LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX – PHOTONIC

CRYSTAL FIBER-BASED “SURFACE

PLASMON RESONANCE” SENSOR
Nikita Singh Aviral Kumar Aryan
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering communication Engineering communication Engineering
Meerut Institute of Engineering & Meerut Institute of Engineering & Meerut Institute of Engineering &
Technology, India, 250005 Technology, India, 250005 Technology, India, 250005
nikita.singh.ece.2020@miet.ac.in aviral.kumar.ece.2020@miet.ac.in aryan.s.ece.2020@miet.ac.in

Dr. Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh Dr. Priyank Sharma

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
communication Engineering communication Engineering
Meerut Institute of Engineering & Meerut Institute of Engineering &
Technology, India, 250005 Technology, India, 250005
ratneshwar.ratnesh@miet.ac.in priyank.sharma@miet.ac.in

Abstract— The paper puts forward the idea of proposing a etc. That adds weight and expense to the system. SPR devices
comparative study of highly sensitive gold-coated plasmonic leveraging photonic crystal fiber (PCF) technology have been
micro biosensor and silver-coated Low refractive index (RI) positioned as the answer to these constraints which have greater
identification can be accomplished by means of a dual-gist wavelength flexibility, Large Evanescent Field, Greater Material
photonic crystalline fiber (PCF), plasmonic micro biosensorand compatibility, Reduced Heating Effects, Low Loss Transmission.
silver-coated plasmonic micro biosensor through designing,
graphical analysis, and numerical analysis using software Key words— Photonic Crystal Fiber, Surface Plasmonic
COMSOL-Multiphysics simulation for version 6.1 To reliably Resonance, Fiber Bragg Grating, Finite Element Method.
identify the analytes, plasmonic material consisting of silver has
been treated with a thin layer of graphene to stop oxidation.
[3] and unlike other metals, which easily corrode, gold is
chemically inert and so utilized as the plasmonic material. I. INTRODUCTION
Furthermore, utilizing current fabrication technology, it is easily
formed and recyclable. The offered sensor demonstrates the SPR-based sensors have gained an abundance of
maximum sensitivity per wavelength and amplitude of curiosity from researchers over the past few years owing
1,15,999nm/RIU and 2450 RIU−1 Resolved to 8.66 x 10^-7 and to their widespread application in many facets of daily
5.53 x 10^-6 RIU, respectively, are the equivalent resolutions (R)
respectively, life and their elevated sensitivity, prompt action, level-
For the suggested sensor the highest wavelength as well as free and instantaneous observation of a variety of
amplitude response are displayed by the sensor values of 49,000 biological and biochemical materials [1]. Real-time
nm/RIU and 1876 RIU−1, respectively, for Silver and Gold, with measurements of molecular associations are made using
associated resolutions (R) of 1.86*10-6 and FOM of 555.
an optical mechanism called surface Plasmon
Resonance, or SPR, in this process for a plain polarized
Likewise, in the range of sensing of 1.29 to 1.39, the sensor has light when some metal is placed on the top, and as the
an impressive metric of merit of 2318. In turn, it would serve
excellent towards organic chemical sensing and biological
incident light strikes the metal surface some part of
detection, pharmacological assessment, and other analytical refracted light is absorbed and an area of darkness
detection purposes. [1]. appears in the refracted light as a consequence of this
absorption, The metal surface's electrons are
The Plasmon Resonance within the Surface (SPR) method is accountable for carrying absorption, these
often utilized due to its appealing qualities including large
sensitivity and label-free monitoring , good ability to detect even conglomeration of electrons absorbs energy and
the tiny changes occurring at the level of molecular interactions, therefore starts oscillating, this oscillation refers to
SPR allows to study the interaction between two molecules for called Plasmon. The creation of Surface Plasmons is
ex- ligands and receptors, it can be studied by measuring the
change in SPR angle also absorption of biomolecules on the
caused by electron oscillation at the junction between
surface and interaction between RNA and DNA is also detected. light and free electrons at the metal surface.
Along with its advantages there are some disadvantages to use
SPR which is that as the conventional SPR sensors are designed
using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) method, Prism-based,
waveguide approach, fibre optics, Evanescent Field Coupling,
 the focal point of very few research studies. Aerogel,
halogenated ether, sevoflurane, pharmaceutical medicines,
and numerous further uses are among the many that arise
nowadays and require the identification of low RI. A couple
of Sensors utilizing PCF-SPR that can measure analyte RIs of
lower than value of 1.30 have emerged lately considering this.
It’s essential to add plasmonic material into PCF sensors for
the SPR phenomenon to occur. A significant quantity of free
electrons has been detected inside the plasmonic material, and
each free electron revolves at its organic frequency. When an
outside domain field is put on it, unbound electrons resonance
Fig.1: SPR Phenomena
started. Whenever generated photonic frequency and free
There are two distinct kinds of sensing setups for SPR sensors electrons' organic frequency line up, the unbound electrons
that utilize PCF: inland and exterior. Analyte plugs the air capture the biggest amount of energy. Resonance condition or
pores with specificity during internal monitoring The fiber's phase-matching prerequisite is what this is known as [7].
original refractive index distribution is instantaneously Selecting the right plasmonic materials is crucial to the
altered by the inserted analyte, this technique for sensing sensing effectiveness; gold and silver are typically utilized.
demonstrates improved sensitivity. However, internal sensing Gold is chemically stable and exhibits larger resonance peak
strategies for detection are unfeasible for dispersed and shifts than other active plasmonic materials. But because of
immediate time sensing applications. Moreover, there is a the high absorption coefficient, gold holds a wide resonant
higher propagation loss, and this kind of technology is fairly band, which lowers the precision of the sensor. Other issues
challenging to implement. By employing an external sensing with gold contain surface irregularities resulting from heat
technique—placing the analyte on the PCF's surface—these evaporation and band-to-band modifications, and the creation
shortcomings of internal sensing can be corrected. Thesedays, of islands in thin gold layers. In contrast, silver exhibits a
this method is becoming more and more well-liked because resonance peak that is significantly sharper than those of the
of the simplicity of detection and sensible application strategy. other plasmonic materials.

Tuning the PCF structural features may additionally result in In the present investigation, the Plasmonic material silver, or
superior sensing ranges and greater sensitivity as well. With Ag for short, is utilized to determine alterations in the
careful fiber structure design, phase alignment among both medium's refractive index that surrounds by seeding it outside
the core-guided mode and the surface-plasmon-polaritons of the fiber structure. A light covering of titanium dioxide
(SPPs) mode can be achieved [3]. The top WS of 3340 (TiO2) is applied over the silver to stop it from oxidizing
nm/RIU was recorded via a PCF-SPR sensor based on a gold along with that comparative study is also done for how the
grating that was displayed in [4]. According to [5], An sensor would work for same parameters but with different
elliptical PCF sensor in between nearly 1.3 to 1.44 and an material i.e., Gold. For the purpose of to improve the
optimal Wavelength Sensitivity of 46000 nm/RIU has been accuracy of the simulation findings, a Physics controlled
described. In [6], gold-plated PCF-SPR sensor in the shape of highly tinymesh element has been paid jobs, and a layer that
a D is covered. The sensor in question possesses a detection match exactly (PML) was assigned to the sensor's most outer
range of RI nearly between 1.3 & 1.4, alongside a maximum layer in order to absorb the power rays.
sensitivity of 10,493 nm/RIU reached at 1.38. Most of these
investigations specialize in sensing structures that are limited
to identifying analytes with RIs higher than 1.33. PCF-SPR
sensors that recognize lower RIs of lower than 1.30 have been
 II. STRUCTURAL SUMMARY OF THE
RECOMMENDED BIOSENSOR

A schematic Diagram (A and B) in Fig.2 that selectively indicated

the 2D side of the submitted PCF-SPR sensor and the mesh representation
of the posted structure. The suggested sensor is created, numerically
investigated and simulated making use of Finite- Element- Method (FEM)
with the aid of COMSOL. Due to the PCF-SPR Biosensors fundamental
operation principle, the choice of geometric parameter’s in order to
enhance the robust relationship between the SPP mode and the Core mode.
Presented In Figure below :

FIG 3: X-Y PLANE'S STACKED EFFICIENT STRUCTURE

In Figure (2), The symmetry of the design is achieved by

placing the air holes equally apart from adjacent ones. The
outer layer, dubbed as the layer that matches perfectly
(PML), is circular and provides the boundary condition
that absorbs. Its thickness is selected so that there is no
fluctuation in the imaginary component of the effective RI
at any offered wavelength, preventing reflected light from
affecting the initial result. The Sellmeier equation, whose
features are derived from the same source from which the
RI is calculated, also requires the silica substance in order
to build the “PCF” using the method of stacking and
drawing [7, 9].

