𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏

𝑽 = 𝑪𝒕 √𝟐𝒈 ( )
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 𝜸𝒘
CE 112 – HYDRAULICS
𝟐𝒈(𝒉)(𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 )
2nd Semester, S.Y 2023 – 2024 𝑽 = 𝑪𝒕 √
𝑺𝟏
MODULE 2 (PART 3)
Where:
FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
V = velocity of flow of liquid having sp.gr. of 𝑆1
𝐶𝑡 = coefficient for the Pitot tube
2.5 TUBES 𝑆1 = sp.gr. of liquid flowing in the pipe
𝑆2 = sp.gr. of liquid in the manometer.
Pitot tube – Named after the French physicist and engineer Henri Pitot, Pitot tube is a bent (L-shaped
or U-shaped) tube with both ends open and is used to measure the velocity of fluid flow or velocity of Example Problems:
air flow as used in airplane speedometer.
2.
A.
2 2 a. A Pitot static tube shown in figure A directed into a 4 m/s water stream has a gage
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2 difference of 20 mm on a water-mercury differential manometer. Determine the
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 coefficient for the tube.
𝑉1 = 𝑉 b. A pitot tube as shown in figure B has a coefficient of 0.97. It is used to measure the
𝑉2 = 0 velocity of water at the center of the pipe. What is the velocity of flow?
𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2 c. A pitot tube being used to determine the velocity of flow of water in a closed conduit
+ +0= + +0
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 indicates a difference between water levels in the Pitot tube and in the piezometer of
2
𝑉 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 60 mm. What is the velocity of flow? Assume Ct=1.0.
=
2𝑔 𝛾
C. Short Tubes
𝑷𝟐 −𝑷𝟏
𝑽 = √𝟐𝒈 ( ) (theoretical velocity)
𝜸𝒘 𝑽 = 𝑪𝒗 √𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝑽 = 𝑪𝒕 √𝟐𝒈𝒉 (actual velocity) 𝑸 = 𝑪𝑨√𝟐𝒈𝒉

𝐶𝑡 = coefficient of Pitot tube

Example Problems:

1. A glass tube with a 90° bend is open at both ends. It is inserted into a flowing stream of oil
(sp.gr. = 0.85) so that one of the openings is directed upstream and the other is directed
upward. If the oil inside the tube is 45 mm higher than the surface outside, determine the Example Problems:
velocity measured by the tube.
𝐾𝑉 2
3. The loss of head due to friction in an orifice nozzle or tube maybe expressed as ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔
B. Pitot tube in a pipe where V is the actual velocity of the jet. If Cv=0.95 and Cc=0.65. The diameter of the tube is
120 mm.
𝑃1 𝑆1 𝑃2 𝑆1 a. Compute the value of K.
+ 𝑦𝑆1 + ℎ𝑆2 − (ℎ + 𝑦)𝑆1 = b. If h=4.4m., compute the discharge.
𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤
𝑃2 𝑆1 − 𝑃1 𝑆1 c. Compute the head loss.
= 𝑦𝑆1 + ℎ𝑆2 − 𝑦𝑆1 − ℎ𝑆1
𝛾𝑤
(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝑆1 D. Diverging Tubes
= ℎ(𝑆2 − 𝑆1 )
𝛾𝑤
(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) ℎ(𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ) 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑪𝒗 √𝟐𝒈𝒉 (velocity at point 2)
=
𝛾𝑤 𝑆1
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA

 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = (velocity at point 1)
𝑨𝟏
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
= − (pressure head at 1)
𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

Example Problems:

4. The diverging tube shown in the figure is discharging water when h=2.5m. The area at
section 2 is 1.6 times the area of section 1. Neglecting all friction losses.
a. Compute the velocity at section 2.
b. Compute the velocity at the throat.
c. Compute the pressure head at the throat.

Bordas Mouthpiece

𝟏 = 𝟐𝑪𝒅 𝑪𝒗
𝑪𝒅 = 𝑪𝒗

Where:
𝐶𝑑 = coefficient of discharge
𝐶𝑣= coefficient of velocity

𝑫𝒋𝒆𝒕 𝟐
𝑪𝒄 = ( )
𝑫
Example Problems:

5. A Borda mouthpiece 65 mm in diameter has a discharge coefficient of 0.55.

a. Compute the coefficient of velocity.
b. Compute the velocity of water at the mouthpiece if the height of water above the
center of the mouthpiece is 3.8 m.
c. Compute the diameter of the issuing jet.

References:
1. Besavilla, V.I. (1996) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, 3rd edition.,VIB Publisher
2. Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T.Fluid mechanics and hydraulics, c2003, Leyte
3. Evett, Jack B. & Liu, Cheng. (1989) Schaum’s 2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. Daugherty, R.L., Franzini, J.B., Finnemore, E.J. (2002) Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications,SI Metric Edition, USA
5. King, H. W., Wisler, C. O., and Woodburn, J. G. Hydraulics, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA