Q
from the external
point A.
Proof :
O, P are joined. OPA semi-circular angle.
? OPA = 90º
o
Since OP is the radius of the circle with centre O and OP A AP, so A P is a tangent drawn on
the circle with centre O from an external point P.
o
Similarly, A Q is another tangent of the circle with centre O.
Construction : I draw a circle with a radius of 2.5 cm length and I draw two tangents on the
circle from an external point which is 10 cm away from the centre and I write the lengths of two
tangents by measuring them. [let me do it myself ]
231
Chapter - 17
Let us work out 17

1. Let us draw a circle with a radius of 3.2 cm length. Let us draw a tangent of the circle on
any point of it.
2. By drawing a line-segment AB as a radius of 3 cm length. I draw a circle with centre A and

a tangent of this circle at the point B.
3. I draw a circle with radius of 2.5 cm length. I take an external point at a distance of 6.5 cm.
from the centre. From this external point I draw a tangent of the circle and measure the
length of this tangent with a scale.
4. I draw a circle with a radius of 2.8 cm. length. I take a point which is at a distance of 7.5 cm
from the centre. From that external point I draw two tangents of the circle.
5. PQ is a chord of a circle with centre O. I draw the tangents of the circle at the points P and Q.
6. I draw a line-segment XY of 8 cm. length and draw a circle by taking XY as a diameter.
I draw the tangents of the circle at the points X and Y and write the relation between these
two tangents.
7. By drawing any circle I draw two perpendicular diameters in it. I draw four tangents of the
circle at four end points of two diameters and write the type of quadrilateral that is formed.
8. By drawing an equilateral triangle ABC with the sides of 5 cm. length, a circumcircle of it is
drawn. Let us draw the tangents of that circumcircle at the points A, B and C.
9. I draw a circumcircle by drawing an equilateral triangle ABC with the sides of 5 cm. length.
I draw a tangent of the circle at the point A and take a point P on it such that AP = 5 cm.
From the point P, I draw another tangent of the circle and I write by observing the point at
which this tangent has touched the circle.
10. O is a point on the line-segment AB and I draw a perpendicular PQ on AB at the point O.

I draw two circles with centres A and B and radii of AO and BO length respectively and
write the name of PQ in respect to these two circles. I draw other two tangents of the two
circles from the point P.
11. P is a point on a circle with centre O. I draw a tangent of the circle at the point P and cut off
a part 'PQ' equal in length to the radius of the circle, from the tangent. I draw another
tangent QR of the circle from the point Q and write the value of PQR by measuring it
with a protractor.
232
SIMILARITY
18 SIMILARITY
In this year, I have got a chance to play hockey for our

district. For this reason, I have to fill up some forms and
my photo is necessary there. My brother and I went to
Prasanta uncle's digital store along with Mithundidi taking
my recent photograph.
I told him to make 3 copies of photos from this photograph.
What size of the photo is needed ? Is it stamp size, passport size or post-card size ? What type
will it be ? Explain it a little bit.
Stamp size
Passport size Post-card size
I observe that the shapes of the photos are same but their sizes are different.
1 What relation do you find in the photos ?
These photos are similar to each other.
2 Will my passport size photo of 5 years ago and my recent passport photo be similar?
Let us see the two adjoining photos.
The two photos are not similar. Because, though the sizes of two photos are same, their shapes
are different.
3 But will the two congruent figures be similar ?
Since the shape and size in the two congruent figures are equal, So the two congruent figures are
always [similar/not similar]. [Let me write it myself]
That is, if the sizes of more than one figures are different, but the shapes are
same, then the figures will be similar to each other. So, congruent figures will
always be similar, but similar figures may not be congruent.
On returning home, I have known that passport size photo is necessary and I gave an order to the
shop accordingly.
On returning home, my brother drew many pictures and put the same pictures in separate groups.
4 I observe whether the pictures in each group are similar or not.
VV (i)
áá (ii) (iii)
<<
(iv) (v)
I am observing that the pictures of the groups (i), (ii) and (iv) are to each other. But the
pictures of the groups (iii) and (v) are not similar to each other.
233
Chapter - 18
5 I draw more than one squares of different sizes and see whether the squares are similar or not.
I am observing that, the squares ABCD, A' B' C' D' and A" B" C" D" are similar to
each other. A'' D''
12345678901234
12345678901234
A' D' 12345678901234
12345678901 12345678901234
Again, I am A = A' = A" A12345678
D
12345678901
12345678901
12345678901
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678 12345678901 12345678901234
observing, B = B = B
' " 12345678
12345678
12345678
12345678901
12345678901
12345678901
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678 12345678901 12345678901234
12345678 12345678901 12345678901234
C = C' = C" B 3 cm. C B' 5 cm. C' B'' 6 cm. C''
D = D' = D"
and AB BC CD DA 3
AcBc BcCc CcDc DcAc 5
AB BC CD DA 3
AccBcc BccCcc CccDcc DccAcc 6
6 I draw two similar triangles ABC and A'B'C' and I see by measuring their angles and sides that
A A'
A = A' , B = B' , C = C'
AB BC CA B C B' C'
and lLet me justify it by drawing myself n
AcBc BcCc CcAc
7 I draw two equilateral triangles one of which has sides of 3 cm length each and D
another has sides of 5 cm length each. A
I am observing that, A = D = 60, B = E = 60,
C = F = 60
B CE F
AB AC BC 3
and ó So, two triangles are similar.
DE DF EF 5
8 But will the two triangles be congruent ?
I am observing that two triangles are not congruent.
i.e, if two triangles are congruent they are similar. But if they are similar, they are not congruent.
I am observing also that, if the three angles of a triangle are equal to the three angles of another
triangle, then they may not be always congruent. That is, by A-A-A, the two triangles may not
be always congruent.
O
I justify by hands on trial when the two polygonal figures will be similar. ✹
(1) I fixed a bulb at the point 0 near to the ceiling of the room and A D
put a white art paper on a table just below it. B C

!
!
A'
!
D'
(2) Now I put a polygonal cardboard (suppose quadrilateral
ABCD) under the bulb and parallel to the table.
B' C'
(3) Now, if the bulb is put on, the shadow A'B'C'D' of the
quadrilateral ABCD will fall on the art paper of the table
and by joining with pencil I have got the quadrilateral
A'B'C'D' which is similar to the quadrilateral ABCD. It
is possible because light moves along straight line. A' is on the ray OA, B' is on the ray
OB, C' is on the ray OC, D' is on the ray OD.
234
SIMILARITY
By measuring the angles and the sides of the quadrilaterals ABCD and A' B'C' D' , I am observing
that, AB BC CD DA
A = A' , B = B' , C = C' , D= D' , and
AcBc BcCc CcDc DcAc
lLet me justify similarly by hands on trialn
.
. . By hands on trial, I have got that the two polygons with same number of sides will be similar if,
(i) Their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) Corresponding sides are proportional 4 cm. 6 cm.
3 cm.
4 cm.
Saheli has drawn two quadrilaterals, let us see
whether they are similar or not. (i) (ii)
I am observing that, the two quadrilaterals (i) and (ii) drawn by Saheli are not similar. Because, though the
corresponding angles of the quadrilateral are equal, the ratios of the corresponding sides are not equal.
Will a square and a rhombus always be similar ? By drawing I write it with reason. lLet me do it myselfn
Palash has drawn two polygons, let us see whether they are similar or not.
m.
)
3.6
5c 90
m. .8 c
1
cm
c
.
5 m
)
2. 90 )
.
) ) 113 120
) 113 120
m.
.
1.8
cm
3.6 c
3.4 c
107
cm
110
1.7
110 107
)
1.9 cm.
.
m.
)
)
3.8 cm.
I am observing that, the two polygons drawn by Polash are similar. I write reasons by
understanding it.
Let us work-out 18.1
1. Let us write the right answer in È
(i) All squares are lcongruent/similarn
(ii) All circles are lcongruent/similarn
(iii) All [equilateral/isosceles] triangles are always similar.
(iv) Two quadrilaterals will be similar if their corresponding angles are lequal/
proportionaln and corresponding sides are lunequal/proportionaln.
2. Let us write whether the following statements are true or false :
(i) Any two congrunent figures are similar.
(ii) Any two similar figures are always congrunent.
(iii) The corresponding angles of any two similar polygonal figures are equal.
(iv) The corresponding sides of any two similar polygonal figures are proportional.
(v) The square and rhombus are always similar.
3. Let us write the examples of one pair of similar pictures/figures.
4. Let us draw a pair of figures which are not similar.
235
Chapter - 18
My friend Shakil has made triangles of different colours

and of different types.
I keep the similar triangles in separate groups by measuring
the angles and the lengths of the sides of these triangles.
10
cm
6 cm
. 5c
3 cm
m
3c
3c
m
2c
m
m
2c
2 cm (i) 3 cm (ii) 8 cm (iii) 4 cm (iv)

The two figures (i) & (ii) are similar and the two figures (iii) & (iv) are similar. Because their
corresponding sides are and their corresponding angles are equal.
9 What the corresponding angles of two triangles are called when they are equal ?
If the corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then they are called similar triangle.
I have understood thatñ if two triangles are similar, then (i) their corresponding sides are
proportional and (ii) the angles of two triangles are equal.
Greek Mathematician Thales told a truth about similar triangles. The truth is ² "the corresponding
sides of similar triangles are proportional." Many persons believe that he used a result and it is
called Basic Proportionality Theorem or Thales theorem.
The Basic proportionality Theorem or Thales Theorem is ²
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the others two sides, then the other
two sides or their extended sides are divided in the same ratio.
10 But what shall we understand by the division of a straight line in a fixed ratio ?
P is any point on a line segment AB. Here, the point P divides Px
A B
internally the line-segment AB in the ratio of AP : PB.
AP Px
If P is the mid-point of the line-segment AB, then PB = 1. A B
If the point P is near to A from the mid-point but far from Px

AP A B
the point B, then the value of PB È will be less than 1.
Again if the point P is near to B from the mid-point but far Px

AP A B
from the point A, then the value of PBÈ will be greater than 1.
236
SIMILARITY
11 But what will happen when the point P will lie on the extended line-segment AB ?
Here, the point P divides the line-segment AB externally in A B
x P
the ratio AP : PB. As the length of AP is greater than the
AP
length of PB, the value of PB will be greater than 1.
1 2 But what will happen, when the point P will line on the extended line-segnent BA ?
Here also, the point P divides externally the line-segnent AB in the ratio AP : PB. As the length
AP
of PB is greater than the length of AP, the value of PB is less than 1.
A
P x B
I have understood thatñ if a line parallel to any side of a triangle divides other two sides (or
extended two sides) in the same ratio, then they will be proportional.
Px !
By hands on trial, I justify Thales Theorem. C
(1) I drew PAQ on my copy. On the ray AQ I took D

five points A1, A2, A3, A4 and B in such a way that˛ Ax x x x x x x !
A1 A 2 A3 A4 B Q
AA1=A1A2=A2A3=A3A4=A4B
(2) I draw a straight line from the point B which intersects the ray AP at the point C.
(3) I draw a line parallel to BC through A2 which intersects the ray AP at the point D.
. AA 2 2
. . I have got, A B 3
2
AD 2
Measuring with a scale, I am observing that, DC = lLet me justify it by drawingn
3
. AA 2 AD
. . I have got that if BC || A2D in ' ABC, then A B = DC
. 2
. . By hands on trial, I have got that a line parallel to any side of a triangle divides proportionally
other two sides (or, the extended two sides).
Theorem : 43. "A straight line parallel to any side of any triangle divides other two sides (or the
extended two sides) proportionally" SProof is not included in EvaluationV
Given ı ÈA line parallels to the side BC of 'ABC intersects the sides AB and AC or the extended
sides of AB and AC (the extended sides of BA and CA) at the points D and E respectively.
AD A E
To prove ı DB = E C
Construction ı I joined B, E and C, D and I drew DM A AC (or the extended side of CA ) and
EN A AB (or the extended side of BA). E D
--
-
---
--
A A N
---
-
---
M
--
- ----
A
N M
M
N
D E B C
--
---
B
---
C D B C
--
237
Chapter - 18
1
Proof ı Area of ' ADEÈ = ±2 î base î height
1
= ±2 î AD î EN
1
Similarly, Area of ' BDE = ±2 î base î height
1
= ±2 î DB î EN
1
. î A D î EN
.. Area of ' ADE 2 AD (I)
= =
Area of ' BDE 1 DB
î DB î EN
2
1
Again, area of ' ADEÈ = ±2 î AE î DM
1
And area of ' DECÈ = ±2 î EC î DM
. Area of ' ADE

.. (II)
Area of ' DEC
Again, ' BDE and ' DEC lie on the same base DE and they are situated within the
same pair of parallel lines DE and BC.
.
. . Area of ' BDEÈ = Area of ' DEC
.
. . From (I) and (II) we get, AD AE
D B = E C lprovedn
Corollary ı 1 If a straight line parallel to BC of 'ABC intersects AB and AC at the points D
and E respectively, then let us prove that, A
AB AC AD AE
(i) DB = E C (ii) A B = AC
AD AE
Proof ı (i) From Thales Theorem we get, DB = EC D E
AD AE
orñ +1= +1
DB EC B C
AD + DB AE + EC AB AC
orñ ? lProvedn
DB EC DB EC
AD AE
(ii) From Thales Theorem we get, DB = EC
or, DB = EC
AD AE
or, 1 DB 1 EC Óy
orñ
AD+DB AE+EC
AD AE AD AE
or, AB AC AD
?
AE
AD AE AB AC
lProvedn
238
SIMILARITY
Is the converse of Thales Theorem possible ? That is if a straight line divides

any two sides (or their extended sides) of a triangle in the same ratio, will the
straight line be parallel to the third side of the triangle ?
Hands on trial
(1) I drew PAQ on my copy. I took the points A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 and B on the ray AP
such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A5 = A5A6= A6B
o Again I took the points B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 and C on the ray AQ such that
Px
AB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4 = B4B5 = B5B6 = B6C Bx
A6
A5x x
(
(2) Now I got 'ABC by joining B and C. A4
A3 x
A2 x
By joining A3 and B3, I am observing that, A1 x
(
x
A x x x x x x x x
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 C Q
AA 3 AB3 3
= =
A 3 B B3 C 4
(3) Now by cutting off AA3B3 and putting it on ABC, I am observing that the two angles
are overlapping.
.
. . I have got AA3B3 =ABC, which are corresponding angles.
.
. . A3B3 || BC
AA1 AB1
Similarly by joining A1, B1, we shall get = = and A1B1 || BC
A1B B1C
AA 2 AB2
By joining A2, B2, we shall get = = and A2B2 BC lputting = / ||n
A 2 B B2 C
What we shall get by joining A4, B4 or A5, B5 or A6, B6 , Let me justify it and write it myself.
In a similar way, I have drawn another triangle and a straight line which has
divided any other two sides (or their extended sides) in the same ratio and I
observe that the straight line is parallel to third side. lLet me do it myselfn˚
.
. . By hands on trial, we have got, the straight line which divides any two sides (or their
extended sides) of a triangle in the same ratio, will be parallel to the third side.
239
Chapter - 18
Theorem : 44. I prove with reason that "if a straight line divides any two sides (or their extended
sides) in the same ratio, it will be parallel to third side." SThe proof is not included in the evaluationV
A E D
---
--
---
A N
---
M
---
A
--
N M N M
D E B C
-
---
B C --- C
-
D E B
Given ı ABC is a triangle. A line-segment intersects the two sides AB and AC or their extended
sides (or the extended sides of BA and CA) at the points D and E in such a way that,
AD A E
D B = EC
To prove ı DE || BC
Construction ı I join B, E and C, D. I draw DM A AC (or the extended side of CA) and EN
A AB (or the extended side of BA).
1 1
Proof ı Area of ' ADEÈ = ±2 î base î height = ±2 î AD î EN
1 1
Area of ' BDE = ±2 î base î height = ±2 î DB î EN
1
î A D î EN
. Area of ' ADE 2 AD
. . Area of ' BDE = 1 =
î DB î EN DB
2
1
Again, Area of ' ADE È= ±2 î AE î DM
1
Area of ' DECÈ = ±2 î EC î DM
1
î A E î DM
. Area of ' ADE 2 AE
. . Area of ' DEC = 1 =
î EC î DM EC
2
AD AE
Since, DB = EC SGivenV
Area of ' ADE Area of ' ADE

So, =
Area of ' BDE Area of ' DEC
.
. . Area of ' BDE = Area of ' DEC
As ' BDE and ' DEC lie on the same base DE and situated on the same side of DE
and their areas are equal, so they lie within the same pair of parallel lines.
.
. . DE || BC lProvedn
240
SIMILARITY
Application ı 1. In adjoining figure, DE || BC of 'ABC;if AD = 5cm. DB = 6 cm and

AE = 7.5 cm, then let us write by calculating, the length of AC. A
In ' ABC,È DE || BC, ... DB = EC lFrom Thales theoremn
AD AE
D
.. . 5 = 7.5 E
6 EC
... EC = 7.5 î ±5 cm = 9 cm
6 B
. . . AC = AE + EC = + = A C
AD 2
Application ı 2. If ÈBC || DE in 'ABC ñ D B = ± and AC = 21 cm., D E
5
then let us write by calculating, the value of AEÈlLet me do it myselfn
B C
Application : 3. The line parallel to the side BC of the triangle ABC intersects AB and AC at
the points D and E respectively. If AE = 2 AD, then let us calculate the value of DB : EC.
. AD AE A
In ' ABC, DE || BC, . . DB = EC
D
. AD 1± . . .. AD = 1± ]
. . DB =
EC AE = 2 [ . AE = 2AD . AE 2 B E
. A
. . DB : EC = 1 : 2
P C
Application : 4. If in the adjoining figure, PQ || AB
and PR || AC, then let us prove that QR || BC.
O
Q R
. OP OQ B C
In ' OAB, PQ || ABñ . . P A = QB lFrom Thales theoremn (i)
. OP OR
Again, in ' AOC, PR || ACñ . . PA = RC lFrom Thales theoremn (ii)
OQ OR
From (i) and (ii), we get, QB = R C
. OQ OR
. . I have got two points Q and R on OB and OC of ' OBC respectively so thatÈ QB = RC
.
. . From the converse of Thales theorem, we have got QR || BC.
Application : 5. A straight line intersects AB and AC of 'ABC at the points D and E respectively
AD AE
in such a way thatÈ DB = EC. If ADE = ACB, then let us prove that ' ABC is an isosceles
triangle.
Given ı The line segment DE of 'ABC intersects the side AB and AC at the points D and E
AD AE
respectively in such a way that È DB = EC
To prove ı ' ABC is an isosceles triangle
A
AD AE
Proof ı Sinceñ DB = EC , so from converse of Thales theorem, we get DE || BC
. D E
. . ADE = ABC [Corresponding angles] (i)
Again, ADE = ACB lGivenn (ii) B C
.
. . From (i) & (ii), we get, ACB = ABC
. .
. . AB = AC . . ABC is an isosceles triangle.
241
Chapter - 18
Application ı 6 I have drawn a trapeziumABCD whose AB || DC; I have drawn a straight line parallel
to AB which has intersectedAD and BC at the points E and F respectively. I prove that ÈAE : ED = BF : FC
Given ı AB || DC in the trapezium ABCD; the straight line parallel to AB has intersected AD
and BC at the points E and F respectively. D C
To prove ı AE : ED = BF : FC
Construction ı I joined A, C which has intersected EF E F
G
at the point G.
Proof ı In ' ADC, DC || EG A B
AE AG
So, from Thales theorem, we get, ED = GC (i)
Again, in 'ACB, AB || GF
.
. . From Thales theorem, we get, A G BF
GC = FC (ii)
AE BF
So, from (i) and (ii), we get ED = FC
.
. . AE : ED = BF : FC
Application ı 7. With the help of the converse of Thales theorem, let us prove that the line
segment joining two mid-points of a triangle is parallel to its third side. lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 8. I draw a trapezium whose AB || DC; I take two points P and Q on AD and
BC respectively so that AP : PD = BQ : QC. Let us prove that PQ || DC.
Given ı In the trapezium, AB || DC; the two points P and Q are on the two sides AD and BC
respectively in such a way that AP : PD = BQ : QC
To prove ı PQ || DC
Construction ı Let AB < DC; DA and CB are extended. The extended sides of DA and
CB meet at O. P, Q are joined.
Proof ı AB || DC in 'ODC
. OA OB
. .A D = B C lFrom Thales theoremn (i)
AP BQ
Again P D = QC lgivenn
P D QC PD QC AP + PD BQ + QC
i.e, A P = B Q Óy ñ 1+
or, 1 Óy ñ
or,
AP BQ AP BQ
AD BC O
? ±±±±±±± (ii)
AP BQ
OA AD OB B C
From (i) and (ii), we get, A D î A P = B C î B Q
. A OB A B
.. O A P = BQ
. OA O B
. . I have got, in ' OPQÈ A P = BQ P Q
.
. . From the converse of Thales theorem, we get AB || PQ
.
Again,˛ AB || DC, . . PQ || DC lProvedn D C
242
SIMILARITY
Application ı 9 I prove with reason that an internal or external bisector of any angle of
a triangle divides its opposite side in the ratio of the lengths of the adjacent sides of the
angle internally or externally. SThe proof is not included in the evaluationV
Givenı The internal bisector AD (fig-i) or external bisector (fig-ii) of BAC of ' ABC intersects
BC or extended BC at the point D. E
To prove ı BD : DC = AB : AC A
Construction ı I draw a line parallel to DA through the point C which
intersects the extended side of BA or BA at the point E. B
. D C (i)
Proof ı DA || CE . . DAC = alternate ACE
.
DA || CE, . . BAD Sor FAD in the fig-iiV = Corresponding AEC F
But BAD Sor FAD in fig-iiV =DAC A
. E
. . ACE = AEC
B D
So, AC = AE C
. BD = BA (ii)
In ' BEC Sfig-iV or ' BDA Sfig-iiV DA || CE; . . D C A E SBy Thales theoremV
i.e, BD : DC = AB : AE
..
So, BD : DC = AB : AC ( . AE = AC) lprovedn
Application ı 10 I prove with reason, if a line drawn from any angle of a triangle divides
its opposite side internally or externally in the ratio of the lengths of its adjacent sides,
then the line will be an internal of external bisector of the angle.SThe proof is not
included in the evaluationV
Given ıIn ABC a line drawn through A intersects the side BC (fig-i) or extended BC at the
point D (fig-ii) in such a way that, BD : DC = AB : AC
To prove ı AD is an internal (fig-i) or an external (fig-ii) bisector of BAC.
Construction ı I draw a line parallel to the side DA through C which intersects the extended
BA (fig-i) or BA (fig-ii) at the point E. E
Proof ı In ' BCE (fig-i) or in ' ABD (fig-ii), DA || CE
. BD = A B A
.. D C A E SBy Thales theoremV
BD AB
But, D C = A C SGivenV B
D C (i)
. AB = AB
.. A F
. E AC A
. . AE = AC E
.
. . AEC = ACE B D
C
Again, DA || CE ; (ii)
.
. . DAC = alternate ACE and BAD Sfig-iV or FAD Sfig-iiV = Corresponding
AEC.
Since, AEC = ACE,
So BAD Sfig-iV or FAD Sfig-iiV = DAC.
So AD is an internal (fig-i) or an external (fig-ii) bisector of BAC. lprovedn
243
Chapter - 18
1. A line parallel to the side BC of 'ABC intersects the sides AB and AC at the points P and
Q respectively.
(i) If PB = AQ, AP = 9 units, QC = 4 units, then let us calculate the length of PB.
(ii) The length of PB is twice of AB and the length of QC is 3 units more than the length
of AQ, then let us write, by calculating the length of AC.
(iii) If AP = QC, the length of AB is 12 units and the length of AQ is 2 units, then let us
calculate the length of CQ.
2. I took two points X and Y on the sides PQ and PR respectively of ' PQR.
(i) If PX = 2 units, XQ = 3.5 units, YR = 7 units and PY = 4.25 units, then let us write
with reason, whether XY and QR will be parallel to each other or not.
(ii) If PQ = 8 units, YR = 12 units, PY = 4 units and the length of PY is less by 2 units than the
length of XQ, then let us write with reason, whether XY and QR will be parallel or not.
3. Let us prove that the line drawn through mid-point of one side of a triangle parallel to
another side bisects the third side. [Let us prove it with the help of Thales theorem.]
4. P is a point in the median AD of ' ABC. The extended BP and CP intersects AC and AB
at the points Q and R respectively. Let us prove that, RQ || BC.
5. The two medians BE and CF of ' ABC intersect each other at the point G and if the line
segment FE intersects the line segment AG at the point O, then let us prove that
AO = 3 OG.
6. Let us prove that, the line segment joining the mid-points of two transverse sides of a
trapezium is parallel to its parallel sides.
7. D is any point on the side BC of ' ABC. P and Q are centroids of È' ABD and ' ADC
respectively. Let us prove that PQ || BC.
8. I have drawn two triangles 'PQR and 'SQR on same base QR and on same side of QR
and their areas are equal. If F and G are two centroids of two triangles, then let us prove
that, FG || QR.
9. Let us prove that the two adjacent angles of any parallel side of a trapezium are equal.
10. 'ABC and ' DBC are situated on the same base BC and on the same side of BC. E is any
point on the side BC. A line through the point E and parallel to AB and BD intersects the
sides AC and DC at the points F and G respectively. Let us prove that, AD || FG.
11. V.S.A.
(A) M.C.Q.
(i) A line parallel to the side BC of ' ABC intersects the sides AB and AC at the points
X and Y respectively. If AX = 2.4 cm., AY = 3.2 cm. and YC = 4.8 cm., then the
length of AB is
(a) 3.6 cm. (b) 6 cm. (c) 6.4 cm. (d) 7.2 cm.
(ii) The point D and E are situated on the sides AB and AC of ' ABC in such a way that
DE || BC and AD : DB = 3 : 1; if EA = 3.3 cm., then the length of AC is
244
SIMILARITY
(a) 1.1 cm. (b) 4 cm. (c) 4.4 cm. (d) 5.5 cm. A
x+3 x
(iii) In the adjoining figure if DE || BC, then the value of x is
D E
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2 3x+19 3x+4

B C
(iv) In the trapezium ABCD, AB || DC and the two points P and Q
are situated on the sides AD and BC in such a way that PQ ||
DC; if PD = 18 cm., BQ = 35 cm., QC = 15 cm., then the length
of AD is
(a) 60 cm. (b) 30 cm. (c) 12 cm. (d) 15 cm.
D then
(v) In the adjoining figure, if DP = 5 cm., DE = 15 cm., DQ=6 cm., and QF = 18 cm.,
(a) PQ = EF (b) PQ || EF (c) PQ z EF (d) PQ EF P Q
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true or false : A
E F
(i) Two similar triangles are always congunent.
AB AC D E
(ii) In the adjoining figure, if DE || BC, then BD = CE
B C
(C) Let us fill up the blanks :
(i) The line segment parallel to any side of a triangle divides other two sides or the
extended two sides .
(ii) If the bases of two triangles are situated on a same line and the other vertex of the two triangles are
common, then the ratio of the areas of two triangles are to the ratio of their bases.
(iii) The straight line parallel to the parallel sides of a trapezium divides other
two sides. A
12. S.A.
AD AE
(i) In the adjoining figure, if in ABC, DB = EC and ADE = ACB, D E
then let us write the type of the triangle according to side.
A B C
(ii) In the adjoining figure if DE || BC and AD : BD = 3 : 5, then let us write
D E area of ' ADE : area of È' CDE.

B C C
(iii) In the adjoining figure, if LM || AB and AL = (x±3) unit, AC
= 2x unit, BM = (x±2) unit and BC = (2x + 3) unit, then let L ! M
us determine the value of x.
A B
A (iv) In the adjoining figure, if in ABC, DE || PQ || BC and AD =
D ! E 3cm., DP = x cm., PB = 4 cm., AE = 4 cm., EQ = 5 cm.,
P ! Q
QC = y cm., then let us determine the value of x and y.
B ! C A
AD 2
(v) In the adjoining figure, if DE || BC, BE || XC and D B = 1,
D ! E
then let us determine the value of AX !!
XB B ! C
!!
X
245
Chapter - 18
Today we have decided that we will hung

the similar triangles among the triangular
regions of the card board made by Shakil
in our classroom by fixing them on an
artpaper.
But are the corresponding sides of all these similar triangles proportional ? That is,
will the two triangles be similar ? Let us justify it by hands on trial.
Hand on trial
1. At first, I took two coloured triangular regions ABC and PQR whose corresponding angles
are same i.e, A = P, B = Q and C = R and PQ > AB, PR > AC, QR > BC.
A P (A)
B C B ) C
)
Q R
fig (i) fig (ii)
2. I put the triangular region ABC on the triangular region PQR in such a way that the vertex
A overlaps on the vertex P and the side AB remains on the side PQ. [Like the fig (ii)]
I am observing that, (i)The side AC of 'ABC overlaps on the side PRÈ lLet us justify it myselfn
(ii) PQ = PR ... PQ = PR lLet us justify it myselfn

PB PC AB AC
(I)
Explanation ı In the figure (ii) B = Q

... BC || QR l ... the corresponding angles are equaln
... PB = PC lBy Thales theoremn
BQ CR
AB AC
BQ = CR
BQ CR
or, AB = AC
BQ CR
or, 1 + AB = 1 + AC
AB + BQ
or, = ACAC + CR
AB
AQ AR . PQ PR AB AC
or, AB = AC . . AB = AC so, PQ = PR
246
SIMILARITY
P
3. In the same way I put the triangular region ABC on the triangular A
region PQR in such a way like the adjoining figure that the vertex
'B' and the vertex Q overlaps to each other and the side AB remains R
Q (B) C
on the side PQ. fig (iii)
I am observing that, (i) The side BC overlaps with side QR. lLet us justify it by hands on trialn
AQ QC . AB BC
and (ii) PQ = QR , . . PQ = QR lLet me justify it myselfn (II)
I write the explanation myself as above. [Let me do it myself ]

.
. . From (I) & (II) we have got, AB BC AC
PQ = QR = PR
.
. . By hands on trial, we have got, the corresponding sides of two similar triangles are proportional,
i.e. two triangles are similar.
But can its converse be possible ? i.e. if the sides of two triangles are proportional,
will their corresponding angles be equal ? Let us justify by hands on trial, whether
two triangles are similar or not if their corresponding sides are in proportional.
Hands on trial
1. At first by cutting out a coloured art paper I made two triangular regions ABC and PQR
AB BC AC
whose sides are in proportional. i.e. PQ = QR = PR
P (A)
)
2. Now as in the adjoining figure, I put the triangular region ABC on the
triangular region PQR in such a way that the vertexAand the vertex P are B C
overlapped with each other and the sideAB remains on the side PQ. Q R
(i)
I am observing that, the side AC has overlapped with the side PR. i.e. I have got A = P
3. In the same way, like the following fig (ii) and fig (iii), by putting 'ABC on 'PQR, I am
observing that, B = and C = lLet us write by justifying itn
P P
A
A
)
R R (C)
)
Q (B) C Q B
(ii) (iii)
.
. . By hands on trial, I have got, if the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional,
then their corresponding angles are equal i.e. two triangles are similar.
By taking any other two triangles in the same way justifying hands on trial we are observing that,
(i) if two triangles are similar, their corresponding sides are proportional,
again (ii) if the sides of the triangles are proportional then they are similar. lLet me do it myselfn˚
247
Chapter - 18

Theorem : 45. If two triangles are similar then their corresponding sides are in same ratio i.e.
their corresponding sides are proportional l Proof is not included in Evaluationn
Given ı ABC and DEF are two similar triangles. i.e. A = D, B = E and C = F
AB BC AC
To prove ı DE = EF = DF
Construction ı From ' DEF, I cut off DP and DQ of equal length with AB & AC respectively
from DE or extended DF. I joined P and Q.
Proof ı In ' ABC and ' DPQ
AB = DP, A = D and AC = DQ
.
. . ' ABC #' DPQ SBy S-A-S criterion of congruencyVA
.
. . B = P D D
Again, B = E lGivenn B C
.
. . P = E P Q E F
..
So, PQ || EF l . Corresponding E F
P Q
angles are equaln
. P DQ
..D DE = D F SFrom Thales theoremV
. B AC ..
..A DE = D F
(I) l . DP = AB and DQ = ACn
Similarly, by cutting off from ED or extended ED the length equal to BA and from EF
AB B C (II)
or extended EF the length equal to BC, I can prove that, D E = E F
. AB B C AC
. . From (I) & (II), we have got, DE = E F = D F lProvedn
We have understood that, if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of another triangle, then their
corresponding sides are proportional, let me write by understanding the reason. lLet me do it myselfn
Theorem : 46. If the sides of two triangles are in same ratio, then their corresponding angles
are equal. i.e. two triangles are similar. lProof does not belong to evaluationn
AB BC AC
Given ı In ' ABC and ' DEF, D E = E F = D F
To prove ı ' ABC and ' DEF are similar i.e.È A = D, B = E and C = F
Construction ı From DE or extended DE. DP equals with AB and from DF or extended DF
DQ equals with AC are cut off. P and Q are joined.
AB AC D P DQ
Proof ı D E = D F ; So, DE = D F [By construction AB = DP and AC = DQ]
.
. . With the help of converse of Thales theorem, we get, PQ || EF
PQ || EF and DE is transversal
.
. . P = E D
A
D
PQ || EF and DF is transversal
. E F
. . Q = F
. P Q B C P Q
. . ' DPQ and ' DEF are similar E F
248
SIMILARITY
. P PQ
..D
DE = E F
A B PQ . .
or, DE = E F l . By contruction, DP = ABn (i)
AB B C
But˛ DE = E F lGivenn (ii)
.
. . From (i) and (ii), I get, EPQ BC
F=E F
.
. . PQ = BC.
.
. . In ' ABC and ' DPQ, AB = DP, BC = PQ and AC = DQ
.
. . ' ABC # ' DPQ SBy S-S-S criterion of congrunencyV
.
. . A = D, B = P = E and C = Q = F
.
. .A = D, B =E and C = F
.
. . ' ABC and ' DEF are similar
13 Two polygons will be similar when

(i) The sides of the polygons are proportional and (ii) Corresponding angles of the polygons
are equal.
14 But when will two triangles be similar ?
We are observing from the above proof that, two triangles will be similar if,
the sides of the triangles are proportional or the corresponding angles of the triangles are equal.
But in two triangles, if an angle of one is equal to an angle of another and if their adjacent sides are
proportional, will then the two triangles be similar ? Let us justify it by hands on trial.
Hands on trial
1. By cutting out a paper I made two coloured triangular regions ABC and DEF whose
AB A C
A = D and DE = D F
D (A)
A
B C
B C
E F
2. Like the above figure, I put 'ABC on 'DEF in such a way that the vertex A and the vertex
D overlap with each other and the side DE remains on the side AB.
..
I am observing that, (i) The side AC overlaps with the side DF l . A = Dn
BC AB AC
and (ii) E F = lLet me write by measuring it myself n DE = DF
By hands on trial, I am observing that, in two triangles if an angle of one triangle is equal to an
angle of another triangle and the adjacent sides of the angles are proportional then two triangles
will be similar.
249
Chapter - 18

Theorem : 47. If in two triangles, an angle of one triangle is equal to an angle of another
triangle and the adjacent sides of the angle are proportional, then two triangles are
similar. lProof is not included in the evaluationn
AB AC
Given ı In ' ABC and ' DEF, A = D and D E = D F
To prove ı ' ABC and ' DEF are similar
AB AC DB DC D B DC .
proof ıDE = DF or,DE = DF or,B E = C F . . BC || EF lWe get the converse of Thales theoremn
So, B = corresponding E and C = Corresponding F
.
i.e. ' ABC and ' DEF are similar. . . ' ABC and ' DEF are similar.
If two triangles are congruent, then we use the congrunent sign # but in case of two similar
triangles, can we use any sign for it ?
If in ' ABC and ' DEF, A=D, B=E, C=F then the two triangles are similar, so we
write now ' ABCa' DEF
Application : 11. Let us write by calculating, which pairs of the following triangles are similar.
A P P
(i) A
)
) 30
40 (ii) 3 unit
110 30 ) ) 40 110
8 unit
)
C Q
)
B R
B C Q 4 unit R
A P 6 unit
P
(iii) A
nit 65 5 unit
)
)
nit
65 8 unit .3 5u
)
(iv)
10u
70
)
70
B C Q R
50
A = Q, B = R and C = P C Q ) 60
)
(i) B R
.
. . ' ABC and ' QRP are similar or ' ABC a ' QRP
A B B C CA
(ii) R Q = Q P = P R
.
. . The sides of ' ABC and ' RQP are proportional.
.
. . ' ABC and ' RQP are similar or ' ABC a ' QRP
In the same way, let us write by calculating, the sides and angles of the figures (iii) and (iv)
lLet me do it myself˚n
Application : 12. Let us see the adjoining figure and write the value of P by calculating it.È
Solution ı In ' ABC and ' PQR A P
AB 5 1 BC 4 1 AC 1 5cm. 7 cm. 8cm. 10cm.
, and
PR 10 2 PQ 8 2 QR 2 85
) 40 )
R
B 4cm. C Q
. A B BC C A 1± 14cm.
.. R P = PQ = QR = 2
.
. . ' ABC and ' RPQ are similar
.
. . A = R, B = P and C = Q
.
. . P = B = 85
250
SIMILARITY
Application 13. Let us prove that the perimeters of two similar triangles are proportional to the
corresponding sides of two triangles.
A
Given ı ABC and PQR are two similar triangles.
c b
Perimeter of ' ABCÈ AB B C C A
To prove ı
Perimeter of ' PQR = P Q Q R R P
= = B a C
P
Proof ı Let, in ' ABCñ BC = a unit
CA = b unit and AB = c unit r q
Let, in ' PQRñ QR = p unitñ RP = q unit and PQ = r unit

Q p R
' ABC and ' PQR are similar
. B B C CA
. . PAQ = Q R = RP
a b c
or, ±p = ±q = ±r = k (z 0) Ssuppose˚V (i)
.
. .a = pk, b= qk, c = rk.
.
. . Perimeter of ' ABC = a+b+c = pk+qk+rk = k(p+q+r) = k ±±±±±±±±±±±± (ii)
Perimeter of ' PQR p+q+r p+q+r (p+q+r)
.
. . From (i) and (ii) we get
Perimeter of ' ABC AB B C CA
Perimeter of ' PQR = P Q = Q R = R P lProvedn
Application 14. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 20 cm and 16 cm. respectively, if
the length of one side of first triangle is 9 cm., then let us write by calculating, the
length of the corresponding side of second triangle. lLet me do it myself˚n
Perimeter of first triangle 9 cm.
Hints : =
Perimeter of second triangle Length of the corresponding side of second triangle
Application 15. Let us prove that the line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle
parallel to other side bisects the third side and intercepted part of the parallel line
by two sides is half of the second side.
Given ı In 'ABC, the line through mid-point P of AB parallel to BC intersects AC at the point Q.
1
To prove ı (i) Q is the mid-point of AC, (ii) PQ = ±2 BC
Proof ı In ' APQ and ' ABC
PAQ = BAC lCommon anglen
..
APQ = ABC l . PQ || BC and AB is transversaln A
.
. . ' APQ and ' ABC are similar.
P Q
. AP AQ PQ
. . AB = AC = BC
B
AP 1 . . C
But AB = ±2 l . P, is the mid-point of ABn
. A Q 1± 1± .
..A C = 2 or, AQ = 2 AC, . . Q is the mid-point of AC l(i) is provedn
PQ 1 . 1
Again, B C = ±2 . . PQ = ±2 BC l(ii) is provedn
251
Chapter - 18
Application : 16. In 'ABC, B = C, the points D and E are situated on BA and CA in such
a way that BD = CE, let us prove that, DE || BC lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 17. I have drawn a median AD in a triangle 'ABC. If a line parallel to BC
intersects the two sides AB and AC at the points P and Q respectively, then let us prove that the
line segment PQ is bisected by AD.
Given ı AD is a median of ABC. The line parallel to the side BC intersects AB, AD and AC at
A
the points P, R and Q respectively.
To prove ı PR = RQ P R Q
Proof ı In ' APR and ' ABD, PAR = BAD lsame anglen B
D
.. C
and APR = Corresponding ABD l . PR || BD and AB is transversaln
.
. . ' APR and ' ABD are similar
. R AR
. . BP D = AD (i)
RQ AR
From ' ARQ and ' ADC, it can be proved similarly that, DC = AD (ii)
P R RQ
From (i) & (ii), we get, B D = DC
..
But, BD = DC l . AD is median n
.
. . PR = RQ lProvedn
Application : 18. I have drawn a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. The extended two sides of AB
and DC meet at the point P, let me prove that, PA.PB = PC.PD
Given ı In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, the extended two sides of AB and DC meet at the point P.
To prove ı PA.PB = PC.PD D
C
Proof ı ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
.
. . DAB + DCB = 180 P
Again, DCB + BCP = 180 B
A
.
. . DAB + DCB = DCB + BCP
.
. . DAB = BCP (i)
In ' APD and ' CPB, APD = CPB lSame anglen
and PAD = BCP lfrom (i)n
.
. . ' APD and ' CPB are similar.
.
. . PPAC = PP D
B
So, PA.PB = PC.PD SProvedV
I am observing in above proof that in 'APD and 'CPB, PA and PC are corresponding sides
and PD and PB are corresponding sides.
252
SIMILARITY

1. Which pairs of the following triangles are similar-let us write by calculating it. P
P
A A
6unit
2.5unit
4unit 5unit
)
3 unit
2unit
5unit
80
C 80
)
B 2.5unit R B C
Q 4unit Q R
)
6unit
2. I look at the following pair of triangles and I write by calculating, the value of ÈA.
X C
it
)
4.2unit 75 5.2unit

.4un 8.4unit
)65 10
Y 7unit Z B
A 14unit
3. In our field, a shadow of 4 cm length of a stick with the length of 6 cm. has fallen on the
ground. In the same time, If the length of the shadow of a high tower is 28m., then let us
write by calculating, the height of the tower.
P
Hints ı Let, PQ be tower and AB be stick
.
. . BC = 4 cm.ñ QC = 28 m. A
' PQC and ' ABC are similar. 6cm.
C
. PQ QC Q B48cm
. . AB = BC lLet me do it myselfn 28 m.
!
4. Let us prove that the line segment joining mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel
to third side and is equal to half of it.
5. Two parallel lines intersect three concurrent straight lines at the points A, B, C and X, Y, Z
respectively. Let us prove that, AB : BC = XY : YZ
6. I have drawn a trapezium PQRS whose PQ || SR ; if two diagonals PR and QS intersect
each other at the point O, then let me prove that OP : OR = OQ : OS; if SR = 2PQ, then
let me prove that the point O will be a trisector of each of two diagonals.
7. PQRS is a parallelogram. If a line passing through the point S intersects PQ and extended
RQ at the points X and Y respectively, then let us prove that PS : PX = QY : QX = RY : RS.
8. The two acute-angled triangles 'ABC and 'PQR are similar. Their circum-centres are X and Y
respectively; if BC and QR are corresponding sides, then let us prove that, BX : QY = BC : QR.
9. The two chords PQ and RS of a circle intersects each other at the point X within the
circle. By joining P,S and R,Q, let us prove that, 'PXS and 'RSQ are similar. From
this, let us prove that PX : XQ = RX : XS.
or, if two chords of a circle intersects internally, then the rectangle of two parts of one is
equal to the rectangle of two parts of other.
10. The two points P and Q are on a straight line. At the points P and Q, PR and QS are
perpendiculars on the straight line. PS and QR intersect each other at the point O. OT is
1 1 1
perpendicular on PQ. Let us prove that, OT = PR + QS
11. 'ABC is inscribed in a circle; AD is a diameter of the circle and AE is perpendicular on the
side BC, which intersects the side BC at the point E. Let us prove that, 'AEB and 'ACD
are similar. From this, let us prove that, AB.AC = AE.AD.
253
Chapter - 18
Debmalya has separated the right angled triangular

regions from the triangular regions which we have
made in the cardboard.
Among these, by taking two right angled triangles
Nusarat has made a perpendicular on hypotenuse
from the right-angular point of the triangle by folding
the paper.
A
From the right-angular point of the right-angled
triangle, Nusarat has drawn AD A BC.
B D C
Unfolding the paper, I got three triangles ABD, CAD and ABC. But are the three
triangles similar to each other ? Let us justify it by hands on trial.
Hands on trial
1. I have made two triangles ABC and PQR of same measures whose A=P = 90, B=Q
and C=R and I have cut out the two triangular regions.
2. Now by folding the paper I have drawn the perpendicular AD on the hypotenuse BC of 'ABC.
A P
B C Q R
D
3. Now I cut out ' ABD and ' CAD and by putting on ' PQR I am observing that
A = P = CDA = ADB
B = Q = ABD = CAD
C = R = DAB = ACD lLet me do it myselfn
.
. . I have got, ' ABD, ' CAD and ' ABC are similar.
.
. . By hands on trial, I have got, ' ABD, ' CAD and ' ABC are similar.
.
. . By hands on trial, I have got, from the right angular point of a right angled triangle, a
perpendicular drawn on hypotenuse divides the triangle into two triangles which are similap
to each other and each of them is similar to original triangle.
254
SIMILARITY

Theorem : 48. In any right angled triangle if a perpendicular is drawn from right angular point
on hypotenuse then the two triangles on both sides of this perpendicular are similar and each of
them is similar to original triangle.
Given ı ABC is a right angled triangle whose A is right angle and from right angular point A,
AD is perpendicular on the hypotenuse BC.
To prove ı (i)' DBA and ' ABC are similar to each other. (ii) ' DAC and ' ABC are
similar to each other. (iii) ' DBA and ' DAC are similar to each other.
A
Proof ı In ' DBA and ' ABC
BDA = BAC = 90
and ABD = CBA. So remaining˛ BAD = BCA
.
. . 'DBA and 'ABC are similar to each other. l(i) is provedn
Again, in ' DAC and ' ABC
B C
D
ADC = BAC = 90
ACD = BCA. So remaining CAD = CBA
.
. . ' DAC and ' ABC are similar to each other. l(ii) is provedn
' DBA and ' ABC are similar to each other.
Again, ' DAC and ' ABC are similar to each other.
So ' DBA and ' DAC are similar to each other. l(iii) is provedn
If the acute angles of each of two right-angled triangles are equal then the two right-angled
triangles are lLet me do it myselfn˚
Application : 19. In right angled triangle ABC, A is right angle. I draw a perpendicular AD
on the hypotenuse BC from the right-angular point A. Let me prove that, (i) AB2 = BC.BD, (ii)
AD2 = BD.CD and (iii) AC2 = BC.CD
Given ı In ABC, BAC = 90 ; AD A BC.
To prove ı (i) AB2 = BCāBD, (ii) AD2 = BDāCD and (iii) AC2 = BCāCD
..
Proof ı(i) ' DBA and'ABC are similar S . In ABC, AD is perpendicular on the hypotenuse
BC from the right-angular point AV
. AB BD A
. . B C = A B , so, AB = BC.BDl(i) is Provedn
2
(ii) ' DBA and ' DAC are similar.

. AD BD
.. C D = A D , so, AD = BD.CDl(ii) is Provedn
2
(iii) ' DAC and ' ABC are similar.

. AC CD B C
.. B C = A C , so, AC = BC.CDl(iii) is Provedn
2 D
In case of (ii) of the above proof, I am observing that, in right angled triangle ABC (A is right-
angle) if the perpendicular AD is drawn on the hypotenuse BC from the right-angular point A,
then the length of the line segment AD is mean proportion of the lengths of two parts of the
hypotenuse into which it is divided.
255
Chapter - 18
Application 20. In ' ABC, ABC = 90 and BD A AC; if BD = 6 cm. and AD = 4 cm. then
let us write by calculating, the length of CD. A 4 cm.
D
' DAB and ' DBC are similar.
. .
. . BD2 = ADāCD or,62 = 4îCD . . CD = lLet me write it myselfn 6 cm.
B C
Application : 21. In ' ABC, ABC = 90 and BD A ACó if AB = 6 cm. and BD = 3 cm. and
CD = 5.4 cm., then let us write by calculating the length of BC.È lLet me write it myselfn
Application : 22. I drew a perpendicular AD on the side BC from the vertex A of ' ABC.
BD DA
If DA = DC , then let us prove that, ABC is a right-angled triangle.
.. BD DA
Proof ı In ' BDA and ' ADC,È BDA = ADC = 90 l . AD A BC] and DA = DC
.
. . ' BDA and ' ADC are similar.lIf an angle of one of two triangles is equal to an
angle of the other and the adjacent sides of the angles are
proportional then these two triangles are similarn
So, ABD = CAD and BAD = ACD A
.
. . ABD + ACD = CAD + BAD
or, B + C = A
or, A + B + C = 2A
.
or, 2A = 180 . . A = 90 B C
. D
. . ABC is a right-angled triangle.
Application : 23. If I draw a perpendicular on the hypotenuse from the right-angular point A of
a right angled triangle ABC and if AC, AB and BC are in continued proportion, then let me
prove that the greatest part of the hypotenuse is equal to the smallest side of the triangle.
Given ı In right angled triangle ABC, A is right angle; I drew the perpendicular AD on the
hypotenuse BC from A. Let, AC be the smallest side. AC : AB = AB : BC
To prove ı The greatest part of the hypotenuse BC is equal to the side AC. Since DC of the
right angled triangle ADC can not be equal to the hypotenuse AC, so I have to prove
BD = AC. A
Proof ı AD is perpendicular on BC from right-angular point A.
.
. . ' ABD and ' ABC are similar.
. BD A B
. .A B = BC
AC AB BD AC B C
But, A B = BC lgivenn. So, A B = A B D
.
. . BD = AC lProvedn
256
SIMILARITY
Application : 24. I have drawn a circle with its diameter AB and centre O; I draw a
perpendicular on the diameter AB from a point P on the circle which intersects AB
at the point N. Let me prove that, PB2 = AB.BN
Given ı AB is a diameter of a circle with its centre O. P is any point on the circle and PN A AB
To prove ı PB2 = AB.BN P
Proofı AB is a diameter of the circle. So APB is an angle in a semicircle.

. A x B
N
. . APB = 1 right angle.
In right angled triangle APB, PN is a perpendicular drawn on the hypotenuse from the right
angular point P.
.
. . ' ABP and ' PBN are similar to each other.
PB AB
So, BN = P B
.
. . PB2 = AB.BN lProvedn
Application : 25. Two circles touch each other externally at the point A. PQ is a direct common
tangent of two circles. If the lengths of radii of two circles are r and r' respectively,
then let us prove that, PQ2 = 4rr'
Given ı Two circles with centres at R and S and radii of lengths r and r' respectively touch
each other externally at the point A. PQ is a direct common tangent of those two
circles and it touches the two circles at the points P and Q respectively.
To prove ı PQ2 = 4rr'
Constructionı R, A and A, S are joined, one common tangent of two circles are drawn at
the point A which intersects PQ at the point B. R, B and S, B are joined.
Proof ı The two tangents of the circle with centre R from the point B are BP and BA.
.
. . BP = BA and RB is the bisector of ABP
1
So, RBA = ±2 PBA
Again, the two tangents of the circle with centre S from the point B are BQ and BA.
.
. . BQ = BA and BS, is the bisector of ABQ.
. 1
. . SBA = ±2 QBA P
1
RBA + SBA = ±2 (PBA + QBA) B
Q
1 1 Rx
or, RBS = ±2 PBQ = ±2 î 180 = 90 A xS
.
. . RBS = 1 right angle.
R, S are centres of two circles and A is point of contact.
.
. . The three points R, A, S are collinear and AB A RS l... The tangent of a circle and
radius passing through point of contact are perpendicular to each othern
BA is perpendicular on the hypotenuse RS drawn from the right-angular point B of the
right angled triangle RBS.
257
Chapter - 18
.
. . ' ABR and ' ASB are similar to each other.
A B AR P
So, A S = AB
B
Q
or, AB = AR.AS
2 Rx
.. A xS
= r.r' l . AR = r and AS = r' n
.
. . 4AB2 = 4r.r'
or,(2AB)2 = 4 r r'
. .. ..
. . PQ2 = 4r r' l . PQ = PB + BQ = 2AB ; . PB = BA and QB = BAnSProvedV
Application : 26. Let us prove with reason that the ratio of the areas of two similar
triangles is equal to the ratio of the square of the corresponding sides.
lThe Proof is not included in the evaluationn
Given ı ' ABC a' DEF; A D
.
. . A = D, B = E and C = F
'ABC AB2 AC 2 BC 2
To Prove ı B P C E Q F
'DEF DE 2 DF2 EF2
Construction ı In ' ABC, AP A BC and in ' DEF, DQ A EF are drawn.
1
Proof ı ' ABC = ±2 BC.AP
1
and' DEF = ±2 EF.DQ
1
BC.AP
'ABC BC AP
=2 = .
'DEF 1 EF DQ
EF.DQ
2
In ' ABP and ' DEQ, ABP = DEQ ( . B =E)
..
APB = DQE Seach is right angleV

So, remaining PAB = QDE.
... ' ABP and ' DEQ are similar.
... AB = AP
DE DQ
Again ' ABC and ' DEF are similar.
AB AC BC . AP BC
So, DE = DF = EF . . DQ = EF
ǻABC BC AP BC BC BC 2
= . = . =
... ǻDEC EF DQ EF EF EF2
AB AC BC
Since, DE = DF = EF
AB2 AC 2 BC 2 'ABC AB2 AC 2 BC 2
So, ... lProvedn
DE 2 DF2 EF2 'DEF DE 2 DF2 EF2
258
SIMILARITY

1. In ' ABC, ABC = 90 and BD A AC; if BD = 8 cm. and AD = 5 cm., then let us
calculate the length of CD.
2. ABC is a right angled triangle whose B is right angle and BD A AC; if AD = 4 cm. and
CD = 16 cm., then let us calculate the lengths of BD and AB.
3. AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O, P is any point on the circle, the tangent drawn
through the point P intersects the two tangent drawn through the points A and B, at the points
Q and R respectively. If the radius of the circle be r, let us prove that, PQ.PR = r2
4. I have drawn a semicircle with a diameter AB. I have drawn a perpendicular on AB from
any point 'C' on AB which intersects the semicircle at the point D. Let us prove that CD is
mean proportion of AC and BC.
5. In right angled triangle ABC,È A is right angle. AD is perpendicular on the hypotenuse
'ABC BC2
BC, let us prove that 'ACD = AC 2
6. AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O. A line drawn through the point A intersects the
circle at the point C and the tangent through B at the point D. Let us prove that
(i) BD2 = AD.DC (ii) The area of the rectangle formed by AC and AD for any straight line
is always equal.
7. V.S.A.
(A) M.C.Q ı
AB BC AC
(i) In ' ABC and ' DEF, if DE = FD = EF then
(a) B = E (b) A = D (c) B = D (d) A = F
(ii) In ' DEF and ' PQR, if D = Q and R = E, then let us write which of the
following is not right :
EF DF QR EF DE DF EF DE
(a) PR = PQ (b) PQ = DF (c) QR = PQ (d) RP = QR
(iii) In ' ABC and ' DEF, if A=E = 40, AB : ED = AC : EF and F = 65, then the
value of B is
(a) 35 (b) 65 (c) 75 (d) 85
AB BC CA
(iv) In ' ABC and ' PQR, if È Q R = P R = P Q then
(a) A = Q (b) A = P (c) A = R (d) B = Q
(v) In 'ABC, AB = 9 cm., BC = 6 cm., and CA = 7.5 cm. In 'DEF, the corresponding side
of BC is EF; EF = 8 cm. and if 'DEF a'ABC, then the perimeter of 'DEF will beÈ
(a) 22.5 cm. (b) 25 cm. (c) 27 cm. (d) 30 cm.
259
Chapter - 18
(i) If the corresponding angles of two quadrilaterals are equal, then they are similar.
(ii) In the adjoining figure, if ADE = ACB then ' ADE a' ACB
(iii) In ' PQR, D is a point on the side QR so that PD A QR; so ' PQD a' RPD
(C) Let the fill in the blank :

(i) Two triangles are similar if their ˚ sides are proportional.
(ii) The perimeters of 'ABC and 'DEF are 30 cm. and 18 cm. respectively.È 'ABC a
'DEFó BC and EF are corresponding sides. If BC = 9 cm., then EF = cm.
8. S.A.
(i) In the adjoining figure, if ACB = BAD and ADA BC; AC =
15 cm., AB = 20 cm., and BC = 25 cm., then let us write the length of AD.
(ii) In the adjoining figure, ABC = 90 and BD A AC; if AB = 30 cm.,
BD = 24 cm. and AD = 18 cm., then let us determine the length of BC.
(iii) In the adjoining figure, ABC = 90 and BD A AC; if BD = 8 cm. and
AD = 4 cm. then let us write the length of CD.
(iv) In trapezium ABCD, BC || AD and AD = 4 cm.The two diagonalsAC and BD intersect

AO DO 1
at the point O in such a way that, OC = OB = ±2 . Let us calculate the length of BC.
(v) ' ABC a ' DEF and in ' ABC and ' DEF, the corresponding sides of AB,BC and
CA are DE, EF and DF respectively; if A = 47 and E = 83, then let us write the
value of C.
260
REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS
19 REAL LIFE PROBLEMS

TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS
RELATED
Last year, in December during winter vacation, we along

with our aunty's family went for a tour to our village house
at Atpur. At that time, paddy was being threshed in the
fields and the granary was filled with paddy.
Application : 1 The lower portion of the granary of our house is right circular
cylindrical shaped and the upper portion of it is cone shaped. The length of
base diametre of this granary is 2.1 m, the height of the cylindrical part is 2m.
2
and the height of conical part is 1.4 m. But in this granary –3 part of it is filled
with paddy. How I shall get the volume of paddy kept in the granary.
2.1 21
The length of base radius of the granary = 2 m. = 20 m.
22 21 21
The volume of cylindrical part = 7 × 20 × 20 × 2 m³ = 6.93 m³
1 22 21 21 14
The volume of corical part = –3 × 7 × 2 0 × 2 0 × 1 0 m³
77×21
= 1000 m³ = 1.617 m³
.
. . Volume of that granary = (6.93 + 1.617) m³ = 8.547 m³
. 2
. . The volume of paddy kept in that granary = –3 × 8.547 m³ = 5.698 m³
I have understood that, since some part of the granary is cylindrical and some part is conical
shaped, so the two volumes are determined separately and taking their sums we have got the
volume of granary.
Application : 2 But if the length of outer diameter of a hollow iron cylinder with the height of 25
cm. is 14 cm. and the length of inner diameter of it is 10 cm. and if by melting the cylinder, a soild
right circular cone having half of its height is made, then let us determine the length of base
diamter of the cone.
14
The length of outer radius of hollows cylinder (R) = 2 cm. = 7cm., the length of inner radius
10
(r) = 2 cm. = 5cm., the height of the cylinder = 25cm.
.
. . The quantity of iron in the cylinder =S(R2 – r2) × height =S(72 – 52) × 25 cm³
=S× 24 × 25 cm³
25
The height of solid cone = 2 cm.
Let the length of base radius of the cone = r cm.
1 25
According, to the condition, –3 S× r2 × 2 = S× 24 × 25
.
..r=± lLet me write it by calculating myselfn
.
But the length of radius can not be regative. . . r z – so, r =
.
. . The base diameter of the cone = 2 × r cm. = cm.
261
Chapter : 19
Application : 3 The length of external diameter of the face of a hemispherical bowl made of
silver sheet is 8 cm. and the length of internal diameter of it is 4 cm. By melting the bowl a solid
cone is made whose diameter is 8 cm. in length. Let us calculate the height of the cone. [Let me
do it myself]
Application : 4 There is some water in a right circular drum. A conical iron piece having the
diameter of 2.8 dcm. and of the height of 3 dcm. is immersed completely in to this water. For this,
water level of the drum is raised by 0.64 dcm. Let us determine the base diameter of the drum.
2.8
The length of the base radius of the cone = 2 dcm. = 1.4 dcm. and height = 3 dcm.
. 1
. . Volume of the cone = –3 S× (1.4)2 × 3 dcm³
Let the length of base radius of drum be r dcm.
For immersing conical iron piece into the water of the drum, water-level is raised by 0.64 dcm.
.
. . The volume of increased water in the drum = Volume of conical iron piece.
. 1
. . Sr2 × 0.64 = –3 S × (1.4)2 × 3 or, r2 = orñ r = ± [Let me do it myself]
.
But the length of radius can not be negative. . . r z – ñ So, r =
.
. . The length of base diameter of the drum = dcm.
Application : 5 There is some water in a right circular cylinder with the diameter of 28 cm.
Three soild iron spheres can be immersed completely into it. After immersing the spheres, the
height of the water level is increased by 7cm. than it was before the immersion of the spheres
into water. Let us determine the length of the diameter of the spheres. [Let me do it myself]
Hints : Let the length of the radius of the spheres be r cm.
4 .
According to the condition, 3 × –3 Sr3 = S× 142 × 7 .. r=
Application : 6 I took a right circular drum with the radius of 21 cm. and the height of 21 cm.
and a solid iron sphere with the diameter of 21 cm. Let us write, by calculating the ratio of
volumes of that drum and that of the solid iron sphere. (I shall not consider the thickness of the
drum). Now by filling the drum completely with water, the sphere is taken out after immersing it
into the drum completely. As a result, let us determine the depth of water in the drum now.
The length of radius of the drum is 21 cm. and its height is 21 cm.
.
. . The volume of the drum = S× 212 × 21 cm3.
. 21
The length of diameter of the sphere is 21 cm., . . The length of radius is 2 cm.
. 4
. . The Volume of the sphere = –3 × S × ( 221 ) cm³
3
. 4
. . The Volume of the drum : The Volume of the sphere =S×21×21×21 : –3S × 21 × 21×21
2× 2×2 = 6:1
Immersing the sphere and taking it out, the sphere removed water of its equal volume.
Let the height of water removed by the sphere be h cm.
4 21 × 21×21 4
According to the condition, S× 212 × h = –3 S × 2× 2× 2 or, S× 21 × 21 × h = –3 S ×
21× 21×21, .
8 . . h = 3.5
.
. . Now, the depth of water in the drum 21 cm. – 3.5 cm. = 17.5 cm.
262
Application : 7 If the lengths of base diameter and the heights of a solid hemisphere and a solid
cone are equal, then let us write by calculating, the ratio of their volumes and the ratio of their
curved surface areas.
The lengths of base diameters of hemisphere and cone are equal. So, the lengths of their radii
are equal.
Let, the length of the radius of the hemisphere and cone be r unit.
The height of the hemisphere = the length of the radius of the hemisphere.
According to the given condition, height of cone = r unit.
. r
. . Slant height of cone = r2+r2 unit = 2 r unit. r
r r
2 3
ʌr
Volume of sphere 2 .
Hence, Volume of cone 3 , . . The ratio of the volumes of hemisphere and cone is 2:1
1 2 1
ʌr . r
3 2ʌr 2 2
and the ratio of the curved surface areas of hemisphere and cone 2 :1
ʌ.r. 2.r 1
Application : 8 If recasting a solid metallic sphere of radius 2.1 cm. into a right circular rod,
then let us write by calculating, the length of diameter of the rod.
Let us determine the ratio of total surface areas of the rod and sphere.
Let the length of the right circular rod be r cm.
4 ..
According to the condition, Sr2 × 7 =–3 S× (21)3 l . 2.1 dcm. = 21 cm.n
. 4
. . r2 = –3 × 21×721×21 or, r = ± [Let me do it myself]
But radius can not be negative.
.
so, r z– ..r=
. .
. . The length of the radius of the rod is 42 cm. . . The length of the diameter of the rod is 84cm.
The ratio of total surface areas of the rod and the sphere is = : [Let me write it
by calculating myself]
Application : 9 A hemisphere can with internal radius of 9 cm. is completely filled with water.
I shall fill this water in a cylindrical bottle with a diameter of 3 cm. and height of 4 cm. Let me
calculate the number of bottles to be required to make the bottle empty.
Let the number of bottle be n.
3 2 .. 3
Water can be put in 1 bottle = S ( –2 ) × 4 cm³ l . length of radius is –2 cm.n
. 3 2
. . water can be put in n bottles = S ( –2 ) × 4 × n cm³
2
u9u9u9
3 2 2 6u9u9
According to the condition, S ( –2 ) × 4 × n = –3 S (9)3, ?n 3
3 3
54
4u u 3u 3
2 2
.
. . 54 bottles are required to make the water filled can empty.
263
Chapter : 19
Application : 10 If a wooden log with a shape of rectangular parallelopiped with square

cross-section is made by wasting minimum wood from a right circular wooden log having the
diameter of 12 2 cm. and length of 21 m. Let us calculate the quantity of remaining wood and
the quantity of wasted wood.
12 2
The length of radius of right circular cylindrical wooden log = 2 cm. = 6 2 cm.
The length of wooden log = 21 m. = 2100 cm.
Volume of wooden log = base area × height
22
= 7 × 6 2 × 6 2 × 2100 cm³.
= 475200 cm³. = 475.2 dcm³.
Wasting minimum quantity of wood, one wooden log with square cross-section is to be formed
from a wooden log with circular crossection.
Therefore, length of diagonal of the square = length of diameter of the circle.
Let the length of the side of the square be a cm.
12
So, 2 a = 12 2
2c
m
.
. . a = 12
.
. . Volume of rectangular parallelopiped shaped wooden log = base area × height
= 12 × 12 × 2100 cm³
= 302400 cm³
= 302.4 dcm³
.
. . The quantity of remaining wood in that wooden log is 302.4 dcm³
and the quantity of wasted wood will be (475.2 – 302.4) dcm³ = 172.8 dcm³
Application : 11 An out let pipe in the roof with length of 13m. and breadth of 11m. was closed
at the time of rain fall. After rain fall, it was seen that water having logged in the roof with 7cm.
depth. The length of diameter of outlet pipe is 7cm. and water comes out cylindrically with
200m. length/min. Let us calculate the time required to drain out whole amount of water after
opening the pipe.
Volume of logged water in the roof = 1300 × 1100 × 7 cm³.
22 7 7
Water exits from the pipe per minute 7 × –2 × –2 × 200 × 100 cm³
= 11 × 7 × 100 × 100 cm³
.. 7
l . The length of radius of cylindrical waterpillar = –2 cm. and its length is 200m. = 200 × 100 cm.n
Time required for draining out whole amount of water after opening the pipe
1300 × 1100 × 7
=11 × 7 × 100 × 100 minutes
= 13 minutes
264
Let us work out 19
1. There is a solid iron pillar in front of Anowar's house whose lower portion is right circular
cylinder shaped and upper portion is cone shaped. The length of their base diameter is
20cm. and, the height of cylindrical portion is 2.8m. and the height of conical portion is
42cm. If the weight of 1 cm³ iron is 7.5 gm., then let us calculate the weight of iron pillar.
2. The height of a solid right circular cone is 20cm. and its slant height is 25cm. If the height of
a solid right circular cylinder, having as much volume as that of the cone, is 15 cm., then let
us calculate the base diameter of the cylinder.
3. There is some water in a right circular cylindrical can with the diameter of 24 cm. If 60 solid
conical iron pieces with base diameter of 6 cm. and height of 4 cm. are immersed completely
into water, then let us write by calculating, the increased height of water level.
4. If the ratio of the curved surface areas of a solid cone and a solid right circular cylinder
having same base radii and same height is 5:8, then let us determine the ratio of their base
radii and heights.
5. By melting a soild iron sphere with 8 cm. radius, how many marble balls of 1 cm. diameter
can be obtained? Let us write by calculating it.
6. The base radius of a solid right circular iron rod is 32 cm. and its length is 35 cm. Let us
calculate the number of solid cones of 8 cm. radius and 28 cm. height can be made by
melting this rod.
7. Let us determine the volume of a solid right circular cone which can be made from a solid
wooden cube of 4.2 dcm. edge length by wasting minimum quantity of wood.
8. If the radii and the volumes of a solid sphere and a solid right circular cylinder are equal
then let us calculate the ratio of the radius and height of the cylinder.
9. Let us determine the number of solid spheres with diameter of 2.1dcm. can be made by melting
a solid copper rectangular parallelopiped piece with length of 6.6 dcm., breadth of 4.2dcm.
and thickness of 1.4dcm. and also calculate the quantity of metal in dcm³ in each sphere.
10. Let us determine the length of a right circular rod of 2.8cm. radius made by recasting a
solid gold sphere of 4.2cm. radius.
11. If a solid silver sphere of a diameter of 6 dcm. is melted and recasted into a solid right
circular rod, then let us determine the length of diameter of the rod.
12. The length of the radius of cross-section of a solid right circular rod is 3.2dcm. By melting
the rod 21 solid spheres are made. If the radius of the sphere is 8cm., then let us determine
the length of the rod.
265
Chapter : 19
13. Half of a tank of 21dcm. length, 11dcm. breadth and 6dcm. depth is full of water. Now if
100 iron spheres of 21 cm. diameter is immersed completely into the water of this tank,
then let us calculate the rise of water level in dcm.
14. Let us determine the ratio of volumes of a solid cone, a solid hemisphere and a solid
cylinder of same base diameter and same height.
15. The external radius of a hollow sphere made of lead sheet of 1 cm. thickness is 6cm. If
melting the sphere, a solid right circular rod of 2cm. radius is made, then let us calculate the
length of the rod.
16. The cross-section of a rectangular parallelopiped wooden log of 2m. length is a square and
each of its side is 14 dcm. in length. If this log can be converted into a right circular log by
wasting minimum amount of wood, then let us calculate what amount of wood (in m³) will
be remained in it and what amount of wood (in m³) will be wasted.
[Hints : The circumcircle inscribed in a rectangular figure, the length of the diameter of the
circle is equal to the length of the side of the square.]
17. V.S.A.
(A) M.C.Q.
(i) A solid sphere of r unit radius is melted and from it a solid right circular cone is made.
The base radius of the cone is
(a) 2r unit (b) 3r unit (c) r unit (d) 4r unit
SiiV By melting a solid right circular cone, a solid right circular cylinder of same radius is
made whose height is 5cm. The height of the cone is
(a) 10 cm. SbV 15 cm. ScV 18 cm. SdV 24 cm.
SiiiV The length of the radius of a right circular cylinder is r unit and height is 2r unit. The
length of the diameter of the largest sphere that can be kept in the cylinder is
r
SaV r unit SbV 2r unit ScV –2 unit SdV 4r unit
SivV The volume of the largest solid that can be cut out from a solid hemisphere of r unit radius is
Sr3 Sr3
SaV 4Sr3 unit³ SbV 3Sr3 unit³ ScV 4 unit³ SdV 3 unit³
SvV If from a solid cube with the edge of x unit length, the largest solid sphere is cut out,
then the length of the diameter of the sphere is
x
SaV x unit SbV 2x unit ScV –2 unit˛ SdV 4x unit
SiV If two solid hemispheres of same type whose base radii are r unit each and if they are
conncected along base, then the total surface area of the connected solid is 6Sr2 sq. unit.
266
SiiV The base radius of a solid right circular cone is r unit, height is h unit and slant height is
l uint. The base of the cone is joined along a base of a right circular cylinder. If the
base radii and heights of the cylinder and cone are same, then the total surface area of
the connected solid is SSrl + 2Srh + 2Sr2V sq. unit.
SCV Let us fill in the blank :
SiV The base radii of a solid right circular cylinder and two hemispheres are same. If two
hemispheres are fixed with two plane surfaces of the cylinder, then the total surface
area of the new solid = curved surface area of one hemisphere + curved suface area
of + curved surface area of other hemisphere.
SiiV The shape of a pencil cutting one face is a combination of cone and .
SiiiV By melting a solid sphere, a solid right circular cylinder is made. The volume of the
sphere and cylinder .
18. S.A.
SiV A solid right circular cylinder is made by melting a solid right circular cone. The radii of
both are equal. If the height of the cone is 15 cm., then let us determine the height of
the solid cylinder.
SiiV The radii and volumes of a solid circular cone and the solid sphere are equal. Let us
determine the ratio of the diameter of the sphere and the height of the cone.
SiiiV Let us determine the ratio of the volumes of a solid right circular cylinder, a solid right
circular cone and a solid sphere of equal diameter and equal height.
SivV The shape of the lower portion of a solid is hemisphere and the shape of upper
portion of it is right circular cone. If the surface areas of two parts are equal, then let
us write by calculating, the ratio of the radius and height of the cone.
SvV The base radius of a solid right circular cone is equal to the length of the radius of a
solid sphere. If the volume of the sphere is twice of that of the cone, then let us write
by calculating the ratio of the height and base radius of the cone.
267
Chapter : 20
TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF
20 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
Every afternoon we, the friends, play different types of games

in a big field near the pond. We have decided that today
we will fly kites in the field. So we all assemble in the field
at 4 pm. with some kites and spool.
Suva and I can not fly the kite well. So we are looking at the kites being flown by our friends
sitting near the field. At first, Rina flied kites with the help of other friends. I am observing that
Rina's kite is being risen well from the ground.
1 But how shall we get the height of Rina's kite from the ground ?
The measurement of this type of height, the height of a pillar [without rising on the pillar], the
bneadth of the streaming river etc. with the help of a simple method which is discussed in a
special branch of mathematics. This special branch of mathematics is known as Trigonometry.
The term trigonometry has come out from the Greek word "Tri" [which means three], "gon"
[which means angle] and "metron" [which means measurement].
"Trigonometry" is the discussion about the relation of angle A A
and side of a right angled triangle. Besides this, we shall
discuss about acute angled triangles and obtused angled
triangles in trigonometry. But in those cases, the triangles B C C
D D B
are converted into right-angled triangles. As for example :
˛Trigonometry is used for determining the distances of the planets and stars from the Earth in
earliar times. But now, the higher technique is used in engineering and in physical science also,
the trigonometrical view is used. A
I draw the position of Rina's kite in my copy and see what I get.
Let, in the adjoining figure,
The point C is the position of Rina on the ground.
The point A is the position of Rina's kite,
and AB is the perpendicular distance or height of the kite from the ground. C B
I am observing that, I have got a right-angled triangle whose ACB is an angle [acute/
obtuse]
Again, in right angled triangle ABC, the height AB is changing with the change of A2
A
values of È ACBÈ
2 Can the value of an angle be greater than 360º ? I try to know it by
drawing the picture. A1
If two rays are coming out off a point, then the two rays divide a plane in
which it lies into two regions. Each of two regions produced by those two
rays is called the produced angle at that point. C B2 B B1
In the adjoining figure, for coming out two rays OA and 1234567890123456789 B !
1234567890123456789
OB from the point 'O', AOB and BOA are formed, 1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
B !
123456789012
123456789012
1234567890123456789 123456789012
these are called "geometric angle". In case of geometric 1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
123456789012
123456789012
123456789012
angle,measures of angle is mainly considered without its 1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
O
1234567890123456789!
123456789012
123456789012
123456789012
1234567890123456789
A O !
direction. 1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789 A
268
TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
I have understood, that geometric angle may be of any measures lying !

between 00 and 3600. x
A2
Can a conception be formed about an angle by the rotation of a ray ? x !
Let us see what we shall get if the ray rotates clockwise or anti-clockwise 45º A 1
direction.
If we rotate a ray in anticlock-wise direction by keeping its end point O
30º
x !
fixed from which the ray comes out in the same plane, then after A
rotation of the ray, each of next position makes an angle with the first
!
position at that end point. xA
3 !
In the adjoining figure, keeping the end point O of the ray OA xA
fixed, in the same plane by rotating the ray in anti clookwise direction, 2
!
n xA
I have got the position OA1, OA 2, OA3 etc. of the ray, which make n 1
!
different angles at the point O, AOA 1, AOA 2, AOA 3 etc. O
x !
respectivly. These angles are called trigonometrical angles. A
In case of trigonometrical angles, both the direction of rotating ray and the measurement of angle
formed by it are considered. If the rotating ray rotates anti clookwise direction, the angle formed
is called positive angle according to the rule, and if the ray rotates clockwise direction, the angle
formed is called negative angle. A2 !
x
In the adjoining figure, the ray OA by rotating anticlockwise A1 !
direction keeping the centre at O, has produced AOA1=+Tº x
!
(Theta) and AOA 2=+Dº (Alpha). But AOA 1=Tº and + Dº
!
+Tº A
AOA2=Dº are written [(+) sign is not used]. O x !
But in the adjoining figure, the ray OB by rotating clockwise O
x
!
– Tº B
direction keeping the centre at O has produced BOB1= –Tº
–Dº
!
and BOB2= –Dº ST>0ñ D>0V
x !
!
But if a ray of an angle comes back to its first position after one complete rotation B1
in anticlockwise direction, then let us see the measurement of angle that I shall get. x !
As many times as a ray of an angle completes rotation in anticlockwise direction B2
so as to the measurement of the angle will be increased by 360 accordingly.
0
Again as many times as a ray completes rotation in clockwise direction, so as to

the angle will be decreased by 360º accordingly. !
x
I have understood, in the adjoining figure, the ray OP1 with the centre at O, P1
after one complete anticlockwise rotation [ie. after rotation of 360º more] O Tº
!
x !
has come back again in the position OP2 from the initial position OP1 and in (i) P
that case, I have got,POP2 = 360º+Tº where POP1 = Tº P
x !
2
lHere in the figure (ii), the two rays OP2 and OP1 has
!
Tº 360º+Tº
overlappedn O
x !
P
O
In the same way, from the adjoining figure, we are Nx ! (ii)
observing that the ray ON1 with centre at O has come –Tº
!
back in the position ON2 after one complete clockwise xN1

! N
x!
rotation. (overlapped on the ray ON1) and in this case O – T º –(360º+Tº)
x !
!
NON2 = – (360º+Tº) where, NON1 = – Tº N2
269
Chapter : 20
3 If any rotating ray rotates an angle of 30º more after two successive complete anticlockwise
rotations from its initial position centering at its end, then in that case, let us calculate the
measurement of angle what it will be.
The required measurement of angle = 2×360º+30º =
If any rotating ray rotates an angle of 45º more after three successive complete anticlockwise
rotations, then in that case, let us calculate what will be the measurement of the angle. lLet me
do it myselfn
The lowest and highest measurements of geometric angles are 0º and 360º respectively; but
except 0º and 360º as limits, the trigonometric angle may be of any measurement of below 0º
and any measurement of above 360º.
4 But let us see the methods required to measure the trigonometrical angles.
The two general systems to measure trigonometrical angles are (i) Sexagesimal System and
(ii) Circular System
Sexagesimal System : The angle formed by two perpendicular intersecting lines is called right
angle.
In this system, one right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and each part is called one degree
(1º) and for this reason, one right angle = 90º; again one degree is divided into 60 equal
sexagesimal minutes and each minute is divided into 60 sexagesimal seconds.
? We have got, 1 right angle = 90º (degree)
90º
1º (degree) = 60' (minute)
1' (minute) = 60" (second)
Circular System : The measure of an angle subtended at the centre by an
arc having equal length with radius is called one radian and it is written as r 1c
1c; the ratio of circumference and diameter of any circle is constant. Ox r
On the basis of this relation, the unit of this has been established.
But if radian is defined with the help a circle with any radius, will it always be a
constant angle? Let us try to justify it by hands on trial.
Hands on trial
(1) I drew three concentric circles on an art paper.
(2) From the smallest circle I cut off an arc AD having equal length F
E
with radius along the circle by putting a string and by joining O, D
A and O, D I have got AOD which is an angle subtended at
x
the centre by an arc having equal length with its radius of that O AB C
smallest circle.
(3) OA and OD arc extended (produced) which intersect other
two circles at the points B, C and E, F respectively.
270
By measuring, I am observing that, the length of the arc BE ie, the length of the string putting
along BE = OB = the radius of the corresponding circle
Again the length of the arc˚ CF = [Let me justify it by hands on trial]
= the length of radius of the corresponding circle.
? I have got, BOE and COFÈare the angles subtended at the centre by the arcs having
lengths equal to the radii of the corresponding circles.
? By hands on trial, I have got that the arcs having lengths equal with the radii of the
corresponding circles make fixed angle at the centre. ie, radian is a constant angle
By drawing any circle, I am observing that radian is a constant angle by justifying it with hands
on trial. lLet me do it myselfn B
!
r
5 I prove with reason that radian is a constant angle.
Ox r A
!
Proof : Let, the centre of a circle be O and the radius be OA
Let, OA = r unit
The arc AB having length equal with the radius OA subtended an angle AOB at the
centre O. According to the definition AOB = 1 radian.
We know that the circle subtends 4 right angle at the centre.
The length of the arc AB r 1
? = =
Circumference of the circle 2Sr 2S
AOB 1 radian
Again, =
4 right angle 4 right angle
From geometry, it can be found that the angle subtended at the centre by arcs of different lengths
is equal to the ratio of the lengths of their arcs.
AOB The length of the arc AB
So, =
4 right angle circumference of the circle
1 radian 1
or, =
4 right angle 2S
4 right angle 2 right angle

or, 1 radian = = and this is constant as both 2 right angle and S
2S S
are constants
2 right angle
? we have got, 1 radian =
S
2 right angle
or, 1c =
S
so, S radian = 2 right angle or, 180º
or, Sc = 2 right angle or, 180º
271
Chapter : 20
6 I write the value of 1 radian in sexagesimal system by calculating it.

