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Qunatum Number & Electronic Configuration

Electrons are confined to regions called principal energy levels or shells, numbered 1-3 from the inside out. Each shell can contain up to 2n^2 electrons, where n is the shell number. Electrons are further divided into subshells designated by letters and occupy orbitals within these subshells. There are 4 quantum numbers that describe an electron: principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin.

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8 views

Qunatum Number & Electronic Configuration

Electrons are confined to regions called principal energy levels or shells, numbered 1-3 from the inside out. Each shell can contain up to 2n^2 electrons, where n is the shell number. Electrons are further divided into subshells designated by letters and occupy orbitals within these subshells. There are 4 quantum numbers that describe an electron: principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin.

Uploaded by

Shahriar Arif Aunik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrons do not move freely around a nucleus, but rather are confined to

regions of space called principal energy levels (shells).


❑Shells are numbered as 1, 2, 3 from the inside out.

❑ Each shell can contain up to 2n2 electrons (n= number of shell)


▪ Shells are divided into subshells designated by the letters s, p, d and f
▪ Within these subshells, electrons are grouped in orbitals
▪ Orbital represents the space where an electron spends most (90-95%)
of its time

• The 1st shell (n = 1) has only an s orbital (1s)


• The 2nd shell (n = 2) has s and p orbitals (2s and 2p)
•The 3rd shell (n = 3) has s, p, and d orbitals (3s, 3p, and 3d)
Quantum numbers

There are 4 identification numbers called quantum numbers which


can fully describe an electron in an atom.

1. Principal quantum number, n:


This quantum number denotes the principal shell to which the electrons
belongs.

Slide 3 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


2. Azimuthal quantum number, Ɩ (also called Angular momentum
quantum number):

▪ The quantum number Ɩ defines the shape of the orbital occupied


by the electron and the angular momentum of the electron.
▪ For any given value of n, the Ɩ may have integer values from
0 to n-1, each of which refers to an Energy sublevel or Sub-shell.

▪ These sublevels are symbolised by letters s, p, d, f.

Slide 4 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


Ɩ = n-1

The different subshells are denoted by letters as follows:

Slide 5 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


3. Magnetic quantum number, mƖ

▪ Magnetic quantum number (mƖ) describes the orientation of the


orbital in space.

▪ Within a subshell, the value of mƖ depends on the value of the


angular momentum quantum number, Ɩ

▪ For a certain value of Ɩ , there are (2 Ɩ + 1) integral values of mƖ


as follows:
- Ɩ, (- Ɩ +1), ….0,……(+ Ɩ - 1), + Ɩ

Slide 6 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


▪ If Ɩ = 0, then mƖ = 0
▪ If Ɩ = 1, then there are [(2x1) + 1] = 3 values of mƖ.
These are: -1, 0, and 1

▪ If Ɩ = 2, then there are [(2x2) + 1] = 5 values of mƖ.


These are: -2, -1, 0, +1 and +2.

4. Spin quantum number, ms

This quantum number refers to the two possible orientations of the


spin axis of an electron; possible values are: +1/2 and –1/2.

Slide 7 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


Slide 8 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002
Atomic Orbitals

▪ S Atomic orbital is spherically symmetrical


▪ P Atomic orbitals are not spherically symmetrical. They are
dumbbell-shaped
▪ d Atomic orbitals are cloverleaf-shaped
Slide 10 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002
Electron Configuration of Atoms
The electron configuration of an atom is a description of the orbitals the
electrons in the atom occupy.
Ground state electron configuration:

Three rules:

Rule 1: Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy from lowest


to highest.

Rule 2: Each orbital can hold up to two electrons with their


spins paired.
Rule 3: For orbitals with equivalent energy, add one electron to
each equivalent orbitals before a second electron is added to any
one of them.

Slide 12 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


Electron Configuration of Atoms
The increasing order of energy of various orbitals is as follows:

Slide 14 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


Ground-state Electron Configurations
of Some Elements
Slide 16 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002
Slide 17 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002

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