I IN MAPS

AGGRESSION

TEN MAPS, WITH AN I N T R O D U C T I O N AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

2. LINESEPARATING INDIAN
AND CHINESE
FORCES ON 7 SEPTEMBER
1969- IN
WESTERNSECTOR

5 . LINEO F ACTUAL CONTROL IN NOVEMBER1959 AND SEPTEMBER

1962 I N
WESTERNSECTOR

6. CHINESEADVANCES BEFORE 8 SEPTEMBER1962 AND AFTER 8 SEPTEMBER

1962 IN WESTERNSECTOR, AND AREA WHICH THEY ARE PREPARED TO
DEMILITARISE

7. EXTENT O F INDUN TERRITORY AND INDIAN POSTS TO BE EVACUATED BY

INDUN FORCES IN WESTERNA N D MIDDLESECTORS UNDER CHINA'S THREE-
POINT PROPOSAL

8. LINESEPARATING INDIAN
AND CHINESE FORCES ON 7 SEPTEMBER
1962 IN
EASTERN
SECTOR

PUBLICATIONS DIVISION

Price : 30 nP.
 ROUGHT together in this brochure are ten maps which w u detained by the Chinese forccs near Haji Langar in Stpteni-
B graphically present the extent of the Chinew occupation of
Indian territory through aggression from time to time; the fraudu-
ber 1958. The Governmcnt of India protested against this &ten-
tion and also againrt the clearing of tht motor road by the
lent nature of the three-point proposal with which China launched Government of China across the Aksai Chin area of Indian ter-
a peace oflemive after the largescale invarion by Chinese forces ritory. These surreptitious intrusions continued in the Lad&
on October 20, 1962; and the minimum condition which India area and there were some other incidenu betwean Indian patrols
has insisted on for the resumption of negotiations to settle the and the Chinese soldiers. The Government of India, in the belief
India-China boundary question. Most of the maps also carry that these were instances of irresponsible behaviour of the Chinese
explanatory notes. local authorities, lodged protests against these intrusioru and
incidents.
Falsehood and deception marked the Chinese Government's
policy towards India till it culminated in the massive invasion of In September 1959, the Government of China, for the first
India's northern frontier, from Ladakh in the west to the North time, laid a formal claim to 50,000 square miles of Indian territory
East Frontier Agency in the east, on October 20, 1962. A in Ladakh and in the North East Frontier Agency. This led to
persual of the maps printed in this brochure will make it clear cxchange of communications at a high level, between the two
that falsehood and deception are the warp and woof of the peace Prime Ministers. The two Prime Ministers met in Delhi in 1960,
offensive with which China followed up its armed aggression. and this was followed by the meeting between officials of the two
sides in pursuance of the decision taken at the meeting of the two
India was among the first countries to extend recognition to Prime Ministers. Further intrusions by the Chinese, however,
the People's Republic of China which came into being on October continued. By 1961, the Government of India considered it
1, 1949. In August 1950 when the forces of the People's Republic necessary, in view of progressive Chinese intrusions, to take limited
of China came into Tibet, the Government of China declared their defence measures to contain these surreptitious Chinese advanes
willingness to solve the problem of Tibet by peaceful and friendly into Indian territory.
measures and their desire to "stabilise the China-India border". On
receipt of this communication, the Government of India expressed. , ,Foiled in their attempt to take over further Indian territory
their appreciation of the Chinese Government's intentions regard- in Ladakh, the Chinese started further aggression in the Eastern
h g Tibet and atlirmed that "the recognired boundary between sector of the India-China boundary in the NEFA region on 8th
India and Tibet should remain inviolate". September 1962. After a couple of probing attacks, Chinese
forces mounted a carefully prepared and well-planned all-ut
Close and friendly relations developed between the Govern-
attack on 20th October 1962 on Indian defence forces in the
ment of India and the People's Republic of China in the subse-
Eastern as well as Western sectors of the India-China border.
quent years and on 29tb April, 1954, the two Governments con-
Having acquired, as a result of their initial successes, a further
.eluded an Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet
slice of about 2,500 square miles of Indian territory, the Chinese
.and India under which India gave up all extra-territorial rights
Government started their first peace offensive-the Chinese three-
and privileges enjoyed in Tibet, and rccogniscd Tibet as a region
point proposal--on 24th ~ c t o b e r . When India refused to accept
of China.
the military dictates of the aggressor, the Chinese, after re-group-
The question of Chinese maps which were showing an incor- ing and further preparations, mounted another massive offensive
rect boundary alignment between India and China was raised by from 15th to 19th November, 1962. On the morning of 21st
Prime Minister Nehru with Prime Minister Chou En-lai in Octo- November, the Chinese started their second peace offensive with
ber 1954 and again in November 1956. The Governmcnt of the same object of retaining the gains of their calculated and cold-
India were given to understand in October 1954 that the Chinese blooded a;gression-the so-called unilateral cease-fire and with-
maps referred to by the Prime Minister of India were merely a drawal proposals
- - of 21st November, 1962.
reproduction of old Kuomintang maps and that the present
Government had had no time to revise them. In November 1956, The Government and people of India are, by their history
and tradition, wedded to the ways of peace. They have always
Prime Minister Chou En-lai told the Indian Prime Minister that
been and are in favour of peaceful settlement of dzerences bet-
in the case of Burma, the Government of China had accepted
ween nations. Peace and peaceful settlements can, however, be
.the formalisation of the boundary in 1914 (the McMahon Line)
and proposed to recognise it with India also-that is the Eastern pursued only on the basis of decency, dignity and self-respect. It
sector of the Indian alignment. Prime Minister Chou En-lai said would be fatal to compromise with aggression or submit to the
he would consult the Tibetan authorities in thin regard. military dictates of thc aggressor. The first essential before we
can revert to paths of peace and peaceful settlements is the undohe"
Surreptitious Chinese intrusions into Indian territory in of all the consequences of aggression. This means that at least
Ladakh started in 1957. The clearing of the Aksai Chin Road the status quo as it prevailed before the latest Chinese aggression
.was the first step. An Indian patrol party on its normal rounds started on 8th September, 1962, should be restored.

Revised edition, Jarruary 1963 (Pausa 1 884)

PUBLISHED BY THE D I R E f l O R . PUBLICATIONS DIVISION. OLD SECRETARIAT. DELWI-6 A N D
PRINlTD BY THE M A N A a e R . G O W R N h f E N T OF INDIA PRESS, F A R D A B A D
 MAP 2
IdNE SEPARATING INDIAN AND CEUNESE FORCES ON
7 SEPTEMEER 1962 IN WE9TER.N 6ECM)R

This map depicts the three lines which have figured most The third line shows the limits of the further area occupied
prominently in the correspondence between the Governments by Chinese forces after the massive aggression which they launch-
and Prime Ministers of India and China after the massive ed against Lndia, both in the Western and Eastern sectors. on
invasion of India which was launched by Chinese forces on October 20, 1962. China now falsely claims that this was the
October 20, 1962. The first line shows the disposition of Chinese line ol actual control by Chinese forces in November 1959.
posts in Ladakh in November 1959. It will be seen that at that Under the unilateral declaration of November 21, 1962, China
time there was strictly speaking no "line of control" but only has proposed that Indian and Chinese forces should withdraw
a series of Chinese pasts on Indian territory. The November 20 kilometres on either side of this line, which they claim as
1959 'line' would be one that joined the then Chinese posts at the November 1959 line but which was actually reacbed by them
Spanggur Post, Khurnak Fort, Kongka Pass and Sharnallungpa only after their latest aggression.
and ran northward, past Haji Langar, to join the Aksai Chin
Road. The area betwcen the September 7, 1962, line and the 'line
of actual control of 1959' as falsely claimed by China represents
The second line shows the line of contact between Indian and the further aggrandisement of Indian territory by China as a
Chinese forces immediately prior to September 8, 1962-the date result of its latest aggression. India insists that this area of
on which m e s e forces invaded Indian territory in the Eastern further aggression should be vacated by the Chinese and b e
sector also. India has made the reasonable proposal that there position of the Indian and Chinese forces prior to 8th September
should be a restoration of the positions along this line as the restored, before there can be a resumption of negotiation3 to
minimum condition for resumption of negotiations with China. settle the India-China boundary problem.
 MAP3
CHLNESE CLAIM LLNES OF 1956 AND 1960 lN WESTERN SECTOR

(IZIL JIL@A

CFIrNESB CLAIM LINE OF -----

? O m s TO WHICH l?4DIAN

China kept its claims on Indian territory undisclosed till 1959 shown in the above map. In 1960, during talks between oficials
though it had already, in 1957, surreptitiously cleared a motor of the two Goveruruents, the Chinese advanced their claim line
road across the uninhabited Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. further into Indian territory. The 1960 claim line is also shown
Territorial c!aims were put forward for the first time by the in the map. This line, which broadly corresponds to the line of
Chinese Prime Minister in September 1959, based on a Chinese present Chinese control shown in Map 2, was actually reached
map published in 1956. Ln December 1959 he affirmed the by the Chinese forces only after thcir latest massive aggression
boundary on this map as the correct boundary claimed by China. of October 20, 1962. China now falsely claims this as the line
This claim was for about 50,000 square miles of Indian territory up to which it exercised actud control in November 1959.
in Ladakh and in the North East Frontier Agency. Since then T h e points up to which Indian police patrols went from
tbe Chinese claim line has varied according to China's bargaining
time to timc till 1958, in exercise of normal administrative
convenience and the progressively increasing extent of occupation functions, are shown in the above map. They reveal the pre-
3f Indian territory through force.
posterous nature of the 1956 Chinese claim line, let alone their
The Chinese claim line of 1956 in the Western sector is latest claim line which cuts even deeper into Indian territory.
 MAP4
ROADS CONSTRUCTED AND POSTS SET UP ILLEGALLY BY
CHINESE SINCE NOVEMBER 1959 IN WESTERN S m R
 MAP 5
LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL IN NOVEMBER 1959 A N D
SEPTEMBER 1962 IN WJBTERN SECM)R

79. JO* 40.30'

ACTUAL [.INS OF CONTROL

OF NOVEMBER 1939
LINE OP CONTACT ON 7 SEF-
TEMBER 1961

AREA B E n V E C N THE LINES

---
OF NOVEMBER 1959 AND
7 S E P T W E W 1W2 WHICH
THE a m m e WOULD RAVE
TO D E M ~ I T A R I s E

7f 78 80. N**'
, b

m s map shows the area which China would have to positions of their forces in all sectors of the boundary, their
dernilitarise if Chinese forces are to go back to the true line of withdrawal to those positions and the restoration of the positions
their actual control as of November 7, 1959. As the Indian of the Indian forces as they were prior to 8th September 1962,
Prime Minister pointed out in his letter of November 14, 1962, would by and large meet the problem of disengagement as here
to Premier Chou En-lai : "lf the Chinese Government really mean will be enough distances bctween the positions of tbe f o m s at
what they say regarding the restoration of 7th November, 1959 the two sides to prevent any risk of a clash."
 MAP 6
CHlNE!3E ADVANCES BEFORE 8 SEPTEMBER 1962 AND
AFI'ER 8 SEPTEMBER 1962 IN WESTERN SECTOR, AND
AREA WHICH THEY ARE PREPARED TO DEMILlTARLSE

70' #OW H.39'

TBe areas in Ladakh illegally occupied by Chinese forces its forces cuts deeper into Indian tcmtory than thc line of
from time to time till September 8, 1962, totalled about 12,000 contact k t w e e n Indian a d Chinese forces on September 7.
square miles. After that date, following the massive invasion of 1962. While it is true that at other points the line to whicb
Octobea 20, 1962, Chinese forces occupied a further area as China has oifered to withdraw its forces uiU take tbrm to he
indicated in the map. east of the line of September 7, 1962, what is significant is that
'I'he Chinese, under their declaration of November 21, 1962, the arrangement will leave China in control of several Indian
proposed a mutual withdrawal of Chinese and Indian forces 20 defensive posts which were overrun during the latest Chinese
kilometres from the line reached by Chinese forces as the result aggression. On tllc other hand, Indian forces would have to
of the latest aggression. It will be seen from the map that at withdraw a further 20 kilometres within territory xkno\vlcd~cd
certain points the line up to which China has offered to withdraw even by China to belong to India (see also Map 7).
 MAP 7
EXTENT OF INDIAN TERRITORY AND INDIAN POST3 TO BE
EVACUATED BY INDIAN FORCES IN WESTERN AND
MIDDLE SECTORS UNDER CHINA'S W E P O I N T PROPOSAL
 LINE SEPARATING INDIAN AND CHINESE FORCES OK
7 SEPTEMBER 1962 IN EASTERN SJ3XOR

Thip map shows the line separating the Indian and Chinese forces on
September 7, 1962, in the Eastern sector. The line was thc same as the
natural and traditional border of ludia in this sector, which was formalised
under the Simln Agreement of 1914 and came to be k~lowr~ as the McMaho11
Li. The map also shows the Chinese claim lina in this sector.
 m9
THE M ~ O LINE
N
 MAP 10 1
EX= OF INDIAN TEIUUTORY AND INDIAN FO!3TS TO BE EVACUATED BY INDIAN FORCES IN EASTERN SECTOR
UNDER CEIINA'S THREEPOINT PROPOSAL