Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science

and Technology Series

Editor-in-Chief
Robert A. Meyers
The Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series (ESST)
addresses the grand challenge for science and engineering today. It provides
unprecedented, peer-reviewed coverage in more than 600 separate articles
comprising 20 topical volumes, incorporating many updates from the first
edition as well as new articles. ESST establishes a foundation for the many
sustainability and policy evaluations being performed in institutions
worldwide.
An indispensable resource for scientists and engineers in developing new
technologies and for applying existing technologies to sustainability, the
Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series is presented at
the university and professional level needed for scientists, engineers, and their
students to support real progress in sustainability science and technology.
Although the emphasis is on science and technology rather than policy, the
Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series is also a compre-
hensive and authoritative resource for policy makers who want to understand the
scope of research and development and how these bottom-up innovations map
on to the sustainability challenge.
Lester M. Shulman
Editor

Infectious Diseases
Second Edition

A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Sustainability

Science and Technology, Second Edition

With 91 Figures and 29 Tables

Editor
Lester M. Shulman
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public
Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv, Israel
Central Virology Laboratory, Laboratory of Environmental
Virology at Sheba Medical Center; Retired
Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health
Tel Aviv, Israel

ISSN 2629-2378 ISSN 2629-2386 (electronic)

Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series
ISBN 978-1-0716-2462-3 ISBN 978-1-0716-2463-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2013, 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or
by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A.
Series Preface

Our nearly 1000-member team recognizes that all elements of sustainability

science and technology continue to advance as does our understanding of the
needs for water, clean air, food, energy, and health and the relation of every
single aspect of this vast body of knowledge to climate change. Our Encyclo-
pedia content is at a level for university students, professors, engineers, and
other practicing professionals. It is gratifying for our team to note that our
online First Edition has been heavily utilized as evidenced by over 500,000
downloads which of course is in addition to scientists’ utilization of the print
Encyclopedia and print single volumes. Now we are pleased to have a Living
Reference available on-line, which assures the sustainability community that
we are providing the latest peer-reviewed content covering the science and
technology of the sustainability of the earth and we are also publishing the
content as a series of individual topical books for easy use by those with an
interest in particular subjects. Our team covers the physical, chemical, and
biological processes and measurements that underlie the earth system includ-
ing pollution and remediation, health and climate change and we comprehen-
sively cover every energy and environment technology as well as all types of
food production, water, transportation, and the sustainable built environment.
Our team members include two Nobel Prize winners (McFaddden and
Fischlin), two former Directors of the NSF (Colwell and Killeen), and the
Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute (Lovins). And our more than
50 eminent section editors and now book editors assure the quality of our
selected authors and their review presentations.
The extent of our coverage clearly sets our project apart from other publi-
cations which now exist, both in extent and depth. In fact, current compendia
of the science and technology of several of these topics do not presently exist,
and yet the content is crucial to any evaluation and planning for the sustain-
ability of the earth. It is important to note that the emphasis of our project is on
science and technology and not on policy and positions. Rather, policy makers
will use our presentations to evaluate sustainability options. Vital scientific
issues include: human and animal ecological support systems; energy supply
and effects; the planet’s climate system; systems of agriculture, industry,
forestry, and fisheries and the ocean, fresh water and human communities,
waste disposal, transportation, and the built environment as well as infectious
diseases and the various systems on which they depend; and the balance of all
of these with sustainability. In this context, sustainability is a characteristic of a

v
vi Series Preface

process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely even as

global population increases from 7.7 billion in 2021 to 9.7 billion by 2050 and
11 billion by around 2100 (UN Estimate). This population growth is expected
mostly in Africa and India and Southeast Asia, and the hope for decreasing
malnutrition coupled with better diet, decreasing poverty, and an increase in
wealth implies something like a 50% increase in food demand by as early as
2030. But the UN forecasts that if recent trends continue, the number of people
affected by hunger will surpass 840 million by 2030. If the world economy
grows at an average of a nominal 3% per annum, there will be more than a
doubling in size by 2050. This means that global production of concrete, steel,
and other metals as well as plastics, which presently make up nearly a third of
all greenhouse emissions, will also likely double. The building of new or
expanded cities, bridges, roads, dams, and manufacturing plants and the
construction of sea walls and pumping capacity for climate adaptation as
well as air conditioning will be required.
This means that there are going to be some real problems in reducing or
more likely even slowing the growth of greenhouse gas emissions as well as
for energy, agriculture, and water. It is increasingly clear that conflicting
demands among biofuels, food crops, forestation, and environmental protec-
tion will be difficult to reconcile. The “green revolution” was heavily depen-
dent on fertilizers which are manufactured using increasingly expensive and
diminishing reserves of fossil fuels. In addition, about 70% of available
freshwater is used for agriculture. Clearly, many natural resources will either
become depleted or scarce relative to population. All of this highlights the need
for the technology and science presented in this book series as well as truly
major increases in research and development.

Palm Desert, CA, USA Robert A. Meyers, Ph.D.

December 2022 Editor-in-Chief
Contents

Infectious Diseases: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Lester M. Shulman
Infectious Disease Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Angela R. McLean
Biological Controls and Standards for the Study and
Control of Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Philip David Minor
Next-Generation Sequencing in the Study of Infectious
Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Neta S. Zuckerman and Lester M. Shulman
Infectious Diseases, Vibrational Spectroscopic Approaches
to Rapid Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Jeremy D. Driskell and Ralph A. Tripp
Syndromic Surveillance of Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Aharona Glatman-Freedman and Zalman Kaufman
Antibiotics for Emerging Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Vinayak Agarwal and Satish K. Nair
Climate Change Effects on Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Matthew Baylis and Claire Risley
Malaria Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Matthew B. Laurens and Christopher V. Plowe
Sustainable Radical Cure of the Latent Malarias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
J. Kevin Baird
Waterborne Plant Viruses of Importance in Agriculture . . . . . . . . 175
Walter Q. Betancourt
Water-, Sanitation-, and Hygiene-Related Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Y. Velleman, L. Blair, F. Fleming, and A. Fenwick
HIV/AIDS Global Epidemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Phyllis J. Kanki and Catherine K. Koofhethile

vii
viii Contents

Polio and Its Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Lester M. Shulman
Tuberculosis, Epidemiology of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Giovanni Sotgiu, Matteo Zignol, and Mario C. Raviglione
Paleopathology of Infectious Human Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
M. Spigelman
Avian Oncogenic and Immunosuppressive Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Irit Davidson
Salmonella in Poultry and Other Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Avishai Lublin and Yigal Farnoushi
Campylobacter in Poultry and Other Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Avishai Lublin and Yigal Farnoushi
Newcastle Disease Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Ruth Haddas
Vector-Borne Diseases in Ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Adi Behar, Daniel Yasur-Landau, and
Monica Leszkowicz-Mazuz
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
About the Editor-in-Chief

Robert A. Meyers Dr. Meyers was manager of

Energy and Environmental Projects at TRW (now
Northrop Grumman) in Redondo Beach, CA, and
is now president of RAMTECH Limited. He is
coinventor of the Gravimelt process for desulfuri-
zation and demineralization of coal for air pollution
and water pollution control and was manager of the
Department of Energy project, leading to the con-
struction and successful operation of a first-of-a-
kind Gravimelt Process Integrated Test Plant.
Dr. Meyers is the inventor of and was project man-
ager for the DoE-sponsored Magnetohydrodynam-
ics Seed Regeneration Project, which has resulted
in the construction and successful operation of a
pilot plant for production of potassium formate, a
chemical utilized for plasma electricity generation
and air pollution control. He also managed TRW
efforts in magnetohydrodynamics electricity gener-
ating combustor and plasma channel development.
Dr. Meyers managed the pilot-scale DoE project for
determining the hydrodynamics of synthetic fuels.
He is a coinventor of several thermo-oxidative
stable polymers which have achieved commercial
success such as the GE PEI, Upjohn Polyimides,
and Rhone-Poulenc bismaleimide resins. He has
also managed projects for photochemistry, chemi-
cal lasers, flue gas scrubbing, oil shale analysis
and refining, petroleum analysis and refining,
global change measurement from space satellites,
analysis and mitigation (carbon dioxide and
ozone), hydrometallurgical refining, soil and
hazardous waste remediation, novel polymers syn-
thesis, modeling of the economics of space trans-
portation systems, space rigidizable structures, and
chemiluminescence-based devices.

ix
x About the Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Meyers is a senior member of the American

Institute of Chemical Engineers, member of the
American Physical Society, member of the Amer-
ican Chemical Society, and served on the UCLA
Chemistry Department Advisory Board. He was a
member of the joint USA-Russia working group on
air pollution control and the EPA-sponsored Waste
Reduction Institute for Scientists and Engineers.
Dr. Meyers has more than 20 patents and
50 technical papers in the fields of photochemistry,
pollution control, inorganic reactions, organic reac-
tions, luminescence phenomena, and polymers. He
has published in primary literature journals includ-
ing Science and the Journal of the American Chem-
ical Society and is listed in Who’s Who in America
and Who’s Who in the World. Dr. Meyers’ scientific
achievements have been reviewed in feature arti-
cles in the popular press in publications such as The
New York Times Science Supplement and The Wall
Street Journal as well as more specialized publica-
tions such as Chemical Engineering and Coal Age.
A public service film was produced by the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency on Dr. Meyers’
chemical desulfurization invention for air pollution
control.
Dr. Meyers is the author or Editor-in-Chief of a
wide range of technical books, including the Hand-
book of Chemical Production Processes, Hand-
book of Synfuels Technology, Handbook of
Petroleum Refining Processes now in its 4th Edi-
tion, the Handbook of Petrochemical Production
Processes (McGraw-Hill) now in a 2nd edition, and
the Handbook of Energy Technology and Econom-
ics, published by John Wiley & Sons; Coal Struc-
ture, published by Academic Press; and Coal
Desulfurization as well as the Coal Handbook
published by Marcel Dekker. He served as chair-
man of the Advisory Board for A Guide to Nuclear
Power Technology, published by John Wiley &
Sons, which won the Association of American
Publishers Award as the best book in technology
and engineering. He also served as Editor-in-Chief
of three editions of the Elsevier Encyclopedia of
Physical Science and Technology. Most recently,
Dr. Meyers serves as Editor-in-Chief of the Ency-
clopedia of Analytical Chemistry as well as
About the Editor-in-Chief xi

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine

and a book series of the same name both published
by John Wiley & Sons. In addition, Dr. Meyers
currently serves as Editor-in-Chief of two Springer
Nature book series, Encyclopedia of Complexity
and Systems Science Series and Encyclopedia of
Sustainability Science and Technology Series.
About the Editor

Lester M. Shulman Assoc. Prof. Lester

M. Shulman (BSc, Yale University; MA, Brandeis
University; PhD Weizmann Institute of Science)
has published 94 peer-reviewed manuscripts,
8 case reports, 12 book chapters, and 11 review
articles. He conducted basic research on anti-viral
and anti-cancer activities of cytokines at the Weiz-
mann Institute of Science (1984–1989); investi-
gated causes of acute renal failure as Head of the
Nephrology Laboratory at Sheba Medical Center,
Tel Hashomer, Israel (1990–1993); and then stud-
ied molecular epidemiology of viruses at the
Israeli Public Health Services Central Virology
Laboratory at the Sheba Medical Center, where
he headed the Environmental Virology Labora-
tory and the Israel National Center for Viral Gas-
troenteritis (1993–2015). His main interest
included the study of the molecular biology of
enteric viruses (polioviruses; non-polio enterovi-
ruses; persistent poliovirus infections in immune-
deficient individuals, rotaviruses, noroviruses;
and vaccine efficacy) and wastewater-based epi-
demiology (environmental surveillance for polio-
viruses, studying the virome during recovery of
wastewater for use in agriculture and recreation).
As a leading researcher in the field, he participated
in international meetings establishing WHO stan-
dard guidelines for environmental surveillance for
poliovirus. He taught Clinical Virology at the
School of International Health and Medicine,
Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
(2000–2010), and Clinical Virology and Epidemi-
ology at the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv
University, Tel Aviv, Israel (2008–2015).

xiii
xiv About the Editor

Since retirement in 2015, he has conducted

annual reviews of supplementary surveillance for
polioviruses conducted by each of the 53 countries
in the WHO European Region for WHO/EURO
(2014–2018), edited the 5th Edition of the Global
Polio Laboratory manual for the WHO (Geneva,
Switzerland), and participated in the UNESCO
Global Water Pathogen Project, coauthoring a
chapter on Polio and other Enteroviruses. He has
also been a Contributing Investigator and consul-
tant for BARD (Application of metagenomic
approaches to examine the virome in recycled
waters for safe and sustainable reuse in irriga-
tion), WHO (PAM – a novel Polio Antigen Micro-
array assay for profiling personalized immune
histories of exposure to polioviruses), and CDC
(Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Viability and Persis-
tence in Sewage Samples across the Unites States
using in vitro cell culture and molecular methods)
projects. In 2022, he joined the WHO and Bill and
Melinda Gates nOPV2 Project as Consultant and
Technical Writer in general and for the Genetic
Characterization Sub Group in particular.
Assoc. Prof. Shulman is Editor of this Infec-
tious Disease Volume, 2nd Edition, for The
Springer Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science
and Technology, and is author of a chapter on
Polio and its Epidemiology and coauthor of a
chapter on Next Generation Sequencing in the
Study of Infectious Diseases in this volume.
Contributors

Vinayak Agarwal Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Uni-

versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

J. Kevin Baird Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute of

Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of
Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Matthew Baylis LUCINDA Group, Institute of Infection and Global Health,

University of Liverpool, Neston, UK

Adi Behar Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israeli

Veterinary Services and Animal Health, Bet Dagan, Israel

Walter Q. Betancourt Water and Energy Sustainable Technology Center,

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

L. Blair Department for Programmes, SCI Foundation, London, UK

Irit Davidson Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel

Jeremy D. Driskell Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary

Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens,
GA, USA

Yigal Farnoushi Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Bet
Dagan, Israel

A. Fenwick Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College

London, London, UK

F. Fleming Department for Monitoring, Evaluation and Research, SCI Foun-

dation, London, UK

Aharona Glatman-Freedman Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Min-

istry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public
Health, Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel
Aviv, Israel

xv
xvi Contributors

Ruth Haddas Avian Diseases Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit-

Dagan, Israel

Phyllis J. Kanki Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Har-

vard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

Zalman Kaufman Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of

Health, Ramat Gan, Israel

Catherine K. Koofhethile Department of Immunology and Infectious Dis-

eases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

Matthew B. Laurens Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health,

University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Monica Leszkowicz-Mazuz Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary

Institute, Israeli Veterinary Services and Animal Health, Bet Dagan, Israel

Avishai Lublin Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Bet
Dagan, Israel

Angela R. McLean Zoology Department, Institute of Emerging Infections,

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Philip David Minor National Institute for Biological Standards and Control
(retired), St. Albans, Hertfordshire, UK

Satish K. Nair Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biophysics and

Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
IL, USA

Christopher V. Plowe Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health,

University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Mario C. Raviglione TB Department (STB), HIV/AIDS, TB & Malaria

Cluster (HTM), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Claire Risley LUCINDA Group, Institute of Infection and Global Health,

University of Liverpool, Neston, UK

Lester M. Shulman Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine,

School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel
Aviv, Israel
Central Virology Laboratory, Laboratory of Environmental Virology at Sheba
Medical Center; Retired, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel
Aviv, Israel

Giovanni Sotgiu Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Bio-

medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Contributors xvii

M. Spigelman The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical
Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew Univer-
sity, Jerusalem, Israel
Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre of Clinical Microbiology Royal
Free hospital UCL London, London, UK
Department of History and Archaeology, Macquarie University, Sydney,
NSW, Australia
Ralph A. Tripp Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens,
GA, USA
Y. Velleman Department for Policy and Communications, SCI Foundation,
London, UK
Daniel Yasur-Landau Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute,
Israeli Veterinary Services and Animal Health, Bet Dagan, Israel
Matteo Zignol TB Department (STB), HIV/AIDS, TB & Malaria Cluster
(HTM), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Neta S. Zuckerman Bioinformatics and Metagenomics, Central Virology
Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer,
Israel