ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
METHODS

Presented by:
Engr. Kristelle Ann V. Ginez
INTRODUCTION

Road Definition
Road Classifications
Road Components
 Definition

Road - is a structure that link barangays and cities in the country. It

serves as medium in transporting goods and commodities from
one place to another, and as communication link which brings
economic development to a nation.
 Classifications of Road

 According to Usage
 According to National Importance
 According to its Surface Course
 According to Traffic Volume
 Types of Road According to Usage
1. National Road
a. Primary National Road - is the main highway trunk line
system that is continuous in extent that goes from province
to province and region to region.
b. Secondary National Road - it connects a provincial road or
national road to a public wharf or railway station.
2. Provincial Road - it connects two municipalities or cities within
a province.
3. City Road - it a street within the urban area of the city.
4. Municipal Road - it is a street within the poblacion area of a
municipality.
5. Barangay Road - it is a street located outside the poblacion
area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside
industrial, commercial areas or residential subdivisions.
Types of Road According to National Importance

• Major Roads - are frequently used by

traffic and classified as National Roads or
those which are part of the highway
system.

• Minor Roads - are roads which is local in

nature. It serves only the interest of the
locality such as a street. They are less
frequently used by traffic.
What is the difference between a street and a highway?

Highway - it can accommodate greater

traffic volume.
Street - it serves as a service area
connecting to highways.
Types of Road According to Surface Course

 Earth Road
 Gravel Road
 Asphalt Road
 Concrete Road
Earth Road…..
• It is the “simplest form of road”
constructed by shaping and smoothing
the natural soil traversed by the road line.
Gravel Road…..
• Are constructed from natural gravel together
with a sufficient amount of good quality soil to
serve as binder.
• It is sometimes termed as an “all weather road”
and are used to construct Farm to Market Roads
which serves to connect rural and agricultural
areas to market towns.
Asphalt Road……
• It is frequently described as “flexible
pavement”.
• It is composed of hot-mix combination of
asphalt cement, crushed stone, fine sand
and a small amount of air.
PCC Pavement Road……
• It is sometimes termed as “rigid
pavement”.
• It is composed of cement and water which
are mixed with clean sand and graded sizes
of crushed rock or similar material to make
concrete.
Types of Road According to Traffic Volume

 For heavy traffic load

 For medium traffic load
 For light traffic load
 Main Road Components
 Sub-grade
 Aggregate Sub-base Course
 Aggregate Base Course
 Surface Course
 Drainage Structures
 Slope Protection/Retaining Structures
 Miscellaneous Works
PCCP/ACP Grouted Riprap
Aggregate Base Course

Aggregate Sub-Base Course

Embankment
 Subgrade Surface Course
Aggregate Subbase Course
Aggregate Base Course

• Subgrade - is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the

undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
• In either case, it is compacted during construction for road stability.
• Aggregate Subbase and Base Courses - are individual stabilizing
layers of selected material and designed thickness placed on top of
the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the surface
course.
• Surface Course - is the uppermost structural component of the
roadway, which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due
to traffic load.
• It also provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable
durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from
penetrating into the sub grade.
• Shoulders - are located beside the carriage way which is the total
width available for passing vehicles, and is used to receive lateral
clearance to protect major structures on the roadside, to secure
safety and comfort of both motorists and pedestrians and for
emergency stopping purposes.
 Drainage Structures
Slope Protection/Retaining Structures
Miscellaneous Structures
• Drainage Structures - are located beneath or alongside the
roadway used in collecting, transporting and disposing of
surface water originating in or near the road right-of-way.
• Types of Drainage - can be lateral drainage such as a U-shaped,
V-shaped lined canal (side ditch) or perforated drain canal.
• It can also be transverse or cross drainage such as a box culvert
or a pipe culvert.
• Slope Protection Structures - are constructed along the side of
the roadway to stabilize the slopes.
• Retaining Walls - are constructed along the side of the roadway
if there are space constrictions.
• Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to prevent
detrimental effects.
 PREPARATORY WORK

