Dr.

Satish Shukla 1 of 36

Syllabus (Unit-V): Vector Calculus: Gradient and directional derivative. Di-

vergence and Curl of Vector point function, line and surface integrals. Green’s,
Gauss and Stokes theorems and their applications.

Basic Notations and Definition

Let P (x, y, z) be any point in the space, then the position vector of P is denoted by ~r
and ~r = îx + ĵy + k̂z. The derivative of ~r is denoted by d~r and d~r = îdx
p+ ĵdy + k̂dz.
The modulus of the position vector ~r is denoted by r and r = |~r| = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,
and so, r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . It is easy to see that:

∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
= , = and = . (1)
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r

The dot product (or scalar product) and the cross product (or vector product) of two
vectors ~a = îax + ĵay + k̂az and ~b = îbx + ĵby + k̂bz is denoted by ~a · ~b and ~a × ~b
respectively, and

~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz
î ĵ k̂
~a × ~b = ax ay az .
bx by bz

Scalar and Vector Point Functions

If to each point P (x, y, z) of a region R in the space there corresponds a definite

scalar denoted by f (x, y, z), then f (x, y, z) is called a scalar point function in R. The
region R is called the scaler field associated with this scalar point function. For example,
suppose the temperature of a rectangular solid at any point P (x, y, z) is given by
T (x, y, z), then T is a scalar point function and the whole volume of the rectangular
solid is called the temperature field or scaler field associated with temperature. A
scalar field may be represented by a series of level surfaces each having a constant
value of scalar point function . Examples of these surfaces is isothermal, equidensity
and equipotential surfaces. For example, if a point charge is capt at a point C of space,
then the electric field due to this charge produces an electric potential filed and the
electric potential at each point of any sphere with center C is constant, i.e., each sphere
with centre C represents an equipotential surface.
If to each point P (x, y, z) of a region V in the space there corresponds a definite
vector denoted by F (x, y, z), then F (x, y, z) is called a vector point function in V .
The region V is called the vector field associated with this vector point function. For
example, suppose the gravitational intensity of a body at any point P (x, y, z) is given
by G(x, y, z), then G is a vector point function and the region where this body applies
the force on the other masses is called the gravitational field or vector field associated
with this body.

Total derivatives of a functions and ∇ operator.

Dr. Satish Shukla 2 of 36

Suppose, f (x, y, z) be a function, then by chain rule of partial differentiation we know

that the total derivative of this function is given by:
 
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
df = dx + dy + dz = î + ĵ + k̂ · (îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
 
∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ f · (îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz). (2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
Here, the quantity î + ĵ + k̂ is a vector, as well as, an operator, and it is
∂x ∂y ∂z
denoted by ∇, and called the Nabla operator, i.e., the Nabla oprator
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ≡ î + ĵ + k̂ .
∂x ∂y ∂z
Thus from (2) the total differential of F :
df = ∇f · d~r. (3)

Note. We write
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
  
2 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ≡ ∇ · ∇ ≡ î + ĵ + k̂ · î + ĵ + k̂ ≡ + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

The operator ∇2 is called the Laplacian Operator.

Gradient of a scalar function: Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar point function, then the
gradient of f at any point is a vector field (quantity), the magnitude of which is equal
to the maximum rate of increase of f with respect to the distance at that point and
the direction of it is that direction in which the rate of change of f is maximum. It is
denoted by gradf . Mathematically,
 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂f ∂f ∂f
gradf = ∇f = î + ĵ + k̂ f = î + ĵ + k̂ .
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
Suppose, there are two level surfaces S1 and S2 of f . Let the value of scalar function
on a level surface S1 is f and that at the surface S2 is f + df , i.e., the change in f in
moving from S1 to S2 is df . We note that, the distance between the surfaces S1 and
S2 can be measured in various directions, but the rate of this change df in the scalar
field with respect to the distance between S1 and S2 will be maximum if the distance
is taken normal. Therefore, the gradient of f at any point is always in the normal
direction to the level surface at that point.

Note.

(i) gradf is the normal vector to the surface f (x, y, z) = c, i.e., the normal
vector of the surface f (x, y, z) = c is ~n = gradf.

(ii) The greatest rate of increasing of the function f (x, y, z) at point P is equal
to the the value of |gradf | at that point.
Dr. Satish Shukla 3 of 36

Example 1. Find the gradient of the scalar function φ(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z at

the point (1, 2, 5).

Sol. By definition of gradient we know that

 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (x2 + y 2 − z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= î (x2 + y 2 − z) + ĵ (x2 + y 2 − z) + k̂ (x2 + y 2 − z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2xî + 2y ĵ − k̂.

At point (1, 2, 5) we have gradφ = 2î + 4ĵ − k̂.

Example 2. Show that: (i) grad rn = nrn−2~r OR ∇rn = nrn−2~r;

f 0 (r)
(ii)∇f (r) = ~r.
r

Sol. (i) By definition of gradient we have:

 
n n ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
grad r = ∇r = î + ĵ + k̂ rn = î (rn ) + ĵ (rn ) + k̂ (rn )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂r ∂r ∂r
= nrn−1 î + nrn−1 ĵ + nrn−1 k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
 
∂r ∂r ∂r
= nrn−1 î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
hx y z i h i
n−1 n−2
= nr î + ĵ + k̂ = nr xî + y ĵ + z k̂
r r r
= nrn−2~r.

(ii) By definition of ∇ operator we have:

 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇f (r) = î + ĵ + k̂ f (r) = î f (r) + ĵ f (r) + k̂ f (r)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
X ∂ X ∂r X x
= î f (r) = îf 0 (r) · = îf 0 (r) ·
∂x ∂x r
f 0 (r) X f 0 (r)
= îx = [xî + y ĵ + z k̂]
r r
f 0 (r)
= ~r.
r
Directional Derivative: We know that the three partial derivatives of a function
f (x, y, z) at any point give the rate of change of this function as we vary x (hold-
ing y and z fixed), as we vary y (holding x and z fixed) and as we vary z (holding x
∂f
and y fixed) respectively. Or in other words, the partial derivative is the rate of
∂x
change of f along X-axis, i.e., along the unit vector î. Similarly, the partial derivatives
∂f ∂f
and are the rate of change of f along the Y -axis and Z-axis, i.e., along the
∂y ∂z
Dr. Satish Shukla 4 of 36

unit vectors ĵ and hk respectively. Now, we consider the problem, how to find the
rate of change of f if we allow all three variables x, y and z simultaneously, i.e., we
consider the problem, how to find the rate of change of f along any arbitrary vector ~a.
For this purpose, we define the directional derivative of the function f. The directional
derivative of f at a point is the rate of change in f in a specific direction at that point.
Suppose, f (x, y, z) be a scalar function. Then, we know that the rate of change of f
at a point P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) in a direction normal to the level surface at that point, is equal
to the gradf at that point. Suppose, we have to find the rate of change of f at point
~a
P in direction of a vector ~a, then it will be the component of gradf along â = , i.e.,
|~a|
the directional derivative of f in the direction of ~a is:
D.D. = gradf · â.

Example 3. Find the directional derivative of the function φ = x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 at

the point P (1, 2, 3) in the direction of the line P Q, where Q is the point (5, 0, 4).

Sol. Here
~a = P~Q = (5 − 1)î + (0 − 2)ĵ + (4 − 3)k̂ = 4î − 2ĵ + k̂.
Therefore,
~a 1
â = = √ (4î − 2ĵ + k̂).
|~a| 21
Now,
 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 ) = î(2x) + ĵ(−2y) + k̂(4z).
∂x ∂y ∂z

At point P (1, 2, 3) we have gradφ = 2î − 4ĵ + 12k̂. Therefore, the directional derivative
of φ at point P in direction of P~Q = ~a is:
1
D.D. = gradφ · â = 2î − 4ĵ + 12k̂ · √ (4î − 2ĵ + k̂)
21
28
= √ .
21

Example 4. What is the greatest rate of increasing of φ = xyz 2 at point (1, 0, 3)?

Sol. We know that the greatest rate of increasing of φ is given by:

 
∂ ∂ ∂
|gradφ| = |∇φ| = î + ĵ + k̂ (xyz 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= |î(yz 2 ) + ĵ(xz 2 ) + k̂(2xyz)|.
At point (1, 0, 3) the maximum value= |î(0) + ĵ(9) + k̂(0)| = |ĵ(9)| = 9.

Example 5. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x4 − 3xyz + z 2 + 1 = 0 at

the point (1, 1, 1).
Dr. Satish Shukla 5 of 36

Sol. Here φ = x4 − 3xyz + z 2 + 1. Now

 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (x4 − 3xyz + z 2 + 1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= î(4x3 − 3yz) + ĵ(−3xz) + k̂(−3xy + 2z).

At point (1, 1, 1) gradφ = î − 3ĵ − k̂. We know that (gradφ)(1,1,1) is the normal vector
of φ at point (1, 1, 1), therefore, the unit normal vector to φ at point (1, 1, 1) is:

(gradφ)(1,1,1) î − 3ĵ − k̂
n̂ = = √ .
|(gradφ)(1,1,1) | 11

Example 6. Find the values of the constant a, b, c so that the directional derivative
of φ = axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 at (1, 2, −1) has a maximum magnitude 64 in the
direction parallel to Z-axis.

Sol. Here φ = axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 . Now

 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= î(ay 2 + 3cz 2 x2 ) + ĵ(2axy + bz) + k̂(by + 2czx3 ).

At point (1, 2, −1) gradφ = (4a + 3c)î − (4a − b)ĵ + (2b − 2c)k̂. We know that the
directional derivative is maximum in the direction of gradφ, but it is given that it is
maximum in the direction of Z-axis, therefore, the gradient must be in the direction
of the axis of z. Therefore, in the expression of gradφ the coefficient of î and ĵ must
be zero, i.e.,

4a + 3c = 0 (4)
4a − b = 0. (5)

Therefore, gradφ = (2b − 2c)k̂ Again, since the maximum magnitude of the directional
derivative is equal to |gradφ|, but it is given that it is 64, therefore, |gradφ| = 64, or
|(2b − 2c)k̂| = 64 i.e.,
b − c = 32. (6)
Solving (5), (5) and (6) we obtain

a = 6, b = 24, c = −8.

Example 7. In which direction from (3, 1, −2) is the directional derivative of

φ = x2 y 2 z 4 maximum? Also, find the magnitude of this maximum.

Sol. Here φ = x2 y 2 z 4 . Now

 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (x2 y 2 z 4 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= î(2xy 2 z 4 ) + ĵ(2x2 yz 4 + bz) + k̂(4x2 y 2 z 3 ).
Dr. Satish Shukla 6 of 36

At point (3, 1, −2) gradφ = 96î + 288ĵ − 288k̂. We know that the directional derivative
is maximum in the direction of gradφ, therefore, it is maximum in the direction of
96î + 288ĵ − 288k̂. The maximum magnitude of the directional derivative is equal to
√
|gradφ| = 9216 + 82944 + 82944 = 418.45.

Example 8. What is the directional derivative of φ = xy 2 + yz 3 at the point

(2, −1, 1) in the direction of the normal to the surface x ln(z) − y 2 = −4 at point
(−1, 2, 1).

Sol. First we find the normal to the surface S = x ln(z) − y 2 + 4. Then, we know that
the normal to the surface is
 
∂ ∂ ∂
~a = gradS = ∇S = î + ĵ + k̂ (x ln(z) − y 2 + 4)
∂x ∂y ∂z
x
= î(ln(z)) + ĵ(−2y) + k̂ .
z
−4ĵ − k̂
At point (−1, 2, 1) the normal vector will be: ~a = −4ĵ − k̂. Therefore, â = √ .
17
Now, we will find the directional derivative of φ = xy 2 + yz 3 at the point (2, −1, 1).
Then,
 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ xy 2 + yz 3
∂x ∂y ∂z
= î(y 2 ) + ĵ(2xy + z 3 ) + k̂(3yz 2 ).
At point (2, −1, 1) we have gradφ = î − 3ĵ − 3k̂. Therefore, the directional derivative
of φ in the direction of ~a will be
−4ĵ − k̂ 15
D.D. = gradφ · â = (î − 3ĵ − 3k̂) · √ =√ .
17 17

Home Work (Assignment)

(Q.1) Find the directional derivative of the function φ = xy 2 +yz 3 at the point (2, −1, 1)
in the direction of the vector î + 2ĵ + 2k̂. Ans. − 11 3
.
(Q.2) Find the directional derivative of ∇ · (∇φ) at point (1, −2, 1) in the direction of
the normal surface xy 2 z = 3x + z 2 , where φ = 2x3 y 2 z 4 . (Hint: the normal to
the surface xy 2 z = 3x + z 2 at point (1, −2, 1) will be gradS at point (1, −2, 1),
where S = xy 2 z − 3x − z 2 . Therefore, ~a = gradS at (1, −2, 1).) Ans. 1904
√ .
21

5
(Q.3) Find the directional derivative of φ = 5x2 y − 5y 2 z + z 2 x at point P (1, 1, 1) in
2
x−1 y−3 z
the direction of line = = . (Hint: Here ~a is in the direction of
2 −2 1
given line, therefore, ~a = 2î − 2ĵ + k̂). Ans. 35 3
Dr. Satish Shukla 7 of 36

Divergence and Curl of a Vector function

(i) IF F~ = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ be a vector, then the divergence of F~ is denoted by divF~
and it is given by:
  
∂ ∂ ∂ 
divF~ = ∇ · F~ = î + ĵ + k̂ · F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z

Note. The divergence of a vector field at a point, gives the net flux of that
vector field diverging through the unit volume at that point (i.e., the flux exiting
through the volume - flux entering to the volume). Therefore, if the divergence
of a vector field is positive at a point, then we can say that there the flux exiting
through the volume is greater than the flux entering to the volume, and so, there
is some source of that vector field at that point. Similarly, if the divergence of
a vector field is negative at a point, then we can say that there is some sink of
that vector field at that point.

Solenoidal vector. If the if the divergence of a vector field is zero at a point, then
there is neither a source nor a sink of that vector field at that point, and such vectors
are called Solenoidal vectors.

(ii) The curl of a vector field of F~ is denoted by curlF~ and it is defined by:
î ĵ k̂
 
∂ ∂ ∂  
∂ ∂ ∂
curlF~ = ∇ × F~ = î + ĵ + k̂ × F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ =
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
F1 F2 F3
     
∂F3 ∂F2 ∂F1 ∂F3 ∂F2 ∂F1
= î − + î − + î − .
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Note. The curl of a vector filed at any point gives the rotation of that vector
filed at that point.

Irrotational or Non-Curly Vector Filed. If the curl of a vector filed is zero, that
it shows that the vector filed has no rotation, and such a vector filed is called an
Irrotational Vector Filed. If a vector field F~ is irrotational, then we can find a scalar
point function φ such that F~ = grad φ. The function φ is called the Scalar Potential
of irrotational function F~ .
Example 9. Prove that:

(i) div (rn~r) = (n + 3)rn ;

(ii) curl rn~r = ~0, i.e., rn~r is irrotational;

(iii) rn~r is solenoidal if n = −3.

Dr. Satish Shukla 8 of 36

~r
Sol. First, note that ~r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂ and r = , and so,
|~r|

r 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
∂r
Differentiating partially the above equation with respect to x, we get 2r = 2x, i.e.,
∂x
∂r x
= . Similarly, we obtain:
∂x r
∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
= , = , = . (7)
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
(i) Now, by definition of divergence we have:
  
n n ∂ ∂ ∂ 
div (r ~r) = ∇ · (r ~r) = î + ĵ + k̂ · rn xî + rn y ĵ + rn z k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
X ∂  X 
n n−1 ∂r n
= (r x) = nr x+r
∂x ∂x
X 2

n−1 x n
= nr +r (by (7))
r
X
nrn−2 x2 + rn


=
= nrn−2 x2 + rn + nrn−2 y 2 + rn + nrn−2 z 2 + rn
= nrn−2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 3rn = nrn−2 r2 + 3rn
= (n + 3)rn .

(ii) By definition of curl we have:

î ĵ k̂
curl (rn~r) = ∇ × [rn (îx + ĵy + k̂z)] = ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
rn x rn y rn z
  X 
X ∂ n ∂ n n−1 ∂r n−1 ∂r
= î (r z) − (r y) = nr z − nr y
∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z
X X
nrn−2 yz − nrn−2 yz =

= î0 = î0 + ĵ0 + k̂0
= ~0.

Therefore, rn~r is irrotational vector field.

(iii) We know that rn~r will be solenoidal if:

div rn~r = 0 ⇐⇒ (n + 3)rn = 0 (by (i) part)

⇐⇒ n = −3.

Example 10. Prove that:

div grad rn = n(n + 1)rn−2 ; OR ∇ · ∇rn = n(n + 1)rn−2 .

Dr. Satish Shukla 9 of 36

Sol. We know that

  X ∂ 
n ∂ ∂ ∂ n n
∇r = î + ĵ + k̂ r = î (r )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x
  
X ∂r X h  x i X h
i
= î nrn−1 ) = î nrn−1 = î nxrn−2
∂x r
n−2 n−2 n−2




= î nxr + î nyr + î nzr
= nrn−2 (xî + y ĵ + z k̂).

Therefore,

 
n n ∂ ∂ ∂
· nrn−2 (xî + y ĵ + z k̂)
 
div gradr = ∇ · ∇r = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
X ∂   
n−3 ∂r
X
n−2 n−2


= nr x = n (n − 2)r x+r
∂x ∂x
X
(n − 2)rn−4 x2 + rn−2

= n
n (n − 2)rn−4 x2 + rn−2 + (n − 2)rn−4 y 2 + rn−2 + (n − 2)rn−4 z 2 + rn−2
 
=
= n(n − 2)rn−4 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 3nrn−2
= n(n − 2)rn−2 + 3nrn−2 = nrn−2 (n − 2 + 3)
= n(n + 1)rn−2 .

Example 11. Show that the vector F~ = (x + 3y)î + (y − 2z)ĵ + (x − 2z)k̂ is

solenoidal.

Sol. Here:

 
∂ ∂ ∂
divF~ = ∇ · F~ = î + ĵ + k̂ [(x + 3y)î + (y − 2z)ĵ + (x − 2z)]
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (x + 3y) + (y − 2z) + (x − 2z) = 1 + 1 − 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 0.

Therefore, F~ is solenoidal.

Example 12. Determine the constants a, b, c such that F~ = (x + 2y + az)î + (bx −

3y − z)ĵ + (4x + cy + 2z)k̂ is irrotational. Hence find the scalar potential φ such
that F~ = grad φ.
Dr. Satish Shukla 10 of 36

Sol. Part I. Here:

î ĵ k̂
curl F~ = ∇ × F~ = ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
x + 2y + az bx − 3y − z 4x + cy + 2z
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= î (4x + cy + 2z) − (bx − 3y − z) − ĵ (4x + cy + 2z) − (x + 2y + az)
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
 
∂ ∂
+k̂ (bx − 3y − z) − (x + 2y + az)
∂x ∂y
= î(c + 1) − ĵ(−a + 4) + k̂(b − 2).
If F~ is irrotational, we must have curl F~ = ~0, i.e.,
î(c + 1) − ĵ(−a + 4) + k̂(b − 2) = 0î + 0ĵ + 0k̂ =⇒ c + 1 = 0, −a + 4 = 0, b − 2 = 0.
Thus, a = 4, b = 2, c = −1. Therefore, now F~ becomes
F~ = (x + 2y + 4z)î + (2x − 3y − z)ĵ + (4x − y + 2z)k̂.
Part II. Suppose, φ is the required scalar potential, then F~ = grad φ, i.e.,
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
(x + 2y + 4z)î + (2x − 3y − z)ĵ + (4x − y + 2z)k̂ = î + ĵ + k̂ .
∂x ∂y ∂z
Therefore,
∂φ
= x + 2y + 4z (8)
∂x
∂φ
= 2x − 3y − z (9)
∂y
∂φ
= 4x − y + 2z. (10)
∂z
Integrating the above equations with respect to x, y and z respectively, we obtain:
x2
φ = + 2xy + 4xz + f1 (y, z) (11)
2
3y 2
φ = 2xy − − yz + f2 (z, x) (12)
2
φ = 4xz − yz + z 2 + f3 (x, y). (13)
On differentiating (11) partially with respect to y, we get
∂φ ∂
= 2x + (f1 (y, z)).
∂y ∂y
∂
Comparing the above equation with equation (9) we obtain: (f1 (y, z)) = −3y − z.
∂y
3y 2
Integrating it with respect to y we obtain: f1 (y, z) = − − yz + g1 (z). On putting
2
this value in (11) we get
x2 3y 2
φ= + 2xy + 4xz − − yz + g1 (z). (14)
2 2
Dr. Satish Shukla 11 of 36

∂φ
Again differentiating the above equation with respect to z we obtain: = 4x − y +
∂z
d d
[g1 (z)]. On putting this value in (10) we get [g1 (z)] = 2z. On integrating it we
dz dz
2
obtain: g1 (z) = z . On putting the value of g1 (z) we get:

x2 3y 2
φ= + 2xy + 4xz − − yz + z 2 .
2 2

Home Work (Assignment)

(Q.1) Prove that ∇2 (rn ) = n(n + 1)rn−2 .

(Q.2) Find div F~ and curl F~ , where F~ = ∇(x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz).

Ans. div F~ = 6(x + y + z) and curl F~ = ~0.

(Q.3) If F~ = (x2 + xy 2 )î + (y 2 + x2 y)ĵ, then show that F~ is irrotational vector field,
3 3 2 2
and find its scalar potential φ. Ans. φ = x3 + y3 + x 2y

(Q.4) If F~ = (x + y + 1)î + ĵ − (x + y)k̂, prove that F~ · curl F~ = 0.

2
(Q.5) Prove that ∇2 f (r) = f 00 (r) + f 0 (r).
r

Vector Integration


2î − ĵ + 2k̂, if t = 2; R3 d~r
Example 13. If ~r(t) = Show that ~r · dt = 10.
4î − 2ĵ + 3k̂, if t = 3. 2 dt

d 2 d~r d~r 1d 2
Sol. We know that (~r ) = 2~r · , therefore, ~r · = (~r ). Therefore:
dt dt dt 2 dt

Z3 Z3  3
d~r 1d 2 1 2 1 2
~r (3) − ~r 2 (2)

~r · dt = (~r )dt = (~r ) =
dt 2 dt 2 2 2
2 2
1h i
= (4î − 2ĵ + 3k̂)2 − (2î − ĵ + 2k̂)2
2
1
= [(16 + 4 + 9) − (4 + 1 + 4)]
2
= 10.

Line Integral (Integral along a curve)

Dr. Satish Shukla 12 of 36

Suppose F~ = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ and C be a curve in theRspace. Then the line integral

~ R
~
of F over a curve C is defined as follows: F · d~r = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) . Note
C C
that, the curve C is taken so that this integral exists. Sometimes, when the equation
of curve is given in parametric form, we also use
d~r
Z Z
F~ · d~r = F~ · · dt
dt
C C

Note.

(i) If the curve C is a closed curve, then the line integral of F~ along C is called
the circulation of vector F~ and it is denoted by F~ · d~r.
H
C

(ii) If F~ represents a force, then the work done by this force in moving a particle
from a point A to another point B through a path C is given by W = F~ ·d~r.
R

C
If this work W does not depend on the path C, but depends only on the
initial point A and the final point B, then the force field F~ is called a
conservative force field.

Evaluation of Line integral. In the evaluation of a line integral, the curve C, along
which the integral is to be performed, is very important. First, we find the values of F~
and the three values dx, dy and dz on this curve C, and then integrate the respective
terms.

Example 14. Find the circulation of F~ along the curve C, where F~ = ex sin y î +
ex cos y ĵ, and C is the rectangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, π/2) and
(0, π/2).

Sol.

Y C(0, π/2) C3 B(1, π/2)

y = π/2
x=0

x=1

C4 C2

y=0 X
O(0, 0) C1 A(1, 0)

Rectangle in xy-plane

Since F~ = ex sin y î + ex cos y ĵ we have

F~ · d~r = (ex sin y î + ex cos y ĵ) · (îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz) = ex sin ydx + ex cos ydy.

It is clear from the figure that the closed curve C (i.e., the boundary of the rectangle
ABCD) consists of the four lines, namely, OA(C1 ), AB(C2 ), BC(C3 ) and CO(C4 ).
Dr. Satish Shukla 13 of 36

Therefore, the circulation of F~ along C will be:

I Z Z Z Z
F~ · d~r = F~ · d~r + F~ · d~r + F~ · d~r + F~ · d~r. (15)
C C1 C2 C3 C4

(i) The equation of the curve C1 (i.e., the line OA) is y = 0 (constant) and the value
of x on this curve changes from x = 0 (at O) to x = 1 (at A). Therefore, along this
curve we have y = 0 =⇒ dy = 0, and x varies from x = 0 to x = 1, and so,

Z Z Z1
F~ · d~r = x x
(e sin ydx + e cos ydy) = (ex sin 0dx + ex cos 0 · 0) = 0.
C1 C1 x=0

(ii) The equation of the curve C2 (i.e., the line AB) is x = 1 (constant) and the value
of y on this curve changes from y = 0 (at A) to y = π/2 (at B). Therefore, along this
curve we have x = 1 =⇒ dx = 0, and y varies from y = 0 to y = π/2, and so,

Z Z π/2
Z π/2
Z
F~ · d~r = x x
(e sin ydx + e cos ydy) = 1 1
(e sin y · 0 + e cos ydy) = e (cos ydy) = e.
C2 C2 y=0 0

(iii) The equation of the curve C3 (i.e., the line BC) is y = π/2 (constant) and the
value of x on this curve changes from x = 1 (at B) to x = 0 (at C). Therefore, along
this curve we have y = π/2 =⇒ dy = 0, and x varies from x = 1 to x = 0, and so,

Z Z Z0 Z0
F~ ·d~r = x x
(e sin ydx+e cos ydy) = x
(e sin(π/2)dx+e cos(π/2)·0) = x
(ex dx) = e−1.
C3 C3 x=1 1

(iv) The equation of the curve C4 (i.e., the line CO) is x = 0 (constant) and the value
of y on this curve changes from y = π/2 (at C) to y = 0 (at O). Therefore, along this
curve we have x = 0 =⇒ dx = 0, and y varies from y = π/2 to y = 0, and so,

Z Z Z0 Z0
F~ ·d~r = x x
(e sin ydx+e cos ydy) = 0
(e sin y·0+e cos ydy) = 0
(cos ydy) = −1.
C4 C4 y=π/2 π/2

F~ · d~r = 0.
H
On putting all these values in (15) we obtain
C

Example 15. Find the total work done by the a force F~ = 3xy î − 5z ĵ + 10xk̂ in
moving a particle along the curve x = t2 + 1, y = 2t2 , z = t3 from t = 1 to t = 2.

Sol. The parametric equation of curve is x = t2 + 1, y = 2t2 , z = t3 therefore dx =

Dr. Satish Shukla 14 of 36

2tdt, dy = 4tdt, dz = 3t2 dt. Now the work done by the particle
Z Z
W = F~ · d~r = (3xy î − 5z ĵ + 10xk̂) · (îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz)
C C
Z Z
3(t2 + 1)(2t2 )(2tdt) − 5(t3 )(4tdt) + 10(t2 + 1)(3t2 dt)
 
= (3xydx − 5zdy + 10xdz) =
C C
Z2  6 2
 5 4 3 2
 12t 5 4 3
= 12t + 10t + 12t + 30t dt = + 2t + 3t + 10t
5 1
1
= 303.

Home Work (Assignment)

R2 d2~r
(Q.1) If ~r(t) = 5t2 î + tĵ − t3 ĵ then show that ~r × dt = −14î + 75ĵ − 15k̂.
1 dt2

(Q.2) Using the line integral compute the work done by the force F~ = (2y +3)î + xz ĵ +
(yz−x)k̂ when moves a particle from the point (0, 0, 0) to the point (2, 1, 1) along
the curve x = 2t2 , y = t, z = t3 . Ans. 288
35

(Q.3) If F~ = 2y î − z ĵ + z k̂, then evaluate F~ × d~r, along the curve x = cos t, y =

R

C
sin t, z = 2 cos t from t = 0 to π/2. Ans. (2 − π/4)î + (π − 1/2).

Surface integral of a vector field

We know that the line integral of a vector field F~ gives the work done by the force
field F~ in moving a particle along the curve C. In a similar manner, we can define
the surface integral of a vector field F~ . The surface integral of the vector field F~ over
a surface S represents the flux of vector field F~ passing through the surface S. For
example, if the vector field F~ represents the flow of a fluid, then the surface integral of
F~ will represent the amount of fluid flowing through the surface (per unit time), i.e.,
the flux of fluid through the surface.
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - S- - - -
- -S - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Maximum flow of flux Minimum flow of flux
through the surface S through the surface S

If water is flowing in some direction with velocity ~v and S is any surface in between
the path of water. Then, the flux of the velocity vector ~v through S will be the amount
of water passing through the surface S. Then, it is obvious that if the surface S is
perpendicular to the flow of fluid (i.e., if ~v is in a direction of normal to the surface
Dr. Satish Shukla 15 of 36

S), then a lot of water will flow through the surface S and the flux will be large. On
the other hand, if water is flowing parallel to the surface (i.e., if ~v is perpendicular
to the normal of the surface S), then the water will not flow through the surface,
and the flux will be zero. To calculate the total amount of water flowing through the
surface, we want to add up the component of the vector F~ that is perpendicular to the
surface. This example shows that the flux of vector depends on the direction of normal
of the surface and the direction of the vector F~ . Therefore, we treat the surfaces as a
quantity having the direction, i.e., as a vector quantity and the direction of the surface
is assumed to in the direction of its normal.
Consider a vector field F~ and let S be any surface in this vector field. Let ds be
an infinitely small part of this surface at point P (x, y, z) and n̂ be the unit normal
of this part ds. Then ds~ = n̂ds and the flux passing through this small part will be
~ = F~ · n̂ds. Now the flux of vector passing through the whole surface can be
F~ · ds
obtained by integrating it over the whole surface S, i.e., the whole flux:
ZZ ZZ
surface integral = I = ~ =
F~ · ds F~ · n̂ds
S S

Note.
(i) If Rxy be the projection of S on xy-plane then

F~ · n̂ dxdy
ZZ ZZ
I= ~ =
F~ · ds dxdy (i.e., ds = ).
n̂ · k̂ n̂ · k̂
S Rxy

(ii) If Ryz be the projection of S on yz-plane then

F~ · n̂ dydz
ZZ ZZ
I= ~ =
F~ · ds dydz (i.e., ds = ).
n̂ · î n̂ · î
S Ryz

(iii) If Rzx be the projection of S on zx-plane then

F~ · n̂ dzdx
ZZ ZZ
I= ~ =
F~ · ds dzdx (i.e., ds = ).
n̂ · ĵ n̂ · ĵ
S Rzx

Which formula we should not use? The unit normal vector to S can be obtained by
gradφ
the formula n̂ = . If n̂ is free from k̂, then the formula (i) is not useful, because
|gradφ|
in this case n̂ · k̂ = 0. Similarly, if n̂ is free from î, then the formula (ii) and if n̂ is free
from ĵ, then the formula (iii) are not useful.

F~ · n̂ds, where F~ = (x + y 2 )î − 2xĵ + 2yz k̂ and S is the

RR
Example 16. Evaluate
S
surface of the plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 in the first octant.

Sol.
Dr. Satish Shukla 16 of 36

Y
B(0, 6)
Z
C(0, 0, 3)

2x
+
y=
6
n̂ dy
Y
O dx X
B(0, 6, 0) O A(3, 0)
X
A(3, 0, 0)

Plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 Projection of plane on xy-plane

First we shall find the unit normal vector n̂ to the surface φ = 2x + y + 2z − 6 of

plane. Then
 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (2x + y + 2z − 6)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2î + ĵ + 2k̂.

Therefore,
gradφ 2î + ĵ + 2k̂
n̂ = = .
|gradφ| 3

And
" #
h i 2î + ĵ + 2k̂ 2y 2 + 4yz
F~ · n̂ = (x + y )î − 2xĵ + 2yz k̂ ·
2
= .
3 3

Now, the projection of surface φ on the xy-plane is Rxy : 2x + y − 6 = 0, and ds =

dxdy dxdy
= . Therefore,
n̂ · k̂ 2/3

F~ · n̂ 2y 2 + 4yz
ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = dxdy = dxdy
n̂ · k̂ 3 × 2/3
S Rxy Rxy

Z3 6−2x
Z
= (y 2 + 2yz)dxdy
x=0 y=0
= 81.

F~ · n̂ds, where F~ = yz î + zxĵ + xy k̂ and S is that part

RR
Example 17. Evaluate
S
of the surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 which lies in the first octant.

Sol.
Dr. Satish Shukla 17 of 36

Z
C(0, 0, 1)
Y
B(0, 1)
x2
+
y 2
=
n̂ 1
dy
Y
O dx
B(0, 1, 0) X
O A(1, 0)
X
A(1, 0, 0)
Shpere in first octant Projection of sphere on xy-plane

First we shall find the unit normal vector n̂ to the surface φ = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1.

Then
 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂.

Therefore,

gradφ 2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂ 2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂ 2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂

n̂ = =p =p = = xî+y ĵ+z k̂.
|gradφ| 2
4x + 4y + 4z2 2 2 2
4(x + y + z ) 2 2×1

And h i h i
~
F · n̂ = yz î + zxĵ + xy k̂ · xî + y ĵ + z k̂ = 3xyz.
dxdy
Now, the projection of surface φ on the xy-plane is Rxy : x2 + y 2 = 1, and ds = =
n̂ · k̂
dxdy
. Therefore,
z
F~ · n̂ 3xyz
ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = dxdy = dxdy
n̂ · k̂ z
S Rxy Rxy
√
2
ZZ Z1 1−x
Z
= 3 xydxdy = 3 xydxdy
Rxy x=0 y=0

Z1  2
√1−x2 Z1
y 3
x(1 − x2 ) dx
 
= 3 x dx =
2 0 2
x=0 x=0
2 4 1
 
3 x x
= −
2 2 4 0
3
= .
8
Dr. Satish Shukla 18 of 36

Home Work (Assignment)

F~ · n̂ds, where F~ = 18z î − 12ĵ + 3y k̂ and S is the surface of the

RR
(Q.1) Evaluate
S
plane 2x + 3y + 6z = 12 in the first octant. Ans. 24

(Q.2) Evaluate
RR
~ where F~ = yz î + zxĵ + xy k̂ and S is the surface of the plane
F~ · ds,
S
196
2x + 3y + 6z = 12 in the first octant. Ans. 6

Volume integral of a vector and scalar field

Let F~ = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ be a vector point function and V be the volume in space.

Then the volume integral of RF~ over the volume V is the triple integral of F~ over this
volume and it is denoted by F~ dv and
V

Z ZZZ ZZZ
F~ dv = F~ dv = F~ dxdydz.
V V V

divF~ dv, where F~ = (2x2 − 3z)î − 2xy ĵ − 4xk̂ and V

RRR
Example 18. Evaluate
V
is the volume bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4.

Sol.
Z
C(0, 0, 4)

Y
2x + 2y + z = 4 B(0, 2)
x
+
y
=

n̂
2

dy

dx
Y X
O
B(0, 2, 0) O A(2, 0)
=2
X
x+y Projection of plane 2x + 2y + z = 4
A(2, 0, 0) on xy-plane

First, we find divF~ . Then

  h
~ ~ ∂ ∂ ∂ i
divF = ∇ · F = î + ĵ + k̂ · (2x2 − 3z)î − 2xy ĵ − 4xk̂ = 4x − 2x = 2x.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Dr. Satish Shukla 19 of 36

Now, it is obvious that the volume V is the volume of tetrahedron as shown n the
figure. In this volume the limits of x, y and z are:
z = 0 to z = 4 − 2x − 2y
y = 0 to y =2−x
x = 0 to x = 2.
Therefore,
ZZZ Z 4−2x−2y
Z2 2−x Z Z2 2−x
Z
divF~ dv = 2xdxdydz = 2x [z]04−2x−2y dxdy
V x=0 y=0 z=0 x=0 y=0

Z2 2−x
Z Z2
2−x
4xy − 2x2 y − xy 2 y=0 dx

= 2 2x(4 − 2x − 2y)dxdy = 2
x=0 y=0 x=0

Z2
= (2x3 − 8x2 + 8x)dx
x=0
8
= .
3

F~ dv, where F~ = 2xz î − xĵ − y 2 k̂ and V is the volume

RRR
Example 19. Evaluate
V
bounded by the surfaces x = 0, y = 0, x = 2, y = 6, z = x2 and z = 4.

Sol. Here:
ZZZ Z2 Z6 Z4
F~ dv = (2xz î − xĵ − y 2 k̂)dxdydz
V x=0 y=0 z=x2
 
Z2 Z6 Z4
=  (2xz î − xĵ − y 2 k̂)dz  dxdy
x=0 y=0 x2
Z2 Z6 h i4
= xz 2 î − xz ĵ − y 2 z k̂ dxdy
z=x2
x=0 y=0

Z2 Z6 h i
= (16x − x5 )î − (4x − x2 )ĵ − y 2 (4 − x2 )k̂ dxdy
x=0 y=0

Z2 6
y3

5 2 2
= (16x − x )y î − (4x − x )y ĵ − (4 − x )k̂ dx
3 y=0
x=0
Z2 h i
= 6 (16x − x5 )î − (4x − x2 )ĵ − 12(4 − x2 )k̂ dx
x=0

= 128î − 24ĵ + 384k̂.

Dr. Satish Shukla 20 of 36

Home Work (Assignment)

φdv, where φ = 45x2 y and V is the closed region bounded by the

RRR
(Q.1) Evaluate
V
planes 4x + 2y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. Ans. 128

Stoke’s, Green’s and Gauss Divergence Theorem

Stoke’s Theorem. Stoke’s theorem relates the surface integral of the curl of a vector
field to the line integral of that vector field around the closed boundary of that surface.
If C is a closed path and S is any surface of which C is a closed boundary, then
I ZZ ZZ  
~
F · d~r = ~ ~
curlF · ds = ∇ × F~ · n̂ds.
C S S
R H
Some authors use the symbol , instead, for line integral along the closed curve C.
C C
Green’s theorem. Green’s theorem is a special case of the Stoke’s theorem, when
applied to a region in the xy-plane. If C is a closed path and S is any surface in
xy-plane of which C is a closed boundary, and F~ = F1 î + F2 ĵ. Then
ZZ  
∂F ∂F
I I
2 1
F~ · d~r = (F1 dx + F2 dy) = − dxdy.
∂x ∂y
C C S

Tips for line integral along a circle

• If you perform a line integral over a circle, prefer the polar coordinates.

• The radial vector r on the boundary of the circle remains constant and
equal to the radius of circle and only θ varies from 0 to 2π.

F~ · d~r, where F~ = y 2 î + xy ĵ + xz k̂
R
Example 20. Use Stoke’s theorem to evaluate
C
and C is the bounding curve of the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z > 0, oriented
in the positive direction.

Sol. By Stoke’s theorem we know that:

I ZZ
F~ · d~r = curlF~ · n̂ds. (16)
C S

Here C is the bounding curve of the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z > 0, oriented in the

positive direction, and S is any surface with bounding curve C. First we find the unit
normal vector n̂ to the surface S. Then the equation of surface is φ = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9.
Therefore:
gradφ 2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂
n̂ = =p
|gradφ| 4x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2
2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂
= (since x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9).
3
Dr. Satish Shukla 21 of 36

Now,

î ĵ k̂
curlF~ = ∇ × F~ = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
2
y
xy xz
     
∂ ∂ ∂ 2 ∂ ∂ ∂ 2
= î (xz) − (xy) + ĵ (y ) − (xz) + î (xy) − (y )
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
= −z ĵ − y k̂.
!
2x î + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂ 2yz
Therefore, curlF~ · n̂ = (−z ĵ − y k̂) =− .
3 3
If Rxy is the projection of S in xy-plane, then Rxy is the circle x2 + y 2 = 9 and we
dxdy 3dxdy
have ds = = . Putting all these values in equation (16) we obtain:,
n̂ · k̂ z
ZZ  
2yz 3dxdy
I ZZ
~
F · d~r = − · = −2 ydxdy
3 z
C Rxy Rxy
√  √ 
2 2
Z3 9−x
Z Z3 9−x
Z
= −2 ydxdy = −2 ydy  dx
 

√ √
−3 − 9−x2 −3 − 9−x2

Z3
= −2 0 · dx (since y is an odd function)
−3
= 0.

H
Example 21. Apply Stoke’s theorem and evaluate [(x + y)dx + (2x − z)dy(z +
C
y)dz], where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and
(0, 0, 6).

Sol. By Stoke’s theorem we know that:

I ZZ
F~ · d~r = curlF~ · n̂ds. (17)
C S

Here S is any surface with bounding curve C. Since the curve C is the boundary of
the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 6), we can choose any surface such
that its boundary curve is C. We choose the simplest, the plane passing through these
points. Now, the equation of plane through the points (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 6)
x y z
will be + + = 1 or 3x + 2y + z = 6. Therefore, the equation of surface is
2 3 6
φ = 3x + 2y + z − 6. Now
 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradφ = ∇φ = î + ĵ + k̂ (3x + 2y + z − 6) = 3î + 2ĵ + k̂.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Dr. Satish Shukla 22 of 36

and the unit normal vector to this surface is:

gradφ 3î + 2ĵ + k̂
n̂ = = √ .
|gradφ| 14
Now,
î ĵ k̂
curlF~ = ∇ × F~ = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
2
xy xz y
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= î (z + y) − (2x − z) + ĵ (x + y) − (z + y)
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
 
∂ ∂
+î (2x − z) − (x + y)
∂x ∂y
= 2î + k̂.
!
~
  3î + 2ĵ + k̂ 7
Therefore, curlF · n̂ = 2î + k̂ · √ =√ .
14 14

Z C(0, 0, 6) Y
B(0, 3)

3x + 2y + z = 6
Q

3x
+
2y
=
6
dy

dx
Y X
O O P A(2, 0)
B(0, 3, 0)
2y =6
3x +
X A(2, 0, 0) Projection of plane on xy-plane

If Rxy is the projection of S in xy-plane, then Rxy is the triangle bonded by the
dxdy
lines x = 0, y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 6 as shown in the figure, and we have ds = =
√ n̂ · k̂
14 dxdy. Putting all these values in equation (17) we obtain:,
7 √
I ZZ ZZ
F~ · d~r = √ · 14dxdy = 7 dxdy
14
C Rxy Rxy
= 7 × area of projection Rxy = 7 × area of triangleOAB
1
= 7× ×2×3
2
= 21.

Example 22. Verify Stoke’s theorem when F~ = (2x − y)î − yz 2 ĵ − y 2 z k̂ and S is

the upper half surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
Dr. Satish Shukla 23 of 36

Sol. We have to show that

Z ZZ
~ =
F~ · dr curlF~ · n̂ds (18)
C S
where C is the bounding curve of the surface S and it is obtained by the intersection
of the sphere and the xy-plane, i.e., the curve C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1. Now
Z Z  
~ ~
F · dr = 2 2
[(2x − y)î − yz ĵ − y z k̂] · îdx + ĵdy + k̂dy
C C
Z
= (2x − y)dx
C

Z Y
S

1
r=
n̂
dθ
dr
X
O

O Y
C

X C

Upper half of the sphere Projection of sphere on xy-plane

x2 +y 2 +z 2 =1

Since the curve C is a circle, we use the polar coordinate. Then on the circle C : x2 +
y 2 = 1 we have x = r cos θ = cos θ (since the radius r = 1), y = r sin θ = sin θ and θ
varies from θ = 0 to θ = 2π. Therefore:
Z Z2π
~ =
F~ · dr [(2 cos θ − sin θ)d(cos θ)
C 0
Z2π
= − [(2 cos θ − sin θ) sin θdθ
0
= π. (19)
By definition of curl, we have:
î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
curlF~ = ∇ × F~ =
∂x ∂y ∂z
2x − y −yz 2 −y 2 z
   
∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ ∂ 2
= (−y z) − (−yz ) î + (2x − y) − (−y z) ĵ
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
 
∂ 2 ∂
+ (−yz ) − (2x − y) k̂
∂x ∂y
= k̂.
Dr. Satish Shukla 24 of 36

Now the equation of surface S is S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1. Therefore,

gradφ 2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂
n̂ = =p = xî + y ĵ + z k̂.
|gradφ| 4(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

Now we calculate the surface integral. If Rxy is the projection of the surface S on
xy-plane, then Rxy is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 and

dxdy dxdy
ZZ ZZ ZZ
curlF~ · n̂ds = curlF~ · n̂ = k̂ · (xî + y ĵ + z k̂)
n̂ · k̂ (xî + y ĵ + z k̂) · k̂
S S S
ZZ
= dxdy = area of the circle Rxy
S
= π. (20)

From (19) and (20) we have

R
~ = RR curlF~ · n̂ds.
F~ · dr
C S

Example 23. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = (x2 − y 2 )î + 2xy ĵ, taken around the
rectangle in the plane z = 0 and bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a and
y = b.

Sol. We have to show that

Z ZZ
~ =
F~ · dr curlF~ · n̂ds (21)
C S

where C is the boundary of the rectangle OABC and S is the area of this rectangle,
as shown in the figure. First we find the line integral. Then it is clear from the figure
that the curve C is divided into four curves C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 and
Z Z Z Z Z
~ =
F~ · dr ~ +
F~ · dr ~ +
F~ · dr ~ +
F~ · dr ~
F~ · dr. (22)
C C1 C2 C+3 C4

C3 B(a,b)
C(0,b) (1) On C1 : y = 0 so dy = 0 and x changes from 0 to a;
y=b

(2) On C2 : x = a so dx = 0 and y changes from 0 to b;

x=a
x=0

C4 C2 (3) On C3 : y = b so dy = 0 and x changes from a to 0;

S
(4) On C4 : x = 0 so dx = 0 and y changes from b to 0;
y=0

O(0,0) C1 A(a,0)

Now

~ = [(x2 − y 2 )î + 2xy ĵ] · (îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz) = (x2 − y 2 )dx − 2xydy.
F~ · dr
Dr. Satish Shukla 25 of 36

The limits of variables are shown in figure. Therefore:

Za
a3
Z Z Z
~ =
F~ · dr 2 2
[(x − y )dx − 2xydy] = 2
[(x − 0)dx − 0] = x2 dx = .
C1 C1 C1 0 3

Z Z Z Zb
~ =
F~ · dr 2 2
[(x − y )dx − 2xydy] = 2 2
[(a − y )0 − 2aydy] = 2aydy = ab2 .
C2 C2 C2 0

Z Z Z Z0
~ =
F~ · dr 2 2
[(x − y )dx − 2xydy] = 2 2
[(x − b )dx − 0] = (x2 − b2 )dx
C3 C3 C3 a
a3
= − + ab2 .
3

Z Z Z
~ =
F~ · dr [(x2 − y 2 )dx − 2xydy] = [(0 − y 2 )0 − 0dy] = 0.
C4 C4 C4

Putting all these values in (22) we obtain:

3 3
~ = a + ab2 − a + ab2 + 0 = 2ab2 .
Z
F~ · dr (23)
3 3
C

By definition of curl, we have:

î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
curlF~ = ∇ × F~ =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 − y 2 2xy 0
   
∂ ∂ ∂ 2 2 ∂
= (0) − (2xy) î + (x − y ) − (0) ĵ
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
 
∂ ∂ 2 2
+ (2xy) − (x − y ) k̂
∂x ∂y
= 4y k̂.

Since the surface S is in the xy-plane, therefore n̂ = k̂.

Now we calculate the surface integral. Then, it is clear that on this surface y varies
from y = 0 to y = b and x varies from x = 0 to x = a. Therefore:
dxdy dxdy
ZZ ZZ ZZ
curlF~ · n̂ds = curlF~ · n̂ = 4y k̂ · k̂
n̂ · k̂ k̂ · k̂
S S S
Za Zb Za b
y2

= 4 ydxdy = 4 dxdy
x=0 y=0 x=0 2 y=0
Za
2
= 2b dx
x=0
= 2ab2 . (24)
Dr. Satish Shukla 26 of 36

From (23) and (24) we have

R
~ = RR curlF~ · n̂ds.
F~ · dr
C S

Example 24. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = (x2 − y 2 )î + 2xy ĵ over the box
bounded by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, z = c if the face z = 0 is
cut.

Sol. The surface S is the box formed by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, z = c. Since

the face z = 0 is cut, the box is open at this face. The projection of S on xy-plane will
be the rectangle which is same as the rectangle in the previous example. Therefore, all
the calculations are similar to previous example.

~ by Stoke’s theorem, where F~ = y 2 î+x2 ĵ −(x+z)k̂

Example 25. Evaluate C F~ · dr
R

and C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0).

Sol. By Stokes theorem we know that:

Z ZZ
~ =
F~ · dr curlF~ · n̂ds (25)
C S

where S is any surface whose bounding curve is the triangle OAB with given vertices
as shown in the figure.

B(1, 1, 0)
Y

O(0, 0, 0) C A(1, 0, 0)

Since the surface S, i.e., the triangle OAB is in the xy-plane, we have n̂ = k̂. Now

ĵ î k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
curlF~ = ∇ × F~ =
∂y ∂x ∂z
y2
x2 −(x + z)
   
∂ ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂
= (−x − z) − (x ) î + (y ) − (−x − z) ĵ
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
 
∂ 2 ∂ 2
+ (x ) − (y ) k̂
∂x ∂y
= ĵ + 2(x − y)k̂.

So, curlF~ · n̂ = [ĵ + 2(x − y)k̂] · k̂ = 2(x − y). Also, since the surface, i.e., triangle
OAB is in xy-plane we have ds = dxdy. On the triangle OAB, y changes from y = 0
Dr. Satish Shukla 27 of 36

to y = x (see, figure) and then x, from x = 0 to x = 1. On putting all these values in

equation (25) we obtain:

Z ZZ Z1 Zx
~ =
F~ · dr 2(x − y)dxdy = 2(x − y)dxdy
C S x=0 y=0
 
Z1 Zx Z1 x
y2

=  2(x − y)dy  dx = 2 (xy − ) dx
2 y=0
x=0 y=0 x=0

Z1
= x2 dx
x=0
1
= .
3

{(x2 + xy)dx + (x2 + y 2 )dy} by Green’s

R
Example 26. Evaluate the line integral
C
theorem, where C is square formed by x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = b.

Sol. By Green’s theorem we know that:

 
∂F2 ∂F1
Z ZZ
(F1 dx + F2 dy) = − dxdy (26)
∂x ∂y
C S

where S is any surface with bounding curve C. Since C is the square OABC formed by
the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = b, therefore, take S as the area of this rectangle.
On comparing the given integral with equation (26) we obtain:

F1 = x2 + xy, F2 = x2 + y 2 .