III. NUMERICAL DESIGN AND MODELLING

OPTIMIZED PARAMETERS OF THE STRUCTURE ARE PRESENTED

IN THE TABLE BELOW-

Parameter For Ag
FIG.2 (A) ARCADE IN TWO DIMENSIONS (B) A MORE DETAILLED
MESH FEM VIEW
Symbol Expression Value
miniscule air hole's d1 1.8[um] 1.8E-6 m
THE PCF FABRICATION PROCESS IN [4] CALLS FOR
diameter
TWO KEY STEPS: UNDER A COMMON FIBER
DRAWING TOWER, PRODUCE A FURNACE WITH miniscule air hole's d2 1[um] 1E-6 m
HIGH TEMPERATURE IS USED TO PREPARE AND diameter
PULL FIBERS. UPON THE PROVISION OF THE FIBER
MATRIX, SILICA RODS AND CAPSULES ARE LAID miniscule air hole's d3 1.65[um] 1.65E-6
OUT AND DRAGGED DOWN TO FORM THE STACKED diameter m
MATRIX. A DELIBERATE DEFECT IN THE STRUCTURE,
LIKE CAPILLARY REPLACEMENT WITH A SOLID ROD OR Pitch between air ^ 3.30[um] 3.4E-6 m
holes
CAPILLARY ELIMINATION ALONG WITH MANY
thickness of silver ts 65[nm] 6.5E-8 m
CAPILLARIES IS WHAT CREATES GUIDING CORES.
thickness of ti 10[nm] 1E-8 m
FURTHERMORE, BOTH BIG AND LITTLE AIR HOLES titanium
ARE FORMED, RESPECTIVELY USING THIN & opening of mc 1.75[um] 1.75E-6
THICKCAPILLARIES, ACCORDINGTO FIG 3. microchannel m

Table (1):
Here are the framework's specified parameters such as: coefficient b2 0.408 0.40794
miniscule air hole's diameter is d2 =1[um], as well as the
of
diameter of large air bubbles 1 and 3 is given by d1 = 1.8[um]
sellmeier
and d3 = 1.65[um]. The spacing between each air hole on the
equation
lattice is A = 3.30[um], thickness of silver ts = 65[nm],
thickness of titanium ti = 10[nm], opening of micro channel coefficient b3 0.8975 0.89748
mc= 1.75[um]. The symmetry of the design is attained through of
spacing the air holes equally distinct from their neighboring sellmeier
ones. In order to ensure that reflected light does not impact the equation
initially generated result, a round layer with perfect matching
(PML) is used as the barrier for soaking up requirement for the coefficient c1 4.68e- 4.6791E-15
electric field absorption. The amount of thickness of the layer of sellmeier 3[um^2] m²
is selected so that there is no difference between the imaginary equation
portion of the real RI at any considering wavevector. coefficient c2 1.352e- 1.3512E-14
Furthermore, the PCF must be constructed using the stack and of sellmeier m²
2[um^2]
draw method, which requires the silica material [7, 9], whose
equation
properties are carried out using the Sellmeier equation using the
same data that the RI is derived from [10]. coefficient c3 97.934[um^2 9.7934E-11
of sellmeier ] m²
equation
(1) coefficient opw 1.72[um] 1.72E-6 m
of sellmeier
wherein parameters ‘b1’, ‘b2’, ‘b3’, ‘c1’, ‘c2’, and ‘c3 ’
equation
are recognized as Sellmeier cooperatives, and 𝒏𝑺𝒊 implies 𝑅𝐼
of the fused silica and 𝜆 the wavelength in 𝜇𝑚 having the sellmeier nsilica sqrt(1+((b1* 1.4419
value ‘b1’ =0.6962, ‘b2’ =0.408, ‘b3’ =0.8975, ‘c1’ =4.68e- equation (opw^2))/(op
3[um^2], ‘c2’ = 1.352e-2[um^2] and ‘c3’ = 97.934[um^2]. w^2-c1))
+((b2*(opw^
The expression that follows can be employed to define the 2))/(opw^2c2))
dielectric constant of TiO2: +((b3*(opw^
2))/(opw^2c3)))
dielectric nti sqrt(5.913+(( 1.695 1/m
constant 2.441*10^7)/
(2) (opw^2-
(.803*10^7))
The mathematical representation of refractive index for 𝑇𝑖𝑂2
))
is symbolized by 𝒏𝑻𝒊𝒐𝟐, and 𝜆 designates wavelength
expressed in 𝜇𝑚. Ag's constant dielectric value is further
defined using the phenomena of Drude dispersion paradigm Table (2):
[6].
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Some other parameters that are used are shown in the table For an analyte possessing a refractive index of na = 1.36, the
below: distribution of fields in the core guided mode, SPP guided
mode, and SPR guided mode can be observed within Figure
4(a, b, c). On the other hand, in resonance illnesses significant
coupling is observed at which the highest amount of the basic
Parameter mode led by the core transfers energy to the plasmonic modes.
While using the core driven mode, the metal-covered sensory
Symbol Expression Value medium demonstrates the atomtronic mode while the full
optic field remains contained within the core [11]. Figure 4
analyte Na 1.36 1.36 demonstrates the loss spectra, plasmonic mode, and
coefficient b1 0.6962 0.69617 fundamental mode dispersion affinities. The core driven
of mode’s refractive index crosses with the second grade SPP
sellmeier modes at 1.67 μm, and working wavevector, for Ag and 1.74
equation μm for Au for analyte having value of RI as 1.36. It has been
suggested that the larger ephemeral field is caused by the
seniority of free electrons from the surface being excited in
the y-polarise transversal electrical (TE) mode (TEy) as
opposed to the TEx mode. Maximum power transmission is
detected between the plasmonic mode and the core guided
elementary mode
 Over here, series 1 shows Confinement loss, series 2 shows
as long as the phase alignment criterion is encountered. A indiceof the effective approach mode of core and series3 shows
summit is thus seen at the junction’s site. indice of the effective approach mode of spp .
Now, Equation (3) has been utilized to figure out the
propagation loss, additionally referred to as the confinement
loss.

wherein λ corresponds to the operational wavevector,

𝑰𝒎(𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒇)is the section of the effective indice that is
fictitious. And k 0 = 2π/λ denotes wave number within gap
void. The resonant wavevector’s loss spectrum when the
specimen's external RI varied from 1.29 to 1.39 are presented
in Figure 5.When the value of index of refraction grows,
Fig.4 (a) Fig.4 (b) Fig.4 (c) inadequate coupling enables theresonant wavelengths of the
sensor to red shifting as there isrising propagation loss [12].
[13] In the instance for plasmonic material Silver, Figure 5(a)
Now, Fig 4(d) and 4(e) shows how the Dispersion curve for demonstrates thereduction in the spectra of the sonorous
Ag and Au material for na=1.36. wavelength since theanalytic compound's RI value spans
from 1.29 to 1.39. andFigure 5(b) presents for Gold.

DISPERSION CURVE
300 1.438
250 1.436
Loss(db/cm)

200 1.434
& EMI

1.432
150 Series1
1.43
100 1.428 Series2
50 1.426
Series3
0 1.424
1.5 1.7 1.9
Wavelength( micro meter) Fig.5(a) the sensor's loss spectrum for analytes, Ag.

Fig.4(d) The link between SPP mode and guided core

mode's dispersion for, Ag along with
[PEAK= 1.67 μm]

Fig.5(b) the sensor's loss spectrum for analytes, Au

In light of imperfect coupling ability of the plasmonic compounds, red

shifting became apparent for the proposed detector as the confinement
loss increased. Now, the wavelength sensitivity could becalculated as
shown in equation (4).

