1) BLOOD TYPE- A, B, AB, O (4).

RH FACTOR- Rh+ and Rh- (2).

GENDER- Male and Female (2).
TOTAL COMBINATIONS= (Number of blood type) × (Number of RH factor) × (Number of
gender).
TOTAL COMBINATIONS
4 × 2 × 2 = 16
There are 16 total ways a donor can have his/her blood labelled which are- A Rh+ Male, A Rh+
Female, A Rh- Male, A Rh- Female, B Rh+ Male, B Rh+ Female, B Rh- Male, B Rh- Female, AB Rh+
Male, AB Rh+ Female, AB Rh- Male, AB Rh- Female, O Rh+ Male, O Rh+ Female, O Rh- Male,
O Rh- Female.

n! x n¿
2) P ( x )= . p .q ¿
( n−x ) ! x !
P ( x ≥ 3) = P ( x = 3) + P ( x = 4) + P ( x = 5)
n = 5, x = 3, p = 22/100 , q = (100 - 22 = 78) 78/100 , n – x = 5 – 3 = 2

( )( )
3 2
5! 22 78
P ( x = 3)= . .
( 5−3 ) ! 3 ! 100 100
120
= x 0.010648 x 0.6084
2! 3 !
120
= x 0.010648 x 0.6084
2× 6
120
= x 0.010648 x 0.6084
12
= 10 x 0.010648 x 0.6084
= 0.06478243
= 0.0648(Approximately)
n = 5, x = 4, p = 22/100 , q = (100 - 22 = 78) 78/100 , n – x = 5 – 4 = 1

( )( )
4 1
5! 22 78
P ( x = 4)= . .
( 5−4 ) ! 4 ! 100 100
120
= x 0.00234256 x 0.78
1! 4 !
120
= x 0.00234256 x 0.78
1× 24
120
= x 0.00234256 x 0.78
24
= 5 x 0.00234256 x 0.78
= 0.009135984
= 0.00914(Approximately)
n = 5, x = 5, p = 22/100 , q = (100 - 22 = 78) 78/100 , n – x = 5 – 5 = 0

( )( )
5 0
5! 22 78
P ( x = 5)= . .
( 5−5 ) ! 5 ! 100 100
 120
= x 0.000515363 x 1
0 ! 5!
120
= x 0.000515363 x 1
1× 120
120
= x 0.000515363 x 1
120
= 1 x 0.000515363 x 1
= 0.000515363
= 0.000515(Approximately)
P ( x ≥ 3) = P ( x = 3) + P ( x = 4) + P ( x = 5)
= 0.0648 + 0.00914 + 0.000515
= 0.074455
3) Card= 52, P = n(E)/n(S)
n(E)= 4, n(S)= 52
 P (Jack)= 4/52 = 1/13 or 0.0769
 P (6 of club) = P (6) x P (club)
 = 4/52 x 13/52
 = 52/2704
 = 1/52 or 0.0192
 P (3 or a diamond) = P (3) + P (diamond) – P (3 of diamond)
 = 4/52 + 13/52 – 1/52
 =16/52 = 4/13 or 0.308
 P (3 or a 6) = P (3) + P (6)
 = 4/52 + 4/52
 = 8/52 = 2/13 or 0.154

4)PROBABILITY RULES-

 For any event A, 0 ≤ P (A) ≤ 1.

 The sum of the possibilities of all possible outcomes is 1.
 The probability of event £ not occurring is given by P (£) = 1 – P (£) = 0.
 The sum of the probabilities that an event £ will occur and that it will not occur is given by P (£)
+ P (Ê) = 1.

EXPLANATION-

 Whenever an event is the union of two other events, the addition rule will apply. Specifically, if
A and B are events, then the following rule is: P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A and B). In set
notation, this can be written as P (A U B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A Ո B).
 Whenever an event is the complement of another event, the complementary rule will apply.
Specifically, if A is an event, the rule is: P (not A) = 1 - P (A).
 Whenever partial knowledge of an event is available, then the conditional rule will apply.
Specifically, if event A is already known to have occurred and probability of event B is desired,
 P ( A∧B)
then we have the following rule: P (B given A) = . In set notation, this can be written
P( A)
P ( A Ո B)
as P (B/A) = .
P( A)
 Whenever an event is the intersection of two other events, the multiplication rule will apply.
That is, events A and B need to occur simultaneously. Therefore, if A and B are events, then the
rule is: P (A and B) = P (A) x P (B, given A). In set notation, this can be written as P (A Ո B) = P (A)
· P (B/A).

ADDITION RULES FOR PROBABILITY:-

 ADDITION RULE 1: When two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, the probability that A or B
will occur is the sum of the probability of each event. P (A or B) = P (B).
This is otherwise state as: P (A U B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A Ո B).
Ex: A single 6-sided dice is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a 2 or a 5?
Solution
P (2) = 1/6, P (5) =1/6, P (2 or 5) = P (2) + P (5) = 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3
 ADDITION RULE 2: When two events, A and B, are non-mutually exclusive, the probability that A
or B will occur is: P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A and B).
Ex: In a math class of 30 students, 17 are boys and 13 are girls. On a unit test, 4 boys and 5 girls
made an A grade. If a student is chosen at random from the class, what is the probability of
choosing a girl or an A student?
Solution
P (girl or A) = P (girl) + P (A) – P (girl and A)
=13/30 + 9/30 – 5/30 = 17/30
MULTIPLICATION RULE OF PROBABILITY-
This rule states that to find the probability of both event A and B occurring, multiply the
probability of event A and the probability of event B. The multiplication rule is a way to find the
probability of two events happening at the same time (This is also one of the AP statistics
formulas).
There are two multiplication rules.
 The general multiplication rule formula is P (A Ո B) = P (A) · P (B/A) means the probability of A
happening given that B has occurred”.

 The specific multiplication rule is: P (A Ո B) = P (A) x P (B)

 MULTIPLICATION RULE 1- P (A Ո B) = P (A)·P (B) is only valid if the two events are independent.
o Example- If the probability of event A is 2/9 and the probability of event B is 3/9, then the
probability of both events happening at the same time is (2/9) · (3/9) = 6/81 = 2/27
 MULTIPLICATION RULE 2- When two events are dependent, the probability of both occurred is:
P (A and B) = P (A) ·P (B/A)
The above rule can be interpreted as the probability of event A occurring multiplied by the
probability of event B occurring given that event A has already occurred. This rule also can be
extended to three or more independent events by using the formula: P (A and B and C) = P (A) ·
P (B/A) · P (C/B and A).
5) CLASSICAL PROBABILITY- This is a simple form of probability that has equal odds of something
happening. It assumes that all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely events that have
the same probability of occurring. Eg rolling a fair die. It is equally likely to get a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
The formula is P (A)=f/n
P (A)means “probability of event A” (event A is whatever event you are looking for). ‘f’ is the
frequency or number of possible times the event could happen. n is the number of times the
event could happen.
 SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY- This refers to the probability of something happening based on an
individual's own experience or personal judgment. A subjective probability is not based on
marked data or historical information and it differs from person to person. It is created from the
opinion of an individual and is not based on fact. In most types of probability, quantitative
information is interpreted to determine the likelihood of something happening. However,
subjective information is affected by personal beliefs, and contains no formal calculations.
 EMPIRICAL PROBABILITY- This is also known as experimental probability; it refers to a
probability that is based on historical data. It illustrates the likelihood of an event occurring
based on historical data.
Number Of ×Occured
Empirical Probability=
Total No Of ×Experiment Performed

6) Box 1: Red= 2, Blue= 1; Box 2: Red= 1, Blue= 3; Head of Coin= Box 1, Tail of Coin= Box 2
R
R
Head Box 1
B
Coin
Tail R
Box 2 B
B
B
(Head, R),
(Head, R),
(Head, B),
(Tail, R),
(Tail, B),
(Tail, B),
(Tail, B);
P (Red)= 3/7