Scribd
Upload
25 views25 pages

2.1 Digestive System

Uploaded by

megattaliff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views25 pages

2.1 Digestive System

Uploaded by

megattaliff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

FST 307 : BASIC NUTRITION

CHAPTER 2

DIGESTION AND
ABSORPTION OF
NUTRIENTS
2.1 DIGESTION PROCESS

CHAPTER OUTCOMES

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:-

a) Explain briefly about the functions of digestive organs.


b) Describe the carbohydrate, fat and protein digestion.
DIGESTION
 Definition:
is a process of breaking down nutrients (variety in
structure and matrices - complex) to individual nutrients
(simpler unit) that can be absorbed through GIT
wall/gut/GI tract/alimentary canal.

Cells Tissues Organs System


HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food
into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through
a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral
cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines.

If food is not digested and absorbed,


it is eliminated; doesn’t provide nutrients
(1) MOUTH
 The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract.

 Chewing breaks (mechanical action) the food into


particles and that are more easily digested, mixing
with saliva (forming bolus and cooling/heating
food to reach body temperature).

 Saliva
a) pH around 6.8
b) Excreted by salivary glands
c) Contain salivary enzyme (-amylase :
partially hydrolyzed amylose/amylopectin)
•Teeth. The teeth are 32 small, hard organs found along the anterior and lateral edges
of the mouth. Each tooth is made of a bone-like substance called dentin and covered
in a layer of enamel—the hardest substance in the body. Teeth are living organs and
contain blood vessels and nerves under the dentin in a soft region known as the pulp.
The teeth are designed for cutting and grinding food into smaller pieces.

•Tongue. The tongue is located on the inferior portion of the mouth just posterior and
medial to the teeth. It is a small organ made up of several pairs of muscles covered in
a thin, bumpy, skin-like layer. The outside of the tongue contains many rough papillae
for gripping food as it is moved by the tongue’s muscles. The taste buds on the surface
of the tongue detect taste molecules in food and connect to nerves in the tongue to
send taste information to the brain. The tongue also helps to push food toward the
posterior part of the mouth for swallowing.

•Salivary Glands. Surrounding the mouth are 3 sets of salivary glands. The salivary
glands are accessory organs that produce a watery secretion known as saliva. Saliva
helps to moisten food and begins the digestion of carbohydrates. The body also uses
saliva to lubricate food as it passes through the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
(2) PHARYNX
The pharynx, or throat, is a funnel-shaped tube connected to the posterior end of
the mouth. The pharynx is responsible for the passing of masses of chewed
food from the mouth to the esophagus. The pharynx also plays an important role
in the respiratory system, as air from the nasal cavity passes through the pharynx
on its way to the larynx and eventually the lungs. Because the pharynx serves two
different functions, it contains a flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that acts as a
switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx.
(3) ESOPHAGUS
 Located in throat near trachea

 muscular tube connecting the


pharynx to the stomach that is part of
the upper gastrointestinal tract

 Esophagus receives food from mouth


when swallow.

 By means of a series of muscular


contractions called peristalsis, the
esophagus delivers food to stomach
(4) STOMACH

 Receives and mix food with digestive juice


(holds food while it is being mixed with
gastric juice : enzymes, water & HCl)

 This major organ acts as a storage tank for


food so that the body has time to digest
large meals properly.
(4) STOMACH (cont.)

 Propels food (bolus) to the small intestine

 continue the process of breaking down food into a usable


form.
 Cells in the lining of the stomach secrete a strong HCl and
powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown
process.
 Goblet cell secrete mucin to form mucus

 When the contents of the stomach are sufficiently processed,


they are released into the small intestine.
(5) SMALL INTESTINE
 It is a 1 inch diameter tube with 10 feet long helps to break
down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and
bile from the liver.

responsible for the continuous


breaking down process

absorption of nutrients into the


bloodstream

absorption of nutrients into


the bloodstream
(5) SMALL INTESTINE (cont.)
 The entire small intestine is coiled like a hose and the
inside surface is full of many ridges and folds.

 These folds are used to maximize the digestion of


food and absorption of nutrients. By the time food
leaves the small intestine, around 90% of all
nutrients have been extracted from the food that
entered it.
 Peristalsis is also working in this organ, moving food
through and mixing it with digestive secretions from
the pancreas and liver.

 Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid, and


end in a liquid form after passing through the organ.

 Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-


food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine,
it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon.
(6) LIVER
 accessory organ of the digestive system
located to the right of the stomach. Its
main function within the digestive system
is to process the nutrients absorbed
from the small intestine.
 Bile from the liver secreted into the small
intestine also plays an important role in
digesting fat.
 It is the body’s chemical "factory“ where it
takes the raw materials absorbed by the
intestine and makes all the various
chemicals the body needs to function.
 The liver also detoxifies potentially
harmful chemicals. It breaks down and
secretes many drugs.
(7) GALL BLADDER
 small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to the
liver. The gallbladder is used to store and recycle excess
bile from the small intestine so that it can be reused
for the digestion of subsequent meals.
 It stores and concentrates bile, and then releases
it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest
fats.
(8) PANCREAS
 The pancreas is a large gland located
just inferior and posterior to the stomach.
 Pancreas secretes secretes digestive
enzymes pancreatic juice (enzymes and
bicarbonate)into the small intestine
(duodenum) to complete the chemical
digestion of foods.

 These enzymes break down protein, fats,


and carbohydrates.

 The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it


directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the
chief hormone for metabolizing sugar.
(9) LARGE INTESTINE
 The colon is a 2.5 inch diameter with 5 feet long muscular tube
that connects the small intestine to the rectum.

 The large intestine is made up of the cecum (pronounce “seh-


kum”), the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon,
the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which
connects to the rectum.

 The appendix is a small tube attached to the cecum.

 The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that is


responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is
easy and convenient.
LARGE INTESTINE

absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in the
breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients.
Feces in the large intestine exit the body through the anal canal.
FAT DIGESTION
BILE IN FAT DIGESTION

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy