Physical

Science 11
Physical Science – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 4: The Polarity of Molecule Based on Its Structure
First Edition, 2020

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 Physical
Science 11
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 4
The Polarity of Molecule Based on Its Structure
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 4 on The

Polarity of Molecule Based on Its Structure!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade11 Self-Learning Module 4 on The

Polarity of Molecule Based on Its Structure!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measure how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate polar molecule from non-polar molecule;
2. identify polarity based on molecular structure;
3. regard polarity concepts in daily encounters.

PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What type of bond exists when two electrons are equally shared between two
atoms?
a. nonpolar covalent bond
b. polar covalent bond
c. chemical bond
d. ionic bond

2. Which of the following molecule is non-polar?

a. HF c.CH2F2
b.NH3 d.CF4

3. Why is water (H2O) a polar molecule?

a. the molecule has positive (+) and negative (-) charges on the opposite sides
b. hydrogen and oxygen are both polar, and so is their combination
c. hydrogen and oxygen have equal charges
d. water freezes at polar temperatures

4. Which of the following best describes how a covalent bond holds two atoms
together?
a. a pair of electrons is attracted to both nuclei of the two atoms bonded
together
b. the two atoms are equally attracted to each other
c. they want to pair with electron
d. to become stable

5. Which of the following compound is an example of a polar molecule?

a. HCl
b. H2
c. NaCl
d. CH4
 RECAP
Remember molecular bonding? Try to complete the following descriptions.

Ionic bond - is the _______ of electron/s that binds metal and non-metal.
Example: NaCl (sodium chloride)

Covalent bond –is the ________ of electrons between non-metals.

Example: H2 (hydrogen ion)

LESSON
THE POLARITY OF MOLECULE BASED ON ITS STRUCTURE

The Binding of Non-metals

Some molecules exist because of covalent bonding, a bond between and
among non-metals that share electrons. It could be polar covalent bond or non-polar
covalent bond. Molecular structures, shapes and electron affinity are some
considerations in distinguishing the polarity of a molecule.

A covalent bond which creates two opposite poles (dipoles) and results to
positive and negative charges due to unequal sharing of electrons, is therefore called
a polar covalent bond. A typical example for this is in water molecule. As shown
below there is a partially positive and partially negative pole due to unequal sharing
of electrons.

Figure 5. Molecules of water (H2O)

The separation of charges makes the bond polar. It creates an electric dipole.
Dipole refers to “two poles,” with positive and a negative opposite poles within a
molecule. Elements with the higher EN value become the partial negative pole while
elements with the lower EN value become the partial positive pole. In this example,
hydrogen (+) molecules are attracted towards the atom with higher electronegativity
value (EN), which is oxygen (-).Thus, making it structurally asymmetrical.
On the other hand, equal sharing of electrons that distributes the charges
evenly and cancels these charges out, happens in non-polar covalent bond and
therefore produces non-polar molecules. So, would there be electrical dipoles to
come out? Of course none, we cannot expect positive and negative charges if shared
electrons are equal in number and in charge. This results to completely symmetrical
structure of molecule.
 In fact, atmospheric gases, like nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and halogens
such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine are present in the air as non-polar molecules.
These are diatomic molecules produced by nonpolar covalent bond. Diatomic
because two atoms of the same kind combine, and is nonpolar covalent bond because
there is equal sharing of electrons. Others could be polyatomic for having more than
two atoms of the same kind bonded covalently. Liquid hydrocarbons, noble gases,
and most organic molecules are non-polar molecules.

As a result, a polar molecule attracts another polar molecule and can get along
pretty well together. Though water is considered a universal solvent, not all materials
can totally dissolve in it. Thus, if anything cannot blend and mix with water, it is
definitely a non-polar molecule and is therefore categorized as hydrophobic molecule.
Otherwise, if it is water-loving and blends well with water, it is hydrophilic. Simply
put, like dissolves like.

Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules

1. Polar molecules have positive and negative ends (charges) while nonpolar
molecules charges are cancelled out.
2. In Polar molecules, charges is unevenly distributed, while in nonpolar
molecules distribution of electrons is equal and are completely symmetrical.
3. When a highly electronegative atom bond with less electronegative atom a
polar molecule is formed.
4. Nonpolar are mostly hydrocarbons liquids.
5. Polar molecules have electrical dipole movement while nonpolar don’t have.
6. Polar molecules interact with polar molecules. Nonpolar molecules do not
interact the same way.
7. Polar molecules have a lone pair on the central atom while nonpolar
molecules don’t have lone pair on the central atom.

8. When an atom on the terminal is different then it is polar.

9. “Like dissolves like” which means that polar molecules dissolves into other
polar molecules and nonpolar into other nonpolar. Polar cannot dissolve into
nonpolar molecules and vice versa.

