1.

Title
Design and development of Semi-automatic injera making machine
abstrsct

This thesis presents the understand the energy needed and loss on mitad ,design and development of a
semi-automatic injera making machine. Injera, a primary food in Ethiopia, is traditionally made by hand,
and use wood, coal,and electrical energy and also is a process that is labor-intensive and time-
consuming. The semi-automatic injera making machine aims to automate this process, increasing power
efficiency by using automatic temperature and reducing the physical strain on the cook.
3. Acknowledgement (optional)

4. Table of contents

5. List of figures (optional)

6. List of acronyms or abbreviations (optional)

7. List of Tables (optional) 8. Introduction

9. Background and Related work

3.1 hardware and software requirements the hardware required to develop our system include:

Two resisters ,clay, some sand soils ,metal stand and plates,thermostate,relay,breakers,temrature
measurement tool, voltage and current measurement tool, Tanker ,conveyor ,mixer and plate valve

The software required to design are:

Arduino or mat lab software.

GENERAL SYSTEM MODEL

We were not able to get the hardware devices needed for the system.so the system has only been
simulated in Arduino or mat lab and by taking many measurements on real megogo sites especially at
mit ayider and midre genet.
Experiment/Measurements

We were observed the temperature measured like the following

1) The maximum and minimum temperature on the plate surfaces among the 10 megogos are 230 and
140.

2) The maximum and minimum temperature on the on the side of mitad surface among the 10 megogos
are 150 and79.

3) The maximum and minimum temperature on the bottom of mitad surfaces among the 10 megogos
are 320and 85.

4) The maximum and minimum temperature on the cover surfaces among the 10 megogos are 108 and
63.

From the above observed measurements we were tried to solve energy consuming by component(parts)
of the megogo using temperature sensor

Table of content

Hard ware

 Arduino
 Temperature sensor
 Motor
 Valve
 Relay
Soft
 Arduino
 protous

3. Design and Implementation

3. Mitad Design and Implementations

3.1 mechanical design

3.1.1 Design of baking clay plate

3.1.2 Design of baking clay plate cover

3.1.3 Design of mitad supporting legs

3.1.4 Design of tank mixer and rotating valves

3.2 electrical design

 3.2.1 Selection of resistors and connection

3.2.2 Selection and Design of lm 35 with amplifiers

3.2.3 Selection and design of relay with the real mitad

3.2.4 Selection and integrate with the circuit

3.2.5 Software implementation

3. Mitad Design and Implementations

3.1 mechanical design

The mechanical part of the baking mitad has a huge contribution in the low energy

Efficiency. Therefore, a careful design and selection of materials should be considered in the

Mechanical system.

3.1.1 Design of baking clay plate

The existing Electric mitad technology is believed to be in the market for over 40 years. Its

Performance efficiency is very low and the product has not been standardized so far. The Electric

Mitad is made from steel or Aluminum sheet frame having a conical shaped lifting cover, short

Cylindrical enclosure (body), clay plate, an electric heating element (Resistor), heat insulator and a

Support stand. The clay plate of the mitad is made either as a single or double, circular plate having

Diameter ranging from 40 to 60 cm diameter and thickness of 0.8 to 2 cm. Clay plate having 58 cm

Diameter is the most common. The difference between the single and double clay plate type is the

Method of placing the heating element and clay plate support mechanism. Electrical heating element

(Resistance) is placed in a groove made in a helical fashion at the bottom of the single clay plate type

And sealed with Gypsum material whereas it is kept in between the upper and lower clay plates in the

Case of the double clay type. The single plate type is the more common of the two.

We need photo from the real mitad production

Tirrfinrh document reference
The specifications of the mitad plate material shall be as follows [11]
 Density=2.71 g/cm3

Thermal conductivity=217.774 w/m. 0 k

Yield strength=151.68mpa

Tensile strength=165.47mpa

Specific heat=0.9 j/g.℃

Thickness baking pan =0.8-2cm

Radius of the plate= 20-30cm

The mass of the pan is calculated as follow

Therefore, the mass of the plate can vary from 2.75 to 6.1 kg.

3.1.2 Design of baking clay plate cover

Mitad cover is a cone shaped material used to protect heat loss from Injera during baking. It can be

Manufactured from aluminum or metal sheet with the following dimensions. Diameter of cover pan

Can range from 60-63 cm and height of the cover pan 13-15 cm.

We need photo from the real mitad production

3.1.3 Design of mitad supporting legs

To carry the whole weight of the mitad, four supporting legs can be welded to the supporting ring.

The material should be Stainless steel with thickness of 25× 25 mm.

We need photo from the real mitad production

3.1.4 Design of tank mixer and rotating valves

The tanker should be cylindrical shape with maximum volume 20L πr2h=0.02m3

22/7*r*r*h=0.02

r2h=0.0628 let h=1m

then r=0.25m
 This by conversion unit 1m3 =1000L

Then 20L=0.02m3
where:
Formula of Volume of cylinder is: V=πr2h
V is the volume of the cylinder,
0.25m
r is the radius of the base of the
cylinder
1
h is the height of the cylinder

3.2 electrical design

The electrical part of the baking mitad has a huge contribution in the low energy

Efficiency. Therefore, a careful design and selection of materials should be considered in the

Electrical system.

3.2.1 Selection of resistors and connection

Two pieces of the 0.9 mm diameter electrical heating element (resistor) connected in parallel are

Commonly used per mitad for sizes from 56 to 60 Cm diameter. Based on the survey made, many

Of the locally produced responded that they use the 0.9 mm resistor type. However, the resistance

Measurements on their products during the survey made revealed that the resistance values differ

Significantly. Different length and resistance values are supplied by various suppliers. Eg. For 1x 0.9mm

Type, resistance values are like 22.9 Ω, 23.1 Ω, 26 Ω, 28 Ω. Resistances are mostly wound locally and

the value per resistor depends on the length and diameter winded. As electrical power equals the

square of voltage divided by resistance (P = /R), slight change in the value of resistance changes the

power demand. Hence, the electrical Mogogos currently produced do not have equal and uniform

power rating, even within the products of the same producer. Therefore, the resistance of a given

Mogogo can vary from 11.45 Ω to 14 Ω. As a result, the power demand of the Mogogo varies from

3,400 watts to 4,200 watts. And the current rating of the switch that is used in Mogogos shall be 25 A

as the current can vary from 16 A to 19A.

The standard voltage for household electricity in Ethiopia is 220V1. However, the peak voltage would be
√2 times the RMS voltage (which is the standard voltage), because for a sinusoidal wave, the peak
voltage is √2 times the RMS voltage. So, the peak voltage in Ethiopia would be approximately 311V.
Please note that this is an approximation and actual values can vary. Always exercise caution when
working with electricity
3.2.2 Selection and Design of lm 35 with amplifiers

Output of LM35 is connected to Pin 3 of Op-amp LM358. And as we have set the reference voltage
(voltage at Pin 2 of LM358) to 0.5 volt, so now voltage at Pin 3 (non-inverting input) becomes higher
than voltage at Pin 2 (inverting input) and output of op amp LM358 (PIN 1) becomes HIGH.
 12V

3.2.3 Selection and design of relay with the real mitad

3.2.4 software implementation

Arduino simulation for temperature sensor code 1

const int lm35_pin = A1; /* LM35 O/P pin */

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

int temp_adc_val;

float temp_val;

temp_adc_val = analogRead(lm35_pin); /* Read Temperature */

 temp_val = (temp_adc_val * 4.88); /* Convert adc value to equivalent voltage */

temp_val = (temp_val/10); /* LM35 gives output of 10mv/°C */

Serial.print("Temperature = ");

Serial.print(temp_val);

Serial.print(" Degree Celsius\n");

delay(1000);

Arduino simulation for temperature sensor code 2

*Code designed by Sujay Alaspure in SA Lab */

const int sensor=A5; // Assigning analog pin A5 to variable 'sensor'

float tempc; //variable to store temperature in degree Celsius

float tempf; //variable to store temperature in Fahreinheit

float vout; //temporary variable to hold sensor reading

void setup() {
pinMode(sensor,INPUT); // Configuring sensor pin as input

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

vout=analogRead(sensor); //Reading the value from sensor

vout=(vout*500)/1023;

tempc=vout; // Storing value in Degree Celsius

tempf=(vout*1.8)+32; // Converting to Fahrenheit

Serial.print("in DegreeC=");

Serial.print("\t");

Serial.print(tempc);

Serial.print(" ");
Serial.print("in Fahrenheit=");

Serial.print("\t");

Serial.print(tempf);

Serial.println();

delay(500); //Delay of 1 second for ease of viewing }

11. Results and Discussions
3.2.4 motor Selection and integrate with the circuit

This is my code:

int RMotor_1 = 2;

int RMotor_2 = 3;

int LMotor_1 = 4;

int LMotor_2 = 5;

int REnable = 11;

int LEnable = 10;

int SPEED = 1;

Void setup () {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(RMotor_1, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(RMotor_2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LMotor_1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LMotor_2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(REnable, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LEnable, OUTPUT);

analogWrite(11, SPEED);

analogWrite(10, SPEED);

delay(000);

void loop() {

int ldrright = digitalRead(7);

int ldrleft = digitalRead(8);

if (ldrright == 0 && ldrleft == 0) {

 Serial.println("F");

move_forward();

if (ldrright == 0 && ldrleft == 1) {

Serial.println("R");

turn_right();

if (ldrright == 1 && ldrleft == 0) {

Serial.println("L");

turn_left();

if (ldrright == 1 && ldrleft == 1) {

 Serial.println("S");

move_stop();

void move_forward() {

digitalWrite(RMotor_1, LOW);

digitalWrite(RMotor_2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LMotor_1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LMotor_2, LOW);

void turn_right() {

digitalWrite(RMotor_1, LOW);

digitalWrite(RMotor_2, HIGH);
 digitalWrite(LMotor_1, LOW);

digitalWrite(LMotor_2, HIGH);

void turn_left() {

digitalWrite(RMotor_1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(RMotor_2, LOW);

digitalWrite(LMotor_1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LMotor_2, LOW);

void move_stop() {

digitalWrite(RMotor_1, LOW);

digitalWrite(RMotor_2, LOW);
 digitalWrite(LMotor_1, LOW);

digitalWrite(LMotor_2, LOW);

The motor speed is the same even if i change the SPEED value to 1 or 255
L298N H-Bridge motor driver module. This module is commonly used in robotics and electronics projects
to control the direction and speed of motors. Here are some details about the module from the image:

The module is red with several components mounted on it.

There are two large grey circular components, likely capacitors.

A black IC (integrated circuit) labeled “L298N H-Bridge” is prominently displayed in the center.

There are multiple connectors on the sides for power and motor connections, labeled with their
respective voltages and purposes (+5V, GND, +12V).

Four mounting holes are at the corners of the module for securing it to other surfaces or enclosures.

On the right side, there appears to be a small green terminal block for making electrical connections.

This module is a key component in many DIY electronics and robotics projects. It allows for precise
control of motors, which can be crucial in applications like robotic arms, drones, or automated systems.