Water Injection 1

Introduction to Dr:waleed elazab
Student's Name: Ahmed osama shaaban hashem

Student's ID: 20220466
Submission Date: 30/03/2024
PET 226 , Water injection principle, operation, and

treatment
Different techniques used in oil recovery systems
Oil recovery systems utilize various

techniques to extract oil from reservoirs.
These techniques can be categorized into
primary, secondary, and tertiary
(enhanced) oil recovery methods
PRIMARY RECOVERY:
• Natural Pressure: In some reservoirs, the natural

pressure of the underground formation is sufficient
to drive oil to the surface. This is often the initial
method used to recover oil.
• Mechanical Pumping: In cases where natural
pressure is insufficient, mechanical pumps such as
sucker rod pumps or electric submersible pumps are
used to lift oil to the surface.
• Gas Injection: Injecting natural gas or nitrogen into
the reservoir can help maintain pressure and
displace oil towards production wells.
SECONDARY RECOVERY:
• Water Flooding: Injecting water into the reservoir

helps to maintain reservoir pressure and displaces oil
towards production wells. Water flooding is one of
the most common secondary recovery methods.
• Gas Injection (CO2 or Natural Gas): Injection of
gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) or natural gas can
help displace oil from reservoir rock and improve
recovery rates.
TERTIARY (ENHANCED) RECOVERY:
• Chemical Flooding: Injection of chemicals such as surfactants,

polymers, or alkaline solutions alters the properties of the oil and
reservoir rock to improve oil recovery.
• Thermal Recovery: Heat is applied to the reservoir to reduce the

viscosity of the oil, making it easier to flow towards production wells.
Techniques include steam injection (steam flooding), in-situ
combustion, and electric heating.
• Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR): Utilizes microorganisms

to enhance oil recovery by altering the properties of the reservoir
rock or oil, or by generating by-products that aid in oil
displacement.
• Miscible Gas Injection: Injection of gases such as carbon dioxide

(CO2) or hydrocarbon gases (e.g., methane, ethane) that mix
completely with the oil, reducing its viscosity and improving its flow
towards production wells.
WATER IMMERSION TECHNOLOGY,
• is an innovative method used in oil extraction

processes, primarily in unconventional oil reservoirs
such as oil sands and heavy oil deposits. This
technique involves the injection of hot water or
steam into the reservoir to mobilize and extract oil.
INJECTION OF HEATED WATER OR
STEAM:
• - Hot water or steam is injected into the reservoir
through injection wells. The temperature of the
injected water or steam is typically high enough to
lower the viscosity of the heavy oil or bitumen in the
reservoir, making it easier to flow towards
production wells.
• Thermal Energy Transfer:
As the hot water or steam infiltrates the reservoir rock,
it transfers thermal energy to the surrounding
formations.
• Oil Mobilization and Recovery:
The heated water or steam interacts with the oil or
bitumen, causing it to become less viscous and more
mobile. This allows the oil to flow more freely through
the reservoir towards production wells, where it can
be pumped to the surface for processing.
• Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Mechanisms:
• Water immersion technology can also incorporate
enhanced oil recovery mechanisms, such as steam-
assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) or cyclic steam
stimulation (CSS).
• Environmental Considerations:
While water immersion technology can be effective in
extracting oil from unconventional reservoirs, it also raises
environmental concerns. The large volumes of water
required for injection, as well as the energy needed to
heat the water or generate steam, can impact local
water resources and contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions.
OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES:
• Water immersion extraction operations may face

challenges such as steam conformance, reservoir
heterogeneity, and heat losses during injection.
Effective reservoir characterization, well placement,
and operational optimization are essential to
overcome these challenges and maximize oil
recovery.

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Introduction to Dr:waleed elazab

Student's Name: Ahmed osama shaaban hashem

PET 226 , Water injection principle, operation, and

Oil recovery systems utilize various

• Natural Pressure: In some reservoirs, the natural

• Water Flooding: Injecting water into the reservoir

• Chemical Flooding: Injection of chemicals such as surfactants,

• Thermal Recovery: Heat is applied to the reservoir to reduce the

• Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR): Utilizes microorganisms

• Miscible Gas Injection: Injection of gases such as carbon dioxide

• is an innovative method used in oil extraction

• Water immersion extraction operations may face

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