FM & HM LAB MANUAL

IMPACT OF JETS ON VANES

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To find the coefficient of impact of jet on flat circular

vanes.
APPARATUS : Experimental set-up, stop watch.

THEORY:
Water flowing through a pipe posses pressure and Kinetic energies. If a
nozzle is fitted at the end of the pipe pressure energy gets converted into
kinetic energy by virtue of this energy, a jet of water can do work on any
object placed in its path. When a stationary vane is placed in the path of
the jet, it exerts a force on the vane and this force is the result of change
in momentum of jet. Using impulse momentum principle the force can be
theoretically evaluated as

Flat vane F t   QV

Inclined vane Ft   QVSin 2

Hemi-Spherical vane Ft  2  QV

Where

 = Mass density of the fluid

Q = Discharge

V = Mean velocity of jet

 = Inclination of the jet with the vane

Ft = Theoretical force acting parallel to the direction of jet

F act
Vane coefficient K 
F the
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.
2. The water is allowed to flow through the pipe by regulating the flow
control valve up to some extent of actual force say 100gm. Convert the
100gm into Newton’s and note down as actual force.

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 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using
below formula.
Discharge: - The time taken to collect some ‘x’ cm of water in the
collecting tank in m³/sec.
0.01
= =

Where:
A = area of the collecting tank in m²
R = rise of water level taken in meters
t = time taken for rise of water level to rise ‘r’ in ‘t‘ seconds.
4. Calculate the velocity of the jet by following formula
ℎ
=
ℎ

a = cross sectional area of the jet =

d =diameter of the nozzle =8mm= 0.008m

5. Calculate the theoretical force by the momentum equation
F th =ρaV²
ρ = Density of water =1000 kg/m³
For flat vane F th =ρaV²

Fact = (m x 9.81) Newton,

m = mass of sliding weight in Kgs
6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the
delivery valve.
A Typical tabular form for use during experiments is attached herewith.

Time
Vane
Sl. taken for Q Velocity F th
Fact coeff.
No. 8.4cm rise m³/sec Q/A (ρaV²)
Fact/Fth
of water

CALCULATION:

Graph : Fact versus Fthe

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 2

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1. How will you find out actual discharge?
2. Describe the principle of manometers and its uses.
3. What is the unit of density?

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 3

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To calibrate a given venturimeter and to study the

variation of coefficient of discharge of it with discharge.
APPARATUS : Venturimeter, Manometer, Stop Watch,
Experimental set-up.
THEORY:
Venturi meter is a device used to measure the rate of flow in a
pipeline. Venturi meter is usually preferred, particularly for higher flow
rates. The basic principle underlying is that by reducing the cross-
sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created with
the help of which the discharge is through the pipeline is can be
measured. A Venturimeter consists of a converging and diverging portion.
In between is a section of minimum cross-sectional is termed as throat.
Venturimeter is fitted in a pipeline .Two pressure tappings are provided,
one at the throat and the other at the junction of main pipe and
converging portion. The pressure head difference between the two
sections is read by means of, differential manometer. Discharge is
regulated by means of a valve fitted at the end of the pipeline. The flow
rate can be calculated by applying Bernoulli’s equation
Theoretical discharge
a 1a 2 2gh
Q the 
a1  a 2
2 2

Where a1 = area of the inlet pipe in m2

a2 = area of the throat in m2
h = Pressure drop in U tube manometer
= x(S1/S2 -1)
x = Difference of heavy liquid in U tube manometer
S1 = Specific gravity of heavy liquid
S2 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
Actual discharge
Qact = A.R / t

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 4

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

A = internal plan area of collecting tank

R = Rise of liquid
t = time of collection
The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to the
theoretical discharge
Cd = Qact / Qth

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.
2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting
the appropriate ball valve.
3. By regulating the valve control the flow rate and select the
corresponding pressure tapings (i.e. of orifice meter).
4. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly
primed. Priming is the operation of filling the manometer’s upper part
and the connecting pipes with water by venting the air from the pipes.
Note down the difference of head “h” from the manometer scale.
5. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.01m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate actual discharge
using below formula.

