Question 1

A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 1-shell pass and 6-tube passes is used to heat
ethyl alcohol, with specific heat of 2670 J/kg·K, in the tubes from 25°C to 70°C at a rate of
2.1 kg/s. The heating is to be done by water that enters the shell at 95°C and leaves at 60°C.
If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m2·K, determine the heat transfer surface
area of the heat exchanger using the
(a) LMTD method (20 points)
(b) NTU method (20 points)
(c) If it is replaced by a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger, by comparing the
results from letter (b) select which will be a more economical arrangement if the
shell-and-tube heat exchanger cost 20 percent more per unit surface area. (10
points)
Question 2

The behavior of two different surfaces with varying spectral emissivity are shown below. If
the surface temperature is given as 3500K and there is radiation coming from a source at
3000K.

a. Determine the:
i. Average emissivity of both surfaces (5 points)
ii. Absorptivity of both surfaces (5 points)
iii. Reflectivity of both surfaces (5 points)
b. Which surface is more suitable to serve as a solar absorber? Justify your answer. (10
points)

Known:
● The temperature of the Surface; (Ts = 3500 K)
● The temperature of the radiation from Source; (Tr = 3000 K)
● The emissivity of the second surface at λ < 2; (εa2 = 0.2)
● The emissivity of the second surface at λ > 2; (εb2 = 0.9)
● The emissivity of the first surface at λ < 3; (εa1 = 0.1)
● The emissivity of the first surface at λ > 3; (εb1 = 0.8)

Find:
a. The average emissivity of both surfaces (εave)
b. The absorptivity of both surfaces (a)
c. Reflectivity of both surfaces (p)
d. Determine which surface is more suitable to serve as a solar absorber.
Schematic Diagram:

Assumptions:
● Both surfaces are classified as either opaque or gray body
● The behaviour of the emissivity of both surfaces exhibits an immediate change in
certain points.

Analysis:

For the average emissivity of both surfaces:

For surface 1:
Computing for the product of the wavelength and surface temperature for each instances of
change:

λT = (3 μm)(3500K)
λT = 10500 μm-K

Obtaining the value of fλ from the blackbody radiation function table at λT = 10500 μm-K:

fλ1 = 0.890029

Computing for the average emissivity of the surface:

εave = εa1 (fλ1) + εb1 (1 - fλ1)
εave = 0.8 ( 0.890029) + 0.1(1 - 0.890029)
εave =0.72302

For surface 2:
Computing for the product of the wavelength and surface temperature for each instances of
change:

λT = (3 μm)(3500K)
λT = 10500 μm-K

Obtaining the value of fλ from the blackbody radiation function table at λT = 10500 μm-K:

fλ2 = 0.890029

Computing for the average emissivity of the surface:

εave = εa2 (fλ2) + εb2 (1 - fλ2)

εave = 0.2 ( 0.890029) + 0.9(1 - 0.890029)
εave =0.27698

For absorptivity of both surfaces:

Considering Kirchoff’s Law:

Surface 1:
a1 = ε1
a1 = 0.72302

Surface 2:
a2 = ε2
a2 = 0.27698

For reflectivity of both surfaces:

If both surfaces are opaque bodies, then their transmissivity will be assumed to be zero.
Therefore the equation for irradiation will no only amount to:
a+p=1

Rearranging the equation will then lead to:

p=1-a

For surface 1:

p1 = 1 - a1

p1 = 1 - 0.72302

p1 = 0.27698

For surface 2:

p2 = 1 - a2

p2 = 1 - 0.27698

p2 = 0.72302

Comments:

Based on the results of the computations, it is clear that Surface-1 possesses more
absorptivity than that of Surface-2. With this, Surface-1 is more suitable to be used as a
solar absorber than Surface-2. Moreover, according to Kirchoff’s law, the rate of emission of
a body is equal to its rate of absorption. Thus with greater absorptivity, the rate of emission
of the solar absorber will also be greater.

The 2 surfaces can be classified as either opaque or gray. For a body to be opaque,
it must possess zero transmissivity while both its absorptivity and reflectivity are greater than
zero. Similarly, gray bodies can have a transmissivity of greater than or equal to zero while
having absorptivity and reflectivity that are greater than zero. Due to the nature of the
problem having no transmissivity provided, it can be safely assumed to be either of the two
cases mentioned above.
Question 3 (Mapped ILO2) [25 Points] (Multi-mode Heat Transfer)
Steam at 320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m·K) whose inner and outer
diameters are D1= 5 cm and D2 = 5.5 cm, respectively Heat is lost to the surroundings at a
temperature of 5.5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined heat transfer
coefficient of 18 W/m2·K. and a heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe of 60 W/m2·K. If the
pipe is to be covered by two layers of insulation both 3 cm thick, polyvinyl acetate cork
mastic and a cellular glass, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of
the pipe.

KNOWN:
Temperature of the steam (Tsteam =320°C), thermal conductivity of cast iron pipe (k =
80 W/m·K), inner (D1= 5 cm) and outer (D2=5.5 cm) diameter of cast iron pipe, temperature
of the surroundings(Ts=5.5°C), combined heat transfer coefficient (18 W/m2·K), heat
coefficient inside the pipe (60 W/m2·K) and thickness of the insulation such as polyvinyl
acetate cork mastic (L=3 cm) and a cellular glass (L=3 cm).

FIND:
Rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe (q/L).
SKETCH:

ASSUMPTIONS:
● Steady-state condition
● Properties are constant
PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS:
● From Table A.3, polyvinyl acetate cork mastic (300K) : k = 0.1 W/mK
● From Table A.6. cellular glass (300K) : k = 0.058 W/mK

ANALYSIS:

RTotal = Rconv1 + Rpipe + Rins1 + Rins2 + Rconv2

1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣1 = ℎ1𝐴1
= ℎ1 (2 π 𝑟1𝐿)
= 5 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚 = 𝐿
(0. 1061032954 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)
(60 𝑊/𝑚2·𝐾) [2 π ( 2
)( 100 𝑐𝑚
) 𝐿]

𝐷2 (5.5 𝑐𝑚)
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝐷1 ) 𝑙𝑛 [ (5 𝑐𝑚)
] 1 −4
𝑅𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 2 π 𝑘1 𝐿
= 2 π (80 𝑊·𝑚/𝐾) 𝐿
= 𝐿
(1. 89613578 𝑥 10 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)
 𝐷3 (5.5 𝑐𝑚 + 2{3𝑐𝑚})
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝐷2 ) 𝑙𝑛 [ (5.5 𝑐𝑚)
] 1
𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠1 = 2 π 𝑘1 𝐿
= 2 π (0.1 𝑊·𝑚/𝐾) 𝐿
= 𝐿
(1. 173925178 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)

𝐷4 (5.5 𝑐𝑚 + 2{6𝑐𝑚})
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝐷3 ) 𝑙𝑛 [ (5.5 𝑐𝑚 + 2{3𝑐𝑚}) ] 1
𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠2 = 2 π 𝑘1 𝐿
= 2 π (0.058 𝑊·𝑚/𝐾) 𝐿
= 𝐿
(1. 152100257 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)

1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣2 = ℎ2𝐴2
= ℎ2 (2 π 𝑟4𝐿)
= 5 𝑐𝑚 + 2{6 𝑐𝑚) 1𝑚 = 𝐿
(0. 10105057575 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)
(18 𝑊/𝑚2·𝐾) [2 π ( 2
)( 100 𝑐𝑚 ) 𝐿]

1 1 −4 1
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐿
(0. 1061032954 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊) + 𝐿
(1. 89613578 𝑥 10 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊) + 𝐿
(1. 173925178 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)

1 1
+ 𝐿
(1. 152100257 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊) + 𝐿
(0. 10105057575 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)

1
RTotal = 𝐿
(2.53369102 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)

For the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe:

Δ𝑇
𝑞= 𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 𝑇𝑠
𝑞= 𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

(320°𝐶) − (5.5°𝐶)
𝑞= 1
𝐿
(2.53369102 𝑚·𝐾/𝑊)

𝑞
𝐿
= 124. 1429841 𝑊/𝑚

q/L = 124.12 W/m

COMMENTS:
The rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe is 124.12 W/m.
Question 4 (Mapped to ILO3) [50 points] (Heat Exchanger)
It is proposed to preheat the water for a boiler using flue gases from the boiler stack.
The flue gases are available at the rate of 0.25 kg/s at 150°C, with a specific heat of 1000
J/kg·K. The water entering the exchanger at 15°C at the rate of 0.05 kg/s is to be heated to
90°C. The heat exchanger is to be of the reversed current type with one shell pass and four
tube passes. The water flows inside the tubes, which are made of copper (2.5-cm ID, 3.0-cm
OD). The heat transfer coefficient at the gas side is 115 W/m2K, while the heat transfer
coefficient on the water side is 1150 W/m2·K. A scale on the water side offers an additional
thermal resistance of 0.002 m2·K/W.
a. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer tube diameter.
b. Determine the appropriate mean temperature difference for the heat exchanger.
c. Estimate the required tube length.
d. What would be the outlet temperature and the effectiveness if the water flow rate is
doubled, giving a heat transfer coefficient of 1820 W/m2·K?

KNOWN:
Reverse current heat exchanger (1 shell pass , 4 tube passes), water in tubes, flue
gasses in shell, inside diameter (Di = 2.5 cm) and outer diameter (Do = 3.0 cm) of copper
tubes, specific heat of gasses (cpg= 1000 J/kg·K), gas inlet temperature (Tg,in = 150°C), water
temperatures (Tw,in = 15°C) and (Tw,out = 90°C), gas flow rate (ṁg = 0.25 kg/s), water flow rate
(ṁw = 0.05 kg/s), tubes are copper, gas side heat transfer coefficient (ho = 115 W/m2 ·K),
water side heat transfer coefficient (hi = 1150 W/(m2 ·K) and scaling resistance on the water
side (Ri = 0.002 m2 ·K/W).

FIND:
a. The overall heat transfer coefficient (Uo) based on the outside tube diameter
b. The appropriate mean temperature difference (ΔTmean)
c. The required tube length (L)
d. The outlet temperature and effectiveness if the water flow rate were doubled, making
hi = 1820 W/m2·K

ASSUMPTIONS:
● Steady-state heat transfer
● Negligible heat loss
● Constant heat transfer coefficients along the heat exchanger
SKETCH:

PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS:

● From Table A.3, Copper Pure (300K) : k = 401 W/m·K
● From Table A.6. specific heat of water (300K) : cpw = 4179 J/ kg·K
ANALYSIS:
a. The overall heat transfer coefficient is given by Equation (8.5):
1 1 𝑅𝑖𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜
𝑈𝑑
= ℎ𝑜
+ 𝑅𝑜 + 𝑅𝑘 + 𝐴𝑖
+ 𝐴𝑖ℎ𝑖
⇒ Equation 1

where: Ro = 0
Ao = πDoL
Ai = πDiL
𝐷𝑜
𝐴𝑜 𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑖
)
𝑅𝑘 = 2π𝑘𝐿

Substitute the value of Ao to Rk:

𝐷𝑜
(π𝐷𝑜𝐿) 𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑖
)
𝑅𝑘 = 2π𝑘𝐿
𝐷𝑜
𝐷𝑜 𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑖
)
𝑅𝑘 = 2𝑘

Substitute the value of Rk to Equation 1:

𝐷𝑜
1 1 𝐷𝑜 𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑖
) 𝑅𝑖𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜
𝑈𝑑
= ℎ𝑜
+ 𝑅𝑜 + [ 2𝑘
]+ 𝐴𝑖
+ 𝐴𝑖ℎ𝑖
𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜
1 1 𝐷𝑜 𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑖
) 𝑅𝑖𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜 1 1 𝐷𝑜 𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑖
) 𝑅𝑖𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜
𝑈𝑑
= ℎ𝑜
+ 𝑅𝑜 + [ 2𝑘
]+ 𝐴𝑖
+ 𝐴𝑖ℎ𝑖
⇒ 𝑈𝑑
= ℎ𝑜
+[ 2𝑘
]+ 𝐷𝑖
+ 𝐷𝑖ℎ𝑖
1𝑚 (3.0 𝑐𝑚) 2
1 1 (3.0 𝑐𝑚)( 100 𝑐𝑚 ) 𝑙𝑛[ (2.5 𝑐𝑚) ] (0.002 𝑚 ·𝐾/𝑊)(3.0 𝑐𝑚) (3.0 𝑐𝑚)
𝑈𝑑
= 2 +{ 2(392 𝑊/𝑚· 𝐾)
}+ (2.5 𝑐𝑚)
+ 2
(115 𝑊/𝑚 · 𝐾) (2.5 𝑐𝑚)(1150 𝑊/𝑚 ·𝐾)

Ud = 82.3319674 W/m2·K
Ud = 82.33 W/m2·K
b. The outlet temperature of the gases can be determined from an energy balance:
ṁ𝑤𝑐𝑝𝑤
ṁ𝑔 𝑐𝑝𝑔(𝑇𝑔, 𝑖𝑛 – 𝑇𝑔, 𝑜𝑢𝑡) = ṁ𝑤 𝑐𝑝𝑤(𝑇𝑤, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 – 𝑇𝑤, 𝑖𝑛) ⇒ 𝑇𝑔, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑔, 𝑖𝑛 – ṁ𝑔𝑐𝑝𝑔
(𝑇𝑤, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 – 𝑇𝑤, 𝑖𝑛)
(0.05 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)(4179 𝐽/𝑘𝑔· 𝐾)
𝑇𝑔, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (150 °𝐶) – (0.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)(1000 𝐽/𝑘𝑔· 𝐾)
[(90) – (15)]°𝐶
 Tg,out = 87.315 °C

From Figure 8.12 for a simple counterflow heat exchanger:

ΔTa = Tg,in – Tw,out
ΔTa= (150°C) – (90°C)
ΔTa= 60°C

ΔTb = Tg,out – Tw,in

ΔTb = (87.315°C) – (15°C)
ΔTb = 72.315°C

Δ𝑇𝑎−Δ𝑇𝑏
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = Δ𝑇𝑎
Δ𝑇𝑏

(60 °𝐶)−(72.315°𝐶)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = (60°𝐶)
𝑙𝑛[ (72.315°𝐶) ]

LMTD = 65.96602365 °C

This must be corrected using Figure 8.13:

𝑇𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 – 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛
𝑃= 𝑇𝑔,𝑖𝑛 – 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛

(90°𝐶) – (15°𝐶)
𝑃= (150°𝐶) – (15°𝐶)

P = 0.5555555556

𝑇𝑔,𝑖𝑛 – 𝑇𝑔,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑍= 𝑇𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 – 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛

(150°𝐶) – (87°𝐶)
𝑍= (90°𝐶) – (15°𝐶)

Z= 0.84

From Figure 8.13, F = 0.78

∴ ΔTmean = F(LMTD)
ΔTmean = 0.78 (65.96602365 °C )
ΔTmean = 51.45349844°C
ΔTmean = 51.45°C

c. The rate of heat transfer is:

q = Ud Ao ΔTmean = ṁw cpw (Tw,out - Tw,in)
ṁ𝑤 𝑐𝑝𝑤
𝐿= π 𝐷𝑜 𝑈𝑑 Δ𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
(𝑇𝑤, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 – 𝑇𝑤, 𝑖𝑛)
 (0.05 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)(4179 𝐽/𝑘𝑔·𝐾)
𝐿= 2 [(90°𝐶) – (15°𝐶)]
π (0.03 𝑚)(82.3319674𝑊/𝑚 ·𝐾) (51.45349844°𝐶)

L = 39.25085374 m
L = 39. 25 m

Since there are 4 tubes:

∴ Length of each tube pass = L ፥ 4 = (39.25085374 m) ፥ 4 = 9.812713435 m
Length of each tube pass = 9. 81 m

d. For a doubled water flow rate, hi = 1820 W/m2·K similarly to part (a):
1𝑚 (3.0 𝑐𝑚) 2
1 1 (3.0 𝑐𝑚)( 100 𝑐𝑚 ) 𝑙𝑛[ (2.5 𝑐𝑚) ] (0.002 𝑚 ·𝐾/𝑊)(3.0 𝑐𝑚) (3.0 𝑐𝑚)
𝑈𝑑
= 2 +{ 2(401 𝑊/𝑚·𝐾)
}+ (2.5 𝑐𝑚)
+ 2
(115 𝑊/𝑚 ·𝐾) (2.5 𝑐𝑚)(1820 𝑊/𝑚 ·𝐾)

Ud = 85.02090736 W/(m2K)

The heat capacity rates are:

Cw = ṁw cpw
Cw = (0.1 kg/s)(4179 J/kg·K)
Cw = 417.9 W/K

Cg = ṁg cpg
Cg = (0.25 kg/s)(1000 J/kg·K)
Cg = = 250 W/K

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (250 𝑊/𝐾)

𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
= (417.9 𝑊/𝐾 )

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0. 5982292414

The number of transfer units is:

𝑈𝑑𝐴𝑜
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

Substitute value of Ao to NTU:

𝑈𝑑(π𝐷𝑜𝐿)
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑈𝑑(π𝐷𝑜𝐿)
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
(85.02090736 𝑊/𝑚 ·𝐾)π(0.03 𝑚) (39.33976731 𝑚)
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = (250 𝑊/𝐾)

NTU = 1.260906961

From Figure 8.19: E ≈ 0.57

 The outlet temperature can be calculated from Equation (8.21b) :
𝐶𝑤𝑇𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛
𝐸= 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑔,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
⇒ 𝑇𝑤, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑤, 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐸( 𝐶𝑤
)( 𝑇𝑔, 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑤, 𝑖𝑛)
(250 𝑊/𝐾)
𝑇𝑤, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (15°𝐶) + (0. 57)[ (417.9 𝑊/𝐾)
][(150°𝐶) − (15°𝐶)]

Tw,out = 61.03374013 °C
Tw,out = 61.03 °C

COMMENTS:
The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube diameter is 82.33
W/m2·K while the appropriate mean temperature difference is 51.45°C. Then, the required
tube length is 39. 25 m and since there are 4 tube passes, the length of each tube pass is
divided by 4 and resulted in a length of 9.81 m. Lastly, if the water flow rate were doubled
having a heat transfer coefficient of 1820 W/m2·K, it will have an outlet temperature of 61.03
°C.
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Question 7
Gasoline (65°API gravity) flow rate of 60,000 lb/h with a small boiling range at 400°F
is to be vaporized to form 37,050 lb/h vapor at an operating pressure of 200 psig. Use gas oil
(30°API gravity) in the temperature range from 600 to 500°F at 120 psig operating pressure
as the heating medium. A tube side pressure drop of 10 psi is allowable. Design a suitable
Kettle reboiler to serve the purpose.
Known: Gasoline of 65°API, mass flow of 60 000 lb/hr, Tboiling point is 400°F, vapor mass flow
of 37 050 lb/hr at 200 psig, gas oil as heating medium of 30°API at 600 to 500°F with 120
psig pressure, tube side pressure drop of 10 psi is allowable
Find: Design of a Kettle reboiler to serve the purpose
Schematic Diagram:
Assumption:
1. Steady State Heat Transfer
2. Constant Properties
3. Degree of sub-cooling and super-heating of the cold fluid is negligible
Properties:
141.5 𝑘𝑔
i.) Density ⍴ for 65°API Gasoline: 𝑆𝐺 = °𝐴𝑃𝐼 + 131.5
; ρ = 720. 1017812 𝑚3

141.5 𝑘𝑔
ii.) Density ⍴ for 30°API Gas oil: 𝑆𝐺 = °𝐴𝑃𝐼 + 131.5
; ρ = 876. 1609907 𝑚3

iii.) According
Analysis:
Using the Kern Method for the design of Kettle reboiler:
i.) determine the heat duty by mass flow:
𝑙𝑏 1𝑘𝑔 1ℎ𝑟 351.6 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = (ṁvapor)(λ) = 37050 ℎ𝑟
( 2.205 𝑙𝑏 )( 3600𝑠 )( 𝑘𝑔
)

𝑄 = 1639. 2 𝑘𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚; ∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 − 𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
600°𝐹+500°𝐹 5 5
= (( 2
) − 32°) 9 ) − ((400°𝐹) − 32°) 9 )

= 83. 33333333°𝐶
ii.)

Comments:
Question 8
Question 9 (Mapped ILO 3) [25 Points] Andal na to
Cooling water flowing in a long aluminum tube is to be heated by air flowing perpendicular to
the exterior of the tube. The ID of the tube is 1.85 cm and its OD is 2.3 cm. The mass flow
rate of the water through the tube is 0.65 kg/s and the temperature of the water in the tube
averages 30°C. The free stream velocity and ambient temperature of the air are 10 m/s and
120°C, respectively. Estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger
using appropriate correlations state all your assumptions.

KNOWN:
A long aluminum tube is used to heat cooling water with a mass flow rate of 0.65
kg/s. The tube has an inner diameter of 1.85 cm and an outer diameter of 2.3 cm. The water,
averaging 30°C, is heated by air flowing at 10 m/s, with an ambient temperature of 120°C.

FIND:
The estimated heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger.

SKETCH:

ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Steady-state condition
2. Properties are constant
3. Negligible fouling or deposits on the tube surface.

PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS:

From Appendix 2, Table 12, thermal conductivity of aluminum (kal) = 238 W/(mK) at 75°C
From Appendix 2, Table 13, for water at 30°C
 3
Density (pw) = 996 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
Thermal conductivity (kw) = 0. 615 𝑊/(𝑚𝐾)
−6 2
Absolute viscosity (μw) = 792 𝑥 10 (𝑁𝑠)/𝑚
Prandtl number (Prw) = 5. 4
From Appendix 2, Table 27, for dry air at 120°C
Thermal conductivity (ka) = 0. 0320 𝑊/(𝑚𝐾)
−6 2
Kinematic viscosity (v) = 26. 0 𝑥 10 𝑚 /𝑠
Prandtl number (Pr) = 0. 71

ANALYSIS:
Determine the Reynolds number for the water on the heat exchanger's side.
𝑉𝑤 𝐷𝑖 4ṁ
ReD = 𝑣
= π𝐷μ

4(0.65 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)
ReD = −6 2
π (0.0185𝑚)( 792 𝑥 10 𝑁𝑠/𝑚 )

ReD = 56484. 14579

Therefore, the flow of water is turbulent.
Examine the Dittus-Boelter equation to assess the Nusselt number on the water side.

ℎ𝑖𝐷𝑖 0.8 0.4

NuD = 𝑘𝑤
= 0. 023𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

Therefore:
𝑘𝑤 0.8 0.4
hi = 𝐷𝑖
0. 023𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟
0.615 𝑊/(𝑚𝐾) 0.8 0.4
hi = 0.0185𝑚
0. 023(56484. 14579) (5. 4)
2
hi = 9504. 515419 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

Determine the Reynolds number for the air on the heat exchanger's side.
𝑉𝑎 𝐷𝑜
ReD = 𝑣

(10𝑚/𝑠)(0.023𝑚)
ReD = −6 2
26.0 𝑥 10 𝑚 /𝑠

ReD = 8846. 153846

Examine the Dittus-Boelter equation to assess the Nusselt number on the air side.

ℎ𝑜𝐷𝑜 0.8 0.4

NuD = 𝑘𝑎
= 0. 023𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

Therefore:
𝑘𝑎 0.8 0.4
ho = 𝐷𝑜
0. 023𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟
0.0320 𝑊/(𝑚𝐾) 0.8 0.4
ho = 0.023𝑚
0. 023(8846. 153846) (7. 1)
 2
hi = 100. 7063622 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Uo based on the other surface Ao of the tube.
1 1 1
UO = 𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜𝑙𝑛(𝑟𝑜/𝑟𝑖) 1 = π𝐷𝑜𝐿 π𝐷𝑜𝐿𝑙𝑛(𝑟𝑜/𝑟𝑖) 1 = 𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜𝑙𝑛(𝐷𝑜/𝐷𝑖) 1
( 𝐴𝑖ℎ𝑖 )+( 2π𝑘𝑎𝑙𝐿
)+( ℎ𝑜 ) ( π𝐷𝑖𝐿ℎ𝑖 )+( 2π𝑘𝑎𝑙𝐿
)+( ℎ𝑜 ) ( 𝐷𝑖ℎ𝑖 )+( 2𝑘𝑎𝑙
)+( ℎ𝑜 )

1
UO = 0 .023𝑚 (0.023𝑚)𝑙𝑛(0.023𝑚/0.0185) 1
( 2 )+( 2(238 𝑊/(𝑚𝐾))
)+( 2 )
(0.0185𝑚)(9504.515419 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾) 100.7063622 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

2
UO = 99. 29318132 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

COMMENTS: