FIRE SAFETY EDUCATION

Intended Learning Outcomes

Students should be able to meet the following
intended learning outcomes:

 To be ready for mobilization for national

defense, disaster and risk reduction services
by applying technical skills learned in their
NSTP engagements.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Students should be able to meet the following
intended learning outcomes:
 To create teamwork and perform leadership
skills in every group activity.
 critically analyze their experience in different
community engagements with a focus on the
identification of assets, and an articulation of
the relationship of processes and structures to
assets and vulnerability contexts.
Target Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students should
be able to:
 describe chemistry and physics of fire.

 identify the sources of heat.

 describe the effect of oxygen on fire.

 describe the three types of heat transfer.

Target Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students should
be able to:
 identify the products of combustion.

 explain the classes of fire and the risks

associated with each class.

 identify the dangers of fire.

 describe the basis for the theory of fire

extinguishment.
 Fire is a natural phenomenon and
critical to human survival on earth. People
have used fire as a tool for hundred of
years. Treated with respect and care, it
heats and lights our homes and cooks our
food.
 Fire has caused destruction, injury
and death and will continue to do so
unless people develop greater
knowledge and respect for its powers. The
majority of fires are caused by human
carelessness, lack of knowledge, and
misinformation.
 To understand fire, fire prevention and
fire response, you must be aware of the
different types of fire, what causes fires and
common ways to prevent them from
happening in the first place.
 FIRE
Fire is a rapid self sustaining
oxidation process accompanied by
the evolution of heat and light of
varying intensity.

Technically, Fire is a
chemical reaction that requires
fuel, oxygen and heat to occur.
 For many years, the fire triangle
(oxygen, heat and fuel) was used to teach
the components of fire. While these
simple example is useful, it is not
technically correct. For combustion to
occur, four components are necessary:
 FIRE TETRAHEDRON

• Oxygen
• Fuel

• Heat
• Self-sustained
chemical reaction
 FIRE TETRAHEDRON
Each component of the
tetrahedron must be in place to
occur. Remove one of the four
components & combustion will not
occur. If ignition has already
occurred, the fire is
extinguished when one of the
components is removed from the
reaction.
 Normally, the primary source of oxygen is
the atmosphere, which contains approximately
21 percent oxygen. A concentration of at least 14
percent is needed for the continuation of flaming
combustion, while charring or smoldering
(pyrolysis) can occur with as little as 8 percent.
 Oxygen is the oxidizing agent to the
combustion process. With a diminished
amount of oxygen, the combustion process
is slowed (Eg.Rusting). With abundance
amount of oxygen, the chemical reaction is
accelerated.
 Initially, the fuel may be in the form of a
solid, liquid or gas at the ambient
temperature.

FUEL SOURCES – Anything that will burn.

Examples: Clothing, furniture, papers, flammable
liquids, plastics, and rubber.
 Heat is the energy component of the fire
tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with a
fuel, the energy supports the combustion reaction.

It is heat that forges atomic-level of compounds

and released when those bonds are separated.
 MODES OF
HEAT TRANSFER
 Heat Transfer
Heat is transmitted from one place to another
is the first step in knowing how to control the
extension of fire.

3 Modes of Heat Transfer

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 Conduction
• A point to point transmission of
heat energy from hot to cold
object.
• Good conductors - Aluminum,
copper, and iron
• Poor conductors - Fibrous
materials such as felt, cloth,
and paper, liquids, and gases.
 CONDUCTION
Conduction occurs when a hot solid, liquid, or gas
contacts an object that is highly combustible. When a
curling iron is left on and placed on top of a towel, the
curling iron will produce enough heat to ignite the towel.
 Convection
• The transfer of heat
energy by the
movement of heated
liquid or gases.
 CONVECTION
A fire heats the air around it &
releases hot toxic gases. A ceiling in
the house can stop the gases but they
will spread out the temperature in the
room will get hotter & hotter. It is also
the reason of the firefighter will try to
vent the roof in a house fire & cool
down the heated air.
 Radiation
• The transmission of energy as an
electromagnetic wave such as light waves, radio
waves, or x-rays. Commonly called heat waves.
• Radiated heat will travel through space at the
speed of light until it reaches an opaque object.
In turn, the opaque object will radiate heat from
its surface.
 RADIATION
Combustibles near a fire are
subject to radiant heat. The closer
they are to the fire the sooner they will
be heated to the point of origin. Once
radiant heat has ignited a nearby
object , the heat from this new fire
radiates to other objects increasing
the intensity of the fire & its rapid
spread.
 SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL
REACTION
Combustion is a complete complex reaction that requires a fuel ( in
the gaseous or vapor state), an oxidizer, and a heat energy to come together
in a very specific way. Once flaming combustion or fire occurs, it can only
when enough heat energy is produced to cause the continued development
of fuel vapors or gases. Scientists call this type of reaction a “ CHAIN
REACTION”. A Chain reaction is a series of reactions that occur in
sequence with the result of each individual reaction being added to the rest.
 FIRE CLASSIFICATION AND RISK

Importance of Fire Classifications:

• The type or nature of the material

burning that is, its fuel, defines
the fire.

• The classes of fire are used to

identify the extinguishers and
extinguishing agents used to put
them out.
 CLASSES OF FIRE
CLASS A

• Fires involving ordinary combustibles such as

wood, cloth, plastics, papers & rubber.

• It can be extinguished with water, water-based

agents, or foam, & multi purpose dry chemicals

• Water is usually used by the Fire Department

MEMORY KEY: ASH is usually left after burning.

 MEMORY KEY: MATERIALS-Boil,
CLASS B Bubble or come in
Barrel, bucket,

• Fires involving flammable

& combustible liquids,
gases, & greases such as:
gasoline, oils, alcohol,
propane .

• Common extinguishing
agents are carbon
dioxide (CO2), regular &
multipurpose dry chemical
and foam.
 MEMORY KEY: Electrical
CLASS C CURRENT

• Fires involving energized electrical equipment, which

eliminates the use of water-based agents to put them
out.

• The recommended method of fighting these fires is to

turn-off or disconnect electrical power & then use an
appropriate extinguisher depending on the remaining
fuel source.

• Extinguishing agents includes carbon dioxide (CO2),

regular & multi purpose dry chemical.
 CLASS D

• Fires involving combustible metals and alloys

such as: magnesium, sodium, lithium and
potassium.

• Great case must be used when attempting

to extinguish in these types of fuels.

• Extinguishing agents for this class of fire

are called dry powders & should not be
confused with dry chemical.

MEMORY KEY: “DING” a metal sound

Don’t get involved
CLASS K MEMORY KEY: KITCHEN
FIRES

• Is a new classification of fire as of 1998

& involves fires in combustible cooking
fuels such as: vegetable or animal oils
& fats.

• Its fuels are similar to Class B fuels but

involves high temperature cooking
oils and therefore have special
characteristics.

• Class K agents are usually wet

chemicals.
 Products of Combustion

Heat
Flame
Smoke
Fire gases
 HEAT
HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY THAT IS
MEASURED IN TEMPERATURE TO
SIGNIFY ITS INTENSITY
FLAME

Is the visible, luminous body of a

burning gas
 SMOKE

The smoke encounters in most fires consist of

a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, divided carbon
particles (soot) and a miscellaneous assortment of
products that have been released from the material
involved.
 A fire will double every 30 Seconds under normal conditions.

 In as little as 3 minutes, a small fire can erupt into a “FLASHOVER”.

 A small fire can produce enough smoke to fill a building in minutes.

 Smoke results in:

 Teared eyes
 Choking sensation
 Impaired judgment due to Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Loss of spacial recognition
 Sedation effect - Respiratory failure
 Within minutes, air temperature in a burning room can reach 300 degrees Celsius. This
temperature is hot enough to melt clothes, skin and scorch your lungs in one breathe.

 Temperatures can climb to between 650-760 degrees Celsius.

 Most people who die in fires, die from breathing smoke and toxic gases.

 Carbon Oxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Ammonia and hundreds of other irritants attack your
eyes, nose, throat and lungs.

 They numb your senses and leave you dazed.

Makes you disorientated and stops you from thinking and breathing.

Makes you breathe faster, which puts to rest the option of holding your
breath.

Mixes with moisture in the eyes, nose and throat, which causes coughing
and hacking. Then turns into nitric acid, which starts to burn the tissue.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT THEORY

FIRE - is extinguish by
limiting or interrupting one or more
of the essentials elements in
combustion process (Fire
Tetrahedron). A fire may be
extinguished by:
 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT THEORY

• Extinguishment by Temperature Reduction

• Extinguishment by Fuel Removal

• Extinguishment by Oxygen Dilution

• Extinguishment by Chemical Flame inhibition

 TEMPERATURE REDUCTION

 One of the most common

methods of extinguishment is
cooling with water. This
depends on reducing the
temperature of a fuel to
point where it does not
produce sufficient vapor to
burn.
 FUEL REMOVAL
 In some cases, fire is effectively
extinguish by removing the fuel
source may be remove by stopping
the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or
by removing solid fuel in the path of a
fire. Another method of fuel removal
is to allow a fire to burn until all fuel is
consumed.
 OXYGEN EXCLUSION
Reducing the oxygen content in an
area also puts out the fire. Reduction
of the oxygen can be done by flooding
an area with inert gas such as carbon
dioxide, which displaces the oxygen,
or the oxygen can be reduced by
separating the fuel from the air such
as blanketing with foam.
 CHEMICAL FLAME INHIBITION

Extinguishing agents, such as dry

chemicals and halogenated
hydrocarbons (halons), interrupt the
flame producing chemical reaction
and stop flaming. This method of
extinguishment is effective on gas
and liquid fuels because they must
flame to burn.
 THANK YOU!
• Remember:

“When fighting a foe, one of the

best weapons one can have is
knowledge and understanding of the
enemy”