Discharge: - The time taken to collect some ‘R’ cm of water in the

collecting tank in m³/sec.
.
= =

Where:
A = area of the collecting tank in m²
R = rise of water level taken in meters

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 5

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

t = time taken for rise of water level to rise ‘R’ in ‘t’ seconds.
6. Using difference in mercury level “h” calculate the theoretical discharge
of venturimeter by using following expression.

2 ℎ
=
−
Where

h = difference of head in meters = (ℎ − ℎ ) − 1 = (ℎ − ℎ )12.6

a1 = area of venturi at inlet = d 12

4

a2 = area of venturi at throat = d 22

4
g =Acceleration due to gravity
d1 =Inlet diameter in meters.
d2 =Throat diameter in meters.
7. Calculate the coefficient of discharge of orifice meter (Cd):

Qact
Cd 
Qtheo
8. Repeat the steps 3 to 7 for different sets of readings by regulating the
discharge valve.
PRECAUTIONS:
 There should be no air bubbles on trapped while taking reading of
liquid level in piezometric tube.
 Check the level of measuring liquid in peizometric in the two limbs
of the differential manometer.
Tabular column:

Sl. Venturi inlet Throat Diameter

No. Diameter d1 d2

1. 30mm 15mm

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 6

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

Differen Theoretical
h = Coeffic
ce of flow rate Actual
Time Pressur ient of
merury Qthe = flow rate
for R e drop discha
level in
S.No cm in U a1a 2 2gh AR rge
U tube Qact =
rise tube √ℎ t Qact
manom a1  a 2
2 2
’t’ sec manom m3/sec
eter Q the
eter m3/sec

CALCULATION:
Graph Drawn
1. Qact Vs h (Calibration curve)
2. Qact Vs h½ (Cd is the be calculated)
3. Log Qact Vs log h (Cd is to be calculated)

RESULTS

Viva Questions:
1. What is the use of Venturimeter?
2. What is meant by coefficient of discharge?
3. What is discharge? What is its unit?
4. What is the basic principle of venture meter?
5. How pressure difference is determined?

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 7

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

CALIBRATION OF ORIFICEMETER

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To calibrate a given Orificemeter and to study the

variation of coefficient of discharge of it with discharge.
APPARATUS : Orifice meter, Manometer, Stop Watch, Experimental
set-up.
THEORY: Orifice meter is a device used to measure the rate of flow in a
pipeline. Orifice meter consists of a flat plate clamped between two flange
plates. The plate has a sharp edge circular hole concentric with the pipe
axis. Orifice meter is fitted in a pipeline. Two pressure tapping’s are
provided, one at the upstream of the Orifice meter and other at vena-
contract.
The basic principle underlying is that by reducing the cross-sectional area
of the flow passage and a pressure difference is created with the help of
which the discharge is through the pipeline can be measured. The
pressure head difference between the two sections is read by means of,
differential manometer. Discharge is regulated by means of a valve fitted
at the end of the pipeline. By noting the areas of the two sections and
applying Bernoulli’s equation to the two sections.

a1 a 2 . 2 gh
Qt = Theoretical discharge =  m3 / s
a a
2
1
2
2

Where a1 = area of the inlet pipe in m2

a2 = area of the throat in m2
h = Pressure drop in U tube manometer
= x (S1/S2 -1)
x = Difference of heavy liquid in U tube manometer
S1 = Specific gravity of heavy liquid
S2 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
Actual discharge
Qact = A.R / t
A = internal plan area of collecting tank
R = Rise of liquid

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 8

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

t = time of collection
The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to the
theoretical discharge
Cd = Qact / Qth

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.
2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting
the appropriate ball valve.
3. By regulating the valve control the flow rate and select the
corresponding pressure tapings (i.e. of orifice meter).
4. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly
primed. Priming is the operation of filling the manometer’s upper part
and the connecting pipes with water by venting the air from the pipes.
Note down the difference of head “h” from the manometer scale.
5. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.01m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate actual discharge
using below formula.

