Faculty of Engineering and Technology.

Department of Applied Science & Humanities.

Subject: Mathematics –II (303191151)

Semester: 2nd Sem. B.Tech Programme (All Branches)
Lecture Notes: Unit – 5, Vector Calculus

Scalar point function:

• If corresponding to each point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of a region 𝑅 in space there
corresponds a unique scalar function 𝑓 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) then, 𝑓 is called a scalar
point function and R is called a scalar field.
• For example,
(i) the temperature field in a body.
(ii) The pressure field of the air in the earth’s atmosphere.
(iii)The density of a body.
These quantities take different values at different points.

Note: A scalar field which is independent of time is called a stationary or steady-state

scalar field.

Vector point function:

If corresponding to each point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of a region 𝑅 in space there corresponds a

unique vector function 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑣1𝑖̂ + 𝑣2 𝑗̂ + 𝑣3 𝑘̂ then, 𝑣 is called a vector point
function and R is called avector field.

For example,
(i) the velocity of a moving fluid at any instant.
(ii) The gravitational force.
(iii) The electric and magnetic field intensity.

Note: A vector field which is independent of time is called a stationary or steady-state

vector field.

Vector differential operator -

The vector differential operator is denoted by ∇ (del or nabla) and is defined as

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Gradient of a scalar field: - For a given scalar function ∅ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) the gradient of ∅ is
denoted by 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅ or ∇∅ is defined as

Example: Find the gradient of ∅ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑𝒛𝟐 at the point (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏).
Solution: We have,

At the point (1, −2,1)

∇ϕ= −12 𝑖̂ − 9 𝑗̂ − 16 𝑘̂.

2
Example: Evaluate 𝛻𝑒 (𝑟 ) , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
Solution:
𝑟 2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
Differentiating 𝑟 partially with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
2𝑟 = 2𝑥 ⟹ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑦
2𝑟 = 2𝑦 ⟹ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
2𝑟 = 2𝑧 ⟹ =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

𝑟2 𝜕𝑒𝑟
2
𝜕𝑒𝑟
2 𝑟2 2
𝜕𝑒𝑟 𝜕𝑟
2
𝜕𝑒𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑖 𝜕𝑒𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑒𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
2
𝛻 𝑒𝑟 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
+𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑘 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧

2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2
= 𝑖(2𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 ) + 𝑗 (2𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 ) + 𝑘 2𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 = 2𝑒 𝑟 (𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 𝑘̂ )
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
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Example: Find a unit normal vector to the surface 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟑 at the

point (𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟏)
Solution:

At the point (1,2, −1)

Examples for Practice:

1. Find a unit normal vector to the surface 𝒙𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 = 𝟖 at the point (𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟐)
2. Find the unit normal to the surface 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝒛 at the point (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏)
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Directional Derivative: -

The directional derivative of scalar point function ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in the direction of vector ,
is the component of in the direction of .
If is the unit vector in the direction of a, then the directional derivative of in the
direction of a is 𝐷∅ = ∇∅ ∗𝑎̂

Examples: Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛 at point

̂
(1,1,0) in the direction of 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝖩̂ + 𝟔𝒌

Example: Find the directional derivative of ∅ = 𝟔𝒙𝟐𝐲 + 𝟐𝟒𝒚𝟐𝐳 − 𝟖𝒛𝟐𝒙 at (1,1,1)

in the direction of 𝑣 = 2𝑖 − 2𝘑̂ + 𝑘𝑘̂ . . Hence, find the maximum value.
Solution:

∇𝜙 = (12𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑧2)𝑖 + (6𝑥2 + 48𝑦𝑧)𝑗 + (24𝑦2 − 16𝑧𝑥)𝑘

❑ 𝜙(1,1,1) = 4𝑖 + 54𝑗 + 8𝑘
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Directional derivative in the direction of 𝑣 = (2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘) at the point (1,1,1)

Maximum value of directional derivative = |❑𝜙|

Example for Practice

1. Find the directional derivative of 𝝋(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛𝟑 at the point P(𝟐, −𝟏,
𝟏) in the direction of PQ where Q is the point (𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟑)
2. In what direction from (−𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟐) is the directional derivative of 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 a
maximum? Find also the magnitude of this maximum.
3. Find the directional derivative of the scalar function 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚𝒛 in the direction
of the outer normal to the surface 𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 at the point (𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟑).
4. Find the directional derivative of 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙 at (𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟎) in the direction
̂.
of 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝖩̂ + 𝟐𝒌
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Divergence of a vector function

Let 𝐹 = 𝐹1𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘 be a vector function then, divergence of F is
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = ∇F = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3
= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Note:
1. If ∇F = 0 then, the vector function F is called solenoidal or incompressible
2. In hydrodynamics (the study of fluid motion), a velocity field that is divergence
free is called incompressible.
3. In the study of electricity and magnetism, a vector field that is divergence free is
called solenoidal.

Example: If 𝑭 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒛 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝒙𝒚𝟐𝒛 𝒌̂ then, find divergence of F at (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟏)

Sol. Here, 𝐹 = 𝑥2 𝑧 𝑖̂ − 2𝑦3 𝑧3 𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑦2𝑧 𝑘̂

∇F(1,−1,1) = −3

Example: Show that 𝐀 = 𝟑𝒚𝟒𝒛𝟐𝒊 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑𝒛𝟐𝒋 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐𝒌 is a

solenoidal.Solution:

Hence Given function is solenoidal.

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Example for Practice:

1. Determine the constant a such that 𝑨 = (𝒂𝒙𝟐𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛)𝒊̂ + (𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒛𝟐)𝖩̂ +
(𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒌 ̂ is solenoidal.
2. Find div 𝐅⃗ , where 𝐅⃗ = grad(𝒙3+𝒚3+𝒛3−3𝒙𝒚𝒛)
3. If 𝑭 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝖩̂ − 𝟑𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒌 ̂ find 𝛁. 𝑭 at a point (1,-1,1)
4. If 𝑭 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛)𝒊̂ + (𝒙𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛)𝖩̂ − (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒌 ̂ then find 𝛁. 𝑭 .

Curl
Let 𝐹= 𝐹1𝑖̂ + 𝐹2 𝑗̂ + 𝐹3𝑘̂ be a vector function then, curl of F is

Note: - If ∇ × 𝐹= 0 then, the vector function F is called Irrotational or conservative.

Example: If 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝘑̂ + 2𝑦𝑧 4𝑘̂ then, find curl of F at (1,-1,1)
Solution: Here, 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝘑̂ + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘̂

At point (1, −1,1)

.
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̂
Example: Show that 𝒓 = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝖩̂ +z𝒌 is Irrotational. Solution:

Therefore, 𝑟= 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝖩̂ +z𝑘̂ is Irrotational.

Example: Find curl of 𝑨 = 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 (𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌) at the point (1,2,3)

Solution:

∇ × 𝐴(1,2,3) = 𝑒 6 (𝑖(3 − 2) − 𝑗(6 − 2) + 𝑘(6 − 3)) = 𝑒 6(𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 3𝑘)

Example for Practice:

̂ find 𝛁 × 𝑭 at a point (1,-1,1)
1. If 𝑭 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝖩̂ − 𝟑𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒌
2. If 𝑭 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛)𝒊̂ + (𝒙𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛)𝖩̂ − (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒌 ̂ then find 𝛁 × 𝑭 .
3. Find div(grad 𝜑) and curl(grad 𝜑) at (1,1,1) for 𝜑 = 𝐱𝟐𝐲𝟑𝐳𝟒
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LINE INTEGRAL:
The line integral is a simple generalization of a definite
𝑏
integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 which is integrated from 𝑥 =
𝑎 (𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴) 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝑏(𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 ) along the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

In a line integral the integration is done along a curve 𝐶 in

space.

Let F̅(r̅ ) be a vector function defined at every point of a curve 𝐶. If (𝑟̅ ) is the position
vector of the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on the curve 𝐶 then the line integral of 𝐹̅ (𝑟̅ ) over a curve 𝐶 is
defined by

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹̅ = 𝐹1𝑖̂ + 𝐹2 𝑗̂ + 𝐹3 𝑘̂ & 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

If the curve 𝐶 is represented by parametric representation, 𝑟̅ (𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖̂ + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗̂ + 𝑧(𝑡)𝑘̂

Then the line integral along the curve 𝐶 from 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑏 is

𝑏 𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= ∫𝑎 𝐹̅ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑎 (𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

If 𝐶 is closed curve, then the symbol of the line integral is replaced

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Example
̅ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊̂ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋̂,
If 𝑭 evaluate where C is the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 from (0,0)
to (1,2).

Solution:
̅ = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂ , 𝒅𝒓̅ = 𝑑𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑑𝒚𝒋̂ ⟹ 𝑭
Given 𝑭 ̅ ∙ 𝒅𝒓̅ = 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
Given C is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 ,
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Along C, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
1
̅ ∙ 𝒅𝒓̅ = ∫ 3𝑥 (2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥 4 (4𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
∫ 𝑭
𝑪 0
1
3
𝑥4
5
𝑥6 6 16 𝟕
= ∫ (6𝑥 − 16𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [6 − 16 ] = − = − 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔.
0 4 6 4 6 𝟔

Example
Find the work done when a force 𝑭 ̅ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒊̂ − (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚)𝒋̂, moves a particle
from the origin to the point (1, 1) along 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙.

Solution:
̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑖̂ − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑗̂ ,
Given 𝑭
̅ ∙ 𝒅𝒓̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝒅𝒓̅ = 𝑑𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑑𝒚𝒋̂ ⟹ 𝑭
Given C is 𝑦 2 = 𝑥, ∴ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
Along C, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
1
̅ ∙ 𝒅𝒓̅ = ∫ ((𝑦 2 )2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 )2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (2𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑭
𝑪 0
1
= ∫ (2𝑦 5 − 2𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 3 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0

1 2𝑦 6 2𝑦 4 𝑦2 1 2 2 1 𝟐
= ∫0 (2𝑦 5 − 2𝑦 3 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = [ − − ] = − − =−
6 4 2 0 6 4 2 𝟑

Examples
̅ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊̂ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚)𝒋̂ −
Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝑭
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̂ from t=0 to 1 along the curve 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒕, 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 .

𝒛𝒌
Examples
̅ ∙ 𝒅𝒓̅ where C is the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 in the xy-plane where
Find ∫𝑪 𝑭
̂.
̅ = (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 )𝒊̂ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌
𝑭

SURFACE INTEGRAL:
An integral which is evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral. Consider a
̅ be a vector valued function which is defined at each point on the surface
surface S. Let 𝑭
and let P be any point on the surface and 𝒏̅ be the unit outward normal to the surface at P.
The normal component of 𝑭 ̅ at P is 𝑭
̅∙𝒏̅.
̅ is denoted by ∬ 𝑭
The integral of the normal component of 𝑭 ̅∙𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔
𝑺
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EVALUATION OF SURFACE INTEGRAL

̂ is the unit vector normal the xy-plane then
If 𝑹𝟏 be the projection of S on the xy-plane, 𝒌
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒔 = ̂|
|𝒏
̅𝒌

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
̅∙𝒏
∴ ∬𝑭 ̅∙𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∬ 𝑭 ̅
̅𝒌
|𝒏 ̂|
𝑺 𝑹𝟏

If 𝑹𝟐 be the projection of S on the yz-plane, 𝒊̂ is the unit vector normal the yz-plane then
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒔 = |𝒏
̅ 𝒊̂|

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
̅∙𝒏
∴ ∬𝑭 ̅∙𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∬ 𝑭 ̅
|𝒏
̅ 𝒊̂|
𝑺 𝑹𝟏