Looks pretty much overwhelming, right? So, let us simplify and choose
molecular structure as basis for us to check molecular polarity. Which of the above
descriptions do you think can help us through with this? Yes, numbers 7 & 8 are
sure keys to distinguish polar from non-polar molecules based on structures. If any
of these two are present, either having a lone pair on the central atom, or when atoms
on the terminals are different, then the molecule is said to be polar. Otherwise, it is
considered non-polar, for not having any of those two.
 This leads us to recall the previous lesson on Lewis Dot Structure of
molecules. If you happen to have forgotten this topic, here is a quick review that
could bridge you to the main topic today.

Lewis Dot Structure Tells Enough!

Molecular structure can be well understood with the use of LEDS (Lewis
electron dot structure). A Lewis dot diagram or Lewis structure is a diagram of the
valence electrons of an atom that uses dots around the symbol of the element. The
number of dots equals the number of valence electrons in the atom.

Example:

Figure 1. Lewis dot structure of row 2 of the periodic table

Atoms tend to form covalent bonds to follow the octet rule, with every atom
surrounded by eight electrons (the apparent number of electrons for an atom to
become stable).

Figure 2. Lewis dot structure of NH3 & H2O

Bonding pairs are the shared pairs of electrons represented by lines in the
structure while lone pairs or nonbonding pairs are the unshared pairs of electrons.

Figure 3. Lewis dot structure of O2 and N2

Consider This! Types of Chemical Bonds (according to number of bonds):

1. Single bond- one pair of electrons is shared ( one dash; 2 electrons)

2. Double bonds- two pairs of electrons are shared ( two dashes; 4 electrons)
3. Triple bonds- three pairs of electrons are shared ( three dashes; 6 electrons)

Valence electron- electron found at the outermost electron shell of an atom

- also indicated by the group number of the periodic table
Be guided with the following: Steps for Creating Simple Lewis Dot Structures
1. Count the total number of valence electrons in the molecule.
Example: NH3 has a total of 8 valence electrons, (N= 1x 5 )+ (H= 3 x 1)= 8 v.e.
2. Use the formula of molecules shown as AXn, place the atom with the least
number of valence electron, at the center of the structure.
 3. Draw a single bond from each terminal atom to the central atom.
4. Each atom must obtain eight electrons to follow the Octet rule.
Note: Place the lone pairs on the side and place any remaining valence
electrons on the central atom.
5. If an atom still does not have an octet number. Move a lone pair from the side
atom and the central atom to make a double or triple bond.

Sample Exercises: Study the given samples and supply the missing information.
1.CH4 (methane) 2. H2O (water)
C= 1 atom x 4= 4 val. e- O= 1 atom x =6 val. e-
H= atoms x1 =4 val. e- H= 2 atoms x 1 =2 val. e-
Total val. e- = 8 Total val. e- = 8

C= central atom w/ 4 val. e- O= central atom w/ val. e-

H= 4 atoms needed to use all 4 val. e - H= 2 atoms needed to use all 2 val. e -

Terminal Atoms: all the same Terminal Atoms: all the same
Structure: symmetrical Structure: asymmetrical
Lone Pair: none Lone Pair: yes, 2 pairs
Polarity: Non-polar Polarity: Polar
3. HCN (hydrogen cyanide) 4. BF3 (boron trifluoride)
C= atom x 4= 4 val. e- B= 1 atom x 3 = 3 val. e-
H= 1 atom x 1 =1 val. e- F=3 atoms x = 21 val. e-
N= 1 atom x 5 = 5 val. e Total val. e - = 24 val. e-
Total val. e- = val. e-
B= central atom w/ 3 val. e-
C= central atom w/ 4val. e- F= 3 atoms needed to use all 21 val. e –
H= 1 atom needed to use all 4 val. e – Terminal Atoms: all the same
N= 1 atom needed to use 5 val. e- Structure: symmetrical
Lone Pair:
Maximize e- (octet Polarity: Non polar
rule) move two pairs _______________________________________
of electrons towards 5. PCl5 (phosphorous pentachloride)
C to make a triple P= 1 atom x 5 = val. e-
bond. Cl=5 atoms x 7 = 35 val. e-
Total val. e - = 40 val. e-

P = central atom w/ 5 val. e-

Cl= 5 atoms to use all val. e –

Terminal Atoms: not all the same Terminal Atoms:

Structure: asymmetrical Structure: symmetrical
Lone Pair: none Lone Pair: none
Polarity: Polarity: Polar

From the above examples, notice that we focused on two (2) things in a
molecular structure using LEDS, that is, 1. the presence of lone pair on the central
atom and 2. the different terminal atoms. Again, the presence of either of these two
would give us a polar molecule, otherwise it is a non-polar molecule.

How easy could it be now? Way to go buddy! It is time to work on the

succeeding activities.
 ACTIVITIES

Part I- “Prove the Polarity!”

Compound Draw the Is there a Are all Is it a polar
LEDS lone pair on terminal molecule?
the central atoms the (Yes/No)
atom? same?
(Yes/No) (Yes/No)

1.BeCl2 -
Beryllium
Dichloride

2. BF3
Boron
Trifluoride

3.PCl5
Phosphorus
Pentachloride

4.SO2
Sulfur
Dioxide

5.XeF2
Xenon
Difluoride
Part II –“What’s in the Picture?”

Direction: Identify the polarity and uses of the following compounds.

a. Ammonia (NH3)

b. Carbon Tetrachloride (CH4)

c. Oxygen Gas (O2)

Part III- “Water Loving or Water Hating?”

Direction: Fill-in the table and identify the polarity of the compounds.

Compound Hydrophilic or Polar or Non Polar

Hydrophobic

1. CH3
2. H2 O
3. HCl
4. CH4
5. C3H8
 WRAP-UP
Direction: List (5) five descriptions of a polar and nonpolar molecule.

POLAR MOLECULE NONPOLAR MOLECULE

VALUING

Polarity in Everyday Life: How Soap Works?

During the COVID-19 (new coronavirus disease) pandemic, countries all over
the world must take decisive action to stop the spread of the virus. In these critical
circumstances, it is essential that everyone is informed about health risks and
hazards to stay safe and healthy. One of the recommendations of the world health
organization is washing hand using soap.

Soap does not kill germs on our hands, it removes them. Microbes stick to the
oils and grease on our hands. Water alone will not remove much of the germs on our
hands because water and oil do not like each other, so they will not mix. But soap
likes both water and oil. That is because soap molecules are a type of surfactant,
which means they have one end that's water loving, or hydrophilic, and one end
that's oil loving, or hydrophobic. When you wash your hands with soap, the soap
molecules act as a mediator between the water and oil molecules and bind with both
at the same time. Then when you rinse everything off, the soap carries away the
germs with the water.

Questions:
1. Does soap remove germs and viruses? Explain why.

2. Why is it important to frequently wash our hands with soap and water?
 POSTTEST
1. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for the compound PBr3?

a. structure A c. structure C
b. structure B d. structure D
2. How many electrons should carbon have around its Lewis dot structure?
a. 6 c. 3
b. 4 d. 5
3. Which of the following substance is nonpolar?
a. HCN c. HCl
b. CO2 d. SO2
4. Which of the following best describes a nonpolar molecule?
a. nonpolar molecule has uneven distribution of electrons
b. nonpolar molecule has lone pair on the central atom.
c. nonpolar molecule is mostly hydrocarbon liquids
d. nonpolar molecules is symmetrical in structure

5. Which of the following is the best Lewis structure for a molecule with the
formula HCN?

a. b. c. d.
 KEY TO CORRECTION
5. D
Nonpolar 4. C
3. B
No; Yes; 2 2. B
3. Nonpolar 1. D
POST TEST
2. Nonpolar
1. Polar
No; Yes; Nonpolar 2. no items 2-5
1. ACTIVITY II 1.symmetrical
Non-polar
Yes; No; Polar 5. different terminal atoms
ACTIVITY I 4. partial + and – charges
5. 3. lone pair on central atom
2. dipole moment
2. sharing 1. asymmetrical
1. transfer Yes; No; Polar 4. Polar:
RECAP: WRAP-UP
5. A
5. Hydrophobic;Non-polar
4. A No; Yes; Nonpolar 3.
3. A 4. Hydrophobic;Non-polar
2. D 3. Hydrophilic; Polar
1. A 2. Hydrophilic; Polar
PRETEST 1. Hydrophobic; Non-polar
ACTIVITY III

References

Allen Grove, Ph.D. 2018. Polar Molecule Definition and Examples. Texas.
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-polar-molecule-605531.

Creative Commons Attribution. 2016. "Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry."
(https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/7-2-covalent-bonding/) Pp 7.1-7.3.

2020. "Shapes and Properties- Polar and Nonpolar Molecules." In Chemistry LibreText, by Andrew
Jackson, 4.1-4.12. California:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_for_
Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/04%3A_Chemical_Bonds/4.12%3A_Shapes_and_Prop
erties-
_Polar_and_Nonpolar_Molecules#:~:text=Non%20polar%20molecules%20are%20symmetric

Martin S. Silberberg. 2000,. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 2nd ed. Boston:
McGraw-Hill,.

Published by the Commission on Higher Education, 2016. n.d.

WESTERN OREGON UNIVERSITY. 2017. Chapter 5: Covalent Bonds and Introduction to Organic
Molecules. 345 Monmouth Ave. N.: https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-
textbooks/ch103-allied-health-chemistry/ch103-chapter-5-covalent-bonds-organic-
functional-groups-and-biological-molecules/.