2023.09.07 IntroductionToSubseaTechnology WithRecording

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Introduction to Subsea Technology

7 September 2023 | Technical Topic Webinar
Engr Dare Jeremiah, FIEAusT, MIMarEST, MNSE

DBL, MBA, MSc, BSc, Cert IV TAE
EIT Lecturer - Mechanical Engineering
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Introduction - Presenter
Engr. Dare Jeremiah
• Dare Jeremiah, a seasoned chartered engineer with over 20 years

in the oil and gas sector, specializes in subsea system design.
• He has held leadership roles at top firms like INTECSEA, NETCO,
Subsea 7, and WorleyParsons.
• Dare is the CEO of FEDDO GROUP and Global Leader of Subsea and
Pipelines System.
• He also teaches at the Engineering Institute of Technology and
serves as a Professional Keynote Speaker, mentoring engineers in
subsea and pipeline design.
Agenda
1 Brief Introduction to the Oil and Gas industry
2 Definition of Subsea system
3 Why Subsea development?
4 Drivers for subsea system
5 Subsea Field Development
6 Components of Subsea System
Expectation
• Gain a complete overview of subsea production equipment and systems.

• Understanding the drivers for the subsea system
• Understanding Deepwater and Shallow-Water Developments
• Learn about the structures and equipment involved in a subsea system.
Overview of Oil and Gas Industry
• Upstream is E&P (exploration and production).

• The Midstream sector is about oil and gas transportation,
processing, and storage.
• Downstream refers to filtering raw materials obtained
during the upstream phase.
Overview of Oil and Gas Industry
Source: Journal of Business and

economics research – 2007
Upstream Activities
Definition of a Subsea System
• Subsea Systems are production systems whose Christmas trees are located below the water’s surface and tied back
to a fixed, floating or onshore host facility.
• Examples include:
• Subsea Satellite Tie-backs – many examples in N.Sea, GoM
• Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO), e.g., Bonga
• Floating Production Systems, e.g., Nakika
• Subsea to Beach solutions, e.g., Ormen Lange, Corrib
Subsea Production System
• A subsea production system consists of a subsea completed well, seabed wellhead, subsea production tree, subsea
tie-in to flowline system, and subsea equipment and control facilities to operate the well.
• It can range in complexity from a single satellite well with a flowline linked to a fixed platform, FPSO (Floating
Production, Storage and Offloading), or onshore facilities, to several wells on a template or clustered around a
manifold that transfer to a fixed or floating facility or directly to onshore facilities
• The subsea production system consists of the

following components:
• Subsea drilling systems;
• Subsea Christmas trees and wellhead systems;
• Umbilical and riser systems;
• Subsea manifolds and jumper systems;
• Tie-in and flowline systems;
• Control systems;
• Subsea installation
• Relationship among the Major

Components of a Subsea
Production System
Why Subsea development?
• Economics
• Production may not justify the CAPEX for a platform
• Capex–subsea developments are generally less expensive than topside alternatives
• OPEX–subsea developments do not require regular maintenance like topside structures
• Early Production: fast-track development is required
• Geography
• Field reservoir areas may not be reached by deviated drilling from surface wells
• The water depth may be too great to use a surface well platform
• Well locations are spread out and not supported by dry trees
• Lack of nearby processing/receiving facilities
• Small field in close proximity to the existing platform
• Safety
• Personnel risk to man a platform or perform maintenance is eliminated with a subsea option
• Advantages
• No visual impact
• Under ice in Arctic conditions
• Eliminate CAPEX of platform
• Cost burden transferred from CAPEX to OPEX
• Construction cycle is conducive to fast-track projects
• Suitable to phased projects – future expansion
• Disadvantages
• Complex hardware
• Inaccessible for maintenance and repair
• Intervention is expensive and complex
Drivers for Subsea Systems
• Water Depth
• It is not always technically and/or economically feasible to construct structure solutions beyond certain water
depths
• Fixed structures limit is approx. 400m
• TLP limit is approx. 1500m
• SPAR limit is approx. 3000m
• Subsea systems with FPSO hosts are feasible up to approx. 3000m
• Subsea systems provide the ability to locate the host in more technically or economically feasible water
depths while still capturing deeper water reserves
• Subsurface Issues
• Reservoir Drainage
• Arial Extent – too far flung to reach from one drilling centre
• Reservoir Depth – too shallow to reach from one drilling centre
• Complexity – compartmentalisation, well count
• Uncertainty - the need for a phased development
• Drilling Hazards – e.g. shallow water flow, faults, shallow gas
• Subsea systems provide flexibility concerning well locations and initial CAPEX
• Subsea equipment is less “site-specific” and can be redeployed in the event of reservoir disappointment or
short field life
• Remote Product Markets