Sradian = 2 right angle = 180º
1800 1800
? 1 radian = S 22 [for calculation the approximate value of S
=
7 is taken as 22 ]
7
= 180º×7 = 57º16c22cc (approximately) ... 1 radian = 57º16'22" (approx)
22
57 3º = 3×60 ' = 180' 4 ' = 4×60 " = 240"
630º
11 630
n
16 21.8
11
– 55 11 180 11 240
80 – 11 – 22
–77 70 20
3 –66 –11
4 90
– 88
2
630º 21.8" | 22 "
= 57º16'22" (approx)
11
7 I see by calculating the value of 1ºÈ in circular system
180º =S c
, (approximately) ? I am observing that, 1º < 1c ...
S c
or, 1º =
180
( ) (
=
22 c
7×180
) [22
7×180
<1 ]
We have got a relation between the units of two systems.
[Let me fill in the box myself] We shall remember : (1) For understanding
Sexagesimal System Circular System angle in Sexagesimal system the sign µº¶ is
360º 2S radian = 2S c used above the measure of an angle, as 60
180º = Sc degree = 60º ; again in circular system, for
S denoting angle, the sign µc¶ is used above the
90º radian =
2 measure of an angle, example : 1 radian = 1c
Sc (2) In circular system, we express the value
60º =
3
S Sc of the angle by S and its parts. We do not
radian = S
4 4 use always the sign µc¶. Example, is written
3
S for 600.
30º radian =
6
Application : 1. The values of two angles of a triangle in Sexagesimal system are 75º and 45º
respectively; let us determine the value of the third angle in circular system.
Let, in ' ABC, ABC = 75º and ACB = 45º A
? BAC = 180º – (75º+45º) =
. S
Again, 180º = S, . . 60º =
3 S
?The required value of the third angle in circular system is 75º 45º
3B C
272
Application : 2. If the Sexagesimal values of two angles of a triangle are 65º and 85º respectively,
let us determine the Circular value of third angle. [Let us do it myself]
Application : 3. A rotating ray rotates 30º more after two complete rotations in anticlockwise
direction; let us determine the Sexagesimal and Circular value of the angle.
Since, the ray is rotating anticlockwise direction,
? The angle will be [positive/negative]
For one complete rotation of the rotating ray degree angle is formed.
? For 2 complete rotations, the angle will be 2×360º = 720º
Since after 2 complete rotations it rotates 30º more angle,
So, the sexagesimal value of the angle is 720º+30º = 750º
Again, 180º = S, ? 750º = (750

180
S) = 4 S
1
6
Application : 4. I express 3750" into degrees, minutes and seconds.

60" = 1' 62 60 ' = 1º 1
? 60 3750 ? 60 62
– 360 – 60
150 2
–120
30 ? 3750 " = 1º2 ' 30 "
Application : 5. I express 85.12º into degrees, minutes and seconds.
85.12º = 85º+(0.12)º
= 85º+(0.12×60 ' ) [ ... 1º = 60' ]
= 85º + 7.2 '
= 85º+7' +0.2' = 85º+7 ' +(0.2×60 " ) [ ... 1' = 60" ]
= 85º+7 ' +12 " = 85º7 ' 12 "
Application : 6. I express 40º16' 24" into radian.
40º16' 24" = 40º+16 ' +24 "
24 ' . .
= 40º+16 ' +
60
( ) [ . 60 " = 1' ]
2
= 40º+16 ' + ' = 40º+ 16 + '
5
( 2
5
)
82 º . .
82
= 40º+ ' = 40º+
5 5×60
( )
[ . 60 ' = 1º]
= 40º+
41 º
150
=( )
º
Since, 180º = S lLet me do it myselfn
º
... 6041 = ʌ × 6041 = 6041 ʌ
150 180 150 27000
273
Chapter : 20
Application : 7. Let me express 22º30' into radian. [Let me do it myself]

S
Application : 8. The difference of two acute angles in a triangle is radian. Let me express
5
the values of two angles into radian and degree.
Let the values of two acute angles be x c and yc and x>y
S S
According to the condition, x+y = and x–y =
2 5
S
x+y =
2
S
x–y =
5
S S S S
2x = + = ?x=
2 5 10 20
S S S
?y= – =
2 20 20
Again, S = 180º
S 9×180º
? x= = = 81º
20 20
S 180º S S
and y = = = 9º ? The values of two angles are or 81º and or 9º
20 20 20 20
Application : 9. The ratio of the angles of a triangle is 2 : 5 : 3 ; let us determine the circular value
of the smallest angle of the triangle.
Let the values of the angles be 2x, 5x and 3x radian, where x is common multiple and x>0
? 2x+5x+3x = S
or, 10x = S
S
?x=
10
S S
? The value of the smallest angle will be 2x = =
10 5
Application : 10. I have drawn an equilateral triangle ABC. The line joining mid-point D of BC and
the vertex A is AD; let us write by calculating, the circular value of BAD. lLet me do it myselfn
Hints : In equilateral triangle ABC, BAC = 60º and the median of equilateral triangle is the
bisector of corresponding angle. ? BAD = 30º
My friend Suva has drawn a circle in his copy and he has drawn an arc XKY of any length in
that circle.
8 That arc XKY of any length will make an angle at the centre, let us see, how shall we get its
circular value. I draw a circle with centre O and radius r unit length and let us determine what
radian angle will be produced by an arc of s unit length at the centre.
Y
In the adjoining figure, in the circle with centre O, OX = r unit, P
Let the length of the arc XKYÈ be s unit. K
The arc XKY of s unit length subtends XOY at the centre. X
O
Let, the arc XKP of r unit length subtends XOP at the centre.
... XOP = 1 radian lAccording to the definitionn
274
In a circle the ratio of the angles at the centre subtended by different arcs is equal to the ratio of
the lengths of their arcs.
XOY s
So, = Length of the arc XKY = r
XOP
Length of the arc XKP
XOY s
or, =r
1 radian
s
or, T = r llet, XOY = T radiann
? s = rT
? We have got, that in a circle of radius r unit length, if the circular value of an angle subtended
by an arc of s unit length at the centre is T then, s = rT
Application : 11. If the length of a radius in a circle drawn by Suva is 7 cm, then let us determine
the circular value of an angle subtended by an arc of 5.5 cm length at the centre of that circle.
Here, r = 7 cm and s = 5.5 cm.
Let, the circular value of the angle subtended by 5.5 cm. arc be T
s = rT
? 5.5 = 7×T
5.5 55 11
or, T = = =
7 70 14
11 11c Sc . . 22
? The required circular value of the angle is radian or
14 14
or
4
S . 7 |S V
Application : 12. If the length of the radius of a circle is 6 cm, then let us write by calculating,
the circular value of an angle which is subtended by arc of 15 cm. length at the centre.
Application : 13. In a circle, the ratio of two angles subtended by two arcs of unequal lengths
is 5 : 3 and the sexagesimal value of the second angle is 45º ; let us determine the sexagesimal
value and circular value of the first angle.
Let, the sexagesimal value of the first angle be Tº
Tº 5 5×45º
According to the condition, = or, Tº = = 75º
45º 3 3
75 5
Since, 180º = S c so, 75º = × S c= S c
180 12
5 c
? The sexagasimal value of the first angle is 75º and its circular value is S
12
Application : 14. If the measures of two angles of a triangle are 35º57' 4" and 39º2' 56" , then
let us determine the circular value of third angle.
The sum of two angles of the triangle = 35º57' 4" + 39º2' 56"
= 74º 59' 60"
= 74º 60'
= 75º
Sc 7
? The value of the third angle = 180º–75º = 105º = 105× = Sc
180 12
7
Therefore, the circular value of the third angle is S
12
275
Chapter : 20
Application : 15. Let us write the value of complementary angle of 65º35'25" in sexagesimal system.
90º = 89º60 '
= 89º59' 60"
89º59' 60"
– 65º 35' 25"
24º 24' 35"
? The complementary angle of 65º35' 25" is 24º 24' 35"
Application : 16. Let us write the value of complementary angle of 27º27'27" in sexagesimal
system. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 17. Let us write the supplymentary angle of 75º 36' 24" in sexagesimal system.
180º = 179º60 '
= 179º59' 60"
179º59' 60"
– 75º 36' 24"
104º 23' 36 "
? The supplymentary angle of 75º 36' 24" is 104º 23' 36"
Application : 18. Let us write the supplymentary angle of 85º32' 36" in sexagesimal system.
Let us work out 20
1. Let us express the following into degrees, minutes and seconds.
1º
(i) 832' (ii) 6312" (iii) 375" (iv) 27 (v) 72.04º
12
2. Let us determine the circular values of the followings
(i) 60º (ii) 135º (iii) –150º (iv) 72º (v) 22º30' (vi) –62º30' (vii) 52º 52' 30"
(viii) 40º16' 24"
3. In 'ABC È, AC = BC and BC is extended upto the point D. If ACD=144º, then let us
determine the circular value of each of the angles of 'ABC.
S
4. If the difference of two acute angles of a right angled triangle is ; let us write the
5
sexagesimal values of two angles.
S
5. The measure of one angle of a triangle is 65º and other angle is ; let us write the
12
sexagesimal value and circular value of third angle.
S
6. If the sum of two angles is 135º and their difference is , then let us determine the
12
sexagesimal value and circular value of two angles.
7. If the ratio of three angles of a triangle is 2:3:4 , then let us determine the circular value of
the greatest angle.
8. The length of a radius of a circle is 28 cm. Let us determine the circular value of angle
subtended by an arc of 5.5 cm length at the centre of this circle.
9. The ratio of two angles subtended by two arcs of unequal lengths at the centre is 5: 2 and
if the sexagesimal value of the second angle is 30º, then let us determine the sexagesimal
value and the circular value of the first angle.
276
1
10. A rotating ray makes an angle –5 S . Let us write by calculating, in which direction and
12
how many times the ray has completely rotated and there after what more angle it has
produced
11. I have drawn an isosceles triangle ABC whose included angle of two equal sides is ABC
= 45º ; the bisector of ABCÈ intersects the side AC at the point D. Let us determine the
circular values of ABD, BAD, CBD and BCDÈ.
12. The base BC of the equilateral triangle ABC is extended upto the point E so that CE = BC.
By joining A, E, let us determine the circular values of the angles of ' ACE.
S S
13. If the measures of three angles of quadrilateral are , and 90º respectively, then let us
3 6
determine and write the sexagesimal and circular values of fourth angle.
14. (V.S.A.)
(A) (M.C.Q) ı
(i) The end point of the minute hand of a clock rotates in 1 hour
S S
(a) radian (b) radian (c) S radian (d) 2S radian
4 2
S
(ii) radian equals to (a) 60º (b) 45º (c) 90º (d) 30º
6
(iii) The circular value of each internal angle of a regular hexagon is
S S S S
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 4
(iv) The measurement of T in the relation to s = rTÈis determined by (a)
sexagesimal system (b) circular system (c) those two methods (d) none of these
two methods.
(v) In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, if A=120º, then the circular value of C is
S S S S
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 2 3
(i) The angle, formed by rotating a ray centering its end point in anticlockwise direction is positive.
(ii) The angle, formed for completely rotating a ray twice by centering its end point is720º
(i) Sradian is a angle.
(ii) In sexagesimal system 1 radian equals to (approx)
S
(iii) The circular value of the supplymentry angle of the measure is
8
.
15. (V.S.A.)
(i) If the value of an angle in degree is D and in radian is R ; then let us determine the
R
value of È
D
(ii) Let us write the value of complementary angle of the measure 63º35'15"
(iii) If the measures of two angles of a triangle are 65º56' 55" and 64º3' 5", then let us
determine the circular value of third angle.
(iv) In a circle, if an arc of 220 cm. length subtends an angle of measure 63º at the centre,
then let us determine the radius of the circle.
(v) Let us write the circular value of an angle formed by the end point of hour hand of a
clock in 1 hour rotation.
277
Chapter : 21
DETERMINATION OF MEAN
21 PROPORTIONAL
There is a music school at the ground floor of our house.

Many children of our locality come to learn the art of singing.
I also learn here. The mat spread on the floor of music school
is spoiled. My friend Sumit ordered to make a rectangular mat of 4m. length and 3m. breadth
which he has brought it . The room of the music school is square shaped. Hence the mat cannot
be spread well on the floor.
But if this rectangular mat would be square-shaped, could this square-shaped mat be laid on the
floor? Let us write the length of one side of the square-shaped mat whose area is equal to the
area of the rectangular mat.
The length of one side of the square-shaped mat, whose area is equal to the area of rectangular
mat of 4m. length and 3m. bneadth, is = 4 ×3 m.
.
The mean proportional of 4 and 3 is to be determined. . . The square roof of 12 is to be
determined.
But is it possible to determine the mean proportional of 4 and 3 or the value of 12Èin geometric
method?
Construction : 1. Determination of the mean proportional of a and b or the value of ab in
geometric method.
First method I have drawn two line segments of lengths 'a' unit and 'b' unit. Let us draw a line
segment whose length is the mean proportional of the lengths of these two line segments.
(i) I draw any ray AX.
(ii) From AX, the part AB having length equals to the line segment of a unit length and from BX,
the part BC having length equals to the line segment a Èunit
of b unit length are cut off. bÈ unit
(iii) I bisect the linesegment AC. Let AC is bisected D
at the point O. A semicircle with centre at O and
radius of OA or OC is drawn.
(iv) I draw a perpendicular on BC at the point B
which intersects the semicircle at the point D.
Then the length of the line segment BD is
the mean proportional of two lengths AB
and BC. i.e, the value of the length of the A B O C X
line segment BD
= SThe value of the mean proportional of a
unit and b unitV
= ab unit
Proof : I join A, D and C, D. ADC is an angle in a semicircle.
? ADC = 1 right angle
In right angled triangle ADC, from right angular point D, DB is perpendicular on AC.
? 'ABD and 'CBD are similar.
278
DETERMINATION OF MEAN PROPORTIONAL
.
. . AB BD
BD = BC or,BD = AB.BC = a . b
2
.
. . BD = ab unit
In another method I draw a mean proportional of the lengths of two line segments.
Second method I draw two line segments of lengths 'a' unit and 'b' unit. I draw a line segment
whose length is the mean proportional of the lengths of these two line segments.
(i) From a ray AX, the line segment AB of a unit length and from BA, the line segment BC of
b unit length are cut off.
(ii) I bisect the line segment a unit

AB. Let AB is bisected at the
point O. I draw a semicitcle by b unit
taking centre at O and radius of
OA or OB length. D
(iii) I draw a perpendicular on

the line segment AB at the point
C which intersects the
semicircle at the point D.
.
. . The length of BD is mean
proportioanl of the lengths of A O C B X
two line segments AB and BC.
i.e. The Value of the length of
the line segment BD
= SThe value of the mean proportional of a unit
and b unitV
= ab unit
Proof : I join A and D.

ADB is an angled in a semicircle
.
. . ADB = 1 rt. angle.
.
. . In the rt. angled triangle ADB, from the right-angular point D, DC is perpendicular on AB.
.
. . ' ABD and ' DBC are similar
.
. . AB
BD = BC
BD
or,BD2 = AB.BC = a . b
.
. . BD = ab unit
279
Chapter : 21
Application : 1. Now I determine the value of 4 ×3 = 12 Èin geometric method.
(i) I take two line segments a
and b whose lengths are 4 cm. and D
3 cm. respectively.
3 cm.
(ii) From the ray AX, the line
4 cm.
segment AB of 4 cm. length and
b
from the ray BX, the line segment
BC of 3cm. length are cut off.
a
A O B C X
(iii) I bisect the line segment AC. Let
the line segment AC is bisected at the
point O. I draw a semicircle by taking
the centre at O and the radius of OA
or OC length.
(iv) At the point B, I draw a perpendicular on BC which intersects the semicircle at the point D.
.
. . BD is mean proportional of the lengths of two line segments AB and BC.
.
. . The length of the line segment BD is 12 cm.
By measuring with a scale, I am observing that
BD = 3.5 cm. (approx)
.
.. 12 = 3.5 (approx)
Proof : BD is mean proportional of AB and BC.

.
. . BD2 = AB.BC = a.b sq cm. = 4.3 sq cm. = 12 sq cm.
.
. . BD = 12 cm.
Application : 2. I determine the values of 21 and 15 in geometric method or in
geometric method, I determine the squere roots of 21 and 15. lLet me do it myself]
.
Hints : 21 = 7×3. . . In this case, I take two line segments a and b whose lengths are 7 units
and 3 units respectively. and in the same method I shall determine mean proportional of a and
b. Again15 = × , I draw it by taking the lengths of a and b properly.
Application : 3. I determine the value of 12 in another constructional method based on
Pythagoras theorem.
280
Another construction method based on Pythagoras Theorem.

I draw a right angled triangle ABC, whose side AB
= 2cm. and hypotenuse BC = 4cm.
Y
.
. . The length of ACÈ is 12 cm.
2 cm.
Measuring with a scale, I am observing that, C
4 cm.
AC = 3.5 cm. (approx)
b
.
. . 12 = 3.5 (approx)
Proof :
'ABC is a right angled triangle. a
.
. . AC 2 = BC 2 – AB 2 = 4 2 – 2 2 = A B X
lLet me write it myselfn
.
. . AC = 12 cm.
Application : 4. I determine the value of 23È in geometric method.
23 = 5 × 4.6 5cm.
4.6 cm. D
(i) I take two line segments a and b whose
lengths are 5 cm. and 4.6 cm. respectively.
Measuring with a scale, I am observing that,
BD = cm. (approx)
a bA O B CX
.
. . 23 = lapproxn
lI have understood i.e., if there is a two digit
prime number, as for example, 17, 19, 29, 37
etc, then these numbers will be divided by 5,
example : 17=5×3.4,
19=5×3.8, 29=5×5.8, 37=5×7.4 etc.n
Application : 5. How shall we get a squared mat whose area is equal to a

rectangular mat of 4m. length and 3m. breadth? I try to draw a square with an
area equals to a rectangle.
I draw a square whose area is equal to a rectangle of 6 cm. length and 3 cm.
breadth.
281
Chapter : 21
6 cm.
(i) I draw a rectangular figure F G
ABCD of 6 cm. length and 3 cm. 3 cm.
breadth.
(ii) I extended DC and cut off the
part CE which is equal to CB from
the extended part.
D O C E H X
(iii) I bisect the line segment DE,
Let the line segment is bisected at
the point O. I draw a semicircle on
3 cm.
DE by taking the centre at O and A 6 cm. B
radius of OD or OE length.
(iv) I extend BC which intersects the semicircle at the point F.
(v) I drew the squared fighure CFGH by taking the length equal to the side CF.
.
. . CFGH is the required square whose area is equal to the area of the rectangle ABCD.
Therefore, area of the square CFGH = area of the rectangle ABCD.
Proof : ABCD is a rectangle.
.
. . BCD = 1 rectangle. Hence CF is perpendicular on DE.
.
. . According to the construction, the length of CF is mean proportional of the lengths of
DC and CE.
.
. . CF2 = DC.CE = AB.CD = area of the rectangle ABCD.
Application : 6. Let us draw a square whose area is equal to the area of a rectangle of 7cm.
length and 4cm. breadth. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 7. I draw a triangle whose three sides are 7cm., 6cm. and 3 cm.
respectively. I draw a square whose area is equal to the area of that triangle.
7 cm.
(i) I drew a triangle ABC of which AB, BC and 6 cm.
3 cm.
CA are 7 cm., 6 cm. and 3 cm. respectively. H J
(ii) I drew a rectangle EFCG whose area is equal

to the area of ' ABC. A
(iii) Now from the extended EG, I cut off GK E G K I Y>
which is equal to GC.
(iv) Now I drew a semicitcle by taking the line B F C X>
segment EK as diameter.
(v) I extended CG which intersects the semicircle at the
point H.
282
(vi) I drew a squared figure HGIJ by taking the side GH.

.
. . HGIJ is the required square whose area is equal to the area of 'ABC.
Proof : I joined AF.
. 1
ÈÙAF is a median of ' ABC. . . Area of ' AFC = –2 ' ABCÈ........... (i)
Again ' AFC and the rectangle EFCG lie on the same base FC and within the pair of
parallel lines FC and EG.
. 1
. . Area of ' AFC = –2 area of rectangle EFCGÈ ..............(ii)
From (i) and (ii), I have got, Area of ' ABC = area of rectangle EFCGÈ.
In the rectangle EFCG, CGE = 1 rt. angle. Hence, HG A EK .
According to the construction, the length of HGÈ is mean proportional of the length EG and GK.
.
. . HG2 = EG.GK = EG.GC = area of the rectangle EFCG.
.
. . Area of the square HGIJ = area of the rectangle EFCG.
Again, area of ' ABCÈ = area of the rectangle EFCG.
.
. . Area of ' ABC = area of the square HGIJ.
Application : 8. I draw a square whose area is equal to the area of an equailateral
triangle having the side 7 cm. in length. lLet me do it myselfn
Let us work out 21

1. Let us draw the mean proportional of the following line segments and let us measure the
values of the mean proportionals in each case with the help of a scale :
(i) 5 cm., 2.5 cm. (ii) 4 cm.ñ 3 cm. (iii) 7.5 cm.ñ 4 cm.
(iv) 10 cm., 4 cm. (v) 9 cm.ñ 5 cm. (vi) 12 cm.ñ 3 cm.
2. Let us determine the squane roots of the following numbers by geometric method :
(i) 7 (ii) 8 (iii) 24 (iv) 28 (v) 13 (vi) 29
3. Let us draw the squared figures by taking the following lengths as sides.
(i) 14 cm. (ii) 22 cm. (iii) 31 cm. (iv) 33 cm.
4. Let us draw the squares whose areas are equal to the areas of the rectangles by taking the
following lengths as its sides :
(i) 8 cm.ñ 6 cm. (ii) 6 cm.ñ 4 cm.
(iii) 4.2 cm.ñ 3.5 cm. (iv) 7.9 cm.ñ 4.1 cm.
5. Let us draw the squares whose areas are equal to the areas of the following triangles :
(i) The lengths of three sides of a triangles are 10 cm.ñ 7 cm. and 5 cm. respectively.
(ii) An isosceles triangle whose base is 7 cm. length and the length of each of two equal
sides is 5 cm.
(iii) An equilateral triangle whose side is 6 cm. in length.
283
Chapter : 22
`
22 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Last week, a science exhibition was held in our school.

We had wandered about different sections of exhibition
on different subjects through out whole day. We had seen
some mathematical funs in the exhibition room of
mathematics. But among them, the topic "funny games
with match sticks" was very interesting . In this topic , the
perimeter of area of different plane figures framed out
putting match sticks together were determined or plane
figures with fixed areas were framed.
lWhere " 1 unit² was considervedn

I observed there a funny figure of match
stricks in a chart.
That was o
On the chart I am observing a right angled triangle and there are 5 sticks in hypotenuse, 4
sticks in perpendicular and sticks in base.
Aso I am observing that,
the area of the square on the hypotemuse " 25 sq.unit " 52 sq.unit
the area of the square on the base " 9 sq.unit " 32 sq.unit
the area of the square on the perpendicular " 16 sq.unit " 42 sq.unit
I am observing that, 52 = 32 + 42
... ShypotenuseV2 " SbaseV2 ` SperpendicularV2
that is, area of the square drawn on the hypotenuse
" area of the square drawn on the base + area of the square drawn on the perpendicular
1 From where have I got the relation among the hypotenuse, base and perpendicular
of a right angled triangle? Is this relation possible in any right angled triangle?
I have got it from Pythagoras Theorem.

Pythagoras Theorem : In any right angled triangle, the area of the square drawn on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares drawn on other two sides.
284
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Hands on trial Let us justify Pythagoras Theorem in any right angled triangle.
S1V I draw a right angled triangle on a coloured art paper,
b unit
whose base is 'b' unit length, height (perpendicular) is 'a' unit nit
cu
cu
length and I cut off the right angled triangular region.
nit
a unit
a unit
S2V I draw another right angled triangle on a coloured art
C
paper whose base is 'a' unit length, height (perpendicular) is b unit
'b' unit length and cut off the right-angled triangular region.
a unit
S3V Let the length of the hypotenuse of two triangles D
nit
un c
be 'c' unit. Now in a white art paper as the adjoining
cu
it
b unit
figure fixing two right angled triangles I have got the
region of the trapezium ABCD. A a unit E b unit B
1
S4V Area of the region of the trapezium ABCD " –2 (a + b) × (a + b) sq.unit
Again area of the region of the trapezium ABCD
= area of ' DAEÈ + area of ' CBE + area of ' DEC
1– 1 1 1
? 2 (a + b) (a + b) = –2 a × b + –2 a × b + –2 c × c [ ... DEC = 90º]
or, (a + b)2 = ab + ab + c2
or, a2 + 2ab + b2 = 2ab + c2
? a 2 + b2 =
? I got, SbaseV2 ` SperpendicularV2 " ShypotenuseV2
? By hands on trial I have got, in any right angled triangle, the area of square drawn on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares drawn on other two sides.
I prove with reason
Theorem : 49. Pythagoras Theorem : In any right angled triangle the area of the square drawn
on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares drawn on other two sides.
Given : ABC is a right angled triangle whose A is right angle.
To prove : BC2 = AB2 + AC2
Construction : I draw a perpendicular AD on the hypotenuse BC from the right angular point
A which intersects the side BC at the point D.
Proof : In right angled triangle ABC, AD is perpendicular on the hypotenuse BC
?' ABD and ' CBA are similar A
AB B D
Hence, BC = A B ñ ? AB2 = BC.BD ...............(I)
Again, ' CAD and ' CBA are similar.
AC D C
Hence, B C = A C ñ ? AC2 = BC.DC ...............(II) B
D C
So, by adding (I) and (II), I get, AB2 + AC2 = BC.BD + BC.DC
= BC (BD + DC)= BC.BC = BC2
? BC2 = AB2 + AC2 lprovedn
285
Chapter : 22
Long ago from today Snearly 800 B.C.V an ancient

Indian Mathematician Baudhayan described
Pythagoras Theorem in the following way, He said
The diagonal of a rectangle produces by itself
the same area as produced by its both sides (i.e.
length and breadth)
Bandhayan Pythagoras
For this reason, sometimes this is called as Bandhayan Theorem.
Is the converse of Pythagoras theorem possible? i.e. if in a triangle, the

area of a square drawn on one side is equal to the sum of the areas of
squares drawn on other two sides, will then the angle opposite to the first
side be right angle? I prove it with reason.
I prove with reason

Theorem : 50. Converse of Pythagoras Theorem : If in a triangle, the area of a square
drawn on one side is equal to the sum of the areas of squares drawn on other two sides, then the
angle opposite to the first side will be right angle.
Given : In 'ABC, the area of the square drawn on the side AB is equal to the sum of the areas
of the squares drawn on BC and AC. That is, AB2 = AC2 + BC2
A D
C B F E
To prove : ACB = 1 rt.angle.

Construction :I draw the line segment FE which is equal to CB. I draw a perpendicular on the
side FE at the point F and cut off FD from that perpendicular which is equal to
the side CA and join the two points D and E.
Proof : AB = BC2 + AC2 [Given]
2
= EF2 + DF2 [... acc.to the construction, EF = BC and AC = DF]

= DE2 [... DFE = 1 rt.angle]
?AB = DE
Now in' ABC and ' DEFñ AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DF
? ' ABC # ' DEF (by S-S-S axiom of congruency)
? ACB = DFE = 1 rt.angle [... DF A EF by construction]
?ACB = 1 rt.angle lprovedn
286
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
I heve understood, we can easily determine whether a triangle is right-angled or not

from converse of Pythagoras theroem. Example : The lengths of three sides of a triangle
are 5cm., 12cm., and 13 cm. respectively. This triangle will be a triangle. Since,
13 = 5 + 12 and the length of its hypotenuse is 13 cm.
2 2 2
2 But what the type of the sides of a right angled triangle would be, can its formula be found out?
since, (m2 – n2)2 + (2mn)2 = (m2 + n2)2
Hence, if the sides of a triangle are (m2 – n2) units, 2mn units and (m2 + n2) units, then it will be
a right angled triangle and its hypotenuse will be (m2 + n2) units, Swhere, m !n V
Application 1 : Taking different proper values of m and n, let us write the sides of two right
angled triangles. lLet me do it myselfn
Application 2 : In our garden, a ladder of 25m length is inclined to a guardwall at the height of 24m.
above the ground. Let us write by calculating, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the guardwall.
Let the length of the ladder AC " 25m., AB " 24m., from Pythagoras theorem in right angled
triangle ABC, we get,
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 A
or, (24 m.) + (BC) = (25 m.)
2 2 2
25m.
or, BC2 = (25 m.)2 – (24 m.)2 = 24m.
? BC = 7
? The foot of the ladder is in 7m. distance from the guardwall. C B
Application 3: If the lengths of two diagonals of a rhombus are 12cm. and 16cm. respectively,
then let us write by calculating, the length of one side of this rhombus. lLet me do it myselfn
D C
Hints : The two diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other, perpendicularly. .
O .
12 m
m 8c
? OA = 2 cm. = cm.ñ OB = cm. 6c
A B
AOB is a right angled triangle, ? from Pythagoras theorem, we get, AB = OA + OB2
2 2
Application 4: I have drawn an isosceles triangle ABC whose B is right angle. I have drawn a
bisector AD of BAC which intersects the side BC at the point D. Let us prove that, CD2 = 2BD2
Given : In isosceles triangle ABC, B = 1rt.angle. The bisector AD of BAC intersects the
side BC at the point D.
To prove : CD2 = 2BD2
B
Construction : I draw the perpendicular DE on AC from the point D, D
which intersects AC at the point E.
C
Proof : ABC is an isoseceles right angled triangle.?ACB = 45º A E
..
? In right angled triangle DEC, DCE = 45º ( . ACB = 45º);
Again, ... DEC = 90º ñ so, EDC = 45º ó ? in ' DECñ DE = EC
In ' ABD and ' AED,È BAD = EAD [ ... AD is bisector of BAE]
ABD = AED SEach is 1 right angleV and AD is common side.
? ' ABD # ' AED (by A-A-S criterion of congruency)
Hence, BD = DE Scorresponding sides of congruent trianglesV
..
In the right angled triangle DEC, DC2 = DE2 + CE2 = 2DE2 ( . CE = DE)
..
= 2BD2 ( . DE = BD) lprovedn
287
Chapter : 22
Application 5: If in ' ABC, AD A BC, let us prove that, AB2 + CD2 = AC2 + BD2 lLet me do
it myselfn
Application 6: If in 'ABC, A is right angle and BP and CQ are two medians, then let us
prove that, 5BC2 = 4(BP2 + CQ2)
Given : In' ABC, BAC = 1rt.angle. BP and CQ are two mediams of the triangle
A
To prove : 5BC2 = 4(BP2 + CQ2)
Proof : In' ABC, A is right angle Q P
?BC = AB + AC
2 2 2
B C
= (2AQ)2 + (2AP)2 [... P and Q are mid-points of the two sides AC and AB respectively.
?BC2 = 4(AQ2 + AP2) ................. (i)
Again, ' BAP and ' CAQ are right angled triangles.
? BP2 = AB2 + AP2 = (2AQ)2 + AP2 = 4AQ2 + AP2
CQ2 = AC2 + AQ2 = (2AP)2 + AQ2 = 4AP2 + AQ2
? BP2 + CQ2 = 4AQ2 + AP2 + 4AP2 + AQ2 = 5AQ2 + 5AP2 = 5(AQ2 + AP2) ......(ii)
5BC2 = 5.4 (AQ2 + AP2) [from (i), we get]
= 4.5 (AQ2 + AP2) = 4 (BP2 + CQ2) [from (ii), we get] lprovedn
Application 7: From the vertex A of 'ABC I have drawn a perpendicular AD on the side BC
which intersects the side BC at the point D and if AD2 = BD.CD, then let us prove that, ABC is
a right angled triangle and A = 90º
A
Given : In ' ABC, AD A BC and AD2 = BD.DC
To prove : BAC = 90º
Proof : In right angled triangle ADB, ADB = 90º
B C
?AB2 = AD2 + BD2 .......... (i) [from Pythagoras theorem] D
Again,in right angled triangle ADC, ADC = 90º
? AC2 = AD2 + CD2 ........... (ii) [from Pythagoras theorem]
By adding (i) and (ii), we get,
AB2 + AC2 = BD2 + CD2 + 2AD2
= BD2 + CD2 + 2BD.CD [... AD2 = BD.CD]
= (BD + CD)2 = BC2
? AB + AC2 = BC2
2
?From converse of Pythagoras theorem, we get, ABC is a right angled triangle whose
BAC = 90º lprovedn
Application 8: Let us prove that the area of a square drawn on the diagonal of a square is twice
of the area of that square. lLet me do it myselfn
Application 9: I have drawn a rectangular figure ABCD. If O is any point within the rectangular
figure, then let us prove that OA2 + OC2 = OB2 + OD2 A D
Given : Within the rectangular figure ABCD, O is any point.

P x Q
O
To prove : OA + OC = OB + OD
2 2 2 2
B C
Construction : I draw a line, parallel to BC through the point O, which intersects the two sides
AB and DC at the points, P and Q respectively.
288
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Proof : According to construction, PQ || BC

? PQ A AB and PQ A DC (... B = 90º and C = 90º)
? Each of ' APO, ' BPO, ' CQO and ' DQO is a right angled triangle
? OA2 = AP2 + OP2 OC2 = CQ2 + OQ2
OB2 = BP2 + OP2 OD2 = DQ2 + OQ2
? OA + OC = AP + OP2 + CQ2 + OQ2 ................ (i)
2 2 2
But according to the condition, each of APQD and BPQC is a rectangular figure
Hence, AP = DQ and CQ = BP
From (i) we get, OA2 + OC2= DQ2 + OP2 + BP2 + OQ2
= (DQ2 + OQ2) + (BP2 + OP2)
= OD2 + OB2 = OB2 + OD2 lprovedn
Let us work out 22
1. If the followings are the lengths of the three sides of a triangle, then let us write by calculating,
the cases where the triangles are right-angled triangles : (i) 8cm., 15 cm. and 17 cm.
(ii) 9 cm., 11 cm. and 6 cm.
2. In the road of our locality there is a ladder of 15m. length kept in such a way that it has
touched Millis' window at a height of 9m. above the ground. Now keeping the foot of the
ladder at the same point of that road, the ladder is rotated in such a way that it touched our
window situated on the other side of the road. If our window is 12m. above the ground,
then let us determine the breadth of that road in our locality.
3. If the length of one diagonal of a rhombus having the side 10cm. length is 12cm., then let us
write, by calculating the length of other diagonal.
4. I have drawn a triangle PQR whose Q is right angle. If S is any point on QR, let us prove
that, PS2 + QR2 = PR2 + QS2.
5. Let us prove that, the sum of squares drawn on the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum
of squares drawn on two diagonals.
6. ABC is an equilateral triangle. AD is perpendicular on the side BC, let us prove that, AB2
+ BC2 + CA2 = 4AD2.
7. I have drawn a right angled triangle ABC whose A is right angle. I took two points P and
Q on the sides AB and AC respectively. By Joining P, Q; B, Q and C, P let us prove that,
BQ2 + PC2 = BC2 + PQ2
8. If two diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other perpendicularly, then let us
prove that, AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + DA2
9. I have drawn a triangle ABC whose height is AD. If AB>AC, let us prove that, AB2–AC2=BD2 – CD2
10. In 'ABC I have drawn two perpendiculars from two vertices B and C on AC and
AB (AC > AB) which are intersected each other at the point P. Let us prove that, AC2 +
BP2 = AB2 + CP2
11. ABC is an isosceles triangle whose C is right angle. If D is any point on AB, then let us
prove that, AD2 + DB2 = 2CD2
12. In the triangle ABC, A is right angle, if CD is a median, let us prove that, BC2 = CD2 + 3AD2
13. From a point O within a triangle ABC, I have drawn the perpendiculars OX, OY and OZ on
BC, CA and AB respectively. Let us prove that, AZ2 + BX2 + CY2 = AY2 + CX2 + BZ2.
289
Chapter : 22
14. In 'RST, S is right angle. The mid-points of two sides RS and ST are X and Y respectively;
let us prove that, RY2 + XT2 = 5XY2
15. V.S.A.
SAV M. C. Q. ı
SiV A person goes 24m. west from a place and then he goes 10m. north. The distance of
the person from starting point is SaV 34 m. SbV 17 m. ScV 26 m. SdV 25 m.
3
SiiV If ABC is an equilateral triangle and ADABC, then AD2 = (a) 2 DC2 (b) 2DC2
(c) 3DC2 (d) 4DC2
SiiiV In an isosceles triangle ABC, if AC = BC and AB2 =2AC2, then the measure of C is
(a) 30º (b) 90º (c) 45º (d) 60º
SivV Two rods of 13m. length and 7m. length are situated perpendicularly on the ground
and the distance between their foots is 8m. The distance between the two vertices is
SaV 9 m. SbV 10 m. ScV 11 m. SdV 12 m.
SvV If the lengths of two diagonals of a rhombus are 24cm. and 10cm., the perimeter of
the rhombus is SaV 13cm. SbV 26 cm. ScV 52 cm. SdV 25 cm.
SiV If the ratio of the lengths of three sides of a triangle is 3:4:5, then the triangle will
always be a right angled triangle.
SiiV If in a circle of radius 10 cm. length, a chord subtends right angle at the centre, then
the length of the chord will be 5 cm.
SCV Let us fill in blanks :
SiV In a right angled triangle, the area of a square drawn on the hypotenuse is equal to the
of the areas of the squares drawn on other two sides.
–
SiiV In an isosceles right-angled triangle if the length of each of two equal sides is 42cm.,
then the length of the hypotenuse will be cm.
SiiiV In a rectangular figure ABCD, the two diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at
the point O, if AB = 12 cm., AO = 6.5 cm., then the length of BC is cm.
16. S. A.
SiV In 'ABC, if AB = (2a – 1)cm. AC = 2 2a cm. and BC = (2a+1)cm., then let us
write the value of BAC. P
SiiV In the adjoining figure, the point O is situted within the triangle PQR
in such a way that, POQ = 90º, OP = 6cm. and OQ = 8cm. If PR O Q
= 24cm. and QPR = 90º, then let us write the length of QR. R
SiiiV The point O is situated within the rectangular figure ABCD in such a way that OB = 6
cm., OD = 8cm. and OA = 5cm. Let us determine the length of OC.
SivV In the triangle ABC the perpendicular AD from the point A on the side BC meets the
side BC at the point D. If BD = 8cm., DC = 2cm. and AD = 4cm., then let us write
the measure of BACÈ.
SvV In a right angled triangle ABC, ABC = 90º, AB = 3cm., BC = 4cm. and the
perpendicular BD on the side AC from the point B which meets the side AC at the
point D. Let us determine the length of BD.
290
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
23 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGOMETRIC IDENTITIES
I have got a right angled triangle ABC in my copy by

drawing the picture of Rina's flying kite.
Whereñ the point C is the position of Rina on the ground.
The point A is the position of Rina's kite.
AB is the height of the kite's position from the ground. A
andñ BCA is an acute angle.
1 But what do we call AB and BC with respect to the acute angle BCA⁄
In the right angled triangle ABC, the side AB is called the opposite side or
perpendicular of BCA and the side BC is called the adjacent side or base of C B
ACB.
I have understood, in right angled triangle ABC, the opposite side of BAC is and the
adjacent side of BAC is AB.
In the right angled triangle which I have drawn, Suva took a point P on the hypotenuse AC and a
point R on the extended CA. He drew two perpendiculars from the points P and R on BC and
R
on extended CB which intersect at the points Q and S respectively.
A
For this, I have got two more right angled triangles PQC and RSC.
P
2 We try to know the relations of the sides of the right angled triangles
PQC, ABC and RSC and see what we will get.
I am observing that the right angled triangles PQC, ABC and RSC are
C S
similar llet me prove it myselfn Q B
PQ AB RS CQ CB CS PQ AB RS
(i) = = (ii) = = (iii) = =
CP CA CR CP CA CR CQ CB CS
CQ CB CS
(iv) CP CA CR (v) CP = CA = CR (vi)
PQ AB RS CQ CB CS PQ AB RS
I am observing that, in three right angled triangles, with respect to the acute angle BCA
perpendicular base
(i) The ratios hypotenuse are equal (ii) the ratios hypotenuse are equal and
perpendicular
(iii) the ratios base are equal.
By drawing any right angled triangle and in the same way by drawing more than one similar right
angled triangles with respect an acute angle, I am observing that the ratios (i), (ii) and (iii) are
equal lLet me do it myselfn
I have understood that, in a right angled triangle, the ratios of the sides with respect to an acute
angle do not depend on the lengths of the sides of that triangle. The ratios totally depend on the
measure of the acute angle.
3 But by what name the six types ratios which I have got by taking two sides
of a right angled triangle, can be called separately ² Let us see

By taking two sides out of three sides of a right angled triangle, the six types
ratios which we find are called trigonometric ratios.
291
Chapter : 23
˛In the adjoining figure, the angle ABO of the right angled triangle ABO is 1 right angle.
.
. . OA is hypotenuse and with respect to the acute angle BOA, OB = base and AB =
perpendicular; let AOB = T A
perpendicular AB
perpendicular
sine of BOA = hypotenuse = = sinT lwriting in shortn us
e
OA t en
base OB po
cosine of BOA = hypotenuse = = cosT lwriting in shortn hy
OA T
perpendicular AB O B
tangent of BOA = base = = tanT lwriting in shortn base
OB
hypotenuse OA
cosecant of BOA perpendicular
= = = cosecT lwriting in shortn
AB
perpendicular OA
secant of BOA = base = = secT lwriting in shortn
OB
base OB
cotangent of BOA =perpendicular = = cot T lwriting in shortn
AB
4 Let us see the above trigonometric ratios and try to write relations among them.
I am observing that cosecT, secTand cotTare reciprocals of sinT, cosTand tanTrespectively.

1 1 1
i.e. cosecT T = , secTT = T =
, cotT
sinTT cosTT tanT T
AB
AB OA sinT
Again, tan T = = =
OB OB cosT
OA
.. . I have got, tan T = sinT
cosT
OB
OB OA
Again, cotT =
AB
=
AB
= lLet me write it myselfn
OA
... I have gotñ cotT = sinT
cosT
I am observing that, in right angled triangle ABO, the trigonometric ratios of the acute angle BOA
express the relation between the angle and sides of that triangle and the values of the trigonometric ratios
with respect to acute angle are not changing with the lengths of the side of that right angled triangle.
5 But in right angled triangle ABO, let us see what will be the trigonometric ratios of the acute
angle OAB.
In right angled triangle ABO, ABO = 1 right angle. ... OA = hypotenuse, A
with respect to acute angle OAB, AB = base and OB = perpendicular. e
us
Let, OAB = T' te n
T' base
po
. perpendicular OB hy
. . sin T' = hypotenuse = OA
base OB O perpendicular B
cosT' = hypotenuse =
OA
Let me write tanT' , cosecT ' ,secT' , cot T'
292
I have understood, if Rina's kite is bound with a string having lengthAC and if the kite is flying in an angle
of 60 with the horizontal line, then the kite will remain at a height of AB from the position of Rina.
AB . A
sinT =
AC
. . AB = ACîsinT
.
. . Then Rina's kite will remain at a height of AC îsinTfrom the position of Rina
or from the base. T
C B
6 But is sinTT is the product of sin and T⁄
"sinT" is the short form of sine of the angleT. But sinT is not a product of Èsin and TÈ. In the
same way, cosT is not a product of cos and T and all other trigonometric ratios are of same type.
Aryabhatta (500 A.D.) was the first to use the idea of sin. Later Aryabhatta's
work is translated into Arabic and Latin language. The word Sinus is used in
Latin language. After then, the word 'Sine' is used instead of the word 'Sinus'
in all cases of whole European Mathematics. English Astrophysicist professor
Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) used first 'sin' in short form.
7 How shall I write the square of sinT"
For convenience of writing (sinT)2 = sin 2Tis written, but (sinT)2 zsinT2
similarly (cosT)2 = cos2T , (tanT)3 = tan3T etc.
cosecT= (sinT)±1 can be written, but cosecTz sin±1T Sit is called sin inverse TV
perpendicular .
sinT= hypotenuse ñ . . can the value of sinT Èbe greater than 1⁄
perpendicular
sinT= hypotenuse ó since the perpendicular can not be greater than the hypotenuse,
hence, the value of sinTwill not be greater than 1.
8 Can the value of cosT È be greater than 1⁄ lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 1. DÈ and E are such acute angles that sin D = sin E . Let us prove that D = E
Let, ABC and PQR be two right angled triangles. In ' ABC, ABC = 90 and BCA= D; in
' PQR, PQR = 90 and QRP = E A
P
AB
In right angled triangle ABC ñ sinD = ó
AC
PQ
In right angled triangle PQRñ sinE= D E
PR C B R Q
AB PQ AB AC
Sinceñ sinD = sinE , henceñ = orñ = = k SsupposingV (k>0)
AC PR PQ PR
.. . AB = k.PQ and AC = k.PR
... BC = AC2±AB2 and QR = PR2±PQ2
Henceñ BC =
ACð±ABð
=
kðPRð ± kðPQð
=
k PRð±PQð . AB = AC = BC
= k,. .
QR PRð±PQð PR ±PQ
2 2
PRð±PQð PQ PR QR
... ' ABC a' PQR, so, BCA = QRP, ... D = E lprovedn
I have understood thatñ if sinD = sin 45, then D = 45 l If sinD = sin E, then we can not divide
both sides by sin, since sinD = sin îD. Hence, we cannot write it as D = E then, sinD = sin E
It is wrong]
293
Chapter : 23
Application ı 2. If sin(90±T) = sin2T, then let us write the value of T when Tis an acute angle.
sin(90±T) = sin2T
orñ 90±T = 2T
.
orñ 3T = 90 . . T = 30
Application ı 3. 5T is an acute angle and if tan5T=tan(60+T)ñthen let us determine the value
of TlLet me do it myselfn
we shall remember ı Generally, (i) sin2Tz 2sinT
sinD D
(ii) z
sinE E
and (iii) sinDr sinEz sin (Dr E)
These are applicable also in the cases of cosine, tangent etc... of
an angle.
12
Application ı 4. In a right angled triangle, if sinT with respect to a positive acute angle T,
13
then let us determine the value of tanT and cos T. A
12 perpendicular
sinT= = hypotenuse
13
T
C B
In right angled triangle ABC, ABC = 90 andBCA = T
Let, the perpendicular AB = 12k units and hypotenuse, AC = 13k units lwhere k>0n
.
. . Base BC = AC2±AB2 = (13k)2±(12k)2 units = 169k2 ±144k2 units
= 5k units
. p p
. . tanT= er endicular
base =
12k 12
=
5k 5
base 5k 5
cosT= hypotenuse = =
13k 17
8
Application ı 5. If Tis a positive acute angle, and tanT , then let us determine the values
15 A
of sinT and cos T and prove that sin2Tcos2T
ABC is a right angled triangle whose ABC = 90 and ACB = T
.
. . tanT=AB =
BC 15
8
C
T
B
Let, perpendicular AB = 8k units and base BC = 15k units lwhere k>0n
... Hypotenuse AC = AB2+BC2 = (8k)2 + (15k)2 units = 64k2 +225k2 units
= 289k2 units = 17k units
. p
. . sinT= erpendicular 8k 8
hypotenuse = 17k = 17
base
cosT= hypotenuse = = lLet me write it myselfn
.
( ) ( )
. . sin 2T+ cos 2T= 178 2 15 2 64 225
+
17
= +
289 289
.
. . sin2Tcos2T lprovedn
294
4 7
Application ı 6. IftanT , then let us show that, sinTcosT lLet me do it myselfn
3 5
Application ı 7. In 'ABC, B is right angle and the length of its hypotenuse is 13 units. If the
sum of the lengths of other two sides is 5 units, then let us determine the value of sin C + sin A.
C
In right angled triangle ABC, AC is hypotenuse.
AB is perpendicular with respect to CÈ
and BC is perpendicular with respect to A. A B
... sinC + sinA = AC
AB BC AB+BC
+
AC
=
AC
=
5
13
Alternative Proof ı Let, AB = x unitñ BC = (5±x) unit
According to Pythagoras theorem, in right angled triangle ABC,
x2 +(5±x)2 = ( 13 )
2
orñ x2 +25+x2 ± 10x = 13

orñ 2x2 ±10x+12 = 0
orñ x2 ±5x+6 = 0
orñ x2 ±3x±2x+6 = 0
orñ x(x±3) ±2(x±3) = 0
orñ (x±3) (x±2) = 0
Eitherñ x±3 = 0 ... x = 3
orñ x±2 = 0 ... x = 2
Ifñ AB = 3 units, then BC = (5±3) units = 2 units.
AB 3 BC 2
Henceñ sinC = = and sin A = =
AC 13 AC 13
... sinC + sinA = 3 + 2 = 5
13 13 13
Againñ if AB=2 units, then BC= units and then sinC+sinA = lin similar way, let me
write it myselfn
But if we want to determine the value of Sin C ± Sin A, then whether we shall do it by first
method or by alternative method, let me do it myself by thinking with reasons.
1. I have drawn a right angled triangle ABC whose hypotenuse AB=10 cm., base BC= 8 cm.
and perpendicular AC=6 cm. Let us determine the values of sine and tangentABC.
A
2. Soma has drawn a right angled triangle ABC whose ABC=90, AB=24 cm. and
BC=7 cm. By calculating, let us write the values of sinA, cosA, tanA and cosecA.
C B
3. If in a right angled triangle ABC, C=90, BC=21 units and AB=29 units,
then let us find the values of sinA, cosA, sinB and cosB.
7
4. If cosT = , then let us determine the values of all trigonometric ratios of the angle T
25
295
Chapter : 23
5. If cotT=2, then let us determine the values of tanT and secTand show that 1+tan2T=sec2T
6. If cos T=0.6, then let us show thatñ (5sinT±3tanT) = 0.
4
7. If cotA= , then let us determine the values of cos A and cosec A and show that
7.5
1 + cot2 A = cosec2A
2
8. If sin C= , then let us write by calculating, the value of cosCîcosecC.
3
9. Let us write with reason whether the following statements are true or false :
(i) The value of tan A is always greater than 1.
(ii) The value of cot A is always less than 1.
4
(iii) For an angle T, it may be possible that, sinT = .
3 12
(iv) For an angle D it may be possible that, secD = .
5 5
(v) For an angle E(Beta)È, it may be possible that, cosecE = .
3 13
(vi) For an angle Tit may be possible that, cosT = .
5
Each of our friends has flown kites. All kites were flown at a long height. But Satish's kite was
flown at the longest height.
Today, we have decided that after returning home we shall draw
different right angled triangles (with pencil and compass), of which
the measure of one angle is 30 or 45 or 60 and we shall try to
determine the values of trigonometric ratios of that angle.
Asha has drawn a right angled triangle ABC in her copy whose
ABC=90 and the value of BCA is 45
9 By calculating, let us write the values of the trigonometric ratios of BCA of the right
angled triangle ABC drawn by Asha. A
In right angled triangle ABC, ABC=90 and BCA=45
.
. . CAB = 45
. 45
. . 'ABC is an isosceles right angled triangle. C B
Hence, BC=BA
Let, BA=BC=a units
.
. . AC2 =AB2+BC2 =a2+a2 = 2a2
.
. . AC = a 2 units
p erpendicular AB a 1
sin BCA = sin45 = hypotenuse = = =
AC a 2 2
base BC a 1
cos BCA = cos45 = hypotenuse = = =
AC a 2 2
p erp endicular AB a
tan BCA= tan45 = = = =1
base BC a
1 1 1
I have understoodÈñ cosec45 = = 2 , sec45 = = 2 and cot45 = =
sin45 tan45
Let me determine the values of trigonometric ratios of two angles 30º and 60º.
296
I have drawn an equilateral triangle ABC. Each angle of an equilateral triangle is [60/
45] A
.
. . A = B = C = 60
From the vertex A, the perpendicular AD is drawn on the side BC which 30
intersects the BC at the point D.
60
.
. . In 'ABD and 'ACD, ADB = ADC = 90, ABD = ACD= B C
D
60 and AB = AC.
... 'ABD # 'ACD Sby A-A-S criterion of congruencyn
.
. . BD=DC and BAD=CAD
.
Again, ABD is a right angled triangleó ADB=90, DBA=60, . . BAD=30
.
Let, AB=2a unitñ . . BC=2a unit
1
Hence, BD = BC= a unit
2
... From right angled triangle ABD, we getñ AD = AB2±BD2 = (2a)2±a2 units
= 4a2±a2 units = a 3 units
perpendicular BD a 1
sin30 = hypotenuse = = =
AB 2a 2
base AD a 3 3
cos30 = hypotenuse = = =
AB 2a 2
p erp endicular BD a 1
tan30 = base = = =
AD a 3 3
1
I have understood, cosec30 = , sec30 = and cot30 = = 3 lLet me
tan30
write it myselfn
p erpendicular AD a 3 3
sin60 = hypotenuse = = =
AB 2a 2
base BD a 1
cos60 = hypotenuse = = =
AB 2a 2
p erp endicular AD a 3
tan60 = base = = = 3
BD a
1
I have understood, cosec60 =
sin60
1 1 1
sec60 = = 2 and cot60 = =
cos60 tan60 3
1 0 But in any right angled triangle ABC, if the value of its acute angle decreases continuously,
then let us see by drawing what changes will be its trigonometric ratios. A
ABC is right angled triangle whose B is right angle; the value of BCA
decreases continuously until its value is nearly to 0. C B
297
Chapter : 23
A
A
A
A
A
C B C B C B C B C B
In the figure, we are observing that, as the value of BCA is decreasing, the point A is going or
advancing towards the point B i.e. the length of the side AB is decreasing accordingly and if the
point A comes nearly to the point B, the value of BCA becomes nearly to 0, and the lengths
of the sides AC and BC become nearly equal, i.e. if the value of BCA be nearly to 0, the
length of the side AB will be nearly to 0.
. AB
. . The value of sinBCA=AC È will be nearly to 0 when the value of BCA is nearly to 0.
Again when the value of BCA is nearly to 0, then the lengths of two sides AC and BC are nearly
equal.È
BC
Hence the value of cosBCA= Èis nearly to 1 when the value of BCA is nearly to 0
AC
So, in this case the following trigonometric ratios are treated as definition.
sin0º = 0 and cos0º = 1
. sin0 1
. . tan0 = cos0 = 0 and cot0 =
tan
ñ which is undefined.
1 1
I have understood, cosec0 =
sin
ñ which is undefined and sec0 =
cos
=1
If in the above right angled triangleABC, the value of the acute angle BCAis increasing continuously
A
and reaches nearly to 90, then let us see, what will be the values of trigonometric ratios.
ABC is a right angled triangle whose B is right angle.
C B
The value of BCA is increasing continuously until the value of the angle reaches nearly to 90.
A A A A A
B B B B
C B C
C C C
In the figure, I am observing that, as the value of BCA is going nearly to 90 by increasing, the
value of CAB is going nearly to 0 by decreasing and the point C is coming accordingly
towards the point B and the length of the side CB is going nearly to 0 continuously.
Again, the length of the value of the side AC is becoming gradually nearly equal to the length of
the side AB.
AB
Hence, in that case the value of sinACB= È will be nearly to 1 when the value of BCA will
AC
be nearly to 90.
BC
Again, the value of cosBCA=
AC
È will be nearly to 0, when the value of BCA will be nearly
to 90.
So, in this case, the following trigonometric ratios are treated as definition.
sin90 = 1 and cos90 = 0
. sin90 cos90
. . tan90 =cos90 , which is undefined and cot90 =
sin90
=0
By calculating, let us write the values of cosec90 and sec90 lLet me write it myself.n
298
I have got,
Values of T S S S S
Trigono- 0º or 0 30º or 45º or 60º or 90º or
6 4 3 2
metrical
ratios of T
1 1 3
sinT 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cosT 1 0
2 2 2
1
tanT 0 1 3 undefined
3
2
cosecT undefined 2 2 1
3
2
secT 1 2 2 undefined
3
1
cotT undefined 3 1 0
3
From the above table, we are observing that, as the value of T is increasing from 0º to 90º, the
value of sinTis increasing from 0 to 1 and the value of cosTÈ is decreasing from 1 to 0.
We are also observing that, from 0º to 90º, the trigonometric ratios are zero, positive
or undefined. But they are not negative.
Since, in the syllabus of class X, 0º < T < 90º is always positive acute angle, so trigonometric
ratios can not be negative.
Application : 8. If Rina's kite is flown with a string of 150m. length and if the kite forms an
angle 60º with the horizontal line, then let us calculate the height of the kite from Rina's position
or from the ground.
In the following figure, ABC is a right angled triangle whose ABC=90ºñ AC=150 m length of
the kite with string,
and BCA = 60º
AB = height of the kite from the ground.
For determining AB in right angled triangle ABC, we shall take the trigonometric ratio having AB
..
and AC, l . the length of AC is knownn
AB A
In right angled triangle ABC, sin60º =
AC
3 AB
or, =
2 150 m.
or, 2AB = 150 3 m. 60º
150 3 C B
or, AB = m. = 75 3 m.
2
... The kite is at a height of 75 3 m from Rina's position or from the ground.
Application : 9. If the kite would be flown with a string of 120m. length and the kite is at an
angle of 30º with the horizontal line, then let us ca;culate the height of the kite from Rina's
position or from the ground. lLet me do it myselfn
299
Chapter : 23
Application : 10. In the right angled triangle PQR, if Q is right angle and P=30ó RQ=6
cm., then let us write by calculating, the lengths of two sides PQ and PR.
R
RQ
In right angled triangle PQRÈñ tan30 =
PQ
6 cm.
1 6cm. . 30
or, =
PR
. . PQ = 6 3 cm. P Q
3
RQ
In right angled triangle PQR, sin30 =
PR
1 6cm. .
or,
2
=
PR
. . PR = 12 cm.
In other method, from Pythagoras theorem, we get PR2 = PQ2+RQ2
= (6 3 cm.)2 + (6 cm.)2
= 108 cm.2 +36 cm.2
= 144 cm.2
.
. . PR = 12 cm.
Application : 11. In a right angled triangle ABC, B is right angle. If AB=5 cm. and AC=10 cm.,
then let us determine the values of BCA and CAB.
In right angled triangle ABC, B is right angle,
A
AB=5 cm. and AC=10 cm. m.
. 0c
5 cm.
. . In right angled triangle ABCÈñ sinBCA= AB =
5 1
AC 10 2
= = sin30 1
. C B
. .BCA = 30
.
. . CAB = 90±30 =
Application : 12. In a right angled triangleABC, B is right angle. If AB=7 cm. and AC=7 2
cm., then let us write by calculating, the values of BCA and CAB. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 13. Let us show that, sin2 30 + cos230 = 1
sin230+cos230 = () ( )
1 2
2
+
2
3 2 1 3
= + = 1 lprovedn
4 4
Application : 14. Let us show that, tan2 60 +1 = sec2 60 lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 15. If in an equilateral triangle ABC, AD is a median, then let us prove that,
sinBAD = cosDBA.
In an equilateral triangle ABC, AD is a median. A
.
. . AD A BC and BAD = DAC
ABD is a right angled triangle and DBA=60
.
l... ABC is an equilateral trianglen . . BAD = 30
.
. . sinBAD = sin30 = 21 and cosDBA = cos60 = 21
. B D C
. . sinBAD = cosDBA lprovedn
300
1–tan²30º
Application : 16. Let us prove that, = cos60º
1+tan²30º
2
§ ·
1– ¨ 1 ¸ 1– 1
1–tan²30º © 3 ¹ = 3 = 2 î 3 = 1 =cos60º
=
1+tan²30º 1+ 1 3 4 2
2
§ 1 ·
1+ ¨ ¸ 3
© 3¹
Application : 17. Let us prove that, tan260º–2sin60º = 3–cot30º lLet me do it myselfn
5cos 2 ʌ +4sec 2 ʌ –tan 2 ʌ

Application : 18. Let us determine the value of, 3 6 4
2 ʌ 2 ʌ
sin +cos
6 6
7
=5
12
Application : 19. sin(A+B)=1 and cos(A–B)=1, where 0º < (A+B) < 90º and A>B; let us
determine the values of the angles A and B.
sin(A+B)=1 = sin90º
.
. . A+B = 90º
Again, cos(A–B)=1 = cos0º
.
. . A–B = 0º
A+B = 90º
A–B = 0º
2A = 90º
.
. . A = 45º and B = 90º–45º = 45º
Application : 20. Let us determine, for what value of T(0º < T < 90º), sin2T–3sinT+2 = 0 will
be true.
sin2T–3sinT+2 = 0
or, sin2T–2sinT–sinT+2 = 0
or, sinT(sinT–2)–1(sinT–2)= 0
or, (sinT –1) (sinT –2) = 0
.
Either, sinT –1 = 0 . . sinT = 1ó
.
or, sinT – 2 = 0 . . sinT = 2
.
Since, the value of sinT can not be greater than 1, hence sinT = 1 = sin 90º . . T = 90º
301
Chapter : 23
Application : 21. Let us determine, for what value/values of T(0º < T < 90º), 2sinTcosT =
cosT will be true.
2sinTcosT = cosT
or, 2sinTcosT –cosT = 0
or, cosT (2sinT –1) = 0
Either, cosT = 0 or, 2sinT –1 = 0
.
If cosT = 0, then, cosT = 0 = cos90º . . T = 90º
1 .
Again, if 2sinT –1 = 0 then, sinT = = sin30º . . T = 30º
2
... T = 90º or, T = 30º for these values 2sinTcosT = cosT .
But if both sides of 2sinTcosT = cosT are divided by cosT, we get only T =30ºñ let us see, why
other value could not be found.
If both sides of 2sinTcosT = cosTare divided by cosT, we get, 2sinT =1
... sinT = 12 = sin30º ... T = 30º
But here it is not given cosT z0, so, both sides can not be divided by cosT. For this, one value
of T Èinstead of two has been found.
1. In the window of our house, there is a ladder at an angle of 60º with the ground. If the
ladder is 2 3 m. long, then let us calculate with figure, the height of our window from the
ground.
2. ABC is a right angled triangle with its B is 1 right angle. If AB = 8 3 cm. and
BC = 8 cm., then let us write by calculating, the values of ACB and BAC.
3. In a right angled triangle ABC, B = 90º, A = 30º and AC = 20 cm.. Let us determine
the lengths of two sides BC and AB.
4. In a right angled triangle PQR, Q = 90ºñ R = 45ºó if PR = 3 2 m., then let us find out
the lengths of two sides PQ and QR.
5. Let us determine the values of :
SiV sin2 45º – cosec2 60º + sec2 30º SiiV sec2 45º – cot2 45º – sin2 30º – sin2 60º
1 1
SiiiV 3tan2 45º – sin2 60º – cot2 30º – sec2 45º
3 8
4 2 3
SivV 3
cot 30º + 3 sin2 60º – 2cosec2 60º – tan2 30º
4
1 cos30º
SvV 1
3 + tan60º SviV cot2 30º – 2cos2 60º – 34 sec2 45º – 4sin2 30º
sin45º cos30º
2
SviiV sec2 60º – cot2 30º – 2tan30ºcosec60º
1+tan²30º
tan60º–tan30º
SviiiV1+tan60ºtan30º + cos60ºcos30º + sin60ºsin30º
SixV 1–sin²30º î
cos²60º+cos²30º
1+sin²30º cosec²90º–cot²90º
· (sin 60º tan 30º)
302
6 . Let us show that,

2tan30º
SiV sin2 45º + cos2 45º = 1 (ii) cos 60º = cos2 30º – sin2 30º SiiiV 1–tan²30º = 3
1+cos30º 2tan²30º
(iv)
1–cos30º
= sec 60º + tan 60º SvV 1–tan²30º +sec245º–cot245º = sec60º
SviV tan24S sin 3S tan 6S tan2 3S = 112 SviiV sin3S tan 6S + sin 2S cos 3S = 2sin24S
7. (i) If xsin45º cos45º tan60º = tan2 45º – cos60º, then let us determine the value of xÈ.
SiiV If x sin 60º cos2 30º = tan²45º sec60º
cosec60º
ñ then let us determine the value of x.
SiiiV If x2 = sin230º + 4cot245º – sec2 60º, then let us determine the value of x.
8 . If x tan 30º + y cot 60º = 0 and 2x – y tan 45º = 1, then let us write, by calculating the
values of x and y.
9. If A = B = 45º, then let us justify
SiV sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
SiiV cos (A+B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
10. SiV In an equilateral triangel ABC, BD is a median. Let us prove that, tanABD
= cotBAD
SiiV In an isosceles triangle ABC, AB=AC and BAC=90º ; the bisector of BACÈ
intersects the side BC at the point D.
secACD
Let us prove that, = cosec2 CAD
sinCAD
11. Let us determine the value/values of T S0º < T < 90ºV, for which 2cos2 T –3cos T +1 = 0 will
be true.
Our friend Biskakh drew a right-angled triangle ABC on the board whose B is right angle.
11 Today, we shall try to find out the relations of trigonometric ratios of any acute angle of the
right angled triangle drawn by Bishakh. C
ABC is a right angled triangle whose B is right angle.

... By Pythagoras theorem, we get, AB2+BC2 = AC2 (i)
Dividing both sides of the equation (i) with AC2, we get,
AB² BC² AC² A B
+ =
AC² AC² AC²
or, (AC ) + (AC

AB ²
) =1
BC ²
... sin2A + cos2A = 1 (I)

We are observing that, the relation (I) is applicable for all values of angle A, when 0º< A<90º
But what the relation (I) is called for?
The relation (I) is an Identify.
303
Chapter : 23
Dividing both sides of the relation (i) by AB2 and let us see what we get, C
AB2+BC2 = AC2
AB² BC² AC²
or, + =
AB² AB² AB²
... 1+tan2A = sec2A (II) A B
In the Identify (II) putting A=0º and A=90º, let us see what we get
If A=0º, the identify no. (II) is true, but if A=90º, tanA is undefined.
... We got, For all values of A, where 0º< A<90º
1+tan2A = sec2A (II)
But dividing both sides of the relation (i) by BC2 and let us see, what we get,
AB2+BC2 = AC2 C
AB² BC² AC²
or, + =
BC² BC² BC²
or, ( )
AB ²
BC
+1= ( )
AC ²
BC
A B
... cot2A +1 = cosec2A (III)
Putting A=90º and A=0º in identify no. (III), let us see, what we get,
If A=90º, then identify no. (III) is true, but if A=0º cotA is undefined.
... We get, for all values of A, where 0º< A< 90º
1+cot2A = cosec2A (III)
12 Let us try to express each of the trigonometric ratios in terms of other trigonometric ratios
with the help of identities (I)ñ (II) and (III).
From (I) we get, sin2A + cos2A = 1
... sinA = 1–cos2A and cosA = 1–sin2A

Only positive value is taken, since 0º< A<90º
From (II) we get, 1+tan2A = sec2A
... secA = 1+tan2A and tanA = sec2A–1

Only positive value is taken, since 0º< A<90º
From (III), we get, 1+cot2A = cosec2A
... cosecA = 1+cot2A and cotA = cosec2A–1

Only positive value is taken, since 0º< A< 90º
304
Application : 22. If 0º < T < 90º, let us write with reason whether sinT = 0.5 and cosT = 0.6 are
possible or not.
sinT=0.5 ... sin2T= 0.25
cosT= 0.6 ... cos2T= 0.36
sin2T+ cos2T = 0.25 + 0.36 = 0.61
But for 0º < T < 90º, sin2T+ cos2T= 1
.. . sinT =0.5 and cosT=0.6 are not possible.
3 1
Application : 23. For 0º< T< 90º, let us write with reason whether sinT= and cosT= 3 are
2
possible or not. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 24. If 0º < T < 90º, then let us show that, sinT + cos T>1
Let in right angled triangle ABC, B be right angle.
Letñ BCA=T lwhere 0º < T < 90ºn A
... sinT = AC
AB
and cosT =
BC
AC
... sinT + cosT = AC
AB BC AB+BC
+
AC
=
AC T
AB+BC C B
But in ' ABC, AB+BC>AC, so, >1
AC
... sinT + cos T >1
perpendicular perpendicular
(i) tan T = base (a) If perpendicular > base, then base >1
perpendicular
(b) Again, if perpendicular < base, then base <1
perpendicular
(c) When perpendicular = base, base =1
Therefore, the value of tanT can be greater than1,less than1Èand equal to 1.

T=
Is tanT 2 possible?
Since 2 >1ñ hence it may be possible that tanT = 2 .
hypotenuse hypotenuse
(ii) cosecT =perpendicular , since hypotenuse > perpendicular , hence perpendicular > 1
T=
May cosecT 3 be possible?
Since, 3 >1, hence the value of cosecT Èmay be 3.
Application : 25. I express cotTand secT in term of sinT,
sin2T + cos 2T = 1
or, cosT = 1–sin2 T
cosT 1–sin 2ș
Hence, cotT = =
sinT sinș
1 1
secT = =
cosT 1– sin2T
Application : 26. I express cotTand cosecT in term of cosT . lLet me do it myselfn
305
Chapter : 23
8
Application : 27. If tanT= , then let us write by calculating, the value of sinT .
15
8
tanT=
15
We know, sec2T= 1+tan2T= 1+
8 2
15
( )
= 1+
64 289
=
225 225
. . . secT = 15
17
. . . cosT = 15
17
2
... sinT = 1– cos2T = 1– 17
15 = 289–225 = 64 = 8
289 289 17
8
tanT 15 8
In another way, we get sinT = = =
secT 17 17
15
Alternative proof : ABC is a right-angled triangle whose B is right angle. Let, ACB=T
... tanT= er endicular
p p 8
base = A
15
Let, AB=8k units and BC=15k units Swhere k > 0V
In, ' ABC, AC2=AB2+BC2 = (8k units)2+(15k units)2
= 64k2 units2 +225k2 units2 = 289k2 units2
. T
. . AC=17k units C B
sinT =
AB 8k
=
AC 17k
... sinT = 17
8
4
Application : 28. If tanT= , then let us write by calculating, the value of (sinT+cosT)
3
p
Application : 29. If sinA= q , then let us determine the value of each of tanA, cotA and secAÈ.
p p
q q p q p
tanA = sinA = sinA = = = î =
cosA 1–sin 2 A 2 2
q –p 2 q 2
q –p 2
q –p 2
2
§p·
1– ¨ ¸
©q¹ p2
1– §¨ ·¸
p
2 q
© ¹ q 2 –p2 q q 2 –p 2
cotA = cosA = 1–sin A = = î =
sinA sinA p q p p
q
q
secA = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 =
cosA 1–sin 2 A 2 2
q –p 2
q –p 2
2
1– §¨ ·¸
p
q
© ¹ q
306
Alternative method : PQR is a right-angled triangle, whose Q is right angle

P
Let, PRQ = A
perpendicular p
sin A= hypotenuse = q
Let, PQ = pk units, and PR=qk units, where k > 0ñ
In ' PQR, QR2 = PR2–PQ2 = q2k2 –p2k2 = k2(q2 –p2) R
A
Q
... QR = k q2–p2
PQ pk p q 2 –p 2
tanA = = = cotA = 1 = 1 =
QR k q – p
2 2
q – p2
2 tanA p p
q2 – p2
qk q
secA = PR = =
QR k q 2 – p 2 q2 – p2
x x cosT–y sinT x²–y²
Application : 30. If cotT= y , then let us prove that =
x cosT+y sinT x²+y²
x cosT–y sinT
LHS =
x cosT+y sinT
x cosș – y sinș
sinș sinș
= ldividing numerator and denominator by sinTn
x cosș y sinș
sinș sinș
x 2 –y 2
xî x –y
x cotș – y y y x 2 –y 2
= = = 2 2 = 2 2 = RHS
x cotș + y xî x +y x +y x +y
y y
x cosT x
Alternative method : (I) cotT= y or, =
sinT y
... cosT
x
=
sinT
y
= k SSupposingV where k!0
.. . cosT=xk and sinT=yk
k x 2 –y 2 x 2 –y 2
. xcosș–ysinș = xîxk–yîyk = =
. . xcosș+ysinș xîxk+yîyk k x 2 +y 2 x 2 +y 2
x cosT x
This is to remember : from cotT= y , we get =
sinT y
But cosT = x and sinT = y are wrongly written. we can take cosT = xk and sinT = yk, where
k > 0.
x cosT x
Alternative method : (II) cotT= y or, =
sinT y
x cosT x²
or,
y sinT y²
= Smultiplying both sides by yx V
or, = Sby componendo and dividendoV
x cosT–y sinT x²–y²
... x cosT–y = x²–y²
sinT
307
Chapter : 23
7 12
Application : 31. If sinT+cosT = and sinTcosT = , then let us determine the values of
5 25
sinT and cosT.
7
sinT+cosT =
5
. . . cosT= 57 – sinT (i)
7 12
Putting cosT= – sinTin the equation sinTcosT = ñ we get
5 25
(7
sinT î – sinT =
5
) 12
25
7sinT 12
or, – sin 2T =
5 25
12
or, 7sinT – 5sin T =2
5
or, 35sinT – 25sin 2T = 12
or, 25sin2T – 35sinT +12 = 0
or, 25sin2T – 20sinT – 15sinT +12 = 0
or, 5sinT (5sinT – 4) –3(5sinT – 4) = 0
or, (5sinT – 4) (5sinT – 3) = 0 lfactorisingn
.
Either, 5sinT–4 = 0 . . sinT=
4
5
.
or, 5sinT–3 = 0 . . sinT=
3
5
... If sinT = 54 ñ cosT = 75 – 54 = 35
3 7 3 4
Again, if sinT = ñ cosT = – =
5 5 5 5
. . . sinT = 54 3
}
sinT =
or, 5
3 4
cosT = cosT =
5 5
Alternative proof : (sinT – cosT)2 = (sinT +cosT)2 – 4sinTcosT
= ()72
5
– 4î
12
25
=
49 48
–
25 25 25
=
1
... sinT – cosT= 15

7 7
sinT + cosT = Again, sinT + cosT=
5 5
1 1
sinT – cosT = sinT – cosT= –
5 5
8 6
Adding we get, 2sinT = Adding we get, 2sinT =
5 5
... sin T = 45 and cosT = 75 – 45 = 35 ... sin T = 35 and cosT = 75 – 35 = 45
. . . sinT = 54 , cosT = 53 or, sinT = 53 , cosT = 54
308
Application : 32. Let us express 1+2sinT cosT into a perfect square.

1+2sinTcosT = sin2T+cos2T+2sinTcosT> ... sin2T+cos2T=1]
= (sinT+cosT)2
secT+tanT 51
Application : 33. If = 2 , then let us determine the value of sinT .
secT–tanT 79
secT+tanT 51 209
=2 =
secT–tanT 79 79
secT+tanT+secT–tanT 209+79
or, =
secT+tanT–secT+ tanT 209–79
SBy the process of componendo and dividendoV
2secT 288
or, =
2tanT 130
tanT 130 65
or, = =
secT 288 144
sinT 65
or, î cosT =
cosT 144
... sinT = 144
65
5cotT+cosecT 7
Application : 34. If = , then let us determine the value of cosT. lLet me do
5cotT– cosecT 3
it myselfn
Application : 35. If x=acosT and y=bsinT, then let us eliminate T from these two relations and
see what we shall get.
.
x=acosT. . cosT= a
x
.
Again, y=bsinT . . sinT=
y
b
Since, sin2T + cos2T= 1
... b + a = 1
y 2 x 2
( ) ( )
x² y²
Hence, a² + =1
b²
Application : 36. From the two relations 2x=3sinT and 5y=3cosTÈ, by eliminating T, let us
write the relation between x and y. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 37. Let us eliminate T from the two relations x cosT= 3 and 4tanT=y and write
the relation between x and y.
3 .
x cosT = 3 or, cos T = x . . secT =
x
3
... tanT = 4
y y
4tanT = y or, tan T = 4
Since, sec2T – tan2T = 1
x 2 y 2
Hence, () ( )
3
–
4
=1
... x² – 16 = 1
y²
9
Application : 38. Let us eliminate Tfrom the two relations x=a secT, y= b tanT . lLet me do
it myselfn
309
Chapter : 23
Application : 39. If x=acosT+bsinT y=bcosT–asinT, then let us eliminate T from these two
relations.
x 2+y2 = (acosT+bsinT)2 +(bcosT–asinT)2
= a2cos2T+ b2sin2T+ 2absinTcosT+ b2cos2T+ a2sin2T– 2absinTcosT
= a2 (sin2T+cos2T) + b2(sin2T+cos2T)
..
= a2+b2 [ . sin2T+cos2T=1]
... x2+y2 = a2+b2
Application : 40. If sinT + cosecT = 2, then let us determine the value of (sin10T + cosec10T).
sinT + cosecT = 2
1
or, sinT + =2
sinT
sin²T +1
or, =2
sinT
or, sin2T+1= 2sinT
or, sin2T–2sinT +1 = 0
or, (sinT –1)2 = 0
or, sinT –1 = 0
. . . sinT = 1
Hence, cosecT = 1
sin10T + cosec10T = (1)10 + (1)10
= 1+1
=2
Application : 41. If cosT + secT = 2, then let us determine the value of (cos11T + sec11T)È
Application : 42. If 0º < D < 90º, then let us determine the least value of (4cosec2D+ 9sin 2D).
4cosec2D + 9sin 2D
= (2cosecD)2 + (3sinD)2
= (2cosecD–3sinD)2 + 2î2cosecDî3sinD
1
= (2cosecD–3sinD)2 + 12 î î sinD
sinD
= (2cosecD–3sinD)2 + 12
The least value of any perfect square of the expression is 0 SZeroV. So, the least value of
(2cosecD–3sinD) is zero.
... The least value of (4cosec2D+9sin2D)is 12.
4cosec2D + 9sin 2D = (2cosecD+3sinD)2 – 2 î 2cosecDî 3sinD
= (2cosecD+3sinD)2 – 12
The least value of (2cosecD–3sinD)2 is 0 SZeroV. Hence the least value of (4cosec2D+ 9sin 2D)
is –12.
Then what will be the least value?
The sum of two squares of the expression can not be negative. Hence the least value of
(4cosec2D + 9sin 2D)È is12.
310

4 cosecT
1. (i) If sinT= , then let us write the value of
5 1+cotT
È by determining it.
3 1–sinș = 1
(ii) If tanT= , then let us show that
4 1+sinș 2
8sinT+5cosT
(iii) If tanT= 1, then let us determine the value of 3
sin T – 2cos3T+7cosT
È.
2. (i) Let us express cosecT and tanTin term of sinT .
(ii) Let us write cosecT and tanT Èin term of cosT
3. (i) If secT+tanT=2, then let us determine the value of (secT –tanT)È.
(ii) If cosecT–cotT= 2 –1, then let us write by calculating, the value of (cosecT+cotT)È.
(iii) If sinT+cosT =1, then let us determine the value of sinT îcosT
(iv) If tanT +cotT= 2, then let us determine the value of (tanT –cotT)È.
7
(v) If sinT – cosT = , then let us determine the value of sinT +cosT .
13
1
(vi) If sinT cosT= , then let us write by calculating, the value of (sinT +cosT).
2
1
(vii) If secT – tanT = , then let us determine the values of both secT and tanT
3
(viii) If cosecT +cotT = 3 , then let us determine the values of both cosecT and cotT .
sinT+cosT
(ix) If = 7, then let us write by calculating, the value of tanTÈ.
sinT–cosT
cosecT+sinT 5
(x) If = , then let us write by calculating, the value of sinT
cosecT–sinT 3
5
(xi) If secT+cosT= , then let us write by calculating, the value of (secT –cosT).
3
9
(xii) Let us determine the value of tanTfrom the relation 5sin2T+4cos2T = .
2
10
(xiii) If tan2T+cot2T= , then let us determine the values of tanT+cotT Èand tanT–cotT Èand
3
from these let us write the value of tanT
13
(xiv) If sec2T+tan2T = , then let us write by calculating, the value of (sec4T –tan4T).
12
4. (i) In ' PQR, Q is right angle. If PR= 5 units and PQ–RQ=1 unit, then let us determine
the value of cosP–cosR.
(ii) In ' XYZ, Yis right angle. If XY=2 3 units and XZ–YZ=2 units then let us
determine the value of (secX–tanX)È.
5. Let us eliminate 'T' from the relations :
(i) x=2sinT, y=3cosT(ii) 5x=3secT, y=3tanT
5
6. (i) If sinD= , then let us show that, tanD+ secD= 1.5.
13
n
(ii) If tanA= , then let us determine the values of both sinA and secA.
m
311
Chapter : 23
x
(iii) If cosT = , then let us show that, xsinT = ycosT
x²+y²
a²–b² 2ab
(iv) If sinD=
a²+b²
, then let us show that, cotD=
a²–b²
.
sinT cosT x–y
(v) If = , then let us show that, sinT – cosT =
x y x²+y²
1+2x
(vi) If (1+4x2)cosA=4x, then let us show that, cosecA+cotA = .
1–2x
a² – b²
7. If x=asin T and y=btanT, then let us prove that, =1.
x² y²
8. If sin T +sin 2T =1, then let us prove that, cos 2T +cos 4T =1.
9. V.S.A.
(A) M.C.Q. ı
3 1 1 1 1 1
(i) If 3x=cosecD and x =cotD, then the value of 3(x2– x² ) is (a) (b) (c) (d)
27 81 3 9
2 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) If 2x=secA and x =tanA, then the value of 2(x2 – x² ) is (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8 16
(iii) If tanD+cotD=2, then the value of (tan13D+cot13D)È is (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none
of these
(iv) If sinT–cosT=0 (0º< T < 90º) and secT+cosecT=x, then the value of x is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 2
(v) If 2cos3T=1, then the value of T is (a) 10º (b) 15º (c) 20º (d) 30º
(i) If 0º < D < 90º, then the least value of (sec2D + cos2D)È is 2.
(ii) The value of (cos0ºîcos1ºîcos2ºîcos3ºî.............. cos90º) Èis 1.