DISCHARGE:

The time taken to collect ‘R’ cm of water in the collecting tank in m³/sec.
0.01
= =

Where: A = area of the collecting tank in m

R = rise of water level taken in meters
t = time taken for rise of water level to rise ‘R’ in ‘t’ seconds.
6. Using difference in mercury level “h” calculate the theoretical discharge
of venturimeter by using following expression.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 9

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

2 ℎ
=
−
Where

h = difference of head in meters = (ℎ − ℎ ) − 1 = (ℎ − ℎ )12.6

a1 = area of orifice at inlet = d 12

4
a2 = area of orifice at inlet = d 22
4
g =Acceleration due to gravity
d1 =Inlet diameter in meters.
d2 =Throat diameter in meters.
7. Calculate the coefficient of discharge of orifice meter (Cd):

Qact
Cd 
Qtheo
8. Repeat the steps 3 to 7 for different sets of readings by regulating the
discharge valve.

Orifice inlet
Sl.
diameter Orifice diameter d2
No.
d1
1. 30mm 12.5mm

Differen Theoretical
h = Coeffic
ce of flow rate Actual
Time Pressur ient of
merury Qthe = flow rate
for R e drop discha
level in
S.No cm in U a1a 2 2gh AR rge
U tube Qact =
rise tube √ℎ t Qact
manom a1  a 2
2 2
’t’ sec manom m3/sec
eter Q the
eter m3/sec

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 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

CALCULATION:

Graph Drawn
1. Qact Vs h (Calibration curve)
2. Qact Vs h½ (Cd is the be calculated)
3. Log Qact Vs log h (Cd is to be calculated)

RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by calibration?
2. What is mass flow rate? Mention its unit?
3. What is volume flow rate? Write its unit.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 11

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR FOR A GIVEN PIPELINE

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To calculate the friction factor for a given pipe line.

APPARATUS : Experimental set-up, stop watch.
THEORY
Fluids are variously transported through pipes. Distribution of water to
domestic consumers through conduits, supply of steam through pipes in
thermal power plants etc. is some of the examples of transportation of
fluids through pipes. In order that the designer of such systems may
provide for adequate pumping requirements, it is necessary to study the
friction flow characteristics for flow through pipes. The prediction loss for
flow through a pipe line enables the designer to estimate the power
consumption and hence the type and size of pumps required for a given
application.
Friction loss of head (hf) = Pressure drop in U tube manometer

 S1 
= (h1-h2)   1 = (h1-h2) 12.6
 S2 
.
= =

Qact
V =
a
d 2
Where area of the pipe diameter (a) =
4
4 fLV 2
From Darcy weish bach equation, hf =
2 gd
h f 2 gd
Friction factor f =
4 LV 2

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.
2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting the
appropriate ball valve.
3. By regulating the valve control the flow rate and select the
corresponding pressure tapings.

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 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

4. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly

primed. Priming is the operating of filling the Manometer upper part
and the connecting pipes with water venting the air from the pipes.
Note down the loss of head “hf” from the manometer scale.
5. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using
below formula.
Discharge: - The time taken to collect some ‘x’ cm of water in the
collecting tank in m³/sec.
0.01
= =

A = area of the collecting tank in m²

R = rise of water level taken in meters
t = time taken for rise of water level to rise ‘r’ in ‘t’ seconds.
6. Calculate the velocity of the jet by following formula
ℎ
= = / /
ℎ

A = cross sectional area of the pipe =

d = pipe diameter
7. Calculate the coefficient of friction for the given pipe by
4
ℎ =
2
Where,
hf - Loss of head of water

f - Co-efficient of friction for the pipe

L - Discharge between sections for which loss of head is measured (1 meter)

v - Average velocity of flow in m/sec

g - Acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/sec
d- Pipe diameter in meters
8. Repeat the steps 2 to 7 for different sets of readings by regulating the
discharge valve.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 13

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

TABULAR FORM (1)

Manomete

Discharge
r reading
Time for

Velocity

Head hf
Loss of
Sl. Ø of Area rise of Co-efficient
No. pipe (a) 8.4 cm of friction f
water

TABULAR FORM (2)

Discharge
Time for

Velocity

Head hf
Loss of
Sl. Ø of Area rise of Co-efficient
No. pipe (a) 8.4 cm of friction f
water

TABULAR FORM (3)

Discharge

Velocity

Time for
Sl. Ø of Area Loss of Co-efficient
rise of 10
No. pipe (a) Head hf of friction f
cm water

CALCULATION:

RESULTS:

Viva Questions:
1. What is the cause of friction?
2. What is meant by viscosity?
3. What is the effect of Darcy’s and Chezy’s constant on friction.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 14

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

DETERMINATION OF LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN

CONTRACTION IN A PIPELINE

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To determine the coefficient of loss in sudden

contraction.
APPARATUS : Experimental set-up, stop watch.
THEORY:
When the velocity of flowing liquid changes, either in magnitude or
direction, there is a large scale turbulence generated due to the formation
of eddies in which a portion of the energy possessed by the flowing liquid
is utilized which is ultimately dissipated as heat, and hence it is to be
considered as loss. The change in the magnitude of the velocity of liquid is
due to change in the cross sectional area of flow passage, and the change
in the direction of the velocity of flow of liquid is due to the change in the
direction of flow passage.
Minor losses are conventionally expressed in terms of the velocity head of
the flow in a pipe and is mathematically written as,

V2 2
hc  k
2g
The coefficient of K is usually determined by experiment.

In case of sudden contraction also head loss takes place due to the
change in the magnitude of velocity. Applying the energy equation
between sections 1-1 and 2-2
We get

ℎ = (ℎ − ℎ ) −1 − −
2 2

ℎ = (ℎ − ℎ )(12.6) − −
2 2

Where
V1 = velocity in large pipe
V2 = velocity in small pipe

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 15

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

This head loss due to sudden contraction can be expressed in terms of

larger velocity head as,

V2 2
hc  k
2g
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close. Make sure that ball
valve is fully open which is at the collecting tank.
2. Slowly open the cocks which are fitted at sudden contraction end and
make sure that manometer is free from air bubbles.
3. Make sure while taking readings, that the manometer is properly
primed. Priming is the operating of filling the Manometer upper part
and the connecting pipes with water venting the air from the pipes.
Note down the loss of head “hc” from the manometer scale.
4. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.01m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using
below formula.
Discharge: - The time taken to collect some ‘x’ cm of water in the
collecting tank in m³/sec.
0.01
= =

A = area of the collecting tank in m²

R = rise of water level taken in meters
t = time taken for rise of water level to rise ‘r’ in ‘ t’ seconds.
5. Calculate the velocity by following formula
ℎ
= = / /
ℎ

A = cross sectional area of the pipe =

d=diameter of the pipe
6. Calculate the coefficient of contraction for the given pipe by

ℎ =ℎ−ℎ
Where:
h = (h1-h2)(Sm /Sw – 1) = (h1-h2) 12.6/1000 m
Sm - Specific gravity of mercury 13.6
Sw - specific gravity of water

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 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

Less of head due to sudden contraction ℎ = −

Where:
ℎ
= = /

d1 = 25mm
ℎ
= = /

d2 = 12.5mm
7. Repeat the steps 2 to 6 for different sets of readings by regulating the
discharge valve. A Typical tubular is given below for the convenience
during experiments.

TABULAR FORM

Time for
8.4 cm Actual h=Manom
Qa
Sl. raise of discharge eter Vi 
areaatinlet
Vi 
Qa
areaOutlet hv 
Vo2 Vi 2
 hc  h  hv Constant
No. water Qa=0.01/ reading X (m / s) (m / s) 2g 2g
values
3
level in t (m /S) 12.6 (m)
sec

CALCULATION:
GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn:
1. ℎ ℎ and
2.
RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by Head?
2. Explain Reynold’s number.
3. What is the difference between kinematic and dynamic viscosity?

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 17

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To conduct a test at various heads of given reciprocating

Pump and find its efficiency.
APPARATUS : Reciprocating pump, stop watch, scale, collecting tank.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve fully open.
2. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading by adjusting
the delivery valve to require head say 0 meters. Now calculate the total
head (H).
Discharge Head = Pd x 10 = meters.
.
Suction Head =

Pressure head = 3m.

Total head ( H ) = Pressure Head + Suction Head + Discharge Head
3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below
formula.
Discharge:- The time taken to collect some ‘x’ cm of water in the
collecting tank in m³/sec.
0.01
= =

A = area of the collecting tank in m²

h = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
t = time taken for rise of water level to height ‘h’ in seconds.
4. Note down the time taken for ‘x’ revolutions of energy meter disk and
calculate the Input power
.
Input power =

Where,
0.75=Efficiency of motor.
X = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc (say 10 Rev.)
T = Time for Energy meter revolutions disc. In seconds
C = Energy meter constant=1200

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 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

5. Now calculate the output power

Output power =

Where:
W = Sp. Wt. of water (9810 N/m³) Q = Discharge
H = Total Head
6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the
delivery valve.
TABULARFORM

Input Power Kw
Time taken

Output Power
Time

Total head in

Discharge Q
for

Efficiency
Vacuum taken for collecting

meters
Pressure
Sl.
gauge No. of rev 10cm rise of

Kw
gauge
No.
reading reading of energy water In
Meter disc collecting
(t) tank ( T )

CALCULATION:

Graphs:
1. Discharges vs Total head
2. Discharges vs Input Power
3. Discharges vs Efficiency
RESULTSANDCONCLUSIONS

Viva Questions:
1. Classification of pumps
2. Define slip.
3. What is meant by positive displacement pump? Give examples

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 19

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To conduct a test at various heads of given centrifugal

Pump, finds its efficiency.
APPARATUS : Centrifugal pump, stop watch, scale, collecting tank.
THEORY
Pump is a mechanical device to increase the pressure energy of a
liquid. In most of the cases pump is used for raising fluids from a lower to
a higher level, this is achieved by creating a low pressure at the inlet and
high pressure at the outlet of the pump. Due to the low inlet pressure the
fluid rise from a depth where it is available and the high outlet pressure
forces it up to a height where it is required.
The characteristics of a pump are a graphical representation of its
behavior and performance under different circumstances. Characteristics
head, brake horse power and efficiency of the pump as ordinates with its
discharge as the abscissa.
Total head ( H ) = Pressure Head + Suction Head + Discharge Head
Discharge:- The time taken to collect some ‘x’ cm of water in the
collecting tank in m³/sec.
0.01
= =

A = area of the collecting tank in m²

h = rise of water level taken in meters (say 0.1m or 10cm)
t = time taken for rise of water level to height ‘h’ in seconds.
.
Input power =

Where, 0.75=Efficiency of motor.

X = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc (say 10 Rev.)
T = Time for Energy meter revolutions disc. In seconds
C = Energy meter constant=1200

Output power =

Where: W = Sp. Wt. of water (9810 N/m³) Q = Discharge

H = Total Head

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 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.
2. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading by adjusting
the delivery valve to require head say 0 meters. Now calculate the total
head (H).
Discharge Head = / 10 =
.
Suction Head=

Pressure head = 3m.

Total head (H) = Pressure Head + Suction Head + Discharge Head
3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using below
formula.
Discharge:- The time taken to collect some ‘X’ cm of water in the
collecting tank in m³/sec.
Where:
0.01
= =

A = area of the collecting tank in m²

h = rise of water level taken in meters
t = time taken for rise of water level to height ‘h’ in seconds.
4. Note down the time taken for ‘x’ revolutions of energy meter disk and
calculate the Input power
.
Input power =

0.75 =Motor efficiency.

X = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc
T = Time for Energy meter revolutions disc. In seconds

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 21

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

C = Energy meter constant = 1200

5. Now calculate the output power

Output power =

Where:
W = Sp. Wt. of water (9810 N/m³)
Q = Discharge
H = Total Head
6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the
delivery valve. A Typical tabular form is given below for convenience
during experiments.
PRECAUTIONS:
 The pump is primed before started the motor.
 The delivery gate valve is closed before starting and off of the
motor.
TABULAR FORM:

Time
Total head In m

Input Power Kw

Out put Power

Time taken for

Discharge Q

Efficiency
=OP/IP
Pressure Vacuum taken for collecting
Sl.

Kw
gauge gauge 5rev of 10cm rise
No.
reading reading energy Meter of water In
disc collecting
tank

CALCULATION:

GRAPHS:
1. Discharge Vs Total Head
2. Discharge Vs Input power
3. Discharge Vs Efficiency
RESULTS:

Viva Questions:
1. Working principle of centrifugal pump
2. Discuss different losses in pumps
3. Describe the effect of discharge on efficiency of the pump.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 22

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

PERFORMANCE TEST ON MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To conduct a test at various heads of given multistage

Centrifugal pump find its efficiency.
APPARATUS : Multistage centrifugal pump, stop watch, collecting tank.
THEORY: A centrifugal pump with a single impeller that can develop a
differential pressure of more than 150 psi between the suction and the
discharge is difficult and costly to design and construct. A more
economical approach to developing high pressures with a single
centrifugal pump is to include multiple impeller on a common shaft within
the same pump casing. A centrifugal pump containing two or more
impellers is called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be
mounted on the same shaft or on different shafts. For high pressures at
the outlet, impellers can be connected in series. For higher flow output,
impellers can be connected parallel.

Multistage centrifugal pumps

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close.
2. Note down the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading by adjusting
the delivery valve to require head say 0 meters. Now calculate the total
head (H).
Discharge Head = Pd x 10
.
Suction Head=

Pressure head = 3m.

Total head (H) = Pressure Head + Suction Head + Discharge Head

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 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

3. Note down the time required for the rise of 10cm (i.e. 0.1m) water in
the collecting tank by using stop watch. Calculate discharge using
below formula.
Discharge:- The time taken to collect some ‘X’ cm of water in the
collecting tank in m³/sec.
Where:
0.01
= =

A = area of the collecting tank in m²

h = rise of water level taken in meters
t = time taken for rise of water level to height ‘h’ in seconds.
Note down the time taken for ‘x’ revolutions of energy meter disk and
calculate the Input power
.
Input power =

0.75 = Motor efficiency

X = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc (say 10 Rev.)
T = Time for Energy meter revolutions disc. In seconds
C = Energy meter constant=1200
5. Now calculate the output power

Output power =

W = Sp. Wt. of water (9810 N/m³) Q = Discharge

H = Total Head
6. Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for various heads by regulating the
delivery valve. A Typical tabular form is given below for convenience
during experiments. TABULAR COLUMN:
Input Power Kw
Total head In m

Time
Out put Power
Discharge Q

Time taken for

Efficiency
=OP/IP

Pressure Vacuum taken for collecting

Sl.
Kw

gauge gauge 5rev of 10cm rise

No.
reading reading energy of water In
Meter disc collecting
tank

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 24

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Graphs:
1. Discharge Vs Head
2. Discharge Vs Input power
3. Discharge Vs Efficiency

Viva Questions:
1. Differentiate pump and turbine
2. Define cavitation in pump.
3. What is the need for priming in pump?

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 25

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To conduct performance test on the given Pelton wheel

turbine
APPARATUS : Pelton wheel turbine test rig.
Theory: The pelton wheel turbine consists of runner mounted over the
main shaft. Runner consists of buckets fitted to the disc. The buckets have
a shape of double hemispherical. The runner is enclosed in a casing
provided with a perspects window for visualization. A nozzle is fitted in the
side of casing directs the water jet over the centre ridge of the buckets.
The nozzle water flow is controlled with valve having scale marked. On the
other side of the shaft a rope brake is mounted for loading the turbine.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the supply water pump-water unit to 3 ph, 440V, 30A,
electrical supply, with neutral and earth connections and
ensure the correct direction of the pump motor unit.
2. Keep the Gate Valve and Sphere valve closed.
3. Keep the Brake Drum loading at zero.
4. Press the green button of the supply pump starter. Now the pump
picks- up the full speed and become operational.
5. Slowly open the Sphere Valve so that the turbine rotor picks the
speed and conduct experiment on constant speed.
6. Note down the speed, load, and pressure gauge readings. Tabulate the
readings.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 26

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

TABULAR FORM

Spring balance reading in kg

Discharge
Pressure

m³/sec

Powe r

Output
Power

Efficie
meter
speed

Input
Mano
Sl. head

ncy
No. H=Px10 in
S1 S2 S1-S2 m

IMPORTANT FORMULA:

= 100

Input Power = 9810 x Supply head in meters (H) x Discharge (Q)

=
1000
Where, H= P X 10 meters
2 ℎ
=
−
h = (h1-h2) 12.6
Where,
a1= Diameter of the venturimeter inlet = 40mm
a2= Diameter of the Venturimeter throat = 12.5mm

Output Power =

N = RPM of the turbine shaft

T= Torque of the turbine shaft
T= (S1-S2) x R x 9.81
S1, S2 = Load applied on the turbine.
R = Radius of the brake drum with rope in meters
CALCULATION:
RESULTS:
Graphs:
1. Efficiency vs Speed
2. Output Power vs Speed
3. Discharge vs Speed
Viva Questions:
1. Explain the working of Pelton wheel.
2. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine.
3. Classify turbines based on the working, based on head and based on
flow.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 27

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To conduct performance test on the given Francis turbine
APPARATUS : Francis turbine test rig.
THEORY
Francis Turbine is a reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of
medium height to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical
energy. Francis Turbine is a radial inward flow reaction turbine. This has
the advantage of centrifugal forces acting against the flow, thus reducing
the tendency of the turbine to over speed. Francis Turbines are best
suited for medium heads, say 40m to 300m. The specific speed ranges
from 25 to 300.
Turbine efficiency = (Output/ input)100

Output power ==

Where N = speed of the turbine

T = resultant load or torque
Input power =WxQxH KW
Where Q = the discharge by venturimeter
H = total head
MEASUREMENTS:
1. Venturimeter with mercury manometer (0-100)mm for differential head
measurement.
2. Rope brake pulley Dia 0.05m with spring balance 2kg & 1kg capacity,
rope dia 12mm.
3. Pressure guage to note down the pressure (0-4)kg/cm2 capacity.
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the Gate Valve and Sphere valve closed.
2. Keep the Brake Drum loading at zero.
3. Press the green button of the supply pump starter. Now the pump
picks- up the full speed and become operational.
4. Slowly open the Sphere Valve so that the turbine rotor picks the
speed and conduct experiment on constant speed.
5. Note down the speed, load, and pressure gauge readings. Tabulate the
readings.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 28

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

TABULARFORM

Spring balance reading in kg

Discharge
Pressure

m³/sec

Powe r

Output
Power

Efficie
meter
speed

Input
Mano
Sl. head

ncy
No. H=Px10 in
S1 S2 S1-S2 m

IMPORTANT FORMULA:

= 100

Input Power = 9810 x Supply head in meters (H) x Discharge (Q)

=
1000
Where, H= P X 10 meters
2 ℎ
=
−
h = (h1-h2) 12.6
Where,
a1= Diameter of the venturimeter inlet = 40mm
a2= Diameter of the Venturimeter throat = 12.5mm

Output Power =

N = RPM of the turbine shaft

T= Torque of the turbine shaft
T= (S1-S2) x R x 9.81
S1, S2 = Load applied on the turbine.
R = Radius of the brake drum with rope in meters
CALCULATION:
RESULTS:
Graphs:
1. Efficiency vs Speed
2. Output Power vs Speed
3. Discharge vs Speed
Viva Questions:
1. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.
2. What is the function of draft tube?
3. Define specific speed of turbine.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 29

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR AN

EXTERNAL MOUTH- PIECE BY “VARIABLE HEAD METHOD”

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To determine the coefficient of discharge (C d) of the
given external cylindrical mouthpiece of by “Constant
head” method

APPARATUS : Supplying tank with mouthpiece fitted, Collecting tank,

Scale, and Stopwatch.

THEORY:
As the water level falls in the supply tank, the head acting on the mouth
piece decreases. Consequently, the discharge also reduces. if the head at
any instant is Hand it falls through dH in time dt, then from the continuity
of flow, Qdt   AdH

C a
d 
2 gH dt   AdH
Where A is surface area of the supply tank and a is the area of the mouth
piece.

The time T required for the water level to drop from H1 TO H2 is obtained
by integration a

T

2 A H1
1/ 2
 H2
1/ 2

Cd a 2g
or

Cd 

2 A H1
1/ 2
 H2
1/ 2

Ta 2 g
The value of Cd can he obtained if the time T required for the water level
to fall from H1 to H2 is determined in the laboratory.

Conversely, if the value of Cd is known, the time of emptying of the tank

can he determined.

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the diameter of the mouthpiece and fit it to the side wall of
the supply tank. Close the mouthpiece with a rubber plug.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 30

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

2. Open the inlet valve of the supply tank and fill it with water to the
required level. Note the initial head H1
3. Remove the plug and start the stop watch.
4. When the water level falls to the desired level, measure the final head
H2 and note the time T.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for different values of the initial head H 1 and the
final head H2.
OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of the mouth piece, d = mm
d 2

Area of the mouth piece, a = cm2

4
Area of collecting tank, A = cm2

6. TABULAR COLUMN

Initial head Final

Cd 
2 A H1 1/ 2
 H2
1/ 2

S.N (H1) head Recorded time Ta 2 g
o (H2) (T) sec
cm cm

7. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
1. Serial number of observation, =
2. Initial head of the piezometer reading = cm
3. Final head of the piezometer reading = cm
4. Time taken for R (10) cm rise of water in
the collecting tank, t = sec
5. Coefficient of discharge, = Cd 

2 A H1  H 2
1/ 2 1/ 2

Ta 2 g

GRAPH:

Graph H  H  Vs T
1
1/ 2
2
1/ 2

H 1
1/ 2
 H2
1/ 2
 Vs T Graph is a straight line passing through the origin.

Coefficient of discharge (Cd) is calculated from the graph.

RESULT: The Coefficient of discharge of the given mouth piece is found to

be

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 31

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

TO DETERMINE THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (Cd) OF

THE GIVEN RECTANGULAR NOTCH

Exp. No. Date:

AIM : To determine the co-efficient of discharge (Cd) of the
given rectangular notch.
APPARATUS : Balancing tank, notch plate, and pointer gauge,
collecting tank, stopwatch and scale.
THEORY:
Notch is a device used to measure the rate of flow in streams and canals.
A notch is placed at right angles to the direction of flow in a stream or
canal, whereby an obstruction to the flow is created resulting in an
increase in the level of water on the upstream of the notch, by measuring
which the discharge can be calculated.

For rectangular notch the theoretical discharge is computed as,

3
2
Q th  b 2g H 2
3

Actual discharge is measured by collecting tank, a definite volume of

water in the collecting tank and noting the time of collection, for R (10)
cm.

The co-efficient of discharge Q act

Cd 
Q the

PROCEDURE:
1. The inlet valve is opened and water is allowed into the flume.
2. The gate valve is adjusted so that water just to flows over the sill.
3. After the flow stabilizes, the water surface level is with the reading on
the pointer gauge is noted when the pointer just touches the water
surface. This reading is the sill level reading, H 1 (Initial Pointer gauge
reading)
4. More water is allowed and the discharge is maintained constant, by
regulating the gate valve.
5. The pointer gauge is adjusted and the reading is taken. This is the final
pointer gauge reading, H2 .

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 32

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

6. Discharge is measured by closing the out let valve of the collecting

tank and noting time for 10 cms rise of water in the collecting tank (t
sec.).
7. Steps 5 to 7 are repeated to obtain at least 6 sets of readings.
OBSERVATIONS:
Width of the rectangular notch (b) = cm

Area of the collecting tank (A) = m2

Initial pointer gauge reading, (H1) = cm

6. TABULAR COLUMN:

Time taken
Head of 3
for R (10)
water 2
Qth  b 2g H2 A R
S. N cm of Qact 
Cd 
Qact
(H) 3 t
water (cm3/sec)
Qthe
cm (cm3/sec)
t (sec)

1.

2.

7. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
1. Serial no. Of observation =
2. Head of water, H = cm
3
2
3. Theoretical discharge (Qth)
Qth  b 2g H 2 cm3 /sec
3
4. Time taken for R cm. of water, t = sec
5. Actual discharge (Qact) Qact 
A R cm3/sec
t

6. Co-efficient of discharge, Cd 
Qact
Qthe

8. GRAPHS:

The following graphs are drawn.

3/2
1. Q versus H and

2. logQ versus logH .

3/2
Q versus H graph is a straight line passing through the origin.

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 33

 FM & HM LAB MANUAL

logQ versus logH graph is straight line with an interception on the y- axis.
The values of Cd are found from the graphs also.

9. RESULT:

1. The co-efficient of discharge (Cd) of the given rectangular notch is

found to be: Cd =
3/2
2. From the Q vs. H graph Cd =
3. From the logQ vs. logH graph Cd =

Dept. of ME, SVCE, TPT 34