• Limited Oil / Gas Export Facilities / Proximity to Market
• No local market for oil e.g., West Africa (Nigeria, Angola)
• Gas re-injected or local LNG facilities
• FPSOs with Subsea Systems is a good fit where large oil storage and offloading capacity is required, utilizing
the oil storage vessel as the host
• Pre-Existing Infrastructure
• Structures installed to exploit large fields develop ullage as field production functions decline
• Utilizing ullage more economically than building new
• Reserves too small to justify stand-alone development
• Extending host life allows the capture of incremental oil
• When ullage does not exist, expanding existing facilities to serve as hosts is often cheaper than building a
second structure
• Subsea satellites are frequently more cost-effective than alternative solutions e.g., GoM and North.Sea.
• Other
• Subsea Systems allow pre-drilling/completion of wells which can reduce time to the first production
• Unique environmental issues such as icebergs
• Subsea Systems are sometimes chosen for other “softer” reasons
• Favorable fiscal environment to promote indigenous subsea industry and in-country content e.g. Snohvit,
Ormen Lange
• Safety and Sustainable development
• Ormen Lange - Subsea System tie-in to an onshore facility
• Avoids transporting personnel offshore
• Aesthetic / Environmental
• Avoid offshore platforms visible from onshore eg California
Subsea Field Development
• When defining a field architecture, the following issues

should be considered:
• Deepwater or shallow-water development;
• Dry tree or wet tree;
• Stand-alone or tie-back development;
• Subsea processing;
• Artificial lift methods;
• Facility configurations (i.e., template, well cluster,
satellite wells, manifolds).
• Deepwater or Shallow-water Development:

• Subsea field development can be categorised according to the water depth:
• A field is considered a shallow-water subsea development if the water depth at the location is less than 200 m
(656 ft). In practice, shallow water is the depth of a diver’s reach.
• A field is considered a deepwater subsea development if the water depth ranges between 200 and 1500 m (656
and 5000 ft);
• Ultra-deepwater subsea developments are those in which the water depths are greater than 1500 m (5000 ft).
• Wet Tree and Dry Tree Systems:

• Two kinds of subsea production systems are used in deepwater fields: dry tree systems and wet tree systems:
• The dry tree system:
• trees are located on or close to the platform
• Tension leg platforms (TLPs) and spars are normally utilised in a dry tree system
• The Wet Tree System
• wet trees can be anywhere in a field in terms of the cluster, template, or tie-back methods.
• the Christmas tree and its associated components are exposed to the ambient seabed conditions
• Subsea Tiebacks and Stand-Alone Development:

• The development of new fields can either be initiated via long “tie-backs” to an existing facility or by installing a new
“stand-alone” facility. Stand-alone facilities for the gas fields depend on the size of the gas reserves.
Offshore installation Categorization:
Mobile Units Fixed Installation

• Can be moved from one location to another either • Incapable of movement on their own
by towing or on their own.
• Designed to be moved for initial placement
• May be held in position using anchors or a
and post-production disposal.
dynamic positioning system
• Examples: Jack-up barges, semi-submersibles, • Example: Fixed Platform, X-trees
drillships, FPSO vessel
• Type of Offshore Structures:

• Fixed Platforms
• Compliant Towers
• Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO)
vessels
• Tension Leg Platforms (TLP)
• Semi-submersible Platforms (SEMI)
• Spars
There are four primary industry recognized floating production solutions, accepted because:
• Proven - Many years of Operating history

• Functional - Used for a large variety of
functions, wet or dry tree
• Scalable – Wide range of topsides payloads
• Adaptable – Applications worldwide
Tension Leg
Platform
Spar
FPSO
Semi-submersible (Semi)
Components of Subsea System
Subsea Wellhead?
• What is a Subsea Wellhead?