If 𝑹𝟑 be the projection of S on the xz-plane, 𝒋̂ is the unit vector normal the xz-plane then
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒔 = |𝒏
̅ 𝒋̂|

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛
̅∙𝒏
∴ ∬𝑭 ̅∙𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∬ 𝑭 ̅
|𝒏
̅ 𝒋̂|
𝑺 𝑹𝟏
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Problems based on Surface Integral

Example

̅∙𝒏
Evaluate ∬𝑺 𝑭 ̂ and S is the surface of the plane
̅ = (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒙𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌
̂ 𝒅𝒔 if 𝑭
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 in the first octant.

Solution:
̂
̅ = (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒙𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌
Given 𝑭

Let 𝝋 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟔
𝝏𝝋 𝝏𝝋 𝝏𝝋
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝛁𝝋 = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ ̂
+𝒌 ̂
= 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

|𝛁𝝋| = √𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟒 = √𝟗 = 𝟑

𝛁𝝋 ̂
𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
̂=
𝒏 =
|𝛁𝝋| 𝟑
̂
𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
̅∙𝒏
𝑭 ̂] ∙ (
̂ = [(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒙𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌 )
𝟑

𝟏
= [𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚𝒛]
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
= [𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛]
𝟑
𝟐
= 𝒚[𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛]
𝟑
𝟐
= [𝒚 + 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚] [∵ 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚]
𝟑
𝟐
= [𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙]
𝟑
𝟒
= 𝒚[𝟑 − 𝒙]
𝟑
Let R be the projection of S on the xy – plane
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𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = ̂|
|𝑛̅ 𝑘

2𝑖̂ + 1𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ 2

̂
𝑛̅ ∙ 𝑘 = ( ) ∙ 𝑘̂ =
3 3

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬ 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑛̅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑛̅ = ∬ 𝑦[3 − 𝑥] ∙
|𝑛̅ 𝑘̂ | 3 2
( )
𝑆 𝑅 𝑅 3

= 2 ∬[3 − 𝑥] 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

6−𝑦
In 𝑅1 (2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6), 𝑥 varies from 0 to
2

y varies from 0 to 6
6−𝑦
6
2
= 2∫ ∫ 𝑦(3 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0

6−𝑦
6 2 2
𝑥
= 2 ∫ [3𝑥 − ] 𝑑𝑦
0 2 0
61 1
= 2∫ (18𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 ) − (6 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
0 2 8

2 18𝑦 2 3𝑦 3 (6 − 𝑦)3
= [ − − ]
2 2 3 8(3)(−1)
1 1 2
= [9(6)2 − (6)3 + (0)] − [0 − 0 + (6 )]
12 12
= 81 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.

Example

Evaluate ∬𝑺 𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒔 where S is the portion of the plane 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 that lies in front of
yz plane.
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Solution:

We are looking for portion of the plane ABC that lies in front of the yz – plane, therefore,
we write equation of the surface in the form 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒚, 𝒛)
For the points on the surface we have 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒚 − 𝒛

∬ 𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒔 = ∬ 𝟔(𝟏 − 𝒚 − 𝒛)𝒚√𝟑 𝒅𝑨

𝑺 𝑺
𝟏 𝟏−𝒚

= 𝟔√𝟑 ∫ ∫ 𝟔(𝟏 − 𝒚 − 𝒛)𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚

𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏−𝒚
𝟐
= 𝟔√𝟑 ∫ [𝒚𝒛 − 𝒚 𝒛 − 𝒚𝒛 ] 𝒅𝒚
𝟐 𝟎
𝟎

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 √𝟑
= 𝟔√𝟑 [ 𝒚 − 𝒚 + 𝒚 ] =
𝟒 𝟑 𝟖 𝟎 𝟒

Example
Evaluate ∬𝐒 𝐅⃗̅. 𝐧 ̂ and S is the part of the plane 𝟐𝐱 +
̂ 𝐝𝐒, where 𝐅⃗̅ = 𝟏𝟖𝐳𝐢̂ − 𝟏𝟐𝐣̂ + 𝟑𝐲𝐤
𝟑𝐲 + 𝟔𝐳 = 𝟏𝟐 in the first octant.
Solution: The given surface is the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 in the first octant.
Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧

∇∅
n̂ =
|∇∅|

2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂

=
√4 + 9 + 36
2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂
=
7
Let R be the projection of the plane 2x + 3y + 6z = 12 on the xy-plane, which is a
triangle OAB bounded by the lines y = 0, x = 0 and 2x + 3y = 12
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dxdy 7
dS = ̂| = dxdy
|n.
̂k 6
12−2𝑥
Along the vertical strip PQ, y varies from 0 to and in the region R, x varies from 0 to
3
6
2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂ 7
∬ F̅. n̂ dS = ∬ (18zî − 12ĵ + 3yk̂). ( ) dxdy
S R 7 6
1
= ∬R (36z − 36 + 18y)dxdy
6
12−2x−3y
= 3 ∬R [2 ( ) − 2 + y] dxdy
6
12−2x
6
= ∫0 ∫0 3 (6 − 2x)dydx
12−2x
6
= 2 ∫0 (3 − x)|y|0 3
6 12−2𝑥
= 2 ∫0 (3 − 𝑥) ( ) 𝑑𝑥
3
4 6 2
= ∫ (x − 9x + 18)dx =
3 0
24

GREEN’S THEOREM
M N
Statement: If M ( x, y ) , N ( x, y ) , , be continuous everywhere in a region R of 𝑥𝑦 plane
y x
 N M 
bounded by a closed curve c, then  Mdx  Ndy     dxdy
c R  x y 

Example
Verify Green’s Theorem for ∮𝐂 [(𝐱𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱𝐲)𝐝𝐱 + (𝐱𝟐 𝐲 + 𝟑)𝐝𝐲] where C is the
boundary of the region bounded by the parabola 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟐 and the line 𝐲 = 𝐱.
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Solution: The points of intersection of the parabola y = x 2 and the line y = x are obtained
as x = x 2 , x = 0,1 and y = 0,1
Hence, O(0,0) and B(1,1) are the points of
intersection.
M = x 2 − 2xy, N = x 2 y + 3
∂M ∂N
= −2x, = 2xy
∂y ∂x
∮C (Mdx + Ndy) = ∫OAB(Mdx + Ndy) +
∫BO(Mdx + Ndy) ___ _ _ _ (1)
Along OAB: y = x 2 , dy = 2xdx
x varies from 0 to 1

∫ (Mdx + Ndy) = ∫ [(x 2 − 2xy)dx + (x 2 y + 3)dy]

OAB OAB
1 2
= ∫0 [x − 2x. x 2 )dx + (x 2 . x 2 + 3)2x dx]
1 19
= ∫0 (x 2 − 2x 3 + 2x 5 + 6x)dx = 6
Along BO: y = x, dy = dx
x varies from x = 1 to 0

∫ (Mdx + Ndy) = ∫ [(x 2 − 2xy)dx + (x 2 y + 3)dy]

BO BO
0 35
= ∫1 [(x 2 − 2x 2 )dx + (x 3 + 3)dx] = −
12
19 35 1
Substituting in (1), ∮C (Mdx + Ndy) = − = _ _ _ _ _ _ (2)
6 12 4
Let R be the region bounded by the line y = x and the parabola y = x 2
Along the vertical strip AA’, y varies from x 2 to x and in the region R, x varies from 0 to 1
1 x
∂N ∂M
∬ ( − ) dxdy = ∫ ∫ (2xy + 2x)dydx
R ∂x ∂y 0 x2
1 x
= ∫0 |xy 2 + 2xy|
x2
1
= ∫0 (x 3 + 2x 2 − x 5 − 2x 3 )dx
1
= _ _ _ _ _ _ (3)
4
From equations (2) and (3),
∂N ∂M 1
∮ (Mdx + Ndy) = ∬ ( − ) dxdy =
C R ∂x ∂y 4
Hence, Green’s theorem is verified.
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Example
Using Green’s Theorem, evaluate ∮𝐂 (𝟑𝐱𝟐 − 𝟖𝐲𝟐 )𝐝𝐱 + (𝟒𝐲 − 𝟔𝐱𝐲)𝐝𝐲 where C is the
boundary of the region bounded by 𝐲𝟐 = 𝐱 and 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟐 .

Solution: y 2 = x and y = x 2 are two parabolas intersecting at (0,0) and (1,1)

Here, M = 3x 2 − 8y 2 , N = 4y − 6xy
∂M ∂N
= −16y, = −6y
∂y ∂x
∂N ∂M
∮ (Mdx + Ndy) = ∬ ( − ) dxdy
C R ∂x ∂y
1 √x
= ∫0 ∫x2 10y dx dy
1 x
= ∫0 5(y 2 )√x2 dx
1 3
= 5 ∫0 (x − x 4 )dx =
2
Example
𝐲 𝐱
Evaluate ∮𝐂 [− 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐝𝐲]where 𝐂 = 𝐂𝟏 ∪ 𝐂𝟐 ,
𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐
with 𝐂𝟏 : 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝟐 : 𝐱 = ±𝟐, 𝐲 = ±𝟐.
𝟐

y x
Solution: Here, M = − ,N =
x2 +y2 x2 +y2
∂M y2 −x2 ∂N y2 −x2
= (x2 , = (x2
∂x +y2 )2 ∂x +y2 )2
Which are continuous on the region R bounded by C.
y x y2 − x2 y2 − x2
∮ [− 2 dx + 2 dy] = ∬ [ 2 2 2 − (x 2 + y 2 )2 ]dxdy
C x + y2 x + y2 R (x + y )
=0
Example
State Green’s Theorem and use it to find the work done by 𝐅⃗ = (𝟒𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲)𝐢 +
(𝟐𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲)𝐣 in moving a particle once clockwise around the circle (𝐱 − 𝟐)𝟐 +
(𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟒
Solution: F. dr = (4x − 2y)dx + (2x − 4y)dy
= Mdx + Ndy
M = 4x − 2y, N = 2x − 4y
∂M ∂N
= −2, =2
∂y ∂x
∂N ∂M
By Green’s Theorem, ∫C F. dr = ∬R ( − ) dxdy
∂x ∂y
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= ∬R (2 + 2)dxdy = 4 ∬R dxdy
= 4 (4π) = 16π

DIVERGENCE THEOREM: (Convert surface integral to volume

integral)
Statement: If 𝐹̅ be a vector point function having continuous partial derivatives in the
region bounded by a closed surface 𝑆, then
 F.nds   divFdv
s v

Example
Find the flux of F  yzj  z 2 k outward through the surface s cut from the cylinder
y 2  z 2  1, z  0 by the plane x=0 & x=1
Solution: The outward normal field on S calculated from the gradient of g(x, y, z) = y 2 +
∇g 2y j=2z k 2y j=2z k
z2 to be n = | | = 2 2
= = yj + 2k
∇g √4y +4z 2√1
|∇g| 2 1
dS = | |
dA = | |
dA = dA
∇g.k 2z z
Since z ≥ 0 on S
F. n = (yzj + z2 k). (yj + zk)
= y2 z + z3
= z(y 2 + z2 ) = z
Therefore, the flux F outward through S is
1
∬ F. n dS = ∬ z ( dA) = ∬ dA = area R xy = 2
S S z Rxy
Example
Find the flux of F  4 xzi  y 2 j  yzk outward through the surface of the cube cut from
the first octant by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟏
Solution: Here F = 4xzi − y 2 j + yzk
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ∙ F = (4xz) + (−y 2 ) + (yz) = 4z − 2y + y
∂x ∂y ∂z
∴ ∇ ∙ F = 4z − y
Over the interior of cube:
1 1 1
Flux = ∬ F. n ds = ∬ ∇. F dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ (4z − y) dxdydz
0 0 0
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VOLUME INTEGRAL:
 dv    ( x, y, z)dxdydz   Fdv
V v v

Example
If   45x 2 y then evaluate  dv where v denote the closed region bounded by the
v

planes 4 x  2 y  z  8 , x  0, y  0 , z  0 .

2 4−2x 8−4x−2y
Solution: ∬ ∫ ∅ dV = ∫x=0 ∫y=0 ∫z=0 45 x 2 y dx dy dz
2 4−2x
= 45 ∫x=0 ∫y=0 x 2 y (8 − 4x − 2y)dy dx
2 1
= 45 ∫x=0 x 2 (4 − 2x)3 dx = 128
3

STOKE’S THEOREM:
If s is an open two sided surface bounded by a closed non intersecting curve and if a
vector function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) has continuous first partial derivatives in a domain in a space
containing s Then
 F .dr   (curlF ).nds     F ds
c s s
^
Where c is described in positive (anti clock wise) direction and n is a unit
positive(outward drawn) normal to s.

Example
Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐀 = (𝟐𝐱 − 𝐲)𝐢 − 𝐲𝐳 𝟐 𝐣 − 𝐲𝟐 𝐳𝐤, where S is the upper half
surface of the sphere 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐳 𝟐 = 𝟏 and C is its boundary.

Solution: The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy-plane of radius unity and centre at the
origin. Let 𝑥 = cos 𝑡, 𝑦 = sin 𝑡, 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 be the
parametric equations of C
Then, ∮C A. dr = ∮C [(2x − y)dx − yz2 dy − y 2 zdz]
2π
= ∫0 (2 cos t − sin t)(− sin t)dt
2π
= ∫0 (−2 sin t cos t + sin2 t)dt = π
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i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Also, ∇ X A = | ∂x ∂y ∂z
|=k
2x − y −yz2 −y z 2

curl A . n = k. k = 1
∬S (curl A). n dS = ∬R dx dy, where R is the projection of S on the xy-plane
1 √1−x2
=∫ ∫ dy dx
−1 −√1−x2
1
= ∫ 2√1 − x 2 dx
−1
1
= 4 ∫0 √1 − x 2 dx = π
Hence, Stoke’s Theorem is verified.

Example
Evaluate ∬𝐒 (𝛁 𝐗 𝐅⃗). 𝐝𝐒 taken over the portion of the surface 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 − 𝟐𝐚𝐱 + 𝐚𝐳 =
𝟎 and the bounding curve in the plane z=0 and 𝐅⃗ = (𝐲𝟐 + 𝐳 𝟐 − 𝐱𝟐 )𝐢 + (𝐳 𝟐 + 𝐱𝟐 −
𝐲𝟐 )𝐣 + (𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 − 𝐳 𝟐 )𝐤
Solution: The given surface meets the plane z = 0 in the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0, z = 0
𝑭 = (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒊 + (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒋 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 )𝒌
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ 𝑋 𝐹 = || ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑥2 𝑧2 + 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧2

= 𝑖(2𝑦 − 2𝑧) + 𝑗(2𝑧 − 2𝑥 ) + 𝑘(2𝑥 − 2𝑦)

The surface integral of ∇ 𝑋 𝐹 over the given surface is the same as the surface integral of
∇ 𝑋 𝐹 over the area of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0

𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2
∬ ( ∇ 𝑋 𝐹). 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑆 0 −√2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2
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2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2 2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥2
=∫ ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 −√2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2 0 −√2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2

2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2
= 2 ∫0 ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

√2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2
2𝑎
= 4∫0 𝑥 [𝑦] = 2𝜋𝑎2
0