MATH 1 BASIC MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS AND SETS

In mathematics, a number system is a set of mathematical entities, often organized in a
sequence, that can be used to represent quantity, order, and other mathematical concepts.
Different number systems are characterized by the type of elements they contain and the rules
governing their manipulation. I’ll show you the common number systems and set in
mathematics.
NUMBERS SYSTEMS
Binary (Base-2): 0, 1
Decimal (Base-10): 0-9
Octal (Base-8): 0-7
Hexadecimal (Base-16): 0-9, A-F
Real Numbers: Rational and irrational
Complex Numbers: a+bi
Integers: Whole numbers (+, -, 0)
Rational Numbers: p/q, q≠=0
Irrational Numbers: e.g., 2
SETS
Definition: Collection of distinct elements
Representation: ={1,2,3}A={1,2,3}
Elements: Individual items
Subset: A⊆B
Universal Set: All elements under consideration
Intersection: Elements common to sets
Union: Distinct elements from sets
Complement: Elements not in a set
Empty Set: {},∅
Cardinality: Number of elements in a set
Sets provide a powerful and flexible framework for organizing and studying
mathematical concepts, and they are extensively used in various branches of
mathematics, including algebra, analysis, and discrete mathematics.

POSITIVE WHOLE NUMBER

A positive whole number is a whole number greater than zero. Whole numbers are a set of
numbers that includes all the natural numbers (counting numbers) along with zero. Therefore,
positive whole numbers are the natural numbers excluding zero. In mathematical notation,
positive whole numbers are often represented as: 1,2,3,4,5,…
These numbers are used for counting and ordering. For example, if you are counting the
number of apples you have, the positive whole numbers would represent the actual count.
Keep in mind that zero is not considered a positive whole number; it is part of the set of
whole numbers but is neither positive nor negative.
In mathematics, points and lines are fundamental geometric concepts used to describe and
analyze shapes, figures, and structures.
Understanding points and lines is crucial in various branches of mathematics, including
geometry, algebra, and calculus. They provide the foundation for more complex geometric
structures and relationships.
LINE SEGMENTS AND SUMMARYS
A line segment is a part of a line that consists of two endpoints and all the points between
them and It is a finite portion of a line. On the other hand, Rays is a part of a line that has one
endpoint (initial point) and extends infinitely in one direction. The main difference lies in
their extent and components. A line segment has two distinct endpoints and a finite length,
while a ray has only one endpoint (initial point) and extends infinitely in one direction.
The line segment represents a finite portion of a line, while a ray represents an infinite
extension from its initial point in one direction. Both line segments and rays are
essential geometric concepts used to describe and analyze various geometric figures.
Understanding their distinctions is crucial when working with spatial relationships and
geometric structures.
CHAPTER 2

Positive Integers

Integers that are on the right side of 0 on a number line are called positive integers. The value
of these integers is greater than 0. Another name for positive integers is natural numbers.

Positive Integers Definition

The definition of positive integers in math states that "Integers that are greater than zero are
positive integers". Integers can be classified into three types: negative integers, zero, and
positive integers. Look at the number line given below to understand the position and value
of positive integers.

Positive Integers Less Than 10

There are 9 positive integers less than 10 which are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In the other
way, it can be represented as 0<x<10, or [1, 9].

Set of Positive Integers

The set of positive integers is represented as Z+. It implies all the integers greater than 0. In
the roster form, it is represented as {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ....}. The number of positive integers is
infinite as there is no end to the counting. Therefore, the set of positive integers is an infinite
set as the number of elements is endless.
List of Positive Integers

The list of positive integers starts from 1 and it goes on up to infinity. So, the positive
integers list is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ..... and so on.
1 is the smallest positive integer and the greatest positive integer is not known as the list is
endless.

HIERARCHY OF MATHEMATICAL OPERATION

Mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are

usually performed in a certain order or sequence. Typically, multiplication and division
operations are done prior to addition and subtraction operations. In addition, mathematical
operations are also generally performed from left to right using this heirarchy. The use of
parentheses is also common to set apart operations that should be performed in a particular
sequence.

ADDITION

Addition is a basic arithmetic operation that combines two or more numbers to find their sum.
There are various methods for performing addition, and the choice of method often depends
on the numbers involved and personal preferences. Here are the common addition methods in
mathematics firs is Column Addition (Standard Addition): This is the most common
method, especially for multi-digit numbers. Numbers are aligned by place value (ones, tens,
hundreds, etc.) in columns, and each column is added separately from right to left. Second,
Partial Sum Addition: With this method, you break down the addition into smaller parts,
adding digits in each place value separately. You then combine these partial sums to get the
final result. Third, Number Line Addition: This method involves representing the numbers
on a number line and moving from the starting point by the value of the second number. And
lastly, Counting Up: This method is useful for mental arithmetic. Start with the larger
number and count up by the value of the smaller number.

In a fraction, the denominator is the bottom number, representing the total number of equal
parts into which the whole is divided. So, in summary, "denominator" refers to the bottom
number in a fraction, and it represents the total number of equal parts into which the whole is
divide.

SUBTRACTION

Subtraction is a mathematical operation that represents the process of taking one quantity
away from another. It is one of the basic arithmetic operations, along with addition,
multiplication, and division. In a subtraction expression, the numbers involved are called the
minuend, subtrahend, and the difference. The process of subtraction involves finding the
difference between two numbers. When you subtract a smaller number from a larger one, you
are finding out "how much is left" after removing the specified quantity. It's worth noting that
subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. In other words, if you start with a certain
number (minuend) and add another number to it, and then subtract the same number, you will
end up back where you started.

MULTIPLICATION

Multiplication is a basic arithmetic operation in mathematics that represents the process of

repeated addition or combining equal groups. It is denoted by the multiplication symbol "×"
or "*", and it involves two numbers, called the multiplicand and the multiplier, to produce a
result called the product. The process of multiplication can be thought of as combining or
grouping items into a certain number of sets. For instance, 4×3 can be interpreted as
combining 4 sets of 3 items each, resulting in a total of 12 items.

Multiplication has several properties, including the commutative property (changing the order
of the numbers does not change the product), the associative property (changing the grouping
of numbers does not change the product), and the distributive property (multiplication
distributes over addition).

Given example of multiplication: 4×3=3×4=12

DIVISION

Division is a fundamental arithmetic operation in mathematics that represents the process of

distributing a quantity into equal parts or groups. It is denoted by the division symbol "÷" or
"/", and it involves two numbers: the dividend, which is the total quantity to be divided, and
the divisor, which is the number of equal parts or groups. The division process can be thought
of as determining how many times the divisor can be subtracted from the dividend without
leaving a remainder. If there is a remainder, it can also be expressed as a fraction or a
decimal.
It's important to note that division has some special cases, such as division by zero, which is
undefined in standard arithmetic. Also, the result of a division operation is not always a
whole number, and it can be a fraction or a decimal.

CHAPTER 3 SIGNED NUMBER

If a number is written along with its sign (+ or -), it is a signed number. For example, +90 and
-17 are both signed numbers. Negative numbers appear on the left of 0 on the real line, while
positive numbers appear on its right. We only need to use signed numbers if we are dealing
with negative numbers in our problems since unsigned numbers are assumed to be positive. A
real number, often known as a number that does not contain any imaginary components, can
either be positive (more than zero) or negative (less than zero), or it can be equal to zero. Real
numbers, which do not include zero, are referred to as signed numbers. As an illustration, the
numbers -3, -1.5, 2, 2.56, and 100 are all examples of signed numbers. In mathematical
notation, a negative number is denoted by putting a minus sign right in front of the digit
portion of the number, whereas positive numbers do not have a sign placed in front of them.
The number “-10” is considered negative, while the number “10” is considered positive.
Positive Sign
The symbol for addition is the plus sign (+), which is also known as the positive sign. Any
integer other than zero without a negative sign to its left is considered to be positive by
default since the positive sign is assumed to be present in mathematics. As an illustration, the
numbers 1.4, 45, and 700 are all considered positive, although 0 and -3 are not.
Mathematically speaking, when a plus sign is utilized as a positive sign rather than an
addition sign, it often draws attention to the direction that is connected with being positive.
For instance, a record that is turning at a rate of +30 degrees per second is moving in an
anticlockwise direction because the positive direction of rotation in both mathematics and
physics is defined as being anticlockwise. In addition, a bird traveling in a horizontal plane
with a velocity of +2 miles per hour moves in an easterly direction. This is because the
positive horizontal direction is rightward, much like a graph.
Negative Sign
The symbol for subtraction is the same as the negative sign(-), which is a dash. The negative
sign, in contrast to the positive sign, does not appear implicitly; rather, a negative number is
the only thing that can have a negative sign in front of it. For instance, -1.4 and -700 are both
examples of negative numbers. In mathematics, using a negative sign indicates that the
corresponding number is greater than zero. In addition to that, it can be utilized to change the
sign of a number or variable. (-(-2)), for instance, equals 2 because the outer negative sign
reverses the meaning of the inner one.
In addition, the -x operator will reverse the sign of x even if the original sign of x is
unknown.
Additive Inverse
A signed number’s additive inverse or opposite has the same magnitude as the original
number but a different sign. As an illustration, -2 and 2 are examples of additive inverses.
Because additive inverses always cancel each other out, the sum of a number and its additive
inverse is always equal to zero.
To find the additive inverse of a signed integer, you need just to keep the digit(s) and reverse
the sign. If the original number was negative, you need to remove the negative sign from it,
and if the original number was positive, you need to write a negative sign in front of it.
Number Line
Because vector quantities include both magnitude and direction, it is vital to utilize signed
numbers in arithmetic and science. For example, 20 meters per second south or 30 degrees
per second clockwise are both examples of vector values. Only the magnitude is indicated by
the digits, while the sign specifies which way the value should be read. A number line, which
functions similarly to the x-axis of a coordinate plane, can be of assistance for solving
problems involving positive and negative signed numbers. On a number line, the negative
values are located to the left of 0, while the positive numbers are located to the right of 0. The
placement of large negative numbers relative to smaller negative numbers is to the left, and
the placement of large positive numbers relative to smaller positive numbers is to the right.
PROPER AND IMPROPER FRACTION
A common fraction, such as , consists of the numerator 1 and the denominator 3. It is 1 3
referred to as a rational number describing the division of 1 by 3 (division of the numerator
by the denominator).
There are two types of fractions: proper fractions and improper fractions. The value of the
numerator and the denominator determines the type of fraction. If the numerator is less than
the denominator, the fraction is less than one; this fraction is called a proper fraction. If the
numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator, the fraction is called an improper
fraction.
Example:
3/8 improper fraction
8/3 improper fraction
3/3 improper fraction
An improper fraction expressed as the sum of an integer and a proper fraction is called a
mixed number. To write an improper fraction as a mixed number, divide the numerator by the
denominator, obtaining an integer part (quotient) plus a fractional part whose numerator is the
remainder of the division.
CHAPTER 4
A basic mathematical idea that most students learn in elementary school is fractions.
Fractions are a necessary tool for understanding quantitative data and resolving practical
difficulties, despite their initial daunting appearance. To help you grasp this important
mathematical idea, we'll dissect common fractions, examine how they function, and offer
some examples in this blog post.
Fundamentally, a fraction is a means of expressing a part of a total. In case we split an eight-
slice pizza and finish three of them, we will have finished three-eighths of the pizza. Usually,
fractions are expressed as a numerator over a denominator, with a horizontal line separating
them. The number of sections that interest us is represented by the numerator.
In conclusion, knowing how to compute common fractions is a crucial life skill with
applications ranging from time management and economics to cooking and measuring.
Understanding the fundamentals of fractions will improve your ability to interpret
quantitative data and solve problems in the real world. Recall that fractions are just a means
of expressing a portion of a total; with practice, you should be able to work with and
understand them more easily.

CHAPTER 5 DECIMAL

Everything has decimals, even price tags and Olympic scores. It is crucial to understand their
meaning and appropriate conversation starters.
Place value for decimals, which is comparable to place value for whole numbers as explained
in Wholenumbers, will be covered in the first section. We will also cover decimal to fraction
comparison in this part. This is crucial since it's frequently required to determine which of
two decimal numbers is larger, even if it can be perplexing. Some of the confusion will be
cleared up in this section. The second section will explain how to round whole numbers and
decimals. This skill is valuable because it is often easier to perform mental calculations on an
approximation of a number, rather than on the actual number. Furthermore, in some cases it is
only necessary to know an approximate answer. Rounding is also useful in measuring.
The final section will deal with computation using decimals. We will learn how to add,
subtract, multiply, and divide decimals. It is crucial to know how to perform these four
operations, since decimals will appear a great deal in both pre-algebra and higher
mathematics.

CHAPTER 6 PERCENTAGE AND MEASUREMENT

As a percentage, A ratio stated as a fraction of 100 is represented by a percentage.

represented by the sign "%", it is often applied in a variety of settings. One must divide a
percentage by 100 to convert it to a decimal. One multiplies a number by the percentage
expressed as a decimal to determine the percentage of the number. As a standard method of
expressing proportions and shares of wholes, percentages are frequently used in situations
including discounts, interest rates, proportions, and comparisons.
Measurement
Quantifying an object's size, length, area, volume, or other characteristics is known as
measurement. Measurements are expressed in a variety of measures, including meters, grams,
and liters, which offer standards for comparison. Mass quantifies the amount of matter, length
measures distance, area evaluates surface area, and volume gauges three-dimensional space.
Time is another important unit of measurement that expresses how long an event lasts.

In measuring, it is usual practice to convert between units, which calls for particular
conversion factors. Measurement requires careful attention to precision and accuracy.
Accuracy is how near a measurement is to the genuine value, whereas precision measures
how detailed a measurement is.
There are many disciplines in which these mathematical ideas are applied. Precise
measurements are necessary for data processing and testing in science. Precise measurements
are essential to the design and construction of engineering. Measurements are used in
everyday tasks like handicraft and cooking.

To sum up, measuring and proportion are essential to comprehending mathematics.

They perform essential roles in both theoretical and practical elements of mathematics
by providing standardized ways to represent proportions, shares, and measure physical
qualities.

CHAPTER 7 EXPONENTS AND RADICALS

Exponents and radicals find applications in diverse fields. In finance, they model compound
interest and exponential growth. In physics, they describe radioactive decay and exponential
decay processes. Computer science employs them in algorithms and data structures.
Exponents and radicals are indispensable tools for modeling real-world phenomena, making
predictions, and solving complex problems.
In conclusion, exponents and radicals are indispensable components of mathematical
understanding, providing efficient ways to express repeated multiplication and the inverse
operations. Their applications extend far beyond the realm of mathematics, influencing
various scientific, technological, and everyday contexts. A solid grasp of these concepts is
essential for navigating a wide range of mathematical challenges and making informed
decisions in numerous fields.
CHAPTER 8 LOGARITHMS AND THE SLIDE RULE
Logarithms, along with the historic slide rule, have played pivotal roles in mathematical
computations, engineering, and scientific advancements. Both concepts have left an indelible
mark on the history of mathematics, aiding in complex calculations and facilitating problem-
solving in various domains.
A logarithm is the inverse operation of exponentiation. The logarithm of a number to a certain
base represents the exponent to which the base must be raised to obtain that number.
Logarithms are valuable in simplifying complex arithmetic operations, transforming
multiplication and division into addition and subtraction, respectively. Common logarithms
(base 10) and natural logarithms are frequently used in mathematical analyses, scientific
computations, and engineering applications. Logarithmic scales are employed in various
fields to represent data in a more manageable and visually comprehensible manner.
Logarithms, along with the historic slide rule, have played pivotal roles in mathematical
computations, engineering, and scientific advancements. Both concepts have left an indelible
mark on the history of mathematics, aiding in complex calculations and facilitating problem-
solving in various domains.
A logarithm is the inverse operation of exponentiation. The logarithm of a number to a certain
base represents the exponent to which the base must be raised to obtain that number.
Logarithms are valuable in simplifying complex arithmetic operations, transforming
multiplication and division into addition and subtraction, respectively. Common logarithms
(base 10) and natural logarithms are frequently used in mathematical analyses, scientific
computations, and engineering applications. Logarithmic scales are employed in various
fields to represent data in a more manageable and visually comprehensible manner. On the
other hand, based on my research before the digital age, the slide rule was a widely used
mechanical calculating device for performing mathematical calculations involving
multiplication, division, roots, and logarithms. It consists of two logarithmic scales that
slide against each other, allowing users to align numbers and read off results. The slide
rule's simplicity belied its versatility, and it became an indispensable tool for engineers,
scientists, and students for over three centuries. While technological advancements have
rendered the slide rule obsolete, its historical importance remains, symbolizing an era
when manual tools were fundamental for scientific and engineering computations.
In conclusion, logarithms and the slide rule represent pivotal aspects of mathematical
history and computation. Logarithms continue to be essential in theoretical and applied
mathematics, while the slide rule serves as a testament to the ingenuity of manual
computation tools in an era preceding the digital revolution. Both concepts contribute to
a comprehensiveunderstanding of mathematical principlesand their practical
applications.
CHAPTER 9 FUNDAMENTALS OF ALGEBRA
Algebra, a branch of mathematics that deals with symbols and the rules for manipulating
those symbols, is foundational to understanding and solving a wide range of mathematical
problems. The fundamentals of algebra encompass a set of principles and techniques that
form the basis for more advanced mathematical concepts. Here, we explore key aspects of
algebra and their significance.
At the core of algebra are algebraic expressions, which involve variables, constants, and
operations. Variables, often represented by letters like x or y, can take on various values.
Constants are fixed numerical values Algebraic Expressions:
Operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Algebraic expressions
can be as simple as 2+5 2x+5 or more complex like 32−2+73x 2 −2xy+7. These expressions
allow for the representation and manipulation of
Equations and Inequalities:
Equations and inequalities express relationships between two algebraic expressions. An
equation, such as
2x+3=7, asserts that two expressions are equal. Inequalities, like 4≤12, 4y≤12, signify a
relationship where one expression is less than or equal to another. Solving equations and
inequalities involves determining the values of the variables that satisfy the given conditions.
Polynomials:
Polynomials are algebraic expressions with one or more terms, each having a variable raised
to a non-negative integer exponent. For instance,
32−2+73x 2−2xy+7 is a polynomial with three terms. Polynomials are fundamental in
algebraic operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Factoring:
Factoring involves breaking down algebraic expressions into simpler components. For
example, factoring 2−4x 2−4 yields (−2)(+2)
(x−2)(x+2). Factoring is essential for solving equations, simplifying expressions, and
understanding the roots of polynomial functions.
Linear Equations and Systems:
Linear equations of the form ax+b=0, represent straight lines when graphed. Solving linear
equations involves finding the value of the variable that satisfies the equation. Systems of
linear equations involve multiple equations with common variables, and solving them
requires finding the values that satisfy all equations simultaneously.
Functions:
Functions establish relationships between variables. A function assigns exactly one output
value to each input value. Functions are represented symbolically, graphically, or in tabular
form. They play a crucial role in modeling mathematical relationships and are fundamental to
advanced mathematical concepts.
In conclusion, the fundamentals of algebra provide a powerful framework for expressing,
solving, and understanding mathematical relationships. From algebraic expressions to
equations, polynomials, and functions, these concepts serve as building blocks for more
advanced mathematical studies and find widespread applications across diverse fields. A solid
grasp of algebraic fundamentals is indispensable for anyone seeking a deeper understanding
of mathematics and its real-world applications.cal relationships.
CHAPTER 10 LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE
Linear equations in one variable are fundamental mathematical expressions that establish a
direct relationship between an unknown quantity and a known value through simple algebraic
operations. These equations are of the form ax+b=0, where x is the variable, a is the
coefficient of the variable term, and b is a constant term. Exploring the intricacies of linear
equations in one variable unveils their significance in problem-solving, modeling real-world
scenarios, and building a strong foundation for more advanced mathematical concepts.
Solving Linear Equations:
Solving a linear equation involves finding the value of the variable that satisfies the equation.
The process typically includes isolating the variable on one side of the equation. This can be
achieved through various algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. The ultimate goal is to arrive at a solution that makes the equation true.
In conclusion, linear equations in one variable are foundational mathematical tools with
wide-ranging applications and educational significance. They embody the essence of
algebraic problem-solving, offering a bridge between abstract mathematical concepts and
their practical interpretations in the real world. A thorough understanding of linear equations
provides individuals with the skills and confidence to approach more complex mathematical
challenges and navigate diverse fields where quantitative analysis is essential.