• The subsea wellhead is the interface between
subsurface equipment (downhole) and the surface
equipment (tree, BOP, flowlines, host, etc.).
Subsea Wellhead
• What is the purpose of a Subsea Wellhead?:

• Support the BOP (Blowout Preventer) and seal the well during drilling
• Support and seal the subsea production tree
• Support and seal the tubing hanger for conventional subsea trees
• Act as a hanger for the casing strings in the well annulus
Subsea Wellhead Assembly & Xmas Tree
Subsea Tree
Tubing Hanger
Tubing Head Spool

Wellhead Guidebase /Flowbase
• Most wellheads use a permanent guidebase (PGB) that often supports guideposts
• Guidelines attached to guideposts
• Completion guidebases (CGB) have piping and hubs to interface the tree and flowline
Wellhead Guidebase /Flowbase
• Guidelineless (GLL) PGBs are used in deepwater (2000+ ft) where

guidelines are cumbersome
• GLL PGBs are generally funnel-up but may be funnel-down
Subsea Tubing Hanger
• Supports the downhole tubing in the well

• Seals the annulus at the top of the well
• Provides access to the downhole equipment (jewellery)
Subsea Tubing Hanger
Tree cap
ASV PSV
PWV
Choke
XOV
PT
Optional MIV
PT
Gaslift
TT
PT
PMV
CI
AMV LMV
Tubing
Hanger
SSSV
Downhole
gauges
Subsea Christmas Tree
• What is a Subsea Tree?

• A set of valves and piping to allow the control of
a well during production at the mudline and
remote to the host facility.
Types of Christmas Tree:
Types of Subsea Tree:
Horizontal
Tree
Conventional
Tree
Mudline Tree
• What Makes Subsea Trees Different from Surface Trees?
Subsea Trees are:
• More complex
• Larger
• More robust
• More expensive
• Inaccessible
Subsea Manifolds
Why are subsea manifolds necessary?

• Collection of valves and piping
• Collects flow from multiple wells into a single
transportation system
• Provides an economic alternative to individual
flowlines
• Distribution point for chemicals, gas for gas lift etc.
to Xmas Trees
• Allows for isolation of one Xmas Tree from others
• Allow pigging of flowline
• Designed to take expansion loads etc. from flowlines
• Provides protection from impacts (eg. dropped
objects), snags (eg. fishing)
Subsea Manifolds
Subsea Manifolds
Typical Subsea Manifold and Subsea Field Equipment Arrangement:
Subsea Manifolds
Manifolding Solutions – Types of Manifolds:
• Template Manifolds
• Cluster Manifold
• Large Gathering Manifolds
• Hybrid Manifolds
Well and Flowline Tie-In Systems
• We have looked at Manifolding solutions…..Now let’s

look at how we typically interconnect the wells and
flowlines to our manifolds, or flowlines directly to
wells…
• This it has typically done with the use of jumpers
and/or spools and on the next several slides we will
offer some description of these systems.
• In the simplest of terms…:

• Tie-in systems are “purpose built” configurations of
pipe and connectors
• Typically these configurations combine Flexible or
Rigid pipe, with Horizontally or Vertically configured
connections, into jumpers or spools
Flowline Jumper
Well Jumper
Subsea Flowlines and Risers
Components of the Flowline System Riser
• Riser
• Flowline
• Terminations
Subsea Risers
• Riser system is a conduit between the subsea system on the
seabed and the floating production units
• Riser Classifications
• Based on function:
• Drilling risers
• Completion / Workover risers (CWOR)
• Production / Injection risers
• Export risers
• Based on construction:
• Compliant Risers
• Top Tensioned Risers
• Hybrid Risers
• Based on material type:
• Rigid
• Flexible
Subsea Risers
Single Leg
Hybrid Risers
or Towers Clamped
Risers
Top J-Tube
Tension Lazy Risers
Wave
Near Vertical Risers (NVR)

& Steel Steepwave Risers
(SSR)
Steel Catenary Riser

(SCR)
Subsea Pipelines
• A pipeline is a transport system for oil, gas, water

or other fluids
• There are onshore pipelines ––> on land
• There are offshore pipelines ––> subsea
• are often divided into two categories:
• In-field pipelines (flowlines)
• Export pipelines (trunklines)
Subsea Pipelines
• In-Field Pipelines
• In-field pipelines are limited in size
• The diameter (size) typically ranges from 3 to 16
inches (80 to 400mm)
• The length of in-field pipelines can be from a few
100 meters up to tens of kilometres
• The size of the pipeline is determined by the volume
rate and other operational characteristics of the
fluid to be transported
Subsea Pipelines
• In-field pipelines can be:

• Oil production lines
• Gas production lines
• Water injection lines
• Gas injection lines
• Service lines (Inhibitor, Glycol lines)
Subsea Pipelines
Export Pipelines
• Export pipelines transport fluid:
• from platform to shore
• or from shore to shore
Subsea Pipelines
• Export Pipelines
• Export pipelines transport fluid from platform / shore to
shore
• The diameter of these can be up to 60 inches (1500 mm)
• Length of export lines can range from some kilometres
up to several hundred
• Most export lines transport gas, but also oil export lines
are common
Subsea PLEM and PLET
• The PLET/PLEM is the required substructure for a pipe-to-pipe

connection. It provides the support for the connection point
• The PLEM is a simple subsea structure set at the end of pipeline that is
used to connect a rigid pipeline with other subsea structures, such as
manifolds or trees, through a jumper
• It is called PLET when serving as a support for one pipeline valve and one
connector, while the PLEM is supporting two or more pipeline
connections.
Subsea Control Systems
You are here. Your equipment could be 200km away
and 3km deep. To operate your system safely, efficiently
and minimizing shutdown whilst maintaining target
production levels you need to be in control off your
wells.
A subsea control system is required
Flowlines Umbilical UTA
PLEM
Xmas Tree Flying Leads
Control
Pod
Jumper
Manifold
Jumper
• What is a Subsea Control System
• The Subsea Production Control
System performs the valve control
and data monitoring required to
operate the Subsea Facilities:
• The Subsea Control System
interfaces with topsides and subsea
facilities and involve many different
engineering disciplines
62
7-Sep-23

– Remotely operate subsea valves
CONTROLS
Subsea Controls and Umbilicals – • Failsafe close isolating gate valves
Basic Functionality
• Choke valves
• Ball valves
– Monitor & collect data from subsea sensors
• Electrical communications
• Fibre-Optics
– Interface with Host facility
UMBILICALS
• Platform
• FPSO
• Onshore
– Deliver Chemicals (or lubricant)
• MeOH
• Scale/Corrosion/Wax Inhibitor
• H2S Scavenger
– Deliver power to subsea system
• Hydraulic
• Electrical
63
7-Sep-23
Subsea Controls
Layout
Interface between umbilical and the Subsea control
Umbilical terminations and system
distribution units Splits up hydraulics and electrical supplies for
distribution
Flying leads to Control modules
Re-configuration capabilities
Typical umbilical termination assemblies
Retrievable units
UTA, STU, SUTU, UTU, etc. - All mean
the same
Subsea distribution unit
Subsea Project Documentary Video - Wheatstone
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Watch Webinar Recording Here

Introduction to Subsea Technology

Engr Dare Jeremiah, FIEAusT, MIMarEST, MNSE

Engineering Specialists Industry Experienced Lecturers

Industry Oriented Programs Unique Delivery Model

Engr. Dare Jeremiah

• Dare Jeremiah, a seasoned chartered engineer with over 20 years

• Gain a complete overview of subsea production equipment and systems.

• Upstream is E&P (exploration and production).

Source: Journal of Business and

• The subsea production system consists of the

• Relationship among the Major

• Remote Product Markets

• When defining a field architecture, the following issues

• Deepwater or Shallow-water Development:

• Wet Tree and Dry Tree Systems:

• Subsea Tiebacks and Stand-Alone Development:

Mobile Units Fixed Installation

• Type of Offshore Structures:

• Proven - Many years of Operating history

• What is a Subsea Wellhead?

• What is the purpose of a Subsea Wellhead?:

Tubing Head Spool

• Guidelineless (GLL) PGBs are used in deepwater (2000+ ft) where

• Supports the downhole tubing in the well

• What is a Subsea Tree?

Why are subsea manifolds necessary?

• We have looked at Manifolding solutions…..Now let’s

• In the simplest of terms…:

Near Vertical Risers (NVR)

Steel Catenary Riser

• A pipeline is a transport system for oil, gas, water

• In-field pipelines can be:

• The PLET/PLEM is the required substructure for a pipe-to-pipe

A subsea control system is required

Flowlines Umbilical UTA

Subsea Control Systems

– Interface with Host facility

Courses Start Date

Find MORE courses here: www.eit.edu.au/study-areas/mechanical-engineering/

All upcoming Events & Webinars:

To receive your digital certificate of attendance for participating in this

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