(4)
Where ∆𝝀𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 summit is the change in two reverberation
wavevectorsand ∆𝒏𝒂 shows variation of analyte RI. Our suggested
sensor's resolution is determined using equation (5) as shown:
Fig.4(e) The link between SPP mode and the
guidedcore mode's dispersion for, Au along with 𝑹 = ∆𝒏𝒂∆𝝀𝒎𝒊𝒏/∆𝝀𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝑹𝑰𝑼 (5)

[PEAK= 1.74 μm] In the wavelength domain, the peak shift of resonance is denoted by
∆𝝀𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 and the lowest wavelength resolution is represented by
∆𝝀𝒎𝒊𝒏.
Now, Fig.6 shows the comparative Variation in (a) ‘d1’ , (b) ‘d2’ ,(c)’d3’
and (d) ‘pitch’ : dropping arc for the material Ag and Au respectively.

Fig.6 Variation in (a) ‘d1’, (b) ‘d2’, (c) ‘d3’ and (d) ‘pitch’:
dropping arc for Ag (respectively)
Fig.7 Variation in (a) ‘d1’, (b) ‘d2’, (c) ‘d3’ and (d)
‘pitch’: dropping arc Au (respectively).
Now, The AS formula is used to calculate the indicated Considering the RI of specimen na = 1.37, the consequences
sensor's sensitiveness to amplitude (AS) found in equation (6). of changing structural factors (pitch as well as air hole) on the
Analyte RI fluctuations for Ag and Au range from 1.34 to 1.39, sensor’s resonant wavelength are examined. The findings are
respectively, as shown by the AS of the sensor in Figures 6(a) shown in Figure 6. As illustrated in Figure 6(a), a synchronous
and 6(b). wavelength red shift with substantial detention loss is seen
when diameter of air leaks d1 increments from
1.70 to 1.90 μm. Increased confinement loss suggests arobust
interplay among SPP operation and core mode and vice
(6) versa.
Fig. 6(b) shows a shift which means that there is a decrease
in the wavelength towards the shorter wavelengths side in the
wherein 𝝏𝒏𝒂 reveals the change in analyte RI, electromagnetic spectrum, basically this type of shift is
observed when radiations are moving towards observer side
𝝏𝑎(𝝀, 𝒏𝒂) depicts the dissimilarity among two loss spectra
and that results into the compression of waves thereby
, whereas 𝑎(𝝀, 𝒏𝒂) indicates the loss for the selected analyte
increase in observed frequency and hence decreases
with RI na.
confinement loss as the value of d2 rises. As d3 increases
from 1.55 to 1.75 μm, a discernible red shifting in the
Here, Figure (8) shows how the variation occurs in
reverberance wavevector is shown in Fig. 6(c).
Amplitude sensitivity for both Silver and Gold
Figure 6(d) shows a blue shifting next to minimal
confinement loss for the pitch digression of ^ from the value
of 3.2 to 3.4 μm.

The suggested sensor's performance is summarized in the

table below.

Ref Mater Max. Ma Lowest Ma RI

ial WS x. R x Ran
AS FO ge
M

Fig.8(a) Amplitude sensitivity correlates to a 1.34 to 1.39 [5] Gold 46.00 108 2.2*10 –
analyte RI change for Ag 0 6 ^-6 1.33
1.43

[11] Gold 51,00 187 1.96*1 566

0 2 0^-6 1.22
1.37

[15] Gold 62,00 141 1.6*10 114 1.33

0 5 -6 0 -
1.43

[16] Indiu 17,00 74 5.8* 10 - -

m Tin 0 -6
Oxide

[17] Niobi 8000 156 1.25 266

Fig.8(b) Amplitude sensitivity correlates to a 1.34 to 1.39 um 0 *10 -5 1.36
analyte RI change for Au. 1.41

PROPOS Silver 1,15,9 245 8.66*1 231

ED 99 0 0^-7 8 1.29
1.39

Table (3):
 V. CONCLUSIONS
We have made a comparison study of how plasmonic
[7] A. K. PAUL, “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL
refractive index sensors will work for both Silver and Gold
FIBER PLASMONIC REFRACTIVE INDEX SENSOR FOR
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