Obesity

Contents of the slides

1. What is Obesity + How to tell if you are living with Obesity.
2. Risk Factors of Obesity & Unhealthy Dietary + Problems related to Obesity in children and
adults & Complications with Obesity.
3. How to prevent Obesity + Management of Obesity.
4. Global & Local Obesity Statistics.
Station 1
 What is Obesity?

The term obese describes a person who has

excess body fat.

Obesity is an extreme form of being

overweight.

Obese people weigh at least 20 percent more

than their ideal weight.

Extra weight can include bone, muscle, or

water. However, for a person to be obese, the
extra weight must be fat.
How to tell if you're living with
obesity?
The most common method to check if
you're a healthy weight is to measure your
body mass index (BMI).

To measure your BMI: Weight (Kg)/ Height

(m2)

Limitations of using the BMI as an indicator

is that it does not consider the muscle mass,
bone density, and fat distribution, which can
affect the results.
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How to tell if you're living with
obesity?
Another method of measuring Obesity is to
measure the waist-to-hip ratio, by measuring
the waist and the hip at its widest diameter.

Equation: Waist (cm)/ Hip (cm).

Women normal range 0.75-0.85

Men normal range 0.9-1.0

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How to tell if you're living with
obesity?
A scientific method of measuring the body’s
fat content is by a method known as
Bioelectric Impedance (BIA).

BIA equipment sends small and safe electric

currents through the body, measuring the
resistance. The current faces more
resistance passing through body fat than it
does through
CREDITS: lean bodytemplate
This presentation mass and water,
was created by
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therefore
images bywe can check for the levels of fat
Freepik.
in a person's body.
Station 2
 Risk Factors of Obesity

01 02
Medication Genetics
Some medication can cause weight gain as Some people are genetically predisposed
it disrupts chemical signals in your body to being heavier. Scientists have found at
and brain, making the body crave food. For least 15 genes (pieces of DNA), that
example: antidepressants, insulin, birth influence obesity.
control, antipsychotics, beta-blockers.

03 04
Health Conditions High levels of Stress
Some medical conditions cause people to gain weight. Stress can affect the brain and trigger your
These conditions include examples such as Metabolic body to release hormones such as cortisol,
syndrome, which is a group of conditions that together that controls your energy balances, and
raise your risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes,
affects your hunger urges. These
stroke, and other serious health problems. Metabolic
syndrome is also called insulin resistance syndrome. hormones can make you eat more and
store more fat.
 Risk Factors of Obesity

05 06
Lack of Good Quality Sleep Lack of Physical Activity
Researchers have found a strong Lack of physical activity has been
correlation between lack of sleep and associated with a high BMI. If you do not
obesity. It is found that lack of sleep affects exercise and use the energy provided by
the hormones balance. the food you eat, then the extra energy you
consume is stored by the body as fat.

07
Unhealthy Dietary
1. Eating more calories than you use increases your risk for obesity.
2. Eating too much saturated fat “bad fat” increase your risk for obesity.
3. Eating foods that are high in added sugar also increases your risk for obesity.
 Problems Related to Obesity in Adults
● Excess body fat (particularly around the waist)
● Shortness of breath
● Sweating more than usual
● Snoring
● Trouble sleeping
● Skin problems from moisture accumulating in the folds
● Inability to perform simple physical tasks
● Mild to extreme fatigue
● Back and Joint pain
● Psychological issues such as negative self-esteem, depression, social isolation.
 Problems Related to Obesity in Children
● Fatty tissue deposits (especially in the breast area)
● Stretch marks on the hips and back
● Acanthosis nigricans
● Shortness of breath with physical activity
● Sleep apnea
● Constipation
● Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
● Low self-esteem
● Early puberty in females/ delayed puberty in males
● Orthopedic problems eg: flat feet
 Complications of Obesity
Obesity may contribute to many serious health disorders such as:
● Hypertension
● High cholesterol levels + CHD which can lead to stroke & myocardial infarctions
● Type 2 Diabetes
● Cancer
● Asthma
● Kidney diseases
● Osteoarthritis
● Gallbladder disease
● Sleep Apnea
Station 3
How to prevent Obesity + Management of Obesity

● Engage in regular physical activity (at least 30 minutes each day).

● Cut out junk food from your diet including foods that are high in
saturated fat, added sugar, processed foods.
●
● Eat more healthy foods such as: whole fruits, vegetables, nuts,
yoghurt, fish & seafood.
●
● Limit Sodium intake in diet.
●
● Balance your calorie intake.

● Improve sleeping habits in order to get adequate sleep.

● Manage and tame stress.

How to prevent Obesity + Management of Obesity

● Engage in regular physical activity (at least 30 minutes each day).

● Cut out junk food from your diet including foods that are high in
saturated fat, added sugar, processed foods.
●
● Eat more healthy foods such as: whole fruits, vegetables, nuts,
yoghurt, fish & seafood.
●
● Limit Sodium intake in diet.
●
● Balance your calorie intake.

● Improve sleeping habits in order to get adequate sleep.

● Manage and tame stress.

 Surgical Treatment

In the case where making lifestyle changes

hasn’t worked out in weight loss, or when you
have a serious health problem because of your
weight, surgery may be another option…
1. Gastric Bypass

Gastric bypass is a surgical procedure that can help people with

obesity to lose weight and improve their health. It decreases the size
of the stomach and changes the way the stomach and small intestine
absorb food, making it easier to lose weight.

Success Rate = 90% lose about 50% of their excess weight.

Complications:
Acid reflux.
Anesthesia-related risks.
Chronic nausea and vomiting.
Dilation of esophagus.
Inability to eat certain foods.
Infection.
Obstruction of stomach.
Weight gain or failure to lose weight.
2. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding

The LAGB procedure involves placing an implant, a soft silicone ring

with an expandable balloon in the center, around the top part of the
stomach. The surgeon places a band around the upper part of your
stomach to create a small pouch to hold food. The band limits the
amount of food you can eat by making you feel full after eating small
amounts of food.

Complications:

● Pouch enlargement band slip

● Band erosion
● Port-site infections
● Port breakage
3. Sleeve Gastrectomy

Sleeve gastrectomy is a surgical procedure that induces

weight loss by restricting food intake. With this procedure,
which is usually performed laparoscopically, the surgeon
removes approximately 75 percent of the stomach. This
results in the stomach taking on the shape of a tube or
"sleeve" which holds much less food.

Complications:

● Gallstones
● Hernias
● Stomach ulcers
● Malnutrition
● GERD
Station 4
Global Obesity Statistics

World Health Organization

● Worldwide obesity has nearly

tripled since 1975.
● In 2016, more than 1.9 billion
adults, 18 years and older, were
overweight. Of these over 650
million were obese.
● 39% of adults aged 18 years and
over were overweight in 2016, and
13% were obese.
Global Obesity Statistics

World Health Organization

● Most of the world's population live

in countries where overweight
and obesity kills more people than
underweight.

● 39 million children under the age

of 5 were overweight or obese in
2020.

● Over 340 million children and

adolescents aged 5-19 were
overweight or obese in 2016.
Obesity Statistics in Bahrain

World Health Organization

● 72.4% of citizens above 18 years

of age from both genders are
overweight or obese.

● Obesity is the reported risk factor

responsible for the greatest total
number of disability-adjusted life
years (DALYs) in Bahrain in 2019.
Obesity Statistics in Bahrain

World Health Organization

● The prevalence of obesity in

adults increased from 22.9% to
29.8% between 2000 and 2016.

● The prevalence of obesity among

children and adolescents aged
5–19 significantly increased
between 2000 and 2016, from
11.6% to 17.2%.