(i) The value of ( 4
+
sec2T 1+cot2T
1
+ 3sin2T is)
1
(ii) If sin(T–30º) = , then the value of cosTis
2
1
(iii) If cos2T–sin2T = , then the value of cos4T–sin4Tis
2
10. S.A.
(i) If r cosT=2 3 ñ r sinT=2 and 0º< T < 90º, then let us determine the values of both r
andT
(ii) If sinA+sinB=2 where 0º< A< 90º and 0º< B< 90º , then let us find out the value of
(cosA+cosB).
(iii) If 0º< T < 90º, then let us calculate the least value of (9tan2T+4cot2T)È.
(iv) Let us calculate the value of (sin6D+cos6D+3sin2D cos2D)È.
(v) If cosec2T =2cotT and 0º< T < 90º, then let us determine the value of T .
312
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE
24 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE

Every day we play in a bigfield beside which is
Ramus' garden house. Often our ball falls into their
garden. Today we have put a ladder leaning
against their wall. We have decided that if the ball
falls into their garden we can collect the ball from
their garden with the help of ladder.
1 But putting the ladder in that way we see that the ladder, base and wall of the garden are in the
shape of a right-angled triangle.

In the adjoining figure, let AB is the wall, which is perpendicular to the base BC and length of the
A
ladder is AC. AC makes an angle T with BC
... The right-angled triangle ABC is formed an right-angled triangle of which ABC=90º and BCA=T
2 But what value of CAB will be⁄
If BCA=T thenCAB=90º–T
C B
We understand that, BCA and CAB are lcomplementary / supplementaryn to each other.
By drawing the figure, let us calculate, the triagnometic ratios of two complementary angles
BCA and CAB.
ABC is right-angled triangle of which B=90º A
.
Letñ BCA =T . . CAB=90º–T
. . . sinT = AB ñ cosT = BC ñ tanT =
AC AC
AC
ñ cosecT = AB ñ secT = T
BC C B
and cotT =
AB
3 Let us write the trigonometric rotios of an acute angle (90º–T) of right-angled triangle ABC.
perpendicular BC A
sin(90º–T) = sinCAB = hypotenuse =
AC

base AB 90º–T
cos(90º–T) = cosCAB = hypotenuse =
AC T
C B
p erpendicular
tan(90º–T) = tanCAB = base =
AC
cosec(90º–T) = cosecCAB = =
BC
sec(90º–T) = secCAB = =
AB
cot(90º–T) = cotCAB = =
BC
313
Chapter : 24
4 Let us write what we get by compairing with trigonometric ratios of BCA and CAB of
A
a right -angled triangle ABC.

We see that sin(90º–T) = cosT cos(90º–T) = sinT 90º–T
tan(90º–T) = cotT cot(90º–T) = lLet me do it myselfn T
C B
sec(90º–T) = cosecTcosec(90º–T) = lLet me do it myselfn
We understand that of the ladder makes an angle 60º with the base, i.e. if T=60º
3
sinT =sin60º =
2
Again, cos(90º–T) = cos(90º–60º)
3
= cos30º =
2
... We get, sinT = cos(90º–T)
If T=45º, tanT = cot(90º–T) lLet me do it myselfn
5 But if T = 0º and T = 90º let us see what we shall get.

T = 0º tan0º = 0 = cot (90º– 0º)
and sec0º = 1 = cosec (90º–0º)
if T = 90º, tan 90º, sec 90º are undefined.
and if T = 0ºñ cot 0º, cosec 0º are undefined.
cos 53º
Application ı 1. Let us find the value of È
sin 37º
We know that cos(90º–T) = sinT
cos 53º = cos (90º–37º) = sin 37º
... cos 53º sin 37º
=
sin 37º sin37º
=1
sec 49º
Application ı 2. Let us find the value of È lLet me do it myselfn
cosec 41º
Application ı 3. Let us show that cos 55º cos 35º – sin 55º sin 35º = 0
cos 55º cos 35º – sin 55º sin 35º
= cos (90º–35º) cos 35º – sin (90º–35º) sin 35º
= sin 35º cos 35º – cos 35º sin 35º = 0 SprovedV
Application ı 4. Let us show that sin43º cos 47º + cos43º sin 47º = 1 lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 5. Let us prove that tan 7º tan 23º tan 60º tan 67º tan 83º = 3
tan 7º tan 23º tan 60º tan 67º tan 83º
= (tan 7º tan 83º) tan 60º (tan 23º tan 67º)
= {tan 7º × (tan(90º–7º)} tan 60º{tan 23º × tan (90º–23º)}
..
= (tan 7º cot 7º) tan60º (tan 23º cot 23º) = 1× 3 ×1 ( . tanT×cotT = 1)
= 3 SprovedV
Application ı 6. Let us show that sin2 21º + sin2 69º = 1
sin 69º = sin(90º–21º) = cos 21º
.. . sin2 21º + sin2 69º = sin2 21º + cos2 21º = 1 [ ...sin2 T+ cos2 T= 1]
314
sec2 150
Application ı 7. Let us show that tan 15º + tan 75º =
sec 2 150 1
tan 15º + tan75º
= tan 15º + tan (90º–15º)
1
= tan 15º + cot 15º = tan 15º +
tan 15º l... sec2 T = 1+tan2T
=
tanð 15º + 1
=
secð 15º and tanT= sec2T–1 n
tan 15º secð15º–1 SprovedV
Application ı 8. If two angles A and B are complementary to each other, let us show that,
(sinA + sinB)2 = 1+2sin A sin B (sin A + sin B)2
Angles A and B are complementary = (sin A + cos A)2
angles to each other. = sin2 A + cos2 A + 2sin A cos A
= 1+2sin A cos A
so, A+B = 90º
= 1+2sin A cos (90º–B)
... B = 90º – A = 1+2sin A sin B SprovedV
sin B = sin(90º–A) = cos A
Application ı 9. If secT = cosecMand 0º<T <90º, 0º<M <90º let us find the value of sin
(T+M)È
secT = cosecM orñ secT = sec(90º–M)
. .
orñ T = 90º–M . . T + M= 90º . . sin (T + M) = sin90º = 1
Application ı 10. If tan 2A = cot (A–18º) where 2A is a positive acute angle, let us find the
value of A.
tan 2A = cot(A–18º)
..
orñ cot(90º–2A) = cot(A–18º) [ . cot(90º–T) = tanT]
orñ 90º–2A = A–18º
orñ –2A–A = –90º – 18º orñ–3A = –108º . . A = 36º
.
Application ı 11. If sec 4A = cosec(A–20º) where 4A is a positive acute angle, let us find the
value of A.
sec 4A = cosec(A–20º)
..
orñ cosec(90º–4A) = cosec(A–20º) [ . cosec(90º–T) = secT]
orñ 90º–4A = A–20º
orñ –4A–A = –20º – 90º
.
orñ –5A = –110º . . A = 22ºx
Application ı 12. If cos 43º = let us write by calculating the value of tan 47º
x xð+yð
cos 43º =
xð+yð
xð xð+yð–xð yð
sin 43º = 1– cos2 43º = 1–
2
= =
xð+yð xð+yð xð+yð
... sin 43º = lAs 43º is a positive acute angle, ... The value of sin43º can not be
y
xð+yð
negative n
x
. x +y 2
2
x 2 +y 2
. . tan 47º = tan (90º–43º) = cot 43º = cos 43º = = x × =x
sin 43º y 2
x +y 2 y y
x 2 +y 2
315
Chapter : 24
Alternative method ı A
ABC is a right-angled triangle of which B=90º

Let BCA=43ºó so, CAB = 90º–43º = 47º 47º
x BC
cos 43º = =
xð+yð AC
let BC = kx and AC = k x2 +y2 unit where k > 0. 43º
C B
In right-angled 'ABC , AB = AC – BC = (k x +y unit ) – (kx unit)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= (k2x2 + k2y2 – k2x2 ) sq unit = k2y2 sq unit

... AB = ky unit
... tan 47º = AB
BC kx x
=
ky y
=
P
Application ı 13. If tan50º = q , let us find the value of cos40lLet me do it myselfn
Let us work out 24
sin 38º cosec 79º tan 27º

1. Find the value ı (i) (ii) (iii)
cos 52º sec 11º cot 63º
2. Let us show that ı (i) sin 66º – cos 24º = 0 (ii) cos2 57º + cos2 33º = 1
(iii) cos2 75º – sin2 15º = 0 (iv) cosec2 48º – tan2 42º = 1
(v) sec 70º sin 20º + cos 20º cosec 70º = 2
3. If two angles Dand Eare complementary angles, let us show that
cosE sec D
(i) sin2 D+sin2 E = 1 (ii) cot E+cos E = cosD(1+
sinE) (iii) cosD–
cot2E = 1
x xð
4. If sin 17º = y , let us show that sec 17º – sin 73º =
y yð–xð
1
5. Let us show that sec2 12º – 2 =1
tan 78º
tan A
6. A + B = 90º, let us show that 1+ = sec2 A
tan B
7. Let us show that cosec2 22º cot2 68º = sin2 22º + sin2 68º + cot2 68º
8. If P + Q = 90º, let us show that, sin P – sinP cosQ = cos P

cosQ
1
9. let us prove that cot 12º cot 38º cot 52º cot 78º cot 60º =
3
10. AOB is a diameter of a circle with centre O and C is any point on the circle, joining A.C;
B,C; and O,C let us show that
(i) tanABC = cotACO (ii) sin2BCO + sin2ACO = 1
(iii) cosec2CAB–1= tan2ABC
11. ABCD is a rectangular figure, joining A, C let us prove that.
1
(i) tanACD = cotACB (ii) tan2CAD + 1 = 2
sin BAC
316
12. Very short answer type questions (V.S.A)

(A) (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) The value of (sin 43º cos 47º + cos 43º sin 47º) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin4º (d) cos4º
(ii) The value of ( cot

tan 35º cot 78º
+
55º tan 12º
) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of this
(iii) The value of{cos (40º+T)– sin(50º–T )} is
(a) 2cosT (b) 7sinT (c) 0 (d) 1
(iv) ABC is a triangle. sin B+C

2 =( )
(a)sin A
2 (b) cos A2 (c) sin A (d) cos A
(v) If A+B=90 and tan A= 43 , value of cot B is

(a) 43 (b) 34 (c) 53 (d) 54
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true of false :
(i) The value of cos 54º and sin 36º are equal.
(ii) The simplified value of (sin12º–cos78º) is 1.
(C) Let us fill up the blanks ı

(i) The value of (tan 15º×tan 45º×tan 60º×tan 75º) is .
(ii) The value of (sin 12º×cos 18º×sec 78º×cosec 72º) is .
(iii) If A and B are complementary to each other, sin A = .
13. Short answer type questions :
(i) If sin 10T = cos 8Tand 10Tis a positive acute angle, let us find the value of tan 9T.
(ii) If tan 4T×tan 6T=1 and 6Tis a positive acute angle, let us find the value of T.È
2sin 2 63º+1+2sin 2 27º
(iii) ÈLet us find the value of
3cos217º–2+3cos 2 73º
(iv) Let us find the value of (tan 1º × tan 2º × tan 3º .................. tan 89º)
(v) If sec 5A = cosec (A+36) and 5A is a positive acute angle, let us find the value of A.
317
Chapter : 25
25 APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS :

HEIGHTS & DISTANCES
Every afternoon, we play in a big field, which is

situated Ramus' garden house. Some distance
away a tank for that area is placed on a high pillar.
Some times we fly kite in this field. Often the kite
of Satish rises up at the highest-level from base
and it rises above the water tank.
1 But let us see, by drawing, how shall we get the height of the water tank from the base.
We suppose that CE is the height of water tank and the water tank stands
perpendicularly on the base line. C
AB is my height and I stand perpendicularly on the base. I stand
at a distance of BE from the water tank, the line segments AD and
BE are parallel to each other. I see the vertex of water tank along
the line AC.
A T D
2 What is this line AC called ?
This line AC is called Line of Sight.
B Pic. (i) E
We understand that the line of sight is the line drawn from
the eye of an observer to the point in the object viewed by the observer.
We see that my line of sight AC makes an angle Twith the horizontal line AD.
3 What is this angle Tcalled?
This angle T is called Angle of Elevation.
We understand that when an observer standing on base, the point being viewed is above the
horizantal level, the angle formed by the line of sight of an observer with horizantal line, is called
the angle of elevation. In the angle of elevantion head of an observer rises upwards.
4 But if I would be on the tank at the tank at the point C and if I look down from this point at
head of my friend standing on base AB, let us see by
drawing a picture, what type of angle we shall get. F C
Let my friend stands on base AB I am looking the point A T
from the point C at the top of tower.
In this case my line of sight CA makes an angle T with the
line CF which is parallel to horizantal line CA.
l... DAC=T ñ CF|| AD, So, DAC = FCAn A D
5 What is this type of angle Tcalled ?
B Pic. (ii) E
This angle is called Angle of Depression.
318
˛
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES
We understand that when the observer is looking down to an object, then the angle so formed
by his line of sight with the horizantal line is called the angle of depression. In the angle of
depression the head of an observer is lowered to look at the point being viewed. C
6 Let us see how shall we get height of tank from picture no (i)
Height of water tank is CE = CD+DE
= CD+AB
T
D=90º of a right-angled triangle ADC A D
Angle of elevation DAC =T E
B
... For finding, with the help of trigonometric ratios it is needed to know the value of AC or AD.
7 If T =30º , i.e the angle of elevation of top of tank from the point A is 300 and AD = 120
meter. i-e. if my distance from the water tank is 120 meter. Let us write by calculating what will
be the height of water tank.
D=90º of right - angled triangle ACD; The value of CD is to be determined. Hence we take
such a trigonometric ratio, where there are CD and AD.
CD CD metre
In right-angled triangle ACD, tanT = or, tan 30º =
AD 120
CD 1
or, 120 metre =
3
m. m.
... CD = 120 = 40 × 3 = 40 3 metre
3 3
.. . Height of tank is = l40 3 metre + my height (AB)n
Let us write what we have done for determining the value of any height.
(i) We have found the distance of which we shall find height from my position.
(ii) We find the angle of elevation of vertex of which we shall find height.
(iii) Now we shall find the height with the help of trigonometric ratios.
8 But if T =30º, and AC=150 metre, let us find the height.
D=90º of a right angled triangle ACD. The Value of CD is to determined. C
To find CD. We take such a trigonometric ratio where there are CD and AC.
In right angled'ACD,È sin30º = CD
AC
1 CD
or, = T
2 150 m.
150 m. A D
or, CD = = 75 metre
2 B E
... Height of water tank is = l75 metre + AB n
It should be remembered : Unless otherwise stated, in case of such problems the information
regarding the angle of elevation and depression with respect to a person is given, the height of
the person should be neglected while drawing the necessary diagram for solving the problem.
In these problems, the observer is to be treated as a point. Let us consider that the tree, pillar,
Light post etc stand perpendicularly on the base.
319
Chapter : 25
Application 1. A coconut tree stands on the bank of Rita's pond. Proceeding along the bank of
the pond to a point which is at a distance of 12 metre with respect to this point, the angle of
elevation of vertex of tree is 60º, Let us write by calculating the height of coconut tree on the
bank of Rita's pond l 3 =1.732 approxn
Let AB represents the height of coconut tree which is perpendicular to the base. Moving along
the bank of the pond to a point C from the point B, the angle of elevation of the point A with
respect to C is 60º.
Joining A and C the right-angled triangle ABC is obtained where˚ B=90º and ACB=60º
with respect to the angle ACB,È the base BC=12 meters. In right-angled triangle ABC, we get
with the help of trigonometric ratios,
p erp endicular AB AB
tanACB = tan 60º = base = =
BC 12 m. A
AB
or, tan 60º =
12 m.
AB
or, 3 =
12 m.
or, AB = 12 3 metre = 12×1.732 metre SapproxV
60º
= 20.784 metre SapproxV B C
... Height of coconut tree is = 20.784 metre SapproxV.
Application : 2. If the angle of elevation at the top of the coconut tree is 60º with
respect to a point which is 20 metre away in the horizantal plane from the foot of the
cocount tree, let us write by calculating height of coconut tree. lLet me do it meselfn
Application : 3. Yesterday a light-post is bent at a point due to storm and the top of the light post
meets the ground at a point 4 metre from the foot of the light post making an angle of 45º with
the horizantal line. Let us write by calculating the length of the light-post. l 2 =1.414 approxn
Let the length of light post be AB, it is bent at the point O and top of the light post meets the
ground at the point C.
... AO = OC = x metre (let) A
... AB = AO + OB = CO+OB
... A right-angled triangle OBC is formed of which B = 90º
BC=4 metre, OC= x metre.
BC 4
In right-angled triangle 'OBC,cos 45º = =
OC x
1 4 .
or, = x ..x=4 2
2 O
... OC = 4 2 metre = 4×1.414 metre = 5.656 metre (approx)
.
'OBC, in OCB = 45º . . BOC = 90º – 45º = 45º
... BO = CO = 4 metre
x
... The length of light post = (4+5.656) metre (approx) 45º

C
B
= 9.656 metre (approx)
320
˛
Application : 4. If the angle of elevation of the sun is 60º the shadow of a palm
tree is 12 metre in length. Let us find the height of the palm tree.
In the adjoining picture, AB is the length of height of palm tree and BC denotes
the length of shadow when ACB=60º
AB
In right-angled triangle 'ABCñ tan 60º = A
BC
AB
or, 3 = m.
12
60º
or, AB = 12 3 metre
... Height of palm tree is 12 3 metre. B 12 m.˚ C
But if length of shadow of palm tree (of which length is 12 3 metre) is 36 metre, let us write
by calculating what will be the angle of elevation of the sun.
Let the length of shadow of palm tree BC=36 and length of palm tree AB= 12 3 metre and
angle of elevation of sun be T. In right-angled triangle ABC. A
AB 12 3 12 3 1
tan T = = = =
BC 36 12×3 3 12 3 m.
... tanT = 1 = tan 30º ... T = 30º T
3
.. . Then the angle of elevation of sun is 30º. B 36 m.
C
Application : 5. Let us find what will be the angle of elevation of the sun when length of shadow
of a stick of 20 metre will be 12 3 metre. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 6. Samiran observes a light post just on the opposite bank of the canal of Haskhali
pole from the roof of three storied building of his house . If the angle of depression of the foot of
the post at the eye of Samiran is 30º and height of building is 10 metre, Let us calculate the width
of the canal. l 3 =1.732 SapproxVn
Let three storied building be AB and post be CD stands on opposite side of canal of width BC.
Samiran observed foot of the post CD at the point C from the point A at an angle of depression 30º.
... EAC = 30º lLet AE || BC n
... We get a right-angled triangle ABC of which B =90ºñ AB=10 metre.
and ACB = EAC l... AE || BC n
E
... ACB = 30º A
AB 10 metre 30º
In right-angled triangle ABC tan 30º = = D
BC BC
1 10 metre
10 m.˚
or, =
3 BC C
. . . BC = 10 3 metre = 10×1.732 metre SapproxV

B
= 17.32 metre SapproxV

... The width of the canal is 17.32 metre SapproxV.
321
Chapter : 25
Application : 7. But if a high multi-storied building stands on the bank of any river,
let us see how shall we measure the height of multi-storied building standing on
opposite side of the bank of river.
Let the height of multi-storied building = x metre.
If the top of the building from a point C along bank of river just opposite to the point B, the angle
of elevation of the top of the building is 45º and D is a point on BC produced at a distance of 14
metres from this bank and the angle of elevation of
the top of the building at the point D is found to be A
30º, let us find the height of the building.
Let width of the river (BC) = y metre
... From right-angled triangle ABC we get
AB
tan 45º =
BC
x 45º
or, 1 = y 30º
... x = y B C D
AB AB
Again, we get from right-angled triangle ABD, tan 30º = =
BD BC+CD
. . . 1 = y+14
x
3
or, y +14 = x 3
or, x+14 = x 3 [ ... x=y]
or, x ( 3 –1) = 14
14 3+1
... x = 14
=
3 –1 3–1 3+1
14 (1.732+1)
=
3–1
= 7×2.732 (approx) = 19.124 (approx) C
... Height of the building is 19.124 metre (approx).
Application : 8. If the angle of elevation of the top of monument when 45º
observed from a point on the roof of a five-storied building of 18 metre
height is 45º and the angle of depression the to foot of the monument,
when observed from the same point is 60º, let us write by calcualting 45º
the height of the monument. l 3 =1.732 SapproxVn A P
In the adjoining picture, let AB=18m=height of the five-storied building 60º
and CD is the height of the Monument. The angle of elevation of the
point C from the point A of AB is 45º and the angle of depression at the
point D of the foot of the Monument is 60º.
. . . PAC = 45º and PAD = 60º [let, AP || BD]
.
PAD = ADB [ ... AP || BD] . . ADB = 60º
Let the height of the Monument is CD = X metre and BD=Y metre =AP
AB = 18 metre. So, CP = (x–18) metre. 60º
B D
322
˛
AB C
From right-angled triangle 'ABD, we get, tan 60º =
BD
18 . 45º
or, 3 =
y
. . y = 18 = 6 3
3
CP
We get from rigth-angled triangle APC tan PAC = 45º
AP
x–18 x–18 A P
or,tan 45º = =
y 6 3 60º
x–18
or,1=
6 3
or,x– 18=6 3
or,x =18+6 3 = 6 (3+ 3 )
or,x = 6 (3+1.732) SapproxV
or,x = 6 ×4.732 SapproxV ... x = 28.392 SapproxV
... Height of the Monument is 28.392 metre (approx). 60º
B D
Application : 9. From a point on the roof of a house of 11 metre height, it is
observed that the angles of depression of the top and foot of lamp post are 30º
and 60ºó respectively. Let us write by calculating height of lamp post.
In the adjoining figure, AB =11 metre = height of the building
CD = height of lamp post = x metre (let)
The angle of depression from the point A of ABÈ at the point C of the top of lamp post is 30º and
angle of depression at the point D of foot of lamp post is 60º.
... PAC = 30º and PAD = 60º lLet AP||BD and extended DCÈ is CP n
.
AB=PD=11 metre. CD=x metre . . PC = (11– x) metre. A P
Let BD = y metre = AP 30º
60º
PD 11
From right-angled triangle APD we get tan 60º = =
AP y
C
11 .
or, 3 =
y
. . y = 11 (1)
3
PC
Again from right-angled triangle APC, we get, tan 30º =
AP
1 11– x
or, =
3 y 60º
or, y = 11 3 – x 3 B D
11
or, = 11 3 – x 3 lfrom (1) we getn
3
or, 11 = 33–3x
or, 3x = 22 ... x = 22
_
3
=7
1
3
.. . The height of lamp post is 7 1 metre.
3
323
Chapter : 25
Application : 10. From a point at the top of a building of 60 metre height, it is observed that the
angles of depression of the top and foot of tower are 30º and 60º respectively. Let us write by
calculating the height of the tower. lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 11. From a quay of a river of 600 metres wide, two boats start in two different
directions to reach the opposite side of the river. The first boat moves making an angle of 30º
with this bank and the second boat moves making an angle of 90º with direction of the first
boat's movement and reaches the other bank of the river. let us calculate what will be the
distance between the two boats when both of them reach the other side. l 3 =1.732 SapproxVn
Let in the adjoining figure, XY be one bank of the river and the boats starts from a point O on
this bank. Let OA be the direction of the first boat and OB be that of the second boat. So, A and
B are the respective points where the first and seceond boats reach the opposite bank.
... YOA=30º ñ AOB=90º ; we draw perpendicular OD on AB from the point O.
... AOD= 60º and DOB=30º
B D A
P Q
AD 600 m.˚
From right-angled triangle AOD, we get, tan 60º =
OD
AD 30º
or, 3 = 90º
600 metre
. . . AD = 600 3 metre X
60º
30º
Y
O
BD
Again, we get from right-angled triangle BOD, we get, tan 30º =
OD
1 BD
or, = metre
3 600
600m 600 3 m
or, BD = =
3 3
= 200 3 metre
AD+BD = (600 3 + 200 3 ) metre
AB = 800 3 metre = 800 ×1.732 metre (approx) = 1385.6 metre (approx)
.. . The distance between the two boats when they reach the other bank is 1385.6 metre (approx).
Application : 12. Two pillars of equal heights are on the either side of a road, which is 150
metre wide. The angles of elevation of the top of the pillars are 60º and 30º respectively at a
point on the road between the pillars. Let us find the height of each pillar.
B D
Let, AB and CD are two equal pillars.
Let, AB= CD = h metre.
Let, O is a fixed point on the road AC. h m. h m.
.
Let, OA= x m. . . OC = (150–x) m.
60º
... AOB=60º and COD = 30º
30º
Ax m. O C
(150–x) m.
AB h
From right-angled triangle AOB, we get, tan 60º = =
AO x
or,
h
3 =x ... x = h (i)
3
324
˛
Again we get from right-angled triangle COD B D

CD h
tan 30º = =
OC 150–x
1 h
or, = h m. h m.
3 150–x
or, 150–x = h 3 60º 30º
.. . x = 150 – h 3 (ii) A x m. O C
(150–x) m.
... Comparing equation (i) and (ii) we get, h = 150 – h 3
3
or, h = 150 3 – 3h
.
or, 4h = 150 3 . .h =
150 3
=
75 3
4 2
... The height of each pillar is 752 3 metre.

Application : 13. A bird was flying in a line parallel to the ground from north to south. It was at
a height of 200 metre. Susovan, standing in the midst of a field, first observed the bird in the
north at an angle of 30º from a point on the ground. After 3 minutes, he again observed it in the
south at an angle of 45º. Let us write by calculating the speed of the bird in kilometers per hour
to the nearest integer. ( 3 = 1.732 (approximately))
Let, from the point P, Susovan observed the bird at an angle of 30º at the point A and after 3
minutes he observed the bird at an angle of 45º at the point B.
Let, AO = x m. and BO = y m.
.
PO is perpendicular on ABÈ from the point P. . . PO = 200 metre
... XPA=30º ñ ... APO = 90º–30º = 60º ó
... BPY=45º ñ ... BPO = 90º – 45º = 45º
x m. O y m.
In right-angled triangle APOÈ. A
B
x
tan APO = tan 60º =
200
or, 3 =
x
200
... x = 200 3 200 m.
In right-angled triangle BPOÈ.

y
tan BPO = tan 45º = 200 30º 45º
X P Y
y .
or, 1 = 200 . . y = 200
So, x+y = 200 3 + 200 = 200 ( 3 +1) = 200×2.732 = 546.4
In 3 minute the bird flies 546.4 metre
546.4 m.
In 1 minute the bird flies
3
546.4
In 60 minutes the bird flies 3 × 60 metre = 10928 metre = 10.928 Km.
. . . The speed of the bird is 11 km/hour. (in nearest integer)
325
Chapter : 25
Let us see by calculating 25

1. If the angle of elevation of the top of a coconut tree from a point on the ground is 60º and
the point is 20 metre away from the foot of the tree, let us find the height of the tree.
2. The length of the shadow of a tower is 9 metres when the angle of elevation of sun is 30º.
Let us write by calculating the height of the tower.
3. A kite is flying with a thread of 150 metres length from a field. If the thread of kite makes an angle
60º with the horizantal line, let us write by calculating the height of the kite from the ground.
4. A palm tree stands on the bank of a river. A post is fixed in the land on the other bank just
opposite to the palm tree. On moving 7 3 metres from the post along the bank, it is found
that the tree makes an angle of 60º at that point with respect to this bank. Let us find the
width of the river.
5. A telegraph post is bent at a point above the ground due to storm. Its top just meets the
ground at a distance of 8 3 metres from its foot and makes an angle of 30º. Let us write
by calculating at what height the post is bent and what is the height of the post.
6. Two houses stand just on the opposite sides of a road of our village. A ladder that stands
against the wall of the first house is at a distance of 6 metres from the house and makes an
angle of 30º with the horizontal line. But if the ladder stands against the wall of the second
house keeping its foot at the same point, it makes an angle of 60º with the horizontal line.
SiV Let us find the length of the ladder.
SiiV Let us write by calculating, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the foot of the
wall of the second house.
SiiiV Let us find the width of the road.
SivV Let us find the height where the top of the ladder is fixed against the wall of the second
house.
7. If the angle of elevation of the top of a chimney from a point on the horizontal plane passing
through the foot of the chimney is 60º and the angle of elevation from another point on the same
plane at a distance of 24 metres from the first point is 30º, let us write by calculating the height
of the chimney.
lLet us find the approximate value correct upto three decimal places. assuming 3 =
1.732 (approx)n
8. The length of the shadow of a post becomes 3 metre smaller when the angle of elevation of
the sun increases from 45º to 60º. Let us find the height of the post.
lLet us find the approximate value correct upto three decimal places, assuming 3 =
1.732 (approx)n
9. When the top of a chimney of a factory is seen from a point on the roof of the three storied
building of 9 3 metre height, the angle of elevation is 30º. If the distance between the
factory and chimney is 30 metres, let us write by calculating height of the chimney.
10. The bottom of a light house and bottom of the mast of two ships are on the same straight
line and the angles of depression from the light house at the bottom of mast of two ships are
60º and 30º respectively. If the distance of the points at the bottom of the light house and
the bottom of the mast of first ship is 150 metres, let us write by calculating, how far will the
mast of other ship from the light house be and what will the height of light house be.
11. From a point on the roof of five-storied building the angle of elevation of the top of a
monument and that of angle of depression of the foot of the monument are 60º and 30º
respectively. If the height of the building is 16 metres, let us write by calculating the height
of the monument and the distance of the building from the monument.
326
˛
12. I am flying a kite having the length of thread 250 metres; when the thread makes an angle 60º
with the horizontal line, and when the thread makes an angle of 45º with the horizontal line. let
us write by calculating in each case what is the height of kite from me. Let us find in which of
the two cases will the kite be at a greater height from the other.
13. A passenger of an acroplane observes that Howrah station is at one side of the plane and
Saheed minar is just on the opposite side. The angles of depression of Howrah station and
Saheed minar from the passenger of aeroplane are 60º and 30º respectively. If the aeroplane
is at a height of 545 3 metres at that time, let us find the distance between Howrah
station and Saheed minar.
14. The length of the flag at the roof of three-storied building is 3.3 metres. From any point of
road, the angles of elevation of the top and foot of the flagpost are 50º and 45º. Let us
write by calculating the height of three-stored building. lLet, tan50º = 1.192n
15. The heights of two towers are 180 metres and 60 metres respectively. If the angle of elevation
of the top of the first tower from the foot of the second tower is 60º, let us write by calculating
what is the angle of elevation of the top of the second tower from the foot of the first.
16. The length of shadow of a tower standing on the ground is found to be 60 metres more when
the angle of elevation of sun changes from 45º to 30º, let us find the height of the tower.
17. From a point on the same plane along the horizontal line passes through the foot of a
chimney, the angle of elevation of the top of the chimney is 30º and the angle of elevation of
the top of the chimney is 60º at a point on the same straight line proceeding 50 metres
nearer to the chimney. Let us write by calculating the height of the chimney.
18. A vertical post of 126 dm height was bent at some point above the ground and it just touched
the ground making an angle of 30º with the ground. Let us write by calculating at what height
was the post bent and at what distance did it meet the ground from the foot of the post.
19. Mohit, standing in the midst of a field, observes a flying bird in his north at an angle of
elevation of 30º and after 2 minutes he observes the bird in his south at an angle of elevation
of 60º. If the bird flies in a straight line all along at a height of 50 3 metres, let us find its
speed in kilometre per hour.
20. Amitadidi standing on a railway overbridge of 5 3 metres height observed the engine of
the train from one side of the bridge at an angle of depression of 30º. But just after 2
seconds, she observed the engine at an angle of depression of 45º from the other side of
the bridge. Let us find the speed of the train in metres per second.
21. A bridge is situated at right angle to the bank of the river. If one moves away a certain
distance from the bridge along this side of the river, the other end of the bridge is seen at an
angle of 45º and if someone moves a further distance of 400 metres in the same direction,
the other end is seen at an angle of 30º. Let us find the length of the bridge.
22. A house of 15 metres height, stands on one side of a park and from a point on the roof of
the house the angle of depression of the foot of the chimney of brick kiln of the other side
is 30º and the angle of elevation of the top of the chimney of brick kiln is 60º. Let us write
the height of the chimney and the distance between the brick kiln and the house.
23. If the angle of depression of two consecutive mile stones on a road from an aeroplane are
60º and 30º respectively, let us find the height of the aeroplane, (i) when the two mile
stones stand on opposite side of the aeroplane, (ii) when the two mile stones stand on the
same side of the aeroplane.
327
Chapter : 25

(A) M.C.Q. ı
(i) If the angle of elevation of the top of mobile tower from a distance of 10 metres from
its foot is 60º, then the height of the tower is
(a) 10 metres (b) 10 3 metres (c) 10 metres (d) 100 metres
3
5 metre
(ii) Value of T ÈisÈ (a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) 75º
T
5 3 metre
(iii) At what angle an observer observes a box lying on ground from the roof of three-
storied building, so that the height of building is equal to the distance of the box from
the building, then the angle is
(a) 15º(b) 30º(c) 45º (d) 60º
(iv) Height of tower is 100 3 metre. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a
point at a distance of 100 metre of foot of tower is
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) none of this
(v) If the length of shadow on the ground of a post is 3 times of its height, the angle of
elevation of the sun is
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) none of these
(B) Let us write whether the following statements are true or false :-
(i) In 'ABC, B=90º, if AB=BC, then C=60º.
(ii) PQ is the height of a building, QR is the base, the angle of P S
depression from a point P at the point R is SPR ;
So, SPR = PRQ. Q R
(i) If the angle of elevation of sun increases from 30ºÈ to 60º, the length of the shadow of
a post .˛ Sdecreases/increasesV
(ii) It the angle of elevation of sun is 45º, then the length of shadow and length of post are
.
(iii) If the angle of elevation of sun is 45º, the length of shadow of tower will be
less than the height of tower.
25. Short answer type questions (S.A.) :
(i) If the angle of elevation of a kite is 60º and the length of thread is 20 3 metre, let us
calculate the height of kite above the ground.
(ii) AC is the hypotenuse with length of 100 metres of a right-angled triangle ABC and if
AB=50 3 metre, let us find the value of C.
(iii) A tree breaks due to storm and its top touches the ground in such a manner that the
distance from the top of the tree to the base of the tree and present height are equal.
Let us calculate how much angle is made by the top of the tree with the base.
(iv) In right-angled triangle ABC, B=90º, D is such a point on AB that
AB : BC : BD = 3 : 1 : 1, let us find the value of ACD.
(v) If the ratio between length of shadow of a tower and height of tower is 3 : 1, let us
find the angle of elevation of the sun.
328
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE
26 STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE
At the crossing of chowmatha of village Berhampur there

are two tea stalls having good quality of tea. One is Bimal
uncle's tea stall and the other is Asha aunty's tea stall. There
are gathering of customers nearly all time of the day.
Sutapa has made a table of accounts of per day profit
of last month of each of that two tea stalls.
The two tables of accounts made by Sutapa are,
The table of everyday profit (in `) of last month in
Bimal uncle's tea stall is
321, 352, 388, 410, 480, 400, 475, 415, 345, 360
445, 390, 552, 495, 570, 530, 436, 580, 510, 462
437, 491, 498, 460, 372, 463, 458, 515, 464, 428
The table of every day profit (in `) of last month in Asha aunty's tea stall is
315, 420, 480, 530, 580, 315, 360, 440, 480, 465
530, 465, 580, 360, 420, 360, 480, 530, 580, 360
440, 420, 360, 480, 530, 420, 580, 530, 465, 420
1
But how shall we understand that the tea stall which has more average profit at last month
from the above data i.e. let us see how shall we compare data obtained from two tea stalls.
We shall determine such a special number for each data so that it will be a representative of the
whole data.
2 What is called this special number for each data ?
A special number of any data which represents the whole data, usually occupies nearly a central
position. So, that special number is called Measure of Central tendency of data.
3 What do we mean by central position ?
If the numbers of data are arranging in ascending order then the middle number / or the positions
of nearby numbers is called the central position.
There are three measures of central tendency. (i) Mean (ii) Median (iii) Mode
4 Let us find the mean profit of data of Bimal uncle's tea stall obtained by Sutapa and let us
see what we shall get.
Last month in 30 days profit of Bimal uncle= x1+x2+x3+ ......... +x 30
Where, x1=` 321ñ x2 =` 352ñ x3= ` 388, ........, x30=` 428
... Total Profit = ` (321+352+388+........+428)
= `13502
... Mean profit of Bimal uncle is = ` 13502
30 = ` 450.06 = ` 450 SapproxV–
329
Chapter : 26
The mean obtained by this method is called Arithmetic mean. Usually we consider arithmetic
mean as mean only
If x1,x 2,x 3, ......,x n Èbe the n values of a variable x, and if their arithmetic mean be x– , then
x +x +x +.....+x n
x– = 1 2 3
n
x– is read as x -bar.
5 But how shall we write it briefly
x1 +x 2 +x 3 +.....+x n 1 n
–
x= = ¦ xi
n n i=1
Here, ¦sign is a Greek capital letter and is called 'Sigma' which means summation.˚
10 10
Then what will be ¦x i ? What will be ¦ (10 î i) ?

i=1 i=1
10
¦ (10 îi) = (10î1)+(10î2)+.....+(10î10)

10
¦ x = x +x +x +x +x +x +x +x +x +x
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
. i=1
i=1 = 10î(1+2+3+.....+10)
= 10î55 = 550
I form a frequency table from data of profit obtained by Sutapa from Asha aunty's tea stall.
Table-1 (Table – 1)
Amount of profit 315 360 420 440 465 480 530 580 Total
S in ` ) (x i)
Number of days (f i) 2 5 5 2 3 4 5 4 30
Here how shall we get the average profit of Asha aunty for the last month. i.e. Let us see, how
shall we determine the value of mean from frequency distribution table. i.e. let us find the arithmetic
mean of ungrouped data.
Amount of profit ` (x i ) Number of days(fi ) x i fi
315 2 630
360 5 1800
420 5 2100
440 2 880
465 3 1395
480 4 1920
530 5 2650
580 4 2320
Total ¦ f i = 30 ¦ f i x i = 13695
... In the last month the average profit of Asha aunty's tea stall˛ = ` ¦ i i = ` 13695
fx
= 456.50
¦ fi 30
... We are observing that, according to the data obtained by Sutapa, the mean profit of Asha
aunty was more in the last month.
330
But what is called the arithmetic mean which I obtained from the frequency distribution table.
This is called weighted mean of the variable x.
We understand that if f1 , f2 , f3 ..... fn be respective frequencies of n values x1 , x2 , x3 ..... xn of a
variable x, then the weighted mean will be –x ,
n
x1f1 x 2 f 2 x 3f3 ....... x n f n 6 f ix i

if x– =
i=1
n
f1 f 2 ...... f n 6 fi
i=1
Application 1. I have prepared a table of height of 40 students of Shakil's class in our higher
seeondary school of our village. Let us find the mean of their heights.
Height of students 2 6 8 12 7 3 2
Number of students 90 97 110 125 134 140 148
Height of students Number of students (fi) x i fi

Scm.V (x i )
90 2 90î2 = 180
97 6 97î6 =
110 8 110î8 =
125 12
134 7
140 3
148 2
Total ¦ f i =40 ¦ f i x i = 4796
¦ fi x i
... Mean height of students = ¦ f = 4796
40
cm. = 119.9 cm.
i
Application ı 2. The marks obtained by 30 students of class of Bishakha in Geography are
61, 78, 80, 77, 80, 69, 73, 61, 82, 78, 79, 72, 78, 62, 80
71, 82, 73, 66, 73, 62, 80, 74, 78, 62, 80, 66, 70, 79, 75
Let us find the arithmetic mean of marks obtained Geography lLet me do it myselfn˚
Let us write grouped data in table-I of profit of Table – 2
ungrouped data made by Sutapa of Asha aunty's Profit amount (Rs.) number of days (fi )
tea stall where the length of class interval is 50. 300 - 350 2
Let us find the arithmetic mean of profit from 350 - 400 5
adjoining grouped data and let us see what I 400 - 450 7
shall get. 450 - 500 7
In adjoining frequency distribution table how shall 500 - 550 5
I get a number which will represent class interval 550 - 600 4
of each class. Total 30
It is assumed that the most of the numbers of the frequency of each class interval in grouped
data of frequency distribution table is centred around that mean of class size. So the class
mark of each class is assumed as the representative of that class.
class mark = Upper class limit + lower class limit
2
331
Chapter : 26
Application ı 3. Let us find the mean of profit of Asha aunty's tea stall in the last month from the
table 2 and let us see what I shall get.
Table – 3
Profit amount Number of days Class mark x i fi
S` V S˛frequency fi V (x i )
300 - 350 2 325 650
350 - 400 5 375 1875
400 - 450 7 425 2975
450 - 500 7 475 3325
500 - 550 5 525 2625
550 - 600 4 575 2300
Total ¦ f i = 30 ¦ f i x i = 13750
¦ fi x i
... Arithmetic mean of profit¸ = ¦ f = ` 13750
30
= `458.33 Sapprox˚V
i
6 What is called this new method of finding arithmetic mean.

The new method of finding the mean is known as the Direct Method.
We see that, the mean of profit of tea shop of Asha aunty we have got from ungrouped data
` 456.50 and from grouped data we have got the mean of profit ` 458.33 (approx)
7 But the results obtained are different.Why this is so and which is more accurate?
In grouped data of table-2, mid-point of class interval is assumed, so we have got mean in
approximate value as ` 458.33 from grouped data.
But the value of mean ` 456.50 obtained from ungrouped data is exact mean.
8 But when the numerical values of x and f are large, then calculation of the
i i
product of xi and fi becomes tidious and time consuming and there will be a posibility
of mistake.
So, let us see how we shall calculate it more easily and in less time.
So, at first let us choose a fixed xi; from xi's and subtract it from each xi and find the arithmetic
mean.
9 But what is called that fixed xi?
That fixed xi; subtracted from each xi's is called assumed mean and generally it is denoted by "a"
Again, to make the calculation of finding this arithmetic mean more easily, this assumed mean "a"
is to be considered xi
which lies generally in the centre of x1, x2, ...... xnÈ.
... In Table-3, let a=425 or a=475
332
Application ı 4. Let us find the arithmetic mean assuming a=425, d i = x i – a = x i – 425 from
Table – 1.
Table – 4
Amount of profit Number of days Class mark (d i = x i – a) d i fi
S` V Sfrequency fi V (x i ) d i = (x i – 425)
300 - 350 2 325 –100 –200
350 - 400 5 375 –50 –250
400 - 450 7 425 = a 0 0
450 - 500 7 475 50 350
500 - 550 5 525 100 500
550 - 600 4 575 150 600
Total ¦ f i =30 ¦ f i d i = 1000
– ¦f d
... We get from above table, d = ¦ if i = 1000
30
= 33.33 SapproxV
_ i
10 What this d is called?
_
d i is the deviation of 'a' from each x i 's and d is the mean of deviation.
11 Now let us find the relation between x – and d–
¦ f d ¦ f i (x i –a)
d= i i =
¦ fi ¦ fi
=
¦ fi x i – ¦ fi a
¦ fi
¦ fi x i – ¦ fi a ¦ fi x i – a ¦ fi
=
¦ fi ¦ fi
=
¦ fi ¦ fi l... a is constantn
d = x–a
Óyñ
or x = a + d
or x = a + ¦
fid i
Óyñ
¦ fi –
Arithmetic mean of profit = a + d È = (425+33.33) SapproxV = 458.33 SapproxV˚
... Last month Asha aunty got average profit of ` 458.33 (approx) from her tea stall.
1 2 What this method of comparing casilly to determine the arithmetic mean is called?
The method discussed above is called the Assumed mean method or short method or deviation
method.
In finding arithmetic mean we can use any one method of Direct method or Asumed mean
method. When the numerical value of data is large, it is easy to calculate arithmetic mean
byAssumed mean method.
Taking a=325ó l or, a=375 or, a=475 or, a=525 or, a=575n of Table-3, I find the
arithmetic mean using assumed mean method and verifying that the arithmetic
mean will be same in each case by hands on trial. (Let me do it myself)
333
Chapter : 26
But at the time of finding arithmetic mean by assumed mean method, we observe that in Table-
4, each number in column 4 is multiple of 50; So dividing the numbers in the column 4 by 50, it
will easy to calculate with respect to previous calculation. i.e. we divide by the class size (h) to
each di.
¦ fi u i x -a
Application ı 5. Let us find u– = f from Table-4, whereÈ ui = i ñ here a=425 and h=50
¦ i h
x –a
Amount of profit Number of days Class mark (d i = x i – a) u i = i fi u i
50
S` V Sfrequency fi V (x i ) d i = x i – 425
300 - 350 2 325 –100 –2 –4
350 - 400 5 375 –50 –1 –5
400 - 450 7 425 0 0 0
450 - 500 7 475 50 1 7
500 - 550 5 525 100 2 10
550 - 600 4 575 150 3 12
Total ¦ f i = 30 ¦ f i u i = 20
¦ f u 20 2
... We get u– = ¦ if i = 30 =
3
Let us find the relation between –u and –
i
13 x È.
x i –a
¦ f u ¦ fi ( h )
u= i i =
ª
'ui = i »
x –a º
¦ i
f ¦ if « h ¼
¬
¦ f x –a
= 1u i i
h ¦ fi
ª ¦ f x a ¦ fi º
= 1 u« i i –
h ¬ ¦ fi ¦ fi »¼
u = 1 u x–a
h
Óyñ h u = x – a
or
So, x– = a + h u–
¦f u
... x– = a + h ¦ if i
i
We understand that the mean profit of tea shop of Asha aunty in last month by this method
2
= ` (425+50î )
3
= ` 458.33 SapproxV
... We get same value of arithmetic mean.
1 4 What this method of finding arithmetic mean in comparitably easy method is called ?
The method of determining the arithmetic mean as discussed above is called the Step-deviation method.
1 5 Is Step-deviation method is always convenient for finding arithmetic mean?
If the class sizes of each class interval are equal or, all di's have a common factor, the step
334
deviation method will be convenient.

... We get,(i) The mean values obtained by all three methods– Direct Method, Assumed Mean
Method, and Step Deviation Method– are equal.
(ii) The assumed Mean Method and Step Deviation method are just simplified forms
of the Direct Method.
(iii) The step deviation method will be convenient to apply if all the class sizes are equal.
(iv) Again, if the class sizes are unequal, then for determining arithmetic mean, assumed
mean method can be used but step deviation method can not be used.
Application ı 6. Satish and I have written the data of electric consumption of 50 families of our
village in a table. This table is given below.
Electric consumption 85–105 105–125 125–145 145–165 165 – 185 185–205
SunitV
˛Number of families 3 12 18 10 5 2
Let us calculate arithmetic mean of electric consumption of 50 families by using three methods
of finding arithmetic mean. At first determining the class mark, let us write the given data.
Amount of electric consumption˛ Number of families Class mark
SunitV S˛frequency fi V (x i )
85 - 105 3 95
105 -125 12 115
125 - 145 18 135
145 - 165 10 155
165 - 185 5 175
185 - 205 2 195
Total ¦ f i = 50
Let a =155 and here length of class interval h =20
... By putting d i = x i –155 and u i = xi –20155, let us write in table below.
Amount of Number ˚ Class ˛ d i = x i – 155 u i = xi –20155 fi x i fi d i fi u i

electric cons- of family mark ˛
umption(unit) Sf i V (x i )
85 - 105 3 95 – 60 –3 285 –180 –9
105 -125 12 115 –40 –2 1380 –480 – 24
125 - 145 18 135 – 20 –1 2430 –360 –18
145 - 165 10 155 0 0 1550 0 0
165 - 185 5 175 20 1 875 100 5
185 - 205 2 195 40 2 390 80 4
Total 50 6910 –840 –42
... From above table, we get ¦fi = 50, ¦fixi = 6910, ¦fidi = –840 and ¦fiui =–42
335
Chapter : 26
¦ fi x i
. . . We get from direct method, arithmetic mean = ¦ f = 6910
50
unit = 138.2 unit
i
¦ fid i (–840)
We get from assumed mean method, arithmetic mean = a + =155+ unit
¦ fi 50
= 155 – 16.8 = 138.2 unit
¦ fi u i
Again, we get from step deviation method, arithmetic mean = a +
¦ fi î h
– 42
= 155 + ( ) î20 unit
50
= 155 – 16.8 = 138.2 unit
... We see the means of electric consumption of 50 families of our village obtained by all the
three methods are the same i.e. 138.2 unit.
Application ı 7. The weaver Ramesh has many looms. I have
written the weekly income (in `) in case of 35 weavers in the
table below
Income (in `) 2500 - 3000 3000 - 3500 3500 - 4000 4000 - 4500 4500 - 5000
˛frequency 3 6 9 12 5
let us calculate arithmetic mean of income.
Assuming, a=3750 and h =500, let us find arithmetic mean by step-deviation method.
x – 3750
Income frequency Class mark ui = i f i ui
500
Sin `V Sf i V (x i )
2500 - 3000 3 2750 –2 –6
3000 - 3500 6 3250 –1 –6
3500 - 4000 9 3750 0 0
4000 - 4500 12 4250 1 12
4500 - 5000 5 4750 2 10
Total ¦ f i = 35 ¦ f i u i = 10
¦f u
... Arithmetic mean of income = ` 3750 + ` 500 î ¦ if i
i
10
= ` 3750 + ` [500î ] = `
35
Application ı 8. Let us calculate arithmetic mean of data from the following distribution table
by applying any method. lLet me do it myselfn
Class 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60
Frequency 7 5 6 12 8 2
336
Activity
I form a grouped distribution table of the weight of 40 friends of my
class and let us find the arithmetic mean of weight of these 40 friends
by using three methods. lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 9. If the arithmetic mean of the following frequency
distribution table is 54, let us find the value of k.
Class 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100
Frequency 7 11 k 9 13
xi – 50
Class ˛Frequency Class fi xi ui =
20
fi ui
Interval S fi V mark (x i )
0 - 20 7 10 70 –2 –14
20 - 40 11 30 330 –1 –11
40 - 60 k 50 = a 50k 0 0
60 - 80 9 70 630 1 9
80 - 100 13 90 1170 2 26
Total ¦ f i = 40+k ¦ f i x i = 2200+50k ¦ f i u i = 10
¦ fi x i ¦ fi u i
... Required mean = ¦ f = 2200+50k Alternatively¸ = a+
i 40+k ¦ fi î h
2200+50k 10
By the condition, = 54 54 = 50 + î20
40+k 40+k
or, 2200 + 50k = 2160 + 54k 200
or, 4 =
40+k
or, 50k – 54k = 2160 – 2200
or,40+k = 50
. . . k = 10
or, – 4k = – 40
.. . k = 10
Application ı 10. If the arithmetic mean of the following frequency distribution table is 25; let us
find the value of K. lLet me do it myselfn
Class 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
Frequency 5 K 15 16 6
Application ı 11. Mariya has made a cumulative frequency distribution table of the marks
obtained by different competitors in drawing competition of their village. The table is
Marks 0 or 10 20 or 30 40 or 50 or
greater or greater greater or greater greater greater
than 0 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50
Number of 40 36 22 11 2 0
competitors
Let us find the arithmetic mean of the obtained marks in drawing competition.
337
Chapter : 26
At first we express greater than cumulative frequency distribution table into simple frequency
distribution table. We see that 40 students obtained 0 or more than 0.
and 36 students obtainded 10 or more than 10.
. . . The number of students who have secored from 0 to 10 is (40–36) =4.
Similarly the number of students scored from 10 to 20 is (36–22) =14.
... ˛The frequency destribution table is ı
Marks 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
Number of competitors 4 14 11 9 2
Let us find arithmetic mean considering assumed mean as 25 by the step deviation method
x –25
Class-limit (marks) Number of competitors Sfi V Class marks (x i ) ui = i fi ui
10
0 - 10 4 5 –2 –8
10 - 20 14 15 –1 –14
20 - 30 11 25 0 0
30 - 40 9 35 1 9
40 - 50 2 45 2 4
Total ¦ f i = 40 ¦ f i u i = –9
¦ fi u i –9
Required arithmetic mean = 25 +10 î
¦ fi = 25+10 ( 40 ) = 25–2.25 = 22.75
... Mean scores of 40 students is 22.75
Application ı 12. Let us find arithmetic mean of the following frequency distribution table.
Class limit 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79
Frequency 12 20 14 6 5 3
In given frequency distribution table the class intervals are formed in exclusive form.
At first we convert exclusive class interval into inclusive class form and then let us find the
arithmetic mean. Let assumed mean be 44.5, here class length ShV = 10
x –a
Class Class Frequency Class mark [ui = i ] fi ui
h
interval boundary Sf i V (x i ) x –44.5
ui = i
10
20 - 29 19.5 - 29.5 12 24.5 –2 –24
30 - 39 29.5 - 39.5 20 34.5 –1 –20
40 - 49 39.5 - 49.5 14 44.5 0 0
50 - 59 49.5 - 59.5 6 54.5 1 6
60 - 69 59.5 - 69.5 5 64.5 2 10
70 - 79 69.5 - 79.5 3 74.5 3 9
Total ¦ f i = 60 ¦ f i u i = –19
¦ f u
.. . Required arithmetic mean ˛ = 44.5 + h î ¦ if i = 44.5 + (10 î – 19 60
) =
i
lLet me calculate it myselfn
338
Application ı13. Let us find the arithmetic mean from the following distribution table lLet me
do it myselfn
Class internal 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 -54
Frequency 10 12 15 5 3 5
Application : 14. Let us find the average marks of 52 students of class X in a
school by using direct method and assumed mean method from the table given below.
Number of 4 7 10 15 8 5 3
students
Marks 30 33 35 40 43 45 48
Let assumed mean (a) = 40
Marks number of student f i xi (d i = x i – a) fi di
(x i ) Sf i V d i = (x i – 40)
30 4 120 –10 –40
33 7 231 –7 –49
35 10 350 –5 –50
40=a 15 600 0 0
43 8 344 3 24
45 5 225 5 25
48 3 144 8 24
Total ¦ f i = 52 ¦ f i x i = 2014 ¦ f i d i = – 66
2014
The mean by direct method˚ = = 38.73 SapproxV
52
¦ fid i
The mean by assumed mean method˚ = a +
¦ fi
– 66
= 40 +
52
66
= 40 –
52
= (40 – 1.27) SapproxV
= 38.73 Sapprox˚V
339
Chapter : 26
1. I have written ages of my 40 friends in the table given below.

Age (years) 15 16 17 18 19 20
Number of friends 4 7 10 10 5 4
Let us find average age of my friends by direct method.
2. I have written member of 50 families of our village in the table given below.
Number of members 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of families 6 8 14 15 4 3
Let us write the average member of 50 families by the method of assumed mean.
3. If the arithmetic mean of the data given below is 20.6, let us find the value of 'a'
Variable (xi) 10 15 a 25 35
Frequency (f i) 3 10 25 7 5
4. If the arithmetic mean of the distribution given below is 15, let us find the value of p.
Veriable 5 10 15 20 25
Frequency (f) 6 p 6 10 5
5. Rahamatchacha will go to retail market. for selling mangoes kept in 50 packing boxes. Let
us write the number of boxes contained varing number of mangoes in the table given below.
Number of mangoes 50 - 52 52 - 54 54 - 56 56 - 58 58 - 60
Number of boxes 6 14 16 9 5
Let us write the mean number of mangoes kept in 50 packing boxes. [using any method]
6. Mohidul has written ages of 100 patients of village hospital. Let us write by calculating
average age of 100 patients. [using any method]
Age (years) 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70
Number of patients 12 8 22 20 18 20
7. Let us find the mean of the following data by direct method.

(i) Class internal 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
Frequency 4 6 10 6 4
(ii) Class internal 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70
Frequency 10 16 20 30 13 11
340
8. Let us find the mean of the following data by assumed mean method.
(i) Class interval 0 - 40 40 - 80 80 - 120 120 - 160 160 - 200
˛Frequency 12 20 25 20 13
(ii) Class interval 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 55 - 65 65 - 75

9. Let us find the mean of the following data by step deviation method.
(i) Class interval 0 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 90 90 - 120 120 - 150
˛Frequency 12 15 20 25 8
(ii) Class interval 0 - 14 14 - 28 28 - 42 42 - 56 56 - 70

Frequency 7 21 35 11 16
10.If the mean of the following frequency distribution table is 24, let us find the value of p.
Class interval (numberV 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
Number of students 15 20 35 p 10
11. Let us see the ages of the persons present in a metting and determine their average age
from the following table :
Age (Years) 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59
Number of persons 10 12 15 6 4 3
12. Let us find the mean of the following data.

Class interval 5 - 14 15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64
Frequency 3 6 18 20 10 3
13. Let us find the mean of obtaining marks of girl students if their cumulative frequencies are as
follows.È
Class interval (marks) Less than10 Less than 20 Less than 30 Less than 40 Less than 50
Number of girl 5 9 17 29 45
students
14. Let us find the mean of the obtaining marks of 64 students from the table given below.
Class interval (marks) 1-4 4-9 9 - 16 16 - 17
Students. 6 12 26 20
341
Chapter : 26
Yesterday we, the ten friends had spent a lot of time at the bank of
the lake of Satragachi with fun and merriment. At the time of singing,
reciting and gossiping, we observed the movement of migratory
birds. My friends Mita and Sajal had arranged for some food also.
We contributed money according to our capacity for the arrangement
of food. Each of ten of us paid ` 10, ` 15, ` 14, ` 20, ` 12, ` 18,
` 12, ` 24, ` 100 and ` 200.
16 But let us see by calculating how much average money we
paid.
10+15+14+20+12+ 18+22+24+100+200
We paid average = `
10
=`
Arithmetic mean is one measure of central tendency.
17 But we see that arithmetic mean is ` 435. But it is not near to cental position. If the value of
given data one or two are excessively large and small than the other values, then the arithmetic
mean does not reman near to central position in many cases.
18 Which method shall we apply for this data?
In this cases we use Median as measure of central tendency.
19 But what do we mean by median?
Median is one of the measures of central tendency. The ungrouped date is arranged in ascending
(or descending) order of magnitude and the arithmetic mean of the two middle values is the
median of data.
We understood. arranging the given data in ascending order of magnitude, we have.
10, 12, 14, 15, 18 , 20 , 22, 24, 100, 200
20 But after arranging the given data in ascending order of magnitude, we get two
middle terms 18 and 20.
How shall we get Median?
Let, x1 , x2 , x3 , ....... xn be the n values of a variable x arranged in ascending order of
magnitude we have
x1 , x2 , x3 , ....... xn lWhereñ x1 < x2 < x3 ....... < xn n
lFew may be equal among the values]–
(i) If n is odd, Median is the value of ( ) n+1
2
th observation.
... Median = x n+1 ñ when n is odd.
2
n
2
() 2
n
( )
(ii) If n is even the median is the mean of the th and the +1 th observations.
xn + xn
.. . Median = 2 2 +1 ñ
2 When n is even.
342
We understand that, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18 , 20 , 22, 24, 100, 200 in this case number of terms= 10
... In this case median is the mean of the values of ( 10

2
) th term and ( 102 +1) th term.
... Required median = 18+20 = 19
2
Application : 14. I have written weight of some of my friends in table
below, let us find their median.
32kgñ 30kgñ 40kgñ 65kgñ 54kg, 38kg, 36kg, 45kg, 50kg, 52kg, 40kg
Arranging their weights in ascending order we get.
30 kg.ñ 32 kg.ñ 36 kgñ 38 kg.ñ 40 kg.ñ 40 kg.ñ 45 kg.ñ 50 kg.ñ
52 kg.ñ 54 kg.ñ 65 kg.
Hereñ n = 11 i.e. n is odd.
Median of weight = ( )
n+1
2
th value = (
11+1
2
)
Èth value = 6th value = 40 kg.
Application : 15. We have recorded the number of days my friends were present in school in
this month. These are 20 daysñ 25 daysñ 10 daysñ 18 daysñ 21 daysñ 18 daysñ 16 daysñ 22 days.
Let us find the median of the number of days my friends present in school in this month.
We arrange the present days of my friends in this month in the school in ascending order, we get
10 daysñ 16 daysñ 18 daysñ 18 daysñ 20 daysñ 21daysñ 22 daysñ 25 days
... Required median = 21 {(28) th value + (28 +1) Èth value}

=
1
2
{ 4th value + 5th value }
1
= [ 18 days + 20 days] = 19 days
2
Application ı 16. The points obtained by two kabadi teams in different matches are given
below. Let us determine their median
(i) 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
(ii) 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 15, 15, 16, 17, 19, 25 lLet me do it myselfn
Application ı 17. There are 100 balls in Niyamat chacha's shop having the diameters of 6
different types of lengths. The frequency distribution of lengh of diameters of those balls are as
follows.
Diametre (mm.) 44 45 46 47 48 49
˛Frequency(number of balls) 12 15 23 20 15 15
Let us find the median of diameter of 100 balls.
Hereñ n = 100 i.e. n is even.
...Median = The mean of (2n) Èth and (2n +1) Èth observation.
= The mean of 50th and 51 th observation
343
Chapter : 26
At first we make the obervation, less than type cumulative frequency table of given frequency
distribution table for finding the median of length of diameter of the ball.
Length of diameter (mm) Number of balls
up to 44 12
up to 45 12+15=27
up to 46 27+23=50
up to 47 ˛ 50+20=70
up to 48 70+15=85
up to 49 85+15=100
...In the given frequency distribution table we get cumulative frequency column by adding.
Length of diameter (mm.) Frequency Cumulative frequency (less than type)
44 12 12
45 15 27
46 23 50
47 20 70
48 15 85
49 16 100 = n
We see from the above table, 50 th observation is 46
and 51th observation is 47
... Median = 46+47
2
= 46.5
... We understand that the length of diameter about 50% balls less than 46.5mm. and the length
of diameter about 50% balls is greater than 46.5 mm. of Niyamat Chacha's shoap.
Application ı 18. Let us find the median from the following frequency distribution table.
Variable (x i) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Frequency (f i) 4 2 4 7 6 5 5 4 2
At first we make the less than type cumulative frequency distribution table of given frequency
distribution table.
Variable(x i) Frequency (f i) Cumulative frequency (less than type)
25 4 4
26 2 6
27 4 10
28 7 17
29 6 23
30 5 28
31 5 33
32 4 37
33 2 39=n
344
Hereñ n = 39 i.e. n is odd.
... Median = (n+1

2
) the observation.
39+1
=
2
Èthe observation. = 20 Èthe observation.
We see from the above table, the value of observation from 18th to 23th are same i.e. 29.
... Required Median = 20 Èth term = 29
Applicationı 19. Let us find the median from the following distribution table.lLet me do it myselfn
Variable (x i) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency (f i ) 8 12 16 19 21 24
An I.Q. test has been done of 100 students of our school. The following is the distribution of I.Q
I.Q. (x i ) 75 - 85 85 - 95 95 - 105 105 - 115 115 - 125 125 - 135
Number of students (f i) 9 12 27 30 17 5
Let us find the median of I.Q of the above distribution of 100 students.
We see that the given frequency distribution table is a grouped frequency distribution table.
We make a less than type cumulative frequency distribution table of this grouped frequency
distribution a table.
I.Q˛ (x i ) cumulative frequency (less than type)

75 or greater than 75
but less than 85 9
less than 95 9+12=21
less than105È 21+27= 48
less than 115È 48+30=78
less than 125 È 78+17=95
less than 135 È 95+5=100
... We get less than type cumulative frequency distribution table of given frequency distribution table.
I.Q. (x i ) Frequency (f i) Cumulative frequency (less than type)
75 - 85 9 9
85 - 95 12 21
95 - 105 27 48
105 - 115 30 78
115 - 125 17 95
125 - 135 5 100 = n
Here, total frequency = n =100
345
Chapter : 26
n n
At first we locate the class whose cumulative frequency is equal to Èor greater than È in the
2 2
above frequency distribution table.
n 100
= = 50
2 2
.. . The cumulative frequency of class 105-115 is 78 which is just greater than 50.
21 But what this class of 105-115 of the above frequency distribution table is called?
Class 105-115 is the Median Class.
But how shall we find the median class of data from given frequency distribution table?
After finding the median class, we use the following formula for calculating the Median.
n ±cf
Median = l + 2 [
f
îh ]
Whereñ l = lower limit of median class. n = ˛number of observationñ f = frequency of median
class. cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class. h = class size of
the median class. n ±cf
We have understood, the required Median = l + 2
f
[ ]
î h lHereñ l = 105, n =100,
cf = 48, f =30, h =10n
100 ± 48
= 105 + 2
30
[î 10 ]
50 ± 48
= 105 + î10
30
= 105 + 0.66 = 105.66
We have understood, one half of the I.Q of the students is less than 105.66 and the other half of
the I.Q of the students is more than˛ 105.66.
Application ı 20. Some marks awarded on handicrafts work of 50 girl students of our village.
I have written awarded marks in the table below.
Marks (x i ) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39
Number of girl 4 5 7 8 7 5 6 3
students (fi)
Let us find the median of the above frequency distribution table.
Here the frequency table of class interval are in exclusive form.
... At first we transform it into inclusive form and let us write cumulative frequency less than type.
Marks (x i ) ± 0.5-4.5 4.5-9.5 9.5-14.5 14.5-19.5 19.5-24.5 24.5-29.5 29.5-34.5 34.5-39.5
Number of 4 5 7 8 7 5 6 3
students (f i)
Cumulative 4 9 16 24 31 36 42 45=n
frequency
(less than
type)
346
.n
Here, n = 45 ñ . . = 22.5
2
The cumulative frequency just greater than 22.5 is 24 and the corresponding class (14.5 -19.5)
... Median class = (14.5 -19.5)
n
±cf
... Required Median = l + [ 2 f ] î h lHere, l = 14.5, n =45, f = 8, cf =16, h =5n
45 ±16
= 14.5 + 2 [
8
î5 ]
= 14.5 + 4.06
= 18.56
.. . So, one half of the students obtained marks less than 18.56 and the other half of the students
obtained marks more than 18.56.
Application ı 21. Let us see the following frequency distribution table and let us find the median.ı
Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Frequency 8 10 24 16 15 7
Application ı 22. Let us find the median from frequency distribution table given below.
Marks obtained less than10È less than 20È less than 30 less than 40È less than 50È less than 60
Number of 8 15 29 42 60 70
students.
We get frequency distribution table from given cumulative frequeny distribution table.
Marks obtained (xi)˛ Frequency (fi) lnumber of studentsn Cumulative frequency (less than type)
less than 10 8 8
10 - 20 7 15
20 - 30 14 29
30 - 40 13 42
40 - 50 18 60
50 - 60 10 70 = n
. n = 35
n = 70 ñ . .
2
The corresponding class of the cumulative frequency just greater than 35 is (30-40).
... Required median class is (30-40)
n
±cf
... Required median = l + [ 2 f ] î h lHereñ l = 30, n = 70, cf = , f =13, h =10 n
= lLet me do it myselfn
.. . Required median is 34.6
347
Chapter : 26
Applicationı 23. If the median of the following data is 525, let us find the value of x and y, when
the sum of frequencies is 100
Class interval ˛Frequency
0 - 100 2
100 - 200 5
200 - 300 x
300 - 400 12
400 - 500 17
500 - 600 20
600 - 700 y
700 - 800 9
800 - 900 7
900 - 1000 4
We make a cumulative frequency (less than type) distribution table of given data.
Class interval Frequency (f i) Cumulative frequency (less than type)
0 - 100 2 2
100 - 200 5 7
200 - 300 x 7+x
300 - 400 12 19 + x
400 - 500 17 36 + x
500 - 600 20 56 + x
600 - 700 y 56 + x + y
700 - 800 9 65 + x + y
800 - 900 7 72 + x + y
900 - 1000 4 76 + x + y = n
.
Given n = 100, So, 76 + x + y = 100 . . x + y = 24 (i)
Again, Median = 525
... Median class is (500 - 600)
n ±cf
.. . 525 = l + 2
[ ] î h l l = 500, n = 100, cf = 36+x, f =20, h =100 n
f
orñ 525 = 500 + [ 50±(36+x)
20
] î 100
orñ 525 ± 500 = (14±x)5
orñ 5(14±x) = 25
orñ 14±x = 5 ... x = 9
We get from (i) ñ x + y = 24
orñ y = 24 ± x = 24 ± 9 = 15 ... x = 9 and y = 15
Application ı 24. If the median of the following data is 28.5 , and total frequency is 100, let us
find the value of x and y. lLet me do it myselfn
Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Frequency 5 x 20 15 y 5
348
Application ı 25. Let us find the median of the following data.

Marks obtained 0-10 10-30 30-60 60-70 70-90
Number of students 15 25 30 4 10
Marks obtained˚ (xi) Number of students Cumulative frequency (less than type)
0 - 10 15 15
10 - 30 25 15 + 25 = 40
30 - 60 30 40 + 30 = 70
60 - 70 4 70 + 4 = 74
70 - 90 10 74 + 10 = 84 = n
. n
n = 84 ñ . . = 42
2
(30-60) is the class whose cumulative frequency 70 is just greater than 42.
But here we see that, all the class lengths are not equal. How much shall we take the length of class?
... h = length of median class, if the lengths of all class interval are not equal, we shall take the
length of median class.
n
.. . Median = l + 2 ±cf î h l... l = 30, n = 42, cf = 40, f =30, h = 30n
[ ]
f 2
= 30 + [ 42± 40
30
] î 30 = 30 + 2 = 32 marks.
So, half of the students scored less than 32 marks, and the other half of the students scored
more than 32 marks.
Let us workout 26.2
1. The selling prices (in `) of Madhu uncle's shop per day in the last week were 107,201, 92,
52, 113, 75, 195; let us find the median of the selling prices.
2. If the age (in year) of some animals are 6, 10, 5, 4, 9, 11, 20, 18; let us find the median of ages.
3. The marks obtained by 14 students are 42, 51, 56, 45, 62, 59, 50, 52, 55, 64, 45, 54, 58,
60; let us find the median of the obtaining marks.
4. Today the scores of our cricket match of our locality are
7 9 10 11 11 8 7 7 10 6 9
7 9 9 6 6 8 8 9 8 7 8
Let us find the Median of scores in our cricket match.
5. Let us find the median of the weights from the following frequency distribution table of 70 students.
Weight (kg) 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Number of students 4 6 8 14 12 10 11 5
6. Let us find the median of length of diameter from the following frequency distribution table of
length of diameter of pipe.
Length of diameter 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
(mm)
Frequency 3 4 10 15 25 13 6 4
349
Chapter : 26
7. Let us find the median.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 7 44 35 16 9 4 1
8. The frequency distribution table of expenditures of tiffin allowances of 40 students is given
below.
Expenditure for 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70
tiffin (in `)
Students 3 5 6 9 7 8 2
Let us find the median of tiffin allowance.
9. Let us find the median of heights of students from the table below.
Height(cm) 135-140 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165 165-170
No. of students 6 10 19 22 20 16 7
10. Let us find the median of data from the following frequency distribution table.
Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Frequency 4 7 10 15 10 8 5
11. Let us find the median of given data.
Class interval 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45
Frequency 5 6 15 10 5 4 3 2
Class interval 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35
Frequency 2 3 6 7 5 4 3
Class interval 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110
˛Frequency 4 10 15 20 15 4
14. Let us find the median of given data. 15. If the median of the following data is 32,
Marks Number of Students let us determine the values of x and y when
less than 10È 12 the sum of the frequencies is 100
less than 20È 22
Class interral Frequency
less than 30È 40
0-10 10
less than 40 60 10-20 x
less than 50 72 20-30 25
less than 60 87 30-40 30
less than 70 102 40-50 y
less than 80 111 50-60 10
less than 90 120
350
To day many leaves of tree of different shapes have been collected and
brought in the science practical room of our school. Our elder sisters and
brothers will observe those leaves.
We, some of our friends, have decided, that by measuring the lengths of
leaves of tree of the practical room, we shall form a frequency distribution
table. The frequency distribution table of lengths of leaves of tree is :
Length of leaves 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 160-170 170-180 180-190
of tree
Number of leaves 4 6 10 14 6 6 4
We form a less than type cumulative frequency distribution table of lengths of leaves of tree
Cumulative
!
Length of
leaves of tree frequency (less x Y
52
mm. (aprox) (x) than type) x
less than120 0 48
less than130 4 x
less than140 10 44
less than150 20 40 x
less than160 34 n 36
less than170 40
Cumulative frequency
Ogive (less than type)
n
x
less than180 46 32
less than190 50
28
We see from above
cumulative frequency table 24
130, 140, 150, ..... 190 are
20 x
the upper class limit of
classes repectively. 16
But is it possible to draw the 12
graph of above less then x
type cumulative frequency 8
distribution table? x
4
We mark the upper limits of
x x !
the class intervals on the O 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 X
horizental axis (x – axis) and upper limit
n
their corresponding
cumulative frequencies on the vertical axis (y-axis) choosing a convenient scale.
The scale of measures of both the axes can be taken separately if it is required. We understand,
if we plot the points (130, 4), (140, 10), (150, 20), (160, 34), (170, 40), (180, 46), (190, 50)
of the above cumulative frequency table on a graph paper. Now we observe that the frequency
less than 120 is 0. So as a special point we plot (120, 0) on the graph paper and join the points
by free hand without scale, let us see what we shall get on a graph paper. We take the scale,
along x-axis 1 small div. = 1 mm., along y-axis, 2 small div = 1 leaf of tree then by plotting the
points and joining the points we shall get a curve line.
351
Chapter : 26
22 What the graph thus we get of cumulative frequency is

called?
The graph we get is called cumulative frequency curve or an Ogive of
less than type.
Let us find the cumulative frequency of greater than type from the frequency distribution of
lengths of leaves of tree.
Cumulative We see from cumulative frequency distribution table of
Length of leaves of frequency of
tree (mm) (approx) (greter than
greater than type that 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170
(x) type) and 180 are respectively the lower limits of class intervals.
more than 120 50
But how shall we draw the graph of cumulative frequency
more than 130 46
of greater than type?
more than 140 40
We mark the lower limit of each class interval on the
more than 150 30
horinzental axis i.e. along x-axis and their corresponding
more than 160 16 cumulative frequencies on the vertical axis i.e. along y-
more than 170 10 axis by choosing a convenient scale. [Here also the
more than 180 4 measures of scale of both axes may be taken separately]
more than 190 0
!
x Y
52
x
48
x
Let us try to draw the graph
44
of the above cumulative
40 x frequency of greater than
n type and let us see what I
36
shall get.
Ogive (greater than type)
n
32
x On a graph paper taking
28 the scale along x-axis, I
small div = 1mm. and along
24 y-axis, 2 small div = 1 leaf
20 of tree, by plotting the
points (120, 50), (130,
16 x 46), (140, 40), (150, 30),
12 (160, 16), (170, 10) and
x (180, 4). Here we observe
8 that the frequency more than
4 x 190 is 0. So as a special
point we plot (190, 0) on
x x ! the graph paper and joining
O 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 X
upper limit we get a curved line.
n
352
The curve which we get is the cumulative frequency curve (of greater than type) or Ogive (of
greater than type )
We see that, both the Ogives denote the frequency distribution of same data.
But, let us see, is it possible to obtain the median from any one Ogive .
!
Length of leaf Cumulative
of tree (mm.) frequency
x Y
52
(approx) (x) (less than type) x
48
less than120 0 x
less than130 4 44
less than140 10
40 x
less than150 20 n
less than160 34 36
x Ogive (less than type)
n
less than170 40
32
less than180 46
less than190 50 28
24 P
20 x
16
12
x
8
4 x
M
x x !
O 120 130 140 150 n 160 170 180 190 X
153.6 upper limit
n
Here, number of leaves n = 50
... n2 = 25
... After finding the point (0,25) on the y-axis of the Ogive, we draw a line from this point
parallel to the x-axis which intersectes the Ogive at the point P. From the point P we draw a
perpendicular PM on the x-axis which intersects x-axis at the point M.
The value of abscissa of this point M is the required median.
... Median = 153.6 mm.
353
Chapter : 26
My friend Anowara has drawn two types of Ogives of lengths of leaves of tree on her copy in
same graph paper.
But how shall we get the value of the median of two types of Ogives drawn by Anowara.
!
x Y
52
x x
48
x x
44
40 x x
n
36
x
32
x
28
24
20 x
16 x
12
x x
8
4 x x
x x x !
O 120 130 140 150 n 160 170 180 190 X
153.6 length of leaf (mm)
n
If the perpendiculars drawn on x-axis from the intersecting point of both

Ogives, the abscissa of the point of intersection of this perpendicular
with the x-axis will be the median.
We see that the two types of Ogives intersect each other at the point P.
We draw perpendicular PM from the point P on the x-axis which
intersects x-axis at the point M.
The abscissa of the point M is 153.6 mm (aprox) is the median.
354
Application 26 : Let us draw Ogive of the following frequency distribution and let us find
median from this Ogive.
Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Frequency 7 10 23 50 6 4
At first we form a less than type cumulative frequency distribution table.
Class interval less than 10 less than 20 less than 30 less than 40 less than 50 less than 60
Cumulative
frequency (less 7 17 40 90 96 100
than type)
On graph paper we
!
x Y
take along x-axis, 1
small div. = 1 unit, along 100 x
y-axis 1 small div. = 1 x
unit, we plot the points 90 x
(10, 7), (20, 17), (30,
40), (40, 90) (50, 96) 80
and (60, 100) and as a n
70
special point we plot (0,
0) and join and we get
60 Ogive less than type
n
Ogive (less than type).

Here total frequency 50 P
(n) =100
... n2 = 50 40 x
30
20
x
10 x
M
x x !
O 10 20 30 n 40 50 60 70 X
32 upper limit
n
... We take a point (0,50) on y-axis and draw a line parallel to x-axis through this point meeting
the Ogive at the point P.
We draw perpendicular PM on x-axis from the point P, intersecting x-axis at the point M.
We see that the co-ordinates of the point P are (32,0)
... From Ogive, we get the median = 32
355
Chapter : 26
Alternatively : We make a table of less than type cumulative frequency and greater than
type cumulative frequency of the given frequency distribution table.
Class Greater than Class Cumulative
type cumulative frequency (less
Class Frequency than type)
0-10 7 frequency
less than 0 0
10-20 10 more than 0 100
less than 10 7
20-30 23 more than 10 93
less than 20 17
30-40 50 more than 20 83
less than 30 40
40-50 6 more than 30È 60
50-60 4 less than 40 90
more than 40 10 less than 50 96
more than 50 4 less than 60 100
more than 60 0
!
x Y
100 x x
x
x
90 x
x
Assuming on graph 80
paper along x-axis 1 n
small div = 1 unit, 70

along y axis 1 small
div. = 1 unit we draw 60 x
greater than type
Ogive and less than 50 P
type Ogive. For
drawing greater than 40 x
type Ogive plotting the
points (0, 100), (10, 30
93), (20, 83), (30,
20
60), (40, 10), (50, 4) x
and special point (60, x
0) on graph paper we 10 x
M x
join them. x x x !
O 10 20 30 n 40 50 60 70 X
32 upper limit
n
The greater than type Ogive and less than type Ogive intersects each other at the point P. We
draw perpendicular PM on x-axis from the point P, which intersects the x-axis at the point M.
We see, that the co-ordinates of the point M are (32, 0)
... Requried median = 32
Let us verify it by finding out median with the help of the formula. [Let me do it my self]
356
Application 27 : The following frequency distribution table shows the marks awarded to 200
examinees in the medical entrance examination.
Marks 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800
awarded
Number of 20 30 28 26 24 22 18 32
examinees
Let us draw Ogive and let us find the median with the help of it. Let us verify, by finding out with
the help of the formula.
At first we make a less than type cumulative frequency distribution table from the given data.
Marks less than less than less than less than less than Èless than less than less than less than
obtained 400 450 500 550 600È 650 700 750È 800
(Less than
type)
Cumulative 0 20 50 78 104 128 150 168 20
frequency
On graph paper
!
assuming along x-axis x Y

1 small div = 5 marks
x
and along y-axis 1 200
small div = 2
examinees, we plot the 180
points (450, 20), x
160
(500, 50), (550,78), n x
(600,104),
140
(650,128), x
Ogive (less than type)
n
(700,150), 120
(750, 168), (800, x
100
200) and special P
point (400, 0) on 80 x
graph paper and join
them, we get less 60
than type ogive. x
Here total examinees= 40
(n) = 200
... n2 = 100 20 x
.. . We draw a line
M
x x !
parallel to x-axis O 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 X
592.3 upper limit
n
through the point

(0,100), intersected
the Ogive at the point P. We draw perpendicular PM on the line OX from the point P intersecting
.
x-axis at the point M. The co-ordinates of the point M are (592.3,0). . . Median = 592.3
357
Chapter : 26
Alternatively I draw less than type Ogive and greater than type Ogive and let us
find the median with the help of their intersecting point. [Let me do it myself]
With the help of the formula,
n –cf
Median = l + 2 [ f
]îh
100–78
= 550 + î 50
26
22 î50
= 550 +
26
550
= 550 + = 550 + 42.3 = 592.3
13
Application 28 : Let us draw less than type Ogive and greater than type Ogive and let us find
the median of the following frequency distribution table. [Let me do it myself]
Class 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
Frequency 2 8 12 24 34 16 4
1. The following distribution table shows the daily profit (in `) of 100 shops of our village.
Profit of each 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300
shop (in `)
Number of Shops 10 16 28 22 18 6
Making cumulative frequency table (less than type) of given frequency table, let us draw Ogive
on graph paper.
2. The following data shows the weight of 35 students of the class of Nivedita.
Weight less than less than less than less than less than less than less than less than
(kg.) 38 40 42 44 46 48 50È 52
Number 0 4 6 9 12 28 32 35
of students
Making frequency (less than type) distribution table, let us draw Ogive on graph paper and hence
let us find the median from the graph. Let us find the median by using formula and verify it.
3. Class 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
Frequency 4 10 15 8 3 5
Making cumulative frequency (greater than type) distribution table of given data, let us draw
Ogive on graph paper.
4. Class 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
Drawing less than type Ogive and greater than type Ogive of given data along same axes, on
the graph paper, let us find the median from the graph.
358
Today is 5th September i.e. Teachers' day. Like

every year, this year also we will celebrate the day in
a special manner. This year we, the students of class
X have decided to go to the students of lower classes
and take class in presence of the teachers. We will
spend the day joyfully through different games, song,
dance, recitation, drawing, acting and quiz etc.
Dividing 36 students of class VI into three equal groups

we told each student of the first group to write the answers of ten funny riddles.
23 Let us see the number of correct answers written by each of the 12 students of the first group.
The number of correct answers given by each of the 12 students of the first group is
4, 6, 5, 4, 7, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 4
We form a frequency distribution table of data of above correct answers
Number of correct 2 3 4 5 6 7
answers (x i )
No. of students (f i ) 2 1 5 2 1 1
We see from the above table, that number of students given '4 correct answers' is maximum i.e.
frequency of 4 is maximum.
24 What, in above frequency distribution table, the observations which occurred maximum
number of times, i.e. the observation which is of maximum frequency is called?
In a data the observation having the maximum frequency is called the mode of this data.
Mode is another measure of central tendency. It is easy to calculate. Mode is generally used in
the shop of garments, shoes etc. because garments and shoes are made according to the demand
of majority of people. e.g. in a case of special company the demand of size 5 of girls' shoe is
more i.e we understand from the above table that 4 is the mode of the given data.
We supplied another 10 funny riddle questions to the second group of 12 students of class VI.
The number of correct answers are
2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 5, 8, 2, 5, 9, 5, 2
Making frequency distribution table of above data, let us find the mode.
No. of correct answers (x i ) 2 3 4 5 8 9
No. of students (f i ) 4 1 1 4 1 1
We see from the above table, 4 students have given 2 correct answers and 4 students have
given 5 correct answers.
25 But in this case what will be the value of the mode of the given data.
In this case, the number of modes is 2.
... The values of mode are 2 and 5.
359
Chapter : 26
26 But what the mode of data having 2 values is called?

When a distribution has one mode, it is called unimodal. It is bimodal when it has two modes.
The number of correct answers of riddles given by the 3rd group of 12 students of class VI are
4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 7
I make a frequency distribution table of the above data and let us find the mode
No. of correct answers (x i ) 4 5 6 7
No. of students (f i ) 3 3 3 3
In above table 4, 5, 6 and 7 each occurs 3 times.
... The values of mode of given data are 4, 5, 6 and 7.Since all numbers are mode therefore
there is no mode of the given data.i.e the data is tetramodal. So a distribution is called multimodal
when the number of maximum observations of a given data is equal.
Application : 29. At the end of the day we, the ten friends, have collected subscriptions
among ourselves for having some food. We gave
` 16ñ ` 15ñ ` 11ñ ` 12ñ ` 15ñ ` 10ñ ` 15ñ ` 10ñ ` 15ñ ` 10
Arranging our subscriptions ( in ` ) in ascending order, we get,
10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16
... In given data the maximum occurence (i.e maximum frequency) is lLet me do it myselfn
... The mode of given data is 15.
Application : 30. Let us find the mode of the data given below.
(i) 2, 3, 5, 6, 2, 4, 2, 8, 9, 4, 5, 4, 7, 4, 4
(ii) 11, 27, 18, 26, 13, 12, 9, 15, 4, 9
(iii) 102, 104, 117, 102, 118, 104, 120, 104, 122, 102
(iv) 5, 9, 18, 27, 15, 5, 8, 10, 16, 5, 7, 5
(i) Let us write the numbers of given data in ascending order in magnitude.
2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
We see, 4 occurs maximum number of times.
... The mode of data = 4
Let us find the mode of data (ii), (iii) and (iv) lLet me do it myselfn
Application : 31. The following frequency distribution table shows the number
of present days of 100 students of our class in the last month.
No. of present days 6-10 10-14 14-18 18-22 22-26

No. of students 8 28 34 18 12
Let us find the mode of present days of frequency distribution table.
360
2 7 But in the case of a grouped frequency distribution it is not possible to determine the mode
by looking at the frequencies. Here how shall we determine the mode ?
In the case of grouped frequency distribution table at first we shall locate a class, frequency of
which is maximum.
2 8 What the class having maximum frequency is called?
A class with the maximum frequency is called the Modal class.

We understand that, the modal class of above frequency distribution table is (14-18)
2 9 But how shall we get mode of data with the help of determining modal class ?
The mode is a value inside the modal class, and we shall got required mode with the help of
formula given below.
f1 ± f 0
1
(
Required mode = l + 2f ±f ±f î h
0 2
)
Here, l = lower limit of the modal class.
h = length of the modal class.
f 1 = Frequency of the modal class.
f 0 = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class .
f 2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
We understand that, the mode of present days of 100 students in the last month
f1 ± f 0
(
= l + 2f ±f ±f î h
1 0 2
) lHere, l =14, f 1 = 34, f 0 = 28, f 2 = 18, h = 4n
= 14 + (2î34±28±18
34±28
)î4
6î4 12
= 14 + = 14 + = 15.09 days lapprox˚n
22 11
But let us see, how shall we get mode of above frequency distribution table with the help of histogram.
l This is not included in evaluationn
At first we express the above
!
frequency distribution through the Y

x
histogram. The modal class is a 40
A D
rectangle ABCD. (in picture 32
beside). We join AF and ED which E P
intersect each other at the point P. 24
No. of students
F
A perpendicular PM drawn on x-
16
axis from the point P, intersects the
x-axis at the point M. The co- 8
ordinates of M are (15,0) B M C
.. . Required mode = 15 Sapprox˚V O x !
6 10 14 18 22 26 30 X
... We get approximately same mode 15
from frequency distribution of given No. of present days
data with the help of histogram.
361
Chapter : 26
Application : 32. Let us find the mode from the following frequency distribution table.
Class interval 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32
Frequency 9 10 18 14 10 6 3
The maximum frequency is 18 in the given frequency distribution table.
... Modal class is (12-16)
f1 ± f 0
... Mode of the data = l + ( 2f ±f ±f ) î h lHereñ l =12, h = 4, f 1 = 18, f 0 = 10, f 2 = 14n
1 0 2
= 12 + ( 2î18±10±14
18±10
)î4
8
= 12 + î4
36 ±24
8î4 8
= 12 + = 12 + = 14.66 lApproxn
12 3
... Required mode = 14.66 lApproxn
Application : 33. Let us find the mode of frequency distribution table given below.
Class interval 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24
Frequency 2 6 12 24 21 12 3
Application : 34. The given frequency distribution table shows the age of 200 members of
development committee of our locality.
Age (Years) 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
No. of members 30 38 70 42 20
Let us find the arithmetic mean, median and mode of the above frequency distribution table
Age (years) Class mark Frequency Cumulative
x – 45
(x i ) SNo.ofmembers frequency u i = i fi u i
10
fiV (less than type)
20 - 30 25 30 30 ±2 ± 60
30 - 40 35 38 68 ±1 ± 38
40 - 50 45 70 138 0 0
50 - 60 55 42 180 1 42
60 - 70 65 20 200 2 40
Total ¦ f i = 200 ¦ f i u i = ±16
Let assumed mean = 45
¦ fi u i
Required Arithmetic Mean = A+ f îh ¦ i
±16
= {45 + ( ) î10} years
200
4
= (45 ± ) years
5
= 44.2 years
362
.n
n = 200 . . = 100
2
... The median lies in the class interval (40-50)
n
.. . Required median = l + 2 ±cf î h
( )
f
200 ± 68
2 32
= 40 + 70 î10 = 40+ = 40+4.57 = 44.57 years lApproxn
7
We see from above frequency distribution table
Modal class is (40-50)

f1 ± f 0
... Required mode (
= l + 2f ±f ± f î h )
1 0 2
70 ± 38 32
= 40 + î10 = 40+ î 10 = 45.33 years [Approx]
2î70±38±42 60
Application : 35. Let us find the mode from the following frequency distribution table .
Value less than less than less than less than less than less than less than less than
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Frequency 4 16 40 76 96 112 120 125
At first we make a frequency distribution table from the given cumulative frequency distribution
table.
Class limit (value) Frequency

less than 10 4
The modal class is (30-40)
10 - 20 16 ± 4 = 12
40 ± 16 = 24 . f1 ± f 0
20 - 30
30 - 40 76 ± 40 = 36
. . Mode
1
(
= l + 2f ±f ±f î h
0 2
)
40 - 50 96 ± 76 = 20 36 ± 24
= 30 + î10
50 - 60 112 ± 96 = 16 2î36±24±20
60 - 70 120 ± 112 = 8 12
= 30+ î 10
72±44
70 - 80 125 ± 120 = 5 12 30
= 30 + î10 = 30 +
28 7
= 30 + 4.29
= 34.29lApproxn
.l .. h is the length of modal class, i.e at the time of finding mode the class length of all classes may not
be equal, so in this case of less than 10, the class (0-10) is not taken, it is written as less than 10n
It is not included for evaluation.
There is an empirical relationship among three measures of central tendency,
Arithmetic mean ± Mode = 3 SArithmetic mean ± MedianV
... Mode = 3 î median ± 2 î arithmetic mean
363
Chapter : 26

1. Paid amounts of a day of our 16 friends for going to school and other expenditures are
15, 16, 17, 18, 17, 19, 17, 15, 15, 10, 17, 16, 15, 16, 18, 11
Let us find the mode of paid amounts of a day of our friends.
2. Heights (cm) of some students of our class are given below.
131, 130, 130, 132, 131, 133, 131, 134, 131, 132, 132, 131, 133,
130, 132, 130, 133, 135, 131, 135, 131, 135, 130, 132, 135, 134, 133
Let us find the mode of heights of students.
3. Let us find the mode of data given below:
(i) 8, 5, 4, 6, 7, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3,
3, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 2, 3, 4
(ii) 15, 11, 10, 8, 15, 18, 17, 15, 10, 19, 10, 11,
10, 8, 19, 15, 10, 18, 15, 3, 16, 14, 17, 2
4. The frequency distribution table shows the selling prices of shoes of a special comapany of
shoe shop of our village.
Size (x i) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency (f i) 3 4 5 3 5 4 3 2
Let us find the mode of the above frequency distribution table.
5. Let us find the mode from the following frequency distribution table of ages of examinees of
an entrance examination.
Age SyearV 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26
No. of examinees 45 75 38 22 20
6. Let us see the frequency distribution table of obtaining marks in a periodical examination of
80 students in a class and let us find the mode
Marks 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
No. of students 2 6 10 16 22 11 8 5
7. Let us find the mode of frequency distribution table given below.

Class interval 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
Frequency 5 12 18 28 17 12 8
8. Let us find the mode of frequency distribution table given below.

Class interval 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 95-104
Frequency 8 13 19 32 12 6
lHints ı In the case of finding mode, we take lower limit of modal class, so we first correct the
class limit in inclusive form of class limit.n
364
9. Very short answer type question :

(A) M.C.Q :
(i) The median of a given frequency distribution is found graphically with the help of (a)
Frequency curve (b) Frequency polygon (c) Histogram (d) Ogive
(ii) If the mean of numbers 6, 7, x, 8, y, 14 is 9, then (a) x+y=21 (b) x+y=19 (c) x±y=21
(d) x±y=19
(iii) If 35 is removed from the data 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 then the median increases
by (a) 2 (b) 1.5 (c) 1 (d) 0.5
(iv) If the mode of data 16, 15, 17, 16, 15, x, 19, 17, 14 is 15, then the value of x is
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 19
(v) If the median of arranging the ascending order of data 8, 9, 12, 17, x+2, x+4, 30, 31,
34, 39, is 15, then the value of x is (a) 22 (b) 12 (c) 20 (d) 24
(B) Let us write true or false of the following statements :
(i) Value of mode of data 2, 3, 9, 10, 9, 3, 9 is10
(ii) Median of data 3, 14, 18, 20, 5 is 18
(C) Let us fill in the blanks:
(i) Mean, median, mode are the measures of .
±
(ii) If mean of x1, x2, x3 ........ xnis x mean of ax1, ax2, ax3 ........ axn isÈ .
(iii) At the time of finding arithmetic mean, the lengths of all classes are .
10. Short answer type question :
(i) Class 65-85 85-105 105-125 125-145 145-165 165-185 185-205
Frequency 4 15 3 20 14 7 14
Let us find the difference between upper class limit in median class and lower class limit of
modal class of the above frequency distribution table.
(ii) The following frequency distribution shows the time taken to complete 100 metre hardle
race of 150 athletics :
Time (seconds) 13.8-14 14-14.2 14.2-14.4 14.4-14.6 14.6-14.8 14.8-15
No. of athletics 2 4 5 71 48 20
Let us find the difference between the upper class limit of modal class and lower class limit of
modal class.
(iii) The mean of a frequency distribution is 8.1, if ¦fi xi =132+5k and ¦fi = 20, let us find the value of k.
x ± 25
(iv) If u i = i
10
ñ ¦ f i u i = 20 and ¦ f i = 100, let us find the value of ±x .
(v) Marks less than 10 less than 20 less than 30 less than 40 less than 50 less than 60
No. of students 3 12 27 57 75 80
Let us write the modal class from the above frequency distribution table.
365
(LET'S MATCH)
Chapter - 1
Let me do it myself ı
Application ı 1. SivV does not form quadratic equation SvV is not a quadratic equation
4. x2+2x–24=0, breadth = x metre.
Let us work out 1.1 [Page : 4]
1. SiVñ SiiiV 2. SiV 3. x 4. SiV 2 SiiV 1 SiiiV 2x2 + 9 = 0 (iv) 6x2+13x+8 = 0; 6, 13, 8
3
5. SiV x2 + x – 42 = 0 ; where x is a number.

SiiV x2 – 36 = 0 ; where 2x – 1 and 2x + 1 are consecutive odd numbers.
SiiiV x2 + x – 156 = 0 ; where x and x + 1 are consecutive numbers.
6. SiV x2 + 3x – 108 = 0; where, width = x metre.
SiiV x2 + 4x – 320 = 0ó where price of x kg sugar is ` 80.
SiiiV x2 + 5x – 750 = 0; where at first velocity of train x length.
SivV x2 + 100 x – 33600 = 0; where cost price ` x.
SvV 5x2 – 21x – 20 = 0; where velocity of boat x length at steam water.
SviV x2 – x – 6 = 0; where Mohim can do work in x how.
SviiV x2 – 5x + 6 = 0; where 10th place number is x
SviiiV 2x2 + 85x – 225 = 0ó where, the width of road x metre.
Application ı 8. –4 13. a+b 2
ab Á a+b 15. x = – 9 and x = 9
Let us work out ÈÙÈ1.2 [Page : 10]
1. SiV no SiiV no SiiiV no SivV yes 2. SiV – 61 SiiV 2a2 3. a = 3ñ b = – 6
4. SiV y = – 6 and y = 6 SiiV x = 3 and x = – 3 SiiiV x = – 6 and x = 22
SivV x = – 3 and x = 3 SvV x = – 6 and x = 6 SviV x = – 51 and x = 21
SviiV x = 21 and x = 2 SviiiV x = 0 and x = 32 SixV x = – 9 and x = 7
SxV x = – 4 and x = 3 SxiV x = – 1 and x = 1 SxiiV x = 0 and x = 1
SxiiiV x = – 7 and x = 0 SxivV x = – 68
9 and x = 3 SxvV x = 6 and x = 9
SxviV x = – a and x = – b SxviiV x = 2a and x = 3a SxviiiV x = – (a+b) and x = a
SxixV x = – 2 and x = 7 SxxV x = 0 and x = 2ab – bc – ca
a + b – 2c
SxxiV x = 3 and x = 2
Application ı 18. 8 or 9
366
LET'S MATCH

1. 6 and 9 2. 15 metre 3. 3 4. 20 km/h 5. length = 50 m and breadth = 40 metre
6 . 5 and 9 7. 20 minute. and 25 minute. 8. 6 days 9. ` 30
10. SAV SiV b (ii) c (iii) b (iv) a (v) b SBV SiV false SiiV false
(C) SiV linear SiiV x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 SiiiV 0 and 6
11. SiV a = – 4 (ii) 3 SiiiV 1 (iv) 1x – x = 20
9 ; where x is real fraction (v) a=1, b=12
Application ı 26. 11 and 13 30. SvV ÈÙÈ1 and 21 SviV 1 and 27 SviiV 1 and 2
1 . SiV No, so, it is not a quadratic equation with are variable SiiV quadratic equation with
one variable, SiiiV – 2
2 . SiV –4 and 31 SiiV –1 and –1 SiiiV 81 and 23 SivV –1 and 31 SvV no real root.
SviV – 21 and 53 SviiV no real root SviiiV 3–5 2 and 3+5 2 SixV – 78 and 23
3 . SiV 10 cm.ñ 24 cm. and 26 cm. SiiV 3 SiiiV 9 metre/second SivV 9 metre SvV 10
SviV 18 SviiV 153 km./h SviiiV 60 length/h SixV ` 80
Application ı 31. SivV Real and unequal 33. 25 9
2 36. SiiV sum˛ = 4 ñ product = –25 38. 3
41. 3abc–b³
c³
1 . SiV Real and unequal. SiiV real and equal SiiiV There are no real root. SivV There are no real root.
25 SiiiV 16 (iv) 9 (v) 2 and 1 (vi) – 1 and 1
2. SiV È– 4 Á 4 SiiV 24 8 2 2
3. SiV x – 6x + 8 = 0 (ii) x + 7x + 12 = 0 (iii) x + x – 12 = 0 (iv) x2 – 2x – 15 = 0
2 2 2
4. –3 8. SiV 34 98 2 98
25 (ii) – 125 (iii) 3 (iv) 75 10. x + px + 1 = 0 11. x + x + 1 = 0
2 2
12. SAV SiV c SiiV c (iii) a (iv) d (v) c SBV SiV False SiiV True SCV SiV 2ı3 SiiV a SiiiV 0
13. SiV x2 – 14x + 24 = 0 (ii) – 32 (iii) ± 8 (iv) – 21 (v) 12
Chapter˚ ÈÙÈ 2
Application ı 2. ` 3081 4. ` 1200 5. ` 1500, `1700
10. ` 93.75 ` 593.75; ` 0.01 ` 146.01ó ` 456.50ñ ` 5021.50
13. ` 400, ` 7300 16. ` 840ñ ` 10ñ000 19. 312 yearsñ 2 years 23. SiV 5 SiiV 2
26. ` 400ñ ` 8 30. ` 90,000ñ ` 97,500 32. ` 6087.50
34. ` 3,00,000ñ ` 2,00,000ñ ` 1,20,000
367
Let us work out ÈÙÈ2 [Page : 46]

1. ` 7200 2. ` 48 3. ` 1060 4. ` 3584 5. ` 8000 6. ` 37800
7. 16 23 Years 8. 6 14 9. ` 170 10. 6 41 11. 312 Years 12. 5 Years 13. ` 5000ñ ` 6
14. 3ı4 15. 9 21 16. In bank ` 60000 and in post office ` 40000
17. ` 6000 and ` 4000 18. ` 20837.50 19. 9 years 20. ` 80,000 and ` 60,000
21. SAV (i) c (ii) c (iii) b (iv) c (v) b SBV (i) True SiiV false SCV SiV
prt
SiiV 100 (iii) 12 21 % 22. SiV 16 SiiV ` 24000 SiiiV 8 (iv) 6 32 (v) ` 240
Chapter ÈÙÈ 3
1. AO, CO, PO, QO 2. (i) infinite (ii) Diameter (iii) sector (iv) centre (v) equal (vi) radius
(vii) big 4. (i) True (ii) True (iii) True (iv) True (v) False (vi) False (vii) False (viii) True
Application ı 6. 30 cm. 8. 7 cm.
1. 3 cm. 2. 24 cm. 3. 5.8 cm. 4. 3 cm. 5. 30 cm. 6. 3.25 cm. 10. 13 cm.
16. (A) (i) c (ii) b (iii) b (iv) a (v) b (B) (i) false (ii) true (iii) false
(C) (i) 1 : 1 (ii) passes through centre 17. (i) 16 cm. (ii) 9.6 cm. (iii) 6 cm. (iv) 8 cm.
(v) 10 cm.
Chapter ÈÙÈ 4
Application ı 2. 1440 sq cm. 4. 864 sq cm. 7. 9 metre 10. 640 sq cm.ñ length of diagonal
8 6 cm. 18. 9 hours.
2. Planes are — ABCD, EFGH, ADFE, BCGH, ABHE, DCGF,
Sides are — AB, BC, CD, DA, EF, FG, GH, HE, AE, DF, BH, CG.
Vertices are — A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.
3. 5 2 metre. 4. 512 cubic cm. 5. 150 metre. 6. 96 sq cm. 7. 125 cubic cm.
8. 216 cubic cm. 9. 6 cm. 10. 8ı1 11. 352 sq cm. 12. 200 gm 13. 75
5 metre.
14. 75 cm. 15. 18 ltr 16. 26.25 cubic cm.ñ 1.5 cm. 17. 2 dcm. 18. 159
19. 2 metre 20. length 20 dcm. and breadth 15 dcm. 21. 1 metreñ 8 dcm.
22. 5 dcm. ` 775 50 paisa.
23. 7 hrs 24 minuteñ 5 dcm. 24. (A) (i) b (ii) b (iii) d (iv) c (v) d SBV (i) false
SiiV true SCV (i) 4 (ii) 2 SiiiV cube 25. (i) 6 (ii) 3.5 (iii) 125 (iv) 6 cm.
SvV 96 sq m.
368
LET'S MATCH
Chapter ÈÙÈ 5
Application ı 4. y:x 6. 14 and 21 9. 1 : p2q2r2 11. 24 : 35 13. 20 : 36 : 45 17. 50 : 19
19. 247 : 778 21. 9
1. (i) 2 : 9, Ratio of lesser inequalities (ii) 3 : 5, Ratio of lesser inequalities (iii) 1 : 1, Ratio
of equality (iv) 20 : 1, Ratio of greater inequalities
2. (i) 1000p : q (ii) convert in to same unit (iii) Ratio of lesser inequalities (iv) 1 : abc
(v) y² : xz (vi) 1 : xyz
3. (i) 36 : 77 (ii) 1 : 1 4. (i) 48 : 49 (ii) 16 : 35 (iii) 3 : 4 : 6 (iv) 8 : 12 : 21
5. (i) 9 : 10 (iii) 86 6. (i) 40 : 19 (ii) 9 : 4 8. (i) 58 (ii) bm – an

m – n (iii) 1
Application ı 25. ProportionalÈ 26. Proportional 29. Proportional 31. 84 33. 20
34. 5 : 10 : : 6 : 12 ; 6 : 5 : : 12 : 10; 10 : 5 : : 12 : 6 36. 3 40. Rs. 48 42. 16 pq3 44. 1.5
46. xyz
3 (ii) 22.8 kg. (iii) yz³ (iv) p³ + q³ 3. (i) 20 (ii) 1.5
1. (i) 12 (ii) 75 2. (i) 20
q²r² x
(iii) p³ (iv) (x + y)4(x - y)2 4. (i) 20 (ii) 4.5 (iii) x²y² (iv) x² – y²
qr – ps
5. Inverse proportion of each other 6. 2 7. 162 8. 3 9. 6 10. q+r–p–s

6. (vi) 2 12. (A) (i) a (ii) c (iii) c (iv) c (v) d (B) (i) True (ii) True
(C) (i) 4 (ii) 12 21 (iii) 56 13. (i) 11 (ii) 87 (iii)17:7 (iv) x = 18, y = 8 (v) 3 : 2
Chapter˚ ÈÙÈ 6
Application ı 3 . ` 1102 . 50 5 . ` 1576 . 25 7 . ` 102 . 50 10 . ` 2300
12. ` 34719.24
14. ` 3200 19. ` 6000ñ 7% 21. 8 % 23. 2 years
1. ` 5886.13(approx.) 2. ` 6298.56 3. ` 247.20 4. ` 8850.87 5. ` 90405
6. ` 15000 7. ` 8ñ000 8. ` 25ñ000 9. ` 25ñ000 10. ` 67.50 11. ` 76.25
369
12. ` 16ñ000 13. ` 30ñ000 14. ` 933.60 15. ` 565 16. ` 1250ñ 4%
17. ` 70ñ000ñ 6% 18. ` 489.60 19. ` 480.57 20. 8% 21. 2 Years
22. 10% 23. 2 Years 24. 3 Years 25. ` 252.20ñ ` 1852.20
Application ı 27. ` 102900 29. 506250
Let us work out ÈÙ È6.2 [Page : 117]
1. 10609 2. 84896640 3. ` 72900 4. 3200 5. 12000 6. 532.4 qu. 7. 20 metre.˚
8. ` 3429.50 9. 58.32 kg. 10. 3000 11. 1536 12. ` 131220 13. 75
14. 33750 15. 40960 16. SAV (i) c (ii) b (iii) b (iv) d (v) a SBV (i) false SiiV true
SCV (i) equal SiiV uniform rate SiiiV decrease 17. SiV 5 (ii) 2n (iii) ` 6000 SivV ` v (1 –100r ) –n
r ) –n
(v) p (1 + 100
Chapter˚ ÈÙÈ 7
Let me do it myself ı 7.1 1. cyclic, AQB 2. ST, SLT, SNT

Let me do it myself ı 7.2 3. (a) (i) angle at the centre (ii) APB (iii) AQB, cyclic (iv) APB,
not (v)ADB, AQB
(b) (i) ACB, ADB (ii) ACB, ADB, not
Application ı 5. (i) x=60 (ii) y=120
1. 65º, 25º 2. 125º 3. 144º 4. 55º, 110º 5. 160º 14. (A) (i) d (ii) a (iii) b (iv) c (v) c
(B) (i) false (ii) true (C) (i) half (ii) equal (iii) 120º 15. (i) x=120, y = 80 (ii) 40º
(iii) 120º (iv) 5 cm. (v) 40º
Application ı 8. (ii) x=60
1. 40º, 60º, 180º 2. BAC = 45º, APC = 45º 12. (A) (i) d (ii) d (iii) c
(iv) b (v) d (B) (i) true (ii) false (C) (i) equal (ii) concyclie (iii) equal
13. (i) CDE = 30º (ii) 78º (iii) 80º (iv) 64º (v) 4 cm.

1. (ii) 10. (A) (i) d (ii) c (iii) d (iv) c (v) c (B) (i) false (ii) true (C) (i) Right angle
(ii) obtuse angle (iii) angular angle 11. (i) 4 cm. (ii) 2.5 cm. (iii) 2r cm. (iv) 30º (v) 60º
370
LET'S MATCH
Chapter ÈÙÈ 8
Application ı 2. 616 sq m. 4. 187 square dkm 6. 6.4 dcmñ ` 28.05
11. 2.541 cubic dcmñ 12.705 kg. 13. 188.65 cubic dcm. 16. 360 cm.
1. SiV 3 SiiV 1ó2 3. 18 cm. 4. 1232 cubic dcm.ó ` 1100 5. 325 gm. 6. 4.05 dcm.
7. 6.468 ltr. 8. 2310 kl.ltr 9. 3.2 cm. 10. 14 m.˚ñ 6 m. 11. 180 cm.
12. 5.6 dcm.ñ 25 dcm. 13. ` 5829.12 14. 5 dcm. 15. 7 dcm.
16. 15840 ltr.ó 21120 ltr. 17. SiV 277.2 cubic dcm. SiiV 55.44 cubic dcm. 18. 168
19. SAV (i) c (ii) b (iii) b (iv) c (v) a SBV SiV false SiiV true SCV (i) lb (ii) 5 SiiiV 4
20. SiV 7 m. SiiV 2 SiiiV 396 cubic cm. SivV 9ı32 SvV 62 21 % decreases.
Chapter ÈÙÈ 9
Application ı 4. 48 , 27, 75 6. 3 2 , – 2 ,pure surd 9. 4 3 11. 21+5 5
1. (i) 5 7 (ii) 8 7 (iii) 6 3 (iv) 5 5 (v) 5 119 5. 5 3 – 2
6. (a) 5 – 3 (b) 4 –2 3 (c) 4+2 3 + 5 + 7 (d) 15 – 4 11 (e) 7 – 10
(f) 5 + 3 and 5– 3 [another answer accepted]
Application ı 16. 6 2 +2 14 –2 10 –3– 7 + 5 18. 7 , k 7 (k is a nonzero rational
number)
20. 7+ 3 , –7– 3 22. 15 – 3 , 3 – 15 25. (i) 2– 3 (ii) 5 + 2
4 15 42
(iii) – 5 – 7 (iv) 6 – 11 (v) – 5 28. , 30. (i) 14 + 8 3
15 2
(ii) 4+ 15
1. (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 15 15 (d) 3 (e) ± 23 2. (a) 7 2 (b) 12 (c) 15
(d) 3 2 + 10 (e) – 1 (f) 24+8 6 +2 15 + 3 10 (g) 4 3. (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 3
(d) 2 – 5 (e) 14 (f) 2+ 3 4. 9+4 5 ; – 2+ 7
5. (i) – 5 + 2 ; 5 – 2 (ii) 13– 6 ; –13+ 6 (iii) – 8 – 3; 8 + 3
(iv) 17 + 15 ; – 17– 15 6. (i) 2 + 3 (ii) 51 ( 10 – 5 + 30 ) (iii) 2 + 3
(iv) 14 (3 7 + 35 + 3 3 + 15 ) (v) 19
1 (6 10 + 2 5 + 3 2 + 1) (vi) 5 + 2 6
7. (i) 6 + 10 – 3 2 – 5 (ii) – (4+ 6 ) (iii) 3
371
(5 2 5)
8. (i) – (ii) 21 (9 2 –8 5 )
2
Application ı 32. 25 34. 6 3 – 4 2 36. 2 2 , 18 3 , 4 6
6
1. (a) (i) 1 (ii) 0 2. (a) (b) 0 (c) 4 6 (d) 0 3. 0
3
4. (i) 2 6 (ii) 2 7 (iii) 26 (iv) 50 7 5. (4x2 – 2), x = ±2
5 5 9 5
6. (i) 113 (ii) (iii) 158 (iv)
27 20
7. (a) (i) 2 3 (ii) 14 (iii) 30 3 (iv) 2 (b) 37 9. 5 + 3
10. (A) (i) c (ii) a (iii) b (iv) a (v) b (B) (i) true (ii) false (C) (i) irrational (ii) – 3 –
5 (iii) irrational
11. (i) 6 (ii) 10 + 8 (iii) a + b Á a – b [where a is rational number & is purely
quadratic b] (iv) 2 2 (v) 1
Chapter˚ ÈÙÈ 10
1. SQP = 65º, RSP = 70º 2. 35º 3. 40º, 25º 17. (A) (i) c (ii) c (iii) d (iv) c
(v) d (B) (i) false (ii) true (C) (i) cyclic (ii) rectangular (iii) cyclic
18. (i) x = 60 (ii) QBC = 100º, BCP = 96º (iii) DPC = 40º, BQC = 20º
(iv) BED = 80º (v) BED = 20º
Chapter ÈÙÈ 11
Let me do it myself ı 11 1. chord 2. centre 3. equal 4. ˛radius
Chapter ÈÙÈ 12
Application ı 2. ` 1540 4. 1437 13 cubic cm. 7. 10.5 cm. 10. 1ı4
1. 1386 sq cm. 2. 2.8 cm. 3. 179 32 cubic cm. 4. 1149832 cubic cm. 5. 1ı9 6. 9 cm.
7. 38.808 cubic cm.ó 55.44 sq cm. 8. 8˛ 9. 6 cm. 10. ` 970 20 paisa 11. 36ı25
12. S2 2 – 1Vı 1 13. 2460.92 sq cm. 14. 512˛ 15. (A) (i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) a (v) a
(B) (i) False SiiV True SCV (i) Sphere SiiV 1 SiiiV 12
16. SiV 4.5 unit (ii) 6 cm. SiiiV 2 : 3 (iv) 36S (v) 125
372
LET'S MATCH
Chapter˚ ÈÙÈ 13
Application ı 4. 29 , y = 92 x , x = 256 1 1 2
81 5. yesñ x v y 10. 12 hrs. 19. 5 5 day 27. 8
5 1
1. AvB, 2 2. xv y 3. (i) 168 km. (ii) 6 (iii) 10 4. (i) x=4 (ii) 2
3y
(iii) x = 10z , 9 5. (iii) a vd1 (iv) Product of three variational constant is 1 8. 5 day
9. 3 metre 10. y = 2x – 3x 12. Rs. 16250 13. 5 : 9 14. 15
16. (A) (i) d (ii) d (iii) b (iv) b (v) a (B) (i) false (ii) true (C) (i) z (ii) yn (iii) x
17. (i) y2 = 4ax (ii) 1 (iii) direct variation (v) 8 : 27
Chapter ÈÙÈ 14
Application ı
2. Sulekha gets ` 3500, Joynal gets ` 3150, and Shibu gets ` 4500 5. ` 14100,
` 15900, ` 13200 8. Monisha gives ` 2300 and Rajat gives ` 4600.
10. Nivedita gets ` 3250 and Uma gets ` 2925.
1. My profit part of ` 6,300 profit of mala ` 10,500
2. Priyam, Supriya and Bulu will pay loss amount ` 900, ` 600 and ` 1500 respectively.
3. Profit part of Masud ` 5000 and profit part of Shova ` 7500.
4. Three friends will pay ` 500 ` 600 ` 700.
5. Profit part of Dipu ` 4700, profit part of Rabeya ` 4400 and profit part of Megha
` 5300
6. Three friends will get profit ` 2240, ` 2800 ` 3360 respectively.
7. Cash in hand of three friends are ` 3600 & 4800 ` 3000ó 6ı8ı5
8. Three friends will get ` 10560ñ `10274, ` 8426
9. Pradipbabu gets ` 12956 and Aminabibi gets ` 14760.
10. Niyamatchacha will get profit ` 10000, Karabididi will get profit ` 9000.
11. Srikanta gets ` 15660, Saifuddin gets ` 19575, Peter gets ` 3915.
12. After 5 months
13. ` 36500ñ ` 35000 and ` 39500.
14. ` 6800 15. Puja gets ` 2550, Uttam ` 2610, Meher gets ` 300.
16. SAV SiV b (ii) a (iii) c (iv) a (v) a SBV (i) False SiiV False SCV (i) Two SiiV simple SiiiV compound
17. SiV ` 1500 (iiV 8:12:15 (iii) ` 4000 SivV ` 480 (v) 4000
373
Chapter ÈÙÈ 15
1. 48º
Let me do it myself ı 21.1 1. 12 cm. 2. 5 cm. 3. APB = 60º, APO = 30º
1. 15 cm. 2. 60º 11. (A) (i) a (ii) d (iii) a (iv) d (v) c (B) (i) True (ii) False
(C) (i) bysector (ii) 4 (iii) transverse 12. (i) 30º (ii) 14 (iii) 2 cm. (iv) 4 cm. (v) 12 cm.
Chapter ÈÙÈ 16
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 2. 9 73 Sq m. 4. 1178 74 Sq cm. 6. 1100 Sq cm.
8. 25 cm. 10. 577.5 cubic dcm. 14. 6ı25
1. 1131.43 Sq cm.(approx.)ñ 1838.57 Sq cm.(approx.) 2. SiV1.232 m3 SiiV1617 m3
3. 1571 73 Sq cm.ñ 2828 74 Sq cm.ñ 6285 75 cubic cm. 4. 452 74 Sq cm.ó 402 72 cubic cm.
5. 13 cm.. 6. 38.5 m. 7. ` 866.25 8. 12 cm.ó 314 72 cubic cm. 9. 4 m.ñ 37 75 cubic metreñ
` 211.20 10. 15 m. 11. 14 cm.ó 17.5 cm. 12. 74.18 cubic metre SapproxVó 80.54 Sq
(approx) m.SapproxV 13. (A) (i) c (ii) d (iii) a (iv) d (v) b SBV (i) False SiiV True
SCV (i) BC (ii) 3V 1
A (iii) 3 : 1 14. (i) 5 cm. SiiV 2ı1 SiiiV 3ó SivV 9 SvV 9ı8
Chapter˚ ÈÙÈ 18
1. (i) similar (ii) similar (iii) equilateral (iv) equal
2. (i) True (ii) False (iii) True (iv) True (v) False
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 2. 6 cm.
Let us work outÈÙÈ18.2 [Page : 244]
1. (i) 6 unit (ii) 9 unit (iii) 4 unit 2. (i) no (ii) yes 11. (A) (i) b (ii) c (iii) d (iv) a
(v) d (B) (i) false (ii) true (C) (i) proportional (ii) equal (iii) proportional
12. (i) Isocelestriangle (ii) 3 : 5 (iii) x = 9 (iv) x = 15 16
4 , y = 3 (v) 1
3

1. First pair is similar 2. A = 40º 3. 42 m.
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 21. 10.8 cm.
1. 12.8 cm. 2. BD = 8 cm., AB = 4 5 cm. 7. (A) (i) c (ii) b (iii) c (iv) a (v) d
(B) (i) false (ii) true (iii) false (C) (i) Similar (ii) 5.4 8. (i) 12 cm. ii) 40 cm.
(iii) 16 cm. (iv) 8 cm. (v) 50º
374
LET'S MATCH
Chapter ÈÙÈ 19
Application ı 3. 7 cm.
1. 693 kg. 2. 20 cm. 3. 5 cm. 4. 3ı4 5. 4096 6. 60 7. 19404 cubic cm.
8. 3ı4 9. 8ó 4.851 cubic dcm. 10. 50.4 cm. 11. 12 dcm. 12. 14 cm. 13. 2.1 dcm.
14. 1ı2ı3 15. 3031 cm. 16. 3.08 cubic metre 0.84 cubic metre 17. SAV (i) a (ii) b (iii) b (iv)
d (v) a SBV (i) false (ii) false (C) (i) cylnder (ii) cylinder (iii) equal
18. SiV 5 cm. (ii) 1 : 2 (iii) 3 : 1 : 2 (iv) 1 : 3 (v) 2 : 1
Chapter˚ ÈÙÈ 20
Application ı 2. 6S 7. 8S 12. 52 radian 16. 62º 32' 33'' or 35S
44 18. 94º 27' 24''
1. (i) 13º 52' SiiV 1º 45' 12'' SiiiV 6' 15'' SivV 27º 5' SvV 72º 2' 24''
2. SiV 3S (ii) 3S 5S 2S S 25S 47 6041S

4 (iii) – 6 (iv) 5 (v) 8 (vi) – 72 (vii) 160 S (viii) 27000
3. 2S 2S S 5S 5S S 4S S 5S
5 , 5 , 5 4. 81º, 9º 5. 100º , 9 6. 75º, 60º ; 12 , 3 7. 9 8. 16 9. 75º, 12
10. Two comple revolution clock wise and makes an angle 195º
11. ABD = S 3S S 3S 2S S S S
8 , BAD = 8 , CBD = 8 , BCD = 8 12. 3 , 6 , 6 13. 60º, 3
14. (A) (i) d SiiV d SiiiV b (iv) b (v) a (B) (i) True (i) False (C) SiV constant
SiiV 57º 16' 22'' SapproxV SiiiV 5S S 5S

8 15. SiV180 SiiV 26º 24' 45'' (iii) 18
(iv) 200 cm. (v) S 6
Chapter ÈÙÈ 22
1. (i) Rightangled triangle– 2. 21 m. 3. 16 cm. 15. (A) (i) c (ii) c (iii) b
(iv) b (v) c (B) (i) True (ii) False (C) (i) sum (ii) 8 (iii) 5 16. (i) 90º (ii) 26 cm.
(iii) 5 3 cm. (iv) 90º (v) 2.4 cm.
375
Chapter ÈÙÈ 23
Application ı 3. 15º
1. 35 , 34 2. 25
7 , 24 , 7 , 25 3. 21 , 20 , 20 , 21
25 24 7 29 29 29 29
24 24
4. sin T = 25 , tan T = 7 , cosec T = 24 25 , sec T = 25 , cot T = 7
7 24
5 8 , cosec A = 17 8. 5
5. tan T = 12 , sec T = 7. cos A =17 15
2 2
9. SiV False SiiV False SiiiV False SivV True SvV False SviV True
Application ı 9. 60 m. 12. 45º, 45º
1. 3 2. ACB = 60º, BAC = 30º 3. BC = 10 cm., AB = 10 3 cm.
4. PQ=QR=3 m. 5. (i) 21 (ii) 0 (iii) 1 (iv) 331 (v) 6+3 6 (vi) 0 (vii) 0
5 1
(viii) (ix) 1 7. SiV (ii) 2 23 (iii) ± 12 8. 13 , – 13 11. 0º, 60º
2 3 3
cosT 1
Application ı 23. No 26. cotT= , cosecT= 28. 75 34. 12
y² 1– cos T
2
1– cos T2
36. 4x2 + 25y2 = 9 38. x² –

a² b² = 1 41. 2

1 sinT
1. SiV 57 SiiiV 2 2. (i) cosecT= , tan T =
sinT 1– sin2T
1 1–cos²T
SiiV cosecT= , tanT=
cosT
1– cos2T
17 (vi) 2 (vii) 2 , 1 SviiiV 2 , —–
3. SiV 12 (ii) 2 + 1 (iii) 0 (iv) 0 (v) 13
1
3 3 3 3
4 1 3 4 2 1 13
(ix) 3 (x) 2 (xi) 2 (xii) 1 (xiii) ,± orñ 3 , SxivV 12
3 3 3
1 1 y²
4. (i) (ii) 5. SiV x²
4 + 9 = 1 (ii) 25x – y = 9
2 2
5 3
6. SiV n , m²+n² 9. (A) SiV c (ii) a (iii) c (iv) d (v) c
m²+n² m
SBV (i) True SiiV False SCV (i) 4 (ii) 21 (iii) 21
10. SiV 4, 30º (ii) 0 (iii) 12 (iv) 1 (v) 45º
376
LET'S MATCH
Chapter ÈÙÈ 24
p
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 2. 1 13.
p²+q²
1. SiV 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 12.(A) (i) b (ii) c (iii) c (iv) b (v) a (B) (i) True (ii) False
(C) (i) 3˚ (ii) 1 (iii) cos B 13. (i) 1 (ii) 9 (iii) 3 (iv) 1 (v) 9
Chapter ÈÙÈ 25
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 2. 20 3 m. 5. 30º 10. 40 m.
1. 20 3 m. 2. 3 3 m. 3. 75 3 m. 4. 21 m. 5. 8 m.ñ 24 m.
6. (i) 4 3 m. (ii) 2 3 m. (iii) 2(3+ 3 ) m. (iv) 6 m. 7. 20.784 m.
8. 7.098 m. 9. 19 3 m. 10. 450 m.ñ 150 3 m. 11. 64 m.ñ 16 3 m.
12. 125 3 m.ñ 125 2 m.ñ in first case 13. 2180 m. 14. 17.19 m. Sapprox.V
15. 30º 16. 81.96 m. Sapprox˚V 17. 25 3 m. 18. 42 dcm.ñ 42 3 dcm.
19. 6 km./h. 20. 11.83 m./sec.(approx.) 21. 200( 3 +1) m. 22. 60 m.ñ 15 3 m.
23. (i) 250 3 m. (ii) 500 3 m. 24.(A) (i) b (ii) a (iii) c (iv) c (v) a (B) (i) False
(ii) True (C) (i) dicrease (ii) equal (iii) greater 25. (i) 30 m. (ii) 60 (iii) 45 (iv) 15 (v) 30
Chapter ÈÙÈ 26
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 9. 18 12. 36.4
1. 17.43 years SapproxV 2. 4.24 3. 20 4. 8 5. 54.72 6. 43.4 years 7. (i) 25 (ii) 40.3
8. (i) 100.89 SapproxV (ii) 51.5 9. (i) 75.75 (ii) 36.24 SapproxV 10. 20 11. 41.1 years
12. 35.67 SapproxV 13. 31.67 SapproxV 14. 11.69 SapproxV
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 16. (i) 10 (ii) 12.5 19. 4 21. 29.17 SapproxV 24. x = 8,
y=7
1. ` 107 2. 9.5 years 3. 54.5 4. 8 5. 47 kg. 6. 22 mm. 7. 2 8. ` 53.33 SapproxV
9. 153.41 cm. SapproxV 10. 35.67 SapproxV 11. 19.67 SapproxV 12. 18.36 SapproxV
13. 83 14. 40 15. x = 9, y = 16
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 28. 70.59 SapproxV
2. 46.69 SapproxV 4. 138.57 SapproxV
Let me do it myself ı Application ı 30. (ii) 9 (iii) 102, 104 (iv) 5 33. 14.4
1. ` 15, ` 17 2. 131 cm. 3. (i) 4 (ii) 10, 15 4. 4,6 5. 18.90 years SapproxV
6. 21.76 SapproxV 7. 17.38 SapproxV 8. 78.44 SapproxV 9. (A) (i) d (ii) b (iii) d (iv) a (v) b
(B) (i) false (ii) false (C)(i) centraly (ii) a. –x (iii) equal 10.(i)20 (ii)82 (iii)6 (iv)27 (v) 30–40
377
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïyhs˛Ó˚ (Terminology of Mathematics)
xï≈Ó_ , - Semicircle Üv˛¸ - Mean
xïõí≈ Óy ˆîòyîyÓ˚ - Debtor ˆÜyúÑ˛ - Sphere
x!ïÓ,_yÇü - Major Segment áòÑ˛ - Cube
x!ïâ˛y˛ô - Major Arc â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î - Compound Interest
xò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio â˛y˛ô - Arc
xhs˛Ó≈_ , - Incircle ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÓ,_Ñ˛úy - Minor Sector
xï≈ˆÜÏ yúÑ˛ - Hemisphere ì˛ú - Surface
xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ - Partnership Business !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y - Slant Height
x!Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ - Ungrouped Data !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ - Trigonometry
xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí - Angle of Depression !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í - Quadratic Equation
xyÎ˚ì˛áò - Rectangular Parallelopiped or !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# - Quadratic Surd
cuboid ˜îá≈ƒ - Length
xyÎ˚ì˛ò - Volume î,!T˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy - Line of Sight
xyÑ˛yÓ˚ - Size òõ%òy - Sample
xyÑ,˛!ì˛ - Shape !òÓ˚˛) ôÑ˛ - Discriminant
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏúÖ - Histogram ˛ô!Ó˚!ï - Circumference
xy¢ú - Capital/Principal ≤ÃfiÌ - Breadth
v˛z_õí≈ Óy ˛ôyÁòyîyÓ˚ - Creditor ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛# - Edge
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y - Height ˛ô)Ó˛≈ ôî - Antecedent
v˛z_Ó˚ ôî - Consequent ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy - Frequency
v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô - Minor Arc ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy Ó£%¶%˛ã - Frequency Polygon
v˛zß¨!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí - Angle of Elevation ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò - Frequency Distribution
v˛z˛ôÓ,_yÇü - Minor Segment ì˛y!úÑ˛y - Table
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ - Theorem ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí - Complementry Angle
~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ - Concentric Circles ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Area of the Lateral
~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Alternendo Surface
Ñ˛í≈ - Diagonal Ó£%˛ôî# ¢ÇÖƒyõyúy - Polynominal
Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ - Assumed Mean ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Area of the Curved
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy - Cumulative Frequency Surface
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy - Cumulative frequency Ó#ã - Root
ˆÓ˚Öy curve or ogive Ó,_ - Circle
Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ - Step-deviation method Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e - Circular Region
ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô - Measures of Central tendency Ó,_â˛y˛ô - Arc
Ü%Ó˚%xò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of Greater Inequality Ó,_yÇü - Segment
378
Ó,Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy
_Ñ˛úy - Sector ˆ◊!í¢#õyòy - Classboundary
ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó,_Ñ˛úy - Major sector ˆ◊!íõïƒÑ˛ - Mid value of the
Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã - Cyclic Quadrilateral class
Óƒy¢ - Diameter °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ - Sexagesimal system
Óƒy¢yï≈ - Radius ¢õyïyò - Solution
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ - Inverse Ratio ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î - Simple interest
˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of inequality ¢Ó≈¢õ Ó,_ - Equal circles
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy Óƒhfl˛≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Invertendo ¢õÓ,_fiÌ - Concyclic
Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛î - Inverse variation ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ - Isosceles Trapezium
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆäÈîÑ˛ - Secant ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Whole surface area
Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ - Circular system ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ - Proportion
!Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ - Grouped data ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï - Uniform rate of

growth
Ó£%¶)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ - Multimodal
¶)˛!õ - Base
¢õ£yÓ˚ £…y¢ Óy x˛ôâ˛Î˚ - Uniform rate of
decrease or
¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Area of the Base depreciation
¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Dividendo
¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Addendo
ˆ¶˛î - Variation
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò Óy ¶)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ - Mode
ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛ - Variation constant
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!í - Modal class
¶˛yÓ˚Î%=˛ Üv˛¸ - Weighted mean
¢¡ôyîƒ - Construction
õyey - Dimension
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ - Tangent
õ)úïò - Capital/Principal
fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% - Point of contact
õïƒ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# - Mean Proportional
¢î,ü - Similar
õïƒõy - Median
¢î,üì˛y - Similarity
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Óy - Compound ratio or Mixed ratio
¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# - Equiangular
!õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛
¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of Equality
ˆÎyÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Componendo
¢yÇÖƒõyò - Numerical value
ˆÎyÜÈÙÈ¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Componendo and Dividendo
¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú - Amount
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛î - Joint variation
¢%î - Interest
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ - Arithmetic mean
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ - Rate of Interest
Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò - Statistics
úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of Less Inequality
ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà - Right circular cylinder
ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ - Right circular cone
ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ó^˘›˛ò - Distribution of profit
ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% - Vertex
üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% - Apex
ˆ◊!í¢#õy - Classlimit
379
Teachers' guidelines
x National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 advises that a student should relate her/his life in
school to life outside school. This vision recommends that the education of a student goes
beyond books since the knowledge limited to books creates a gap between school and society.
On the basis of the vision of NCF has designed the present curriculum, syllabus and text book.
Moreover, it is recommended that a student’s education is not only subject-oriented but that he
or she is able to find connections among various topics.
x It is our hope that teachers will use this text book according to the guide lines and recommendation
stated below.
x Presently, education is student-oriented; the role of a teacher is just to help the student. Teachers
should keep in mind that he or she learns a great deal from her family, surroundings and society.
Prior to teaching, care must be taken by the teachers to encourage students to share their
previous experience on any given topic; please ensure that the student’s thinking is not hindered;
that he or she has freedom of thought.
x A textbook is one of the aids in a student’s education but not the only one. Many teaching aids
should be used to make the learning process interesting.
x In the learning of Mathematics, it is essential that a student uses real and concrete objects to
develop abstract ideas. Otherwise mathematics as a subject becomes an object of fear to children.
x Teachers should start a chapter by framing practical problems related to the student’s familiar
environment. Next, a logical conception regarding the chapter through some practical activities
should be formed, if possible. Students should work on the abstract problems after they achieve
clarity of reason and logic.
x Teacher should observe how far the students can understand the different units by themselves
from their books. If they are unable to understand on their own, only then should they be helped,
gradually, in a manner that they are able to solve problems on their own.
x The teachers should introduce each unit to the students in the manner of story-telling, so that
they do feel they are being taught.
x Collaborative learning helps the students in their learning. Teachers should encourage this in the
classroom.
x The present system curriculum does not attempt to impose text or burden the student with
information, but aims at knowledge construction under the good supervision of the teachers.
The moment the pupils are able to construct knowledge he/she will gradually try to discover
mathematics in things around him/her and thus the subject will become enjoyable.
x Teacher should pay due attention to ensure that the students are efficient at solving problems
mentally. If the pupils practise mental-mathematics for every chapter then their thinking, logical
reasoning and ability of calculation will improve rapidly.
x At the time of teaching, teacher should prepare a list of all learning possibilities that appear in the
chapter. For example, in the chapter of quadratic equations in one variable
1) Concept of quadratic expressions.
2) Concept of quadratic equations.
3) Concept of quadratic equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, (a z 0)
4) Concept of the choice of a z 0 in the equation ax² + bx + c = 0
5) Concept of the type of equation when a = 0 in ax² + bx + c = 0
380
Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy 6) Concept of the solution of the quadratic equation by factorisation.
(7) Concept of the number of solutions of a quadratic equation.
(8) Concept of roots of a quadratic equation.
(9) Concept of the formula of Sridhar Acharyya.
(10) Concept of the nature of the roots when the discriminant is zero or greater than zero.
(11) Concept of the formation of the quadratic equation when the roots are known.
x All units must have open ended questions:
e.g., a) Write down a quadratic equation whose two roots are natural numbers.
b) Write down one value of the total profit if the ratio of the principals is 3 : 2 : 5.
c) Consider the length, breadth and height of a cuboid which are irrational numbers but
the volume is a rational number.
d) Write down the lengths of three line segments which are the sides of a triangle such
that the circumcentre of the triangle lies on a side of the triangle.
x If the teachers can form more such open ended questions for the students then it will help them
to grasp the concepts easily.
x Student should not learn the process of a sum by rote learning. Teacher should attentive to a
student for a problem solving by logical reasoning.
x Teachers should take care of that students who solve mathematical problems earlier than general
do not sit idle. Students who grasp concepts earlier than others, should be helped to further
exercise her/his reasoning by assignment of more difficult sums while students who take more
time to grasp should be encouraged to improve and expand their reasoning slowly.
1. Syllabus and content of class X also have been changed to harmonize with All India Board
and Council's syllabus and contents.
2. To adjust with the syllabus and contents of class XI some new chapters have been
incorporated in class X syllabus and contents.
3. Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Mensuration, Trigonometry and Statistics are not in separate
areas in this class X 'Ganit Prakash' book. Because chapters of arithmetic are related with
algebra and chapters of geometry are related with mensuration. For example, in compound
interest we use quadratic equations and in trigonometry we need properties of similarity of
triangles.
Learners shall apply the rules and formulae after knowing the causes not on the base of rote
learning. So different chapters are arranged in this way.
4. Multiple Choice Type Questions and Short Answer Type Questions are at the end of each
chapter. Because learners should know the chapter well first and solve any complex problem
easily after that.
5. Teachers should advise to use the text-book more fruitfully, taking into account the practical
problems of the classroom and surroundings, so that the book becomes a source of logical
and joyful learning in future.
381
Lesson Planning
Month Subject
1 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
January 2 SIMPLE INTEREST
3 THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE
4 RECTANGULAR PARALLELOPIPED OR CUBOID
5 RATIO AND PROPORTION
February
6 COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OF INCREASE OR DECREASE
7 THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE
8 RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER
March 9 QUADRATIC SURD

10 THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
11 CONSTRUCTION : CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE
12 SPHERE
April 13 VARIATION
14 PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS
15 THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
16 RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
May &
June 17 CONSTRUCTION : CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
18 SIMILARITY
19 REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS
20 TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
July
21 CONSTRUCTION : DETERMINATION OF MEAN PROPORTIONAL
22 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
23 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
August
24 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE
September 25 APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES

& 26 STATISTICS : MEAN , MEDIAN , OGIVE , MODE
October
382
Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy First Summative Evaluation
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ÈÙÈ Ü!íì˛
Sample Question
Time : 1 hr 30 m Full Marks : 40
1. Choose the correct answer : 1×6=6

(i) The compound interest and simple interest are equal at the same rate of interest per
annum in
(a) 1 year (b) 2 years (c) 3 years (d) 4 years
(ii) If the ratio of principal and simple interest is 10 : 3, for 5 years, rate of interest per
annum will be
(a) 3 (b) 30 (c) 6 (d) 12
(iii) Which is not a quadratic equation given belowÈ

(a) 2x–3x2 = 3x2+5 (b) (2x+3)2 = 2(x2–5)
(c) ( 3x+2)2 = 3x2–7 (d) (x–2)2 = 5x2+2x–3
(iv) If the roots are equal of the quadratic equation 4x2 + 6kx + 9 = 0, the value of k is
(a) 2 or 0 (b) –2 or 0 (c) 2 or –2 (d) only 0
(v) In the adjoining figure, OAB=50º of a circle with centre O and if C is any
point on the circle, the value of ACB is (a) 50º (b) 40º (c) 80º (d) 100º
(vi) AB and CD are two equal chords of a circle with centre O. If AOB=70º, the value of
CODÈ is (a) 110º (b) 70º (c) 35º (d) 80º
2. Answer the following questions 2×5=10
3
(i) In how many years the interest will be 5 th of principal at the rate of interest 10%
simple interest per annum?
(ii) If p:q = 5:7 and p–q = –4, what is the value of (3p–2q) ?
(iii) Two parallel chords of a circle with centre O lie opposite to the centre. If AB=10 cm,
CD=24 cm, and if distance between two chords AB and CD is 17 cm, find the radius
D
of that circle. A
)
º
35
(iv) In the adjoining figure find the value of x. º

5
)7 x
B
C
(v) If the volume of a cube is 512 cubic cm., find the total surface area of that cube.
383
3. In how many years will ` 1,00,000 amount to `1,33,100 at 10% compound interest per
annum?
or
The length of tree increases by 20% in every year ; if the present length of the tree is 28.8
metre, let us find what was the length of tree 2 years before ? 5
4. Solve. [any one] 3×1=3

3 = 4, (xz– 1)
(i) (2x+1) + 2x+1 2
(ii) (x–2) (x–4) + (x–4) (x–6) + (x–6)1(x–8) + 31 = 0, (x z 2, 4, 6, 8)
1 1
5. Sulata drew a right-angled triangle having the hypotenuse of 13 cm. length, and difference
between other two sides is 7 cm. Find the length of other two sides of right-angled triangle
drawn by Sulata. 4
or
If a two digit positive number is multiplied by its unit digit, the value of product is 189 and
the tens digit is twice of its unit digit, find the unit digit of the number.
6. If a, b, c, d are in continued proportion, prove that (a2+b2+c2) (b2+c2+d2) = (ab+bc+cd)2

or
5+1
If a=
5–1
and ab = 1, find the value of ba + ab ( ) 3
7. Prove that the angle which an are of a circle subtends at the centre, is double of any angle
subtended by it on the circle.
or
Prove that line drawn through the centre of circle bisects a chord, which is not a diameter,
is perpendicular to the chord. 5
8. A reservoir of 21 dcm. length, 11 dcm. breadth and 6 dcm. depth is filled half with water.
How much dcm will the water level be raised, if 100 iron balls each of which having 21 cm
diameter be completely immersed into it ?
or
The ratio of height of a right circular solid cylinder and length of radius of base is 3 : 1. If the
volume of the cylinder is 1029 S cubic cm, what will be the total surface area of the
cylinder? 4
Let 's Match
1. (i) a (ii) c (iii) c (iv) c (v) b (vi) b 2. (i) 6 year (ii) 2 (iii) 13 cm (iv) 70º (v) 384 sq cm
3. 3 year or, 20 m 4. (i) x=0 and x=1 (ii) x=5 and x=5 5. 12 cm and 5 cm. or, 3 6. or 7 8.
3 dm. or, 1232 sq cm
384
Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy Second Summative Evaluation
ˆ◊!í ÈÙÈ îüõ
Sample Question
Time : 1 hr 30 m ˛ Full Marks : 40
1. Choose the correct answer : 1×7=7

(i) Sum of two roots of the equation 5x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 51 (d) 52
(ii) Samir invests ` 4000 for 3 months and Amita invests ` 3000 for 5 months in a business.
Profit will be distributed in the ratio
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 4
(iii) x vy1 and y = 52 when x = 5ó x = 61 , the value of y is
(a) 31 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 18

(iv) In in the adjoining figure, AB is the diameter of a circle with
centre O. If ADC = 140º and CAB = xº , the value of
x is (a) 800 (b) 400 (c) 500 (d) 300
(v) If length of tower and length of the shadow of a stick having length 20 meters are 50
meters and 10 meters respectively, the length of tower is
(a) 120 m. (b) 250 m. (c) 25 m. (d) 100 m.
(vi) If height of a solid right circular cone is 15 cm and the length of diameter of the base
is16 cm. then area of lateral surface is
(a) 120Ssq cm (b) 240Ssq cm (c) 136Ssq cm (d) 130S sq cm
(vii) If the total surface area of solid hemisphere is 147Sthe length of radius of the base of
hemisphere is (a) 14 cm. (b) 7 cm. (c) 21 cm. (d) 7.5 cm.
2. Answer the following questions 2×4=8
SiV If A vC1 and C vB1 , find the variation relation between A and B
SiiV Fill in the blanks.

SaV If a straight line intersects the circle at the two points, this straight line is called
of the circle.
SbV The length of radii of two circles are 4cm and 5cm. If two circles touch each other
externally, the distance between two centres is cm.
Sñ È
SiiiV If the surface area of a sphere is S and volume is V, write the value of V²
385
SivVThe lateral surface area of a cone is 5 times of its base area. Find the ratio between
height of the cone and length of radius of its base.
3. Shova, Masud and Rabeye started a business with capitals ` 3000, ` 3500, and
1
` 2500 respectively. They have decided to divide part of total profit equally and the
3
remaining profit in the ratio of their capitals invested. What will be the share of profit of
each of them if the amount of profit at the end of year is ` 810. 5
or
Shakil and Mohuya jointly started a business with capitals of ` 30,000 and ` 50,000
respectively. After 6 months Shakil invested ` 40,000 more in a business, but Mohuya
withdrew ` 10,000 for personal need. If the profit amount is ` 19000 at the end of year,
how much share of profit each of them should get?
4. If avb and bvc, show that a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 v abc (a3 +b3 +c3) 3
or
x–2 x–2
Solve : x+2 + 6 (x–6) = 1, (x z – 2, 6)
5. Prove that if two circles touch each other externally, then the point of contact will lie on the
line joining the two centres. 5
or
Prove that if a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex containing the right angle of a right-
angled triangle on the hypotenuse, the triangles on each side of the perpendicular are similar
to the whole triangle and are similar to each other.
6. BAC = 1 right angle of a right-angled triangle ABC. AD is perpendicular on hypotenuse
'ABC = BC²
BC. Prove that 'ACD 3
AC²
7. Draw a triangle of which the length of one side is 6.8 cm and measures of two angled
adjacent to this side are 600 and 750 and draw the circumcircle of this triangle. 5
or
Draw a circle with centre O having radius of 2.5 cm. length. Take a point P outside the
circle at a distance of 5 cm. from 'O'. Draw two tangents to the circle from the point P.
8. Three spheres made of copper with radii of 3 cm., 4 cm., and 5 cm. are melted and a large
sphere is made. What is the length of radius of the large sphere. 4
or
If length of radius of base is 12 metre and height is 5 meter, what will be the cost to make
a tent in the shape of right circular cone at the rate of ` 3.50 per sq meter.
Let's match
1. (i) d (ii) c (iii) c (iv) c (v) d (vi) c (vii) b 2. (i) AvB (ii) a. b. 9 cm (iii) 36S
(iv) 2:1 3. ` 270 `, 300 `, 240 or, Shakil gets ` 10,000 and Mohuya gets ` 9,000
2
4. or, x=0 and x= 3 8. 6 cm or 1716 cm
386
Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy Third Summative Evaluation
ˆ◊!í ÈÙÈ îüõ
Sample Question
Time : 3 hr Full Marks : 90
1.A. Choose the correct answer : (Answer all Questions) 1×6=6

SiV Interest on principal amount ` b at the rate of simple interest a% per annum for C
months is
abc abc abc abc
(a) ` (b) ` (c) ` (d) `
1200 100 200 120
(ii) If the roots of quadratic equatron kx2 – 5x + k = 0 are real and equal, the value of k is
5 2
(a) 5 (b) (c) (d) 2
2 5
(iii) IfD = 90º, E = 30º , the value of sin(DE is
1 3 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
(iv) The tangent PA has drawn to a circle with centre O from the external point P. If PA =
4 cm, OP = 5 cm, the radius of circle is
(a) 5 cm. (b) 4 cm. (c) 6 cm. (d) 8 cm.
SvV If the ratio of volumes of two cubes is 8 : 125, the ratio of total surface area of two
cubes will be
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 4 : 25 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 2 : 25
(vi) The median of 8, 15, 10, 11, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16 is È

(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 11.5 (d) 11
B. Fill in the blanks (Answer any five) 1×5=5

SiV If the rate of compound interest of the principal ` p is 2r% per annum and the interest
is compounded halfyearly then the ammount in n years is p(1+ r )2n .
(ii) 50% of a = 20% of b = 25% of c then a : b : c = 2 : 5 :
(iii) If D=90º and E=30º then the value of Sin (D– E) is
(iv) If a straigt line intersects a circle at two points then the straigt line is called
(v) If the radius of a solid hemisphere is r unit then the whole surface area will be
sq. unit.
(vi) When a distribution has two modes then it is called .
C. Write true or false (Answer any five) 1×5=5
(i) In a partnership business the ratio of the capitals of Anware, Amal and David is 3:2:5
then the ratio of profit willbe 5:2:3 .
387
(ii) A is directly proportional to B and B is directly proportional to C then A is directly
proportional to C.
(iii) IfD+E= 90º then Sin²D + Sin²E = 1
(iv) If A=D, B=F and C=E of two triangles ABC and DEF then
AB = AC = BC
DE DF EF
(v) If the ratio of radii of two solid spheres is 2:3 then the ratio of whole surface are of the
spheres is 2:3 then the ratio of whole surface area of the spheres will be 4:9 .
(vi) Median of a data can be determined from the graph of cumulative frequency.
2. Answer the questions (Answer Any ten) : 2×10=20
(i) If a sum of money at 5% compound interest per annum for 2years becomes ` 615,
find the principal amount.
(ii) The price of an object is decreased by 10% in every year. The present price of that
object is ` 182. Find the price of that object in 2 years ago.
SiiiV x and y are two variables. Corresponding values related to them are :
x = 6, y = 9; x = 4, y = 6; x = 12, y = 18; x = 3.6, y = 5.4; Determine the relation of
variation between x and y with reasons.
SivV If the two roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 8x + 2 = 0 are D and E find the value of
( D1 + E
1
)È
(v) A cylinder and a sphere are of equal radii, their volumes are also equal. Find out the
ratio of the diameter and height of the cylinder.
(vi) If the volume of a solid hemisphere is 144S , what is its diameter ?
(vii) The distance of a chord from the centre of a circle of radius 17cm is 8cm. Find the
length of the chord.
(viii) A circle with centre O has a diametre AOC. B is a point of the circle and ACB=50;
AT is a tangent to the circle at the point A where the points B and T are on same side
of the diametre AC. Find the value of the BAT.
(ix) In the triangle ABC, the straight line which is parallel to the side BC intersects the
sides AB and AC at the points D and E respectively. IF AD:DB = 5:4 then find
AE:AC.
(x) If tanT.tan2T = 1, find the value of cos2T .

(xi) The length of radius of a circle is 14 cm. Find the circular measures of the angle at the
centre by an arc of this circle 66 cm in length.
(xii) xi 3 5 8 9 11 13
fi 6 8 5 p 8 4
If the mean of the above table is 8, find the value of p.
388
3.Óyhfl˛ÓAt¢ÇÖƒy
what rate of interest will ` 60,000 amount to ` 69,984 for 2 years. 5
or
At the starting of the year Arun and Ajoy started a business jointly with capitals of ` 24000
and ` 30,000 respectively. After some month Arup invested ` 12000 more in that business.
If the profit after the end of year was ` 14030 and Arun got profit share of ` 7130.
Determine after how meny months Arun invested the amount.
1 1 1 1
4. Solve : = + + , [xz0, – (a+b)] 3
a+b+x a b x
or
The velocity of a boat is 8 km/h in the still water. A boat takes 5 hours to cover 15 km
downstream and 6 km upstream. Find the velocity of current.
5 3 3 2 2
5. Simplify : 3 + 2 – 2 + 5 + 3 + 5 3
or
If 5 men can harvest jute cultivated in 10 bighas of land in 12 days, how many farmers can
harvest jute cultivated in 18 bighas in 9 days²Determine this by applying variation theorem.
ay–bx cx–az bz–cy x y z
6. If, = = , prove that = = 3
c b a a b c
or
if a, b, c are in continued proportion, prove that a 2 b 2 c 2 §¨ 13 + 13 + 13 ·¸ = a 3 +b3 +c3
©a b c ¹
7. State and prove Pythagoras theorem. 1+4
or
Prove that the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. 5
8. ABCD is a trapezium of which AB || DCó a straight line parallel AB intersects to AD and
BC at the points E and F respectively. Prove that AE : ED = BE : FC. 3
or
In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD if AB=DC, prove that AC= BD.
9. Find the value of 22 È geometrically. 5
or
Draw the triangle having the side of 6.5 cm. length and measures of two angles adjacent to
this side are 500 and 750. Draw the in-circle of that triangle.
10. Answer any two questions. 3×2=6

(i) Find the value of xÈ
S S 3 S S
(x+1) cot² = 2cos² + sec² + 4sin²
6 3 4 4 6
(ii) Show that, cosec² 22º cot² 68º = sin² 22º + sin²68º + cot² 68º
x
(iii) If cosT = , show that x sinT = y cosT
x²+y²
389
11. Answer any two questions. 4×2= 8
(i) A hemisphere and a cone have an equal base and their heights are also equal, find the
ratio of their volumes and ratio of their curved surface areas.
(ii) Find the volume of a right circular cone obtained from a wooden cube of 4.2 dcm
edge by wasting minimum quantity of wood.
(iii) Height of a right circular cylinder is twice of its radius. If the height would be 6 times
of its radius, then the volume of the cylinder would be greater by 539 cubic dm. Find
the height of the cylinder.
12. The angle of elevation and the angle of depression of the top and foot of the monument,
when observed from a point on the roof of a five-storied building of Mihir are 600 and 300
respectivly. If the height of building is 16 metre, what will be the height of the monument ?
5
or
When the angle of elevation of the sun changes from 450 to 600, the length of shadow of a
telegrph post changes to 4 metre. When the angle of elevation of the sun is 30º, then find
the length of shadow of the telegraph post.
13. Answer any two questions. 4×2= 8
(i) Shakil babu would bring mangoes kept in 50 packing boxes in the retail market.
These boxes contained varing number of mangoes. The following is the distribution of
mangoes according to the number of boxes.
Number of mangoes 50 - 52 52 - 54 54 - 56 56 - 58 58 - 60
Number of boxes 5 14 16 10 5
Find the mean number of mangoes kept in 50 packing boxes.
(ii) Find the mean of heights of students from the following distribution table :
Height (cm) 135-140 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165

Number of students 7 12 20 24 20 17
(iii) Find the mode of the following frequency distribution table :

Class interval 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
Frequency 5 12 18 28 17 12 8
Let's Match
1. A (i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) c (v) b (vi) d 1. B (i) 100 (ii) 4 (iii) 90º (iv) transversal (v) 3Sr2
(vi) Bi 1. C. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) F (v) T (vi) T 2. (i) ` 6000 (ii) `200 (iii) Direct proportion
ratio of x and y is constant (iv) –4 (v) 3 : 2 (vi) 12 cm. (vii) 30 cm (viii) 50º (ix) 5:9 (x) 1–
3S 3 2
(xi) (xii) 10 3. 8% or, 5 months later 4. x= –a and x=–b or, 1 5 km/h 5. 0 or, 12 person
2
10. (i) 0 11. (i) 2:1, 2 :1 (ii) 19404 cc. (iii) 7 dm 12. 64 m or, 6( 3 +1) m. 13. (i) 54.84 (ii)
152.29 cm. approx. (iii) 17.38 approx.
390
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*$1,735$.

This book is sponsored by Govt. of West Bengal. For

West Bengal Board of Secondary Education

All rights Reserved : West Bengal Board of Secondary Education

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

December – 2015 Chairman

Planning and Design

Advice and Assistance

˛Cover and Illustrations

Arpita Mondal & Ashis Bhowmik

Subject MCQ SA LA** Total

** L.A. Internal assessment : 10 Marks

Chapter Subject Page

1 Quadratic Equations in one variable ............................................................. 1

2 Simple Interest .............................................................................................. 31

3 Theorems related to circle ............................................................................ È 49

4 Rectangular Parallelopiped or Cuboid .......................................................... È 67

5 Ratio and Proportion ..................................................................................... 77

6 Compound Interest and Uniform Rate of Increase or Decrease ................. È 100

7 Theorems related to Angles in a Circle ........................................................ È 120

8 Right Circular Cylinder ................................................................................. 140

9 Quadratic Surd ............................................................................................. 149

10 Theorems related to Cyclic Quadrilateral .................................................... 163

11 Construction : Construction of circumcircle and incircle of a triangle .......... 172

12 Sphere .......................................................................................................... 179

13 Variation ....................................................................................................... 186

14 Partnership Business .................................................................................... 198

15 Theorems related to Tangent to a Circle ...................................................... 206

16 Right Circular Cone ...................................................................................... 221

17 Construction : Construction of Tangent to a circle ....................................... 229

18 Similarity ....................................................................................................... 233

19 Real life Problems related to different Solid Objects.. ................................. 261

20 Trigonometry : Concept of Measurement of Angle ...................................... 268

21 Construction : Determination of Mean Proportional ..................................... 278

22 Pythagoras Theorem .................................................................................... 284

23 Trigonometric Ratios and Trigonometric Identities ....................................... 291

24 Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary angle ............................................ 313

25 Application of Trigonometric Ratios : Heights & Distances ....................... 318

26 Statistics : Mean , Median , Ogive , Mode ................................................... 329

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH

Today is Sunday. We cannot play in Dhrubas'

or, x(x+17) –12 (x+17) = 0

Application ı 9. I try to solve the following quadratic equations by factorization.

or, 5x(5x–2) –2(5x–2) = 0

or, (a+7) (1 – 7a 1 )=0

Let us work out 1.3

A famous mathematician Sridhara Acharyya (cr. 750 approx) of

(i) x2–6x+4 = 0 (I)

16 What do we call (b2 –4ac) for the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0?

or, x2 + ab x + ac = 0 ldividing both sides by an

Let us work out 1.5

Today we have great fun. All students of our class will

The interest of ` 500 in 1 yr. is ` 20

In that bank, the rate of simple interest is 4%

Application : 2. lLet me do it myself˚n

Application ı 3. Shraboni has got an interest of ` 45 by depositing a sum of money in

In another method, I suppose, she deposited ` p in the bank

Application ı 16. Let us write in the blank by calculation. lLet me do it myselfn

In mathematical language, the problem is, Deposited in More interest that

Let, the Cooperative society took `x loan.

Application ı 31. )DWLPDELELGHSRVLWV`RQWKHILUVWGD\RIHYHU\PRQWKLQDPRQWKO\VDYLQJV

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFRQGLWLRQ [\] L

and CQD respectively and have formed subtended angles AOB