Therefore,
∂F1 ∂F2
= x and = 2x.
∂y ∂x
On the surface of rectangle, OABC y changes from y = 0 to y = b and x changes from
x = 0 to x = a. Therefore, from (26) we obtain:
ZZ  
∂F2 ∂F1
Z Z
 2 2 2

(x + xy)dx + (x + y )dy = (F1 dx + F2 dy) = − dxdy
∂x ∂y
C C S
ZZ Za Zb
= (2x − x) dxdy = xdxdy
S x=0 y=0
2
ab
= .
2

Home Work (Assignment)

Dr. Satish Shukla 28 of 36

(Q.1) Evaluate
R
~ where F~ = y î + z ĵ + xk̂ and C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0.
F~ · dr,
C
(Hint: apply the Stoke’s theorem) Ans. −π

(Q.2) Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = (x2 + y 2 )î − 2xy ĵ, where C is the rectangle
bounded by the lines x = ±a, y = 0, y = b.

(Q.3) Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = x2 î + xy ĵ, integrated along the square whose
sides are x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = a, in the plane z = 0.

(x2 ydx + y 3 dy), where C is the closed path

R
(Q.4) Using Green’s theorem evaluate
C
formed by y = x and y = x3 from (0, 0) → (1, 1) → (0, 0).

(Q.5) Verify Green’s theorem for [(xy + y 2 )dx + x2 dy], where C is the closed path
R

C
formed by y = x and y = x3 from (0, 0) → (1, 1) → (0, 0).

Gauss Divergence Theorem. If F~ be a vector point function and S be any closed

surface enclosing the volume V , then
ZZ ZZZ
F~ · n̂ds = divF~ dv
S V

where n̂ is the unit normal

R
vector to
RR
the surface S.
Some times we write instead for surface integral over the surface S.
S S

Tips for integrals over cylinder and sphere

Although, it is not necessary to change the cartesian coordinates into any other
coordinate system, but if you do so, then the following are helpful:

• If you perform a surface integral over the curved surface of a cylinder and
use the cylindrical coordinates (r, φ, z). Then, during the process, assume
a as constant and equal to the radius of cylinder and φ and z vary. The
angle φ varies from 0 to 2π and z with its given limits.

• If you perform a surface integral over the surface of a sphere and use spher-
ical coordinates (r, θ, φ). Then, during the process, assume r a constant
and equal to the radius of sphere and θ and φ vary. The angle φ varies
from φ = 0 to φ = 2π and θ from θ = 0 to θ = π.

Example 27. Evaluate

R
~ where F~ = 4xî − 2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ and S is the surface
F~ · ds,
S
bounding the region x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.

Sol. By Gauss divergence theorem we know that

ZZ ZZZ
F~ · n̂ds = divF~ dv. (27)
S V
Dr. Satish Shukla 29 of 36

Here S is the surface of the cylinder given by x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3, and so, V

is the volume of this cylinder. Now by definition of divergence we have

 
∂ ∂ ∂
divF~ = ∇ · F~ = î + ĵ + k̂ · (4xî − 2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (4x) + (−2y 2 ) + (z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 4 − 4y + 2z.

In the volume
√ of cylinder, the √
values of z changes from z = 0 to z = 3 and y changes
from y = − 4 − x2 to y = 4 − x2 and then x changes from x = −2 to z = 2.
Therefore, we obtain from equation (27):

√
2
ZZ ZZZ Z2 4−x Z3
Z
F~ · n̂ds = (4 − 4y + 2z)dv = (4 − 4y + 2z)dxdydz
√
S V −2 − 4−x2 0
√ √
2 2
Z2 4−x
Z Z2 4−x
Z
3
4z − 4yz + z 2 0 dxdy =

= [21 − 12y] dxdy
√ √
−2 − 4−x2 −2 − 4−x2
√
Z2 Z 4−x2 Z2 Z2
√
4−x2
√
= 2 21dxdy = 42 [y]0 dx = 84 4 − x2 dx
−2 0 −2 0

x√

4  x  2
= 84 4 − x2 + sin−1
2 2 2 0
= 84π.

Example 28. Evaluate

RR
~ over the surface of the region above the xy-plane
F~ · ds,
S
bonded by the cone z 2 = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 4, where F~ = 4xz î + xyz 2 ĵ +
3z k̂.

Sol. By Gauss divergence theorem we know that

ZZ ZZZ
F~ · n̂ds = divF~ dv. (28)
S V

Here S is the surface of the cone given by z 2 = x2 + y 2 , z = 0 and z = 4, and so, V is

the volume of this cone. Now by definition of divergence we have

 
∂ ∂ ∂
divF~ = ∇ · F~ = î + ĵ + k̂ · (4xz î + xyz 2 ĵ + 3z k̂) = 4z + xz 2 + 3.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Dr. Satish Shukla 30 of 36

Z z=4
Y
x2 + y 2 = 16
Q

X
O
P

Y
X O

The Cone: x2 + y 2 = z 2 Projection of cone on xy-plane

To find the limits of integration consider a collum P Q in the region of integration.

Then its lower end P is situated on thepcone z 2 = x2 + y 2 and upper end on the plane
z = 4. Therefore, z varies from z = x2 + y 2 to z = 4. We take the projection of
cone on xy-plane which is the circle x2 + y 2 = 16, as shown in the figure. Suppose the
surface of this circle is R. Then, we obtain from equation (28):

ZZ ZZZ ZZ Z4
F~ · n̂ds = (4z + xz + 3)dv =2
(4z + xz 2 + 3)dxdydz
S V R
√
x2 +y 2
4
xz 3
ZZ 
= 2z 2 + + 3z √ dxdy
3 x2 +y 2
R
 
64x x 2
ZZ
2 2 2 3/2 2 2 1/2
= 44 + − 2(x + y ) − (x + y ) − 3(x + y ) dxdy.
3 3
R

To solve the above integral, we use the polar coordinates. Then we know that x =
r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdθdr and the equation of circle x2 + y 2 = 16 will be r = 4,
and on this circle R, r varies from r = 0 to r = 4 and θ varies from θ = 0 to θ = 2π.
Therefore:
Z2π Z4
r4 cos θ
 
64r cos θ
ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = 44 + 2
− 2r − − 3r rdθdr
3 3
S θ=0 r=0
Z2π  4
64r3 cos θ r2 r6 cos θ
2
= 22r + − − − r3 dθ
9 2 18 r=0
θ=0
Z2π
642 cos θ
 
= 160 + dθ
18
θ=0
2π
642 sin θ

= 160θ +
18 θ=0
= 320π.
Dr. Satish Shukla 31 of 36

Example 29. Verify the Divergence theorem for F~ = 2x2 y î − y 2 ĵ + 4xz 2 k̂ taken
over the region in the first octant bounded by y 2 + z 2 = 9 and x = 2.

Sol.We have to show that

ZZ ZZZ
F~ · n̂ds = divF~ dv. (29)
S V

First we evaluate the surface integral. Then, the surface S is the surface of the cylinder
bounded by y 2 + z 2 = 9 and x = 2 in the first octant, as shown in the figure.

X x=2 X î
A B
S2

−k̂
S5

−ĵ n̂
S3
S4

Y Y
O O
S1 C
Z Z
2=9
y2 + z −î

Volume integral Surface integral

Clearly, the surface of the cylinder consists of five surfaces, S1 (the circle y 2 +z 2 = 9
in yz-plane), S2 (the circle y 2 + z 2 = 9 in the plane x = 2), S3 (the curved surface of
cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 9), S4 (a rectangular part of zx-plane) and S5 (a rectangular part
of xy-plane). Therefore:

ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds. (30)
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

the surface S1 we have: x = 0, n̂ = −î, ds = dydz, and z changes from z = 0

(i). Onp
to z = 9 − y 2 and y from y = 0 to y = 3. Therefore:

ZZ ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = −2x2 yds = 0.
S1 S1

(ii): On the surface S2 we have: x = 2, n̂ = î, ds = dydz, and z changes from z = 0 to

Dr. Satish Shukla 32 of 36

p
z= 9 − y 2 and y from y = 0 to y = 3. Therefore:
√
9−y 2
ZZ ZZ Z3 Z Z3 √
9−y 2
F~ · n̂ds = 2
2x yds = 8 ydydz = 8 y [z]0 dy
S2 S1 0 0 0
Z3 p
2
8h
i3
2 3/2
= 8 y 9 − y dy = − 9−y
3 0
0
= 72.
(iii): The equation of surface S3 is S3 = y 2 + z 2 − 9. Now,
 
∂ ∂ ∂
gradS3 = ∇S3 = î + ĵ + k̂ (y 2 + z 2 − 9) = 2y ĵ + 2z k̂.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Therefore
gradS3 2y ĵ + 2z k̂ 2y ĵ + 2z k̂ y ĵ + z k̂ y ĵ + z k̂
n̂ = = =p =p = .
|gradS3 | |2y ĵ + 2z k̂| 4y 2 + 4z 2 y2 + z2 3
If Rxy is the projection of S3 on xy-plane, then Rxy is the area OCBA. On this area,
ds = dxdy and x changes from x = 0 to x = 2 and y changes from y = 0 to y = 3.
−y 3 + 4xz 3 z
Also, F~ · n̂ = and n̂ · k̂ = . So:
3 3
Z2 Z3
dxdy (−y 3 + 4xz 3 )/3
ZZ ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = F~ · n̂ = dxdy
n̂ · k̂ z/3
S3 Rzx 0 0
Z2 Z3
= (−y 3 /z + 4xz 2 )dxdy
0 0
Z2 Z3
!
−y 3
= p + 4x(9 − y 2 ) dxdy
9−y 2
0 0
 ! 
Z2 Z3 3
−y
=  p + 4x(9 − y 2 ) dy  dx.
9 − y2
0 0

Putting y = 3 sin θ we obtain dy = 3 cos θdθ and θ changes from θ = 0 to θ = π/2.

Therefore:
Z2 π/2
 ! 
3
−27 sin θ
ZZ Z
F~ · n̂ds =  p + 4x(9 − 9 sin2 θ) 3 cos θdθ dx
2
0 0
9 − 9 sin θ
S3

Z2 π/2
 
Z
−27 sin3 θ + 108x cos3 θ dθ dx


= 
0 0
π/2 π/2
2
 
Z Z Z
= −27 sin3 θdθ + 108x cos3 θdθ dx.
0 0 0
Dr. Satish Shukla 33 of 36

π/2 π/2
2
sin3 θdθ = cos3 θdθ = . Therefore:
R R
Note that
0 0 3

 Z2  Z2
2 2
ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = −27 × + 108x × dx = [18 + 72x] dx
3 3
S3 0 0
 2
2
= 18x + 72x /2 0
= 180.

Similarly, the surface integrals over S4 and S5 are zero. Putting these values in (30)
we obtain ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = 0 + 72 + 108 + 0 + 0 = 180. (31)
S

Now we calculate the volume integral over the volume of cylindrical shape. Then
divF~ = ∇ · F~ = 4xy − 2y +
√8xz. In this volume V z changes from x = 0 to x = 2, y
changes from y = 0 to y = 9 − z 2 and z from z = 0 to z = 3. Therefore:
√ √
2 2
ZZZ Z3 9−z Z2
Z Z3 9−z Z2
Z
divF~ dv = 4xy − 2y + 8xz = (4xy − 2y + 8xz)dzdydx
V z=0 y=0 x=0 z=0 y=0 x=0
√ √
Z3 Z 9−z 2 Z3 9−z
Z
2
 2 2
= 2x y − 2xy + 4x2 z 0 dzdy = 4 [y + 4z] dzdy
z=0 y=0 z=0 y=0

Z3 Z3
√9−z2 9 − z2 √
 
 2
= 4 y /2 + 4yz y=0 dz = 4 2
+ 4z 9 − z dz
2
z=0 0
 3
3
9z − z /3 4
3/2
= 4 − 9 − z2
2 3 0
= 180. (32)

F~ · n̂ds = divF~ dv.

RR RRR
From (31) and (32) we obtain:
S V

Example 30. Verify divergence theorem for F~ = x2 î + z ĵ + yz k̂, over the cube
bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.

Sol. We have to show that

ZZ ZZZ
F~ · n̂ds = divF~ dv.
S V

First, we find the value of surface integral. Then, S is the surface of the cube bounded
by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 and V is the volume of this cube,
as shown in the figure. Clearly, the surface S consists of six faces of the cube as shown
in the figure. Namely, S1 , the square ABCD, S2 , the square OEF G, S3 , the square
Dr. Satish Shukla 34 of 36

BEF C, S4 , the square AOGD, S5 , the square GDCF , and S6 , the square ABEO.
Therefore:
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds + F~ · n̂ds.
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
(33)

Z (1) On S1 : n̂ = î, ds = dydz and y changes from

k̂
y = 0 to y = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
G F
(2) On S2 : n̂ = −î, ds = dydz and y changes from
y = 0 to y = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
D C (3) On S3 : n̂ = ĵ, ds = dxdz and x changes from
−î
ĵ x = 0 to x = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
−ĵ
(4) On S4 : n̂ = −ĵ, ds = dxdz and x changes from
x = 0 to x = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
î
O
(5) On S5 : n̂ = k̂, ds = dxdy and x changes from
Y
E x = 0 to x = 1 and y from y = 0 to y = 1.
(6) On S6 : n̂ = −k̂, ds = dxdy and x changes from
X A B x = 0 to x = 1 and y from y = 0 to y = 1.
−k̂

R1 R1 2 R1 R1 2
F~ · n̂ds =
RR
(i) On S1 : On S1 , x = 1, and so x dydz = 1 dydz = 1.
S1 0 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 R1
F~ · n̂ds = −x2 dydz =
RR
(ii) On S2 : On S2 , x = 0, and so 0dydz = 0.
S2 0 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 1
F~ · n̂ds = [z 2 /2]0 dx = 1/2.
RR
(iii) On S3 : On S3 , y = 1, and so zdxdz =
S3 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 1
F~ · n̂ds = [−z 2 /2]0 dx = −1/2.
RR
(iv) On S4 : On S4 , y = 0, and so −zdxdz =
S4 0 0 0
R R1
1 R1 1
F~ · n̂ds = [1 · y 2 /2]0 dx = 1/2.
RR
(v) On S5 : On S5 , z = 1, and so yzdxdy =
S5 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 R1
F~ · n̂ds =
RR
(vi) On S6 : On S6 , z = 0, and so yzdxdy = y · 0 · dxdy = 0.
S6 0 0 0 0
On putting these values in equation (33):
1 1 1 3
ZZ
F~ · n̂ds = 1 + 0 + − + + 0 = . (34)
2 2 2 2
S
  
∂ ∂ ∂ 
Now, divF~ = ∇ · F~ = î + ĵ + k̂ 2
· x î + z ĵ + yz k̂ = 2x + y. Therefore:
∂x ∂y ∂z
Z1 Z1 Z1
3
ZZZ
divF~ dv = (2x + y)dxdydz = (35)
2
V 0 0 0

From equations (34) and (35) we obtain:

ZZ ZZZ
F~ · n̂ds = divF~ dv.
S V
Dr. Satish Shukla 35 of 36

Example 31. If S be any closed surface, prove that

R
~ = 0.
curlF~ · ds
S

Sol. By Gauss divergence theorem we know that

Z ZZZ
~ · n̂ds =
G ~
divGdv
S V

~ = curlF~ in the
where V is the volume bounded by the closed surface S. Putting G
above equation we obtain:
Z ZZZ
curlF~ · n̂ds = divcurlF~ dv (36)
S V

Suppose F~ = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂. Then by definition we know that

î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × F~ =
∂x ∂y ∂z
F1 F2 F3
     
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (F3 ) − (F2 ) î + (F1 ) − (F3 ) ĵ + (F2 ) − (F1 ) k̂.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Therefore:
 
~
divcurlF = div ∇ × F ~
 
= ∇ · ∇ × F~
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ · (F3 ) − (F2 ) î
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z
    
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ (F1 ) − (F3 ) ĵ + (F2 ) − (F1 ) k̂
∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ 2 F3 ∂ 2 F2 ∂ 2 F1 ∂ 2 F3 ∂ 2 F2 ∂ 2 F1
= − + − + −
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z ∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z
= 0.
On putting this value in equation (36) we get:
Z ZZZ
~ =
curlF~ · ds 0 · dv
S V
= 0.

Home Work (Assignment)

Dr. Satish Shukla 36 of 36

(Q.1) Evaluate
R
~ where F~ = yz î + 2y 2 ĵ + xz 2 k̂ and S is the surface of the
F~ · ds,
S
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9 contained in the first octant between the planes z = 0 and
z = 2. Ans. 108

(Q.2) If F~ = (2x2 − 3z)î − 2xy ĵ − 4xk̂, then find the value of ∇ · F~ dv, where V is
RRR

V
8
bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4. Ans. 3

(Q.3) Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F~ = xî − y ĵ + (z 2 − 1)k̂ and S is the surface
bonded by the planes z = 0, z = 1 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4.

(Q.4) Verify divergence theorem for F~ = 4xz î − y 2 ĵ + yz k̂, over the rectangular par-
allelepiped 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c.

(Q.5) Verify the Gauss Divergence theorem for F~ = y î + xĵ + z 2 k̂ over the cylindrical
region bounded by x2 + y 2 = 9, z = 0 and z = 1.

(Q.6) If S be the surface of sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , prove that

R
~ = 0.
curlF~ · ds
S