 Pre-construction Conference /Preliminary

Preparations
 As-Stake Survey
 Temporary Facilities
 Access and Detour Roads (Traffic
Management)
 Pre-construction Conference
• Pre-construction conference between the
Contractor’s representative on the project
and the Project Engineer and his staff is
required.
• A discussion of the project, on the
specifications, unusual conditions,
Contractor’s plan and schedule of
operation, and other pertinent items is
helpful to a better job understanding in
the implementation.
• The site for the project field office should
be determined, as well as the sites for
storage of material and equipment.
 Preliminary Preparations
Before the start of work, the Project Engineer should make sure
that all of the following items applicable to the project are always
on site:

– Complete contract drawings, including any revisions that have

been done
– Cross-sections
– Blue Book and Standard Specifications
– Right-of-Way plans, Entry Agreements
– Plans for adjustments or relocations of any utilities that may be
affected
– Contract Agreement
– Notice to Proceed
– Material Test Equipment
– Material Test Reports
– Project Logbooks (Construction Logbook and Materials Logbook)
– Surveying Equipment and Surveying Notes
– Pertinent Correspondence
 As - Stake Survey

Its Importance :
 Determines the actual position of the road
structure based on the plans.
 Helps in determining what necessary
deviation should be undertaken.
Plans That Govern an Infrastructure Project

Original Plans
As-Stake Plans
As-Built Plans
 Temporary Facilities and Equipment

Client's Side :
 Facilities for the Engineer
 Office, Quarters and Laboratory for the
Engineer
 Vehicle for the Engineer
 Assistance to the Engineer
 Progress Photographs
 Temporary Facilities and Equipment

Contractor’s Side :
 Office
 Equipment Yard
 Fabrication Area/Shop
 Workmen’s Quarters
 Storage/Warehouse
Contractor’s Equipment Yard
 Access and Detour Roads

• In planning the construction work, care

must be taken to see that alternative routes
or temporary deviations are provided for
traffic using the route.

• Access to properties along the road must

be maintained at all times and the works
must be barricaded where necessary to
protect any passing traffic from accident.
 Detour Roads

• Becomes necessary to divert traffic from any

existing roadway whenever the construction
operations block the flow of traffic.

• Are to be planned and maintained so that they

will have sufficient durability to remain in good
condition and carry the required traffic at any
weather condition for the entire period that
the detour is required.
 Access Roads

• A road by which a job is connected to

the highway system and is generally
used in connection with borrow pits.

• Are also built for each isolated piece of

job it services.
Road Construction are classified into
five (5) parts, namely:
PART I Earthwork

PART II Subbase and Base Courses

PART III Surface Courses

PART IV Drainage and Slope Protection Structure

PART V Miscellaneous Structures

 PART I:
EARTHWORK
 EARTHWORK
Item 100 Clearing and Grubbing

Item 101 Removal of Structures and Obstructions

Item 102 Excavation

Item 102(1) Unsuitable Excavation

Item 102(2) Common Excavation

Item 102(3) Rock Excavation

Item 102(4) Surplus Excavation

Item 103 Structure Excavation

Item 104 Embankment

Item 105 Subgrade Preparation

 EARTHWORK
Before the start of work on the different
items, a joint survey must be undertaken in
order to locate the centerline of the
proposed road, to check the existing
elevations, cross-sections and other
existing structures as shown on the original
plan and prepare/submit an “As-Staked
Plan”, for the approval of the higher
authorities.
Item 100 - Clearing and Grubbing
 General

• Clearing and Grubbing - is the

removal and disposal of all surface
objects including vegetation, grass,
stumps, trees and other protruding
obstructions not designated to
remain along the roadway prior to
commencing of any earth-moving
activity.
 Types of Clearing and Grubbing
1. Individual Removal of Trees - removal is classified
depending on the size :
a. Item 100(3) - Individual Removal of Trees, Small
b. Item 100(4) - Individual Removal of Trees, Large

2. Disposal of Debris - The Contractor should

coordinate with the Project Engineer regarding the
identification of sites for disposal area in
compliance with the provisions stated in the
Environmental Clearance Certificate issued by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR).
Equipment Requirements

• Bulldozer (155 HP) D65A-8

• Backhoe
• Payloader (1.5 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10 cu.m. cap.)
• Road Grader
 Construction Procedures
1. Plans, special provisions and right-of-
way limits must be provided with
stakes, as reference in determining the
vertical/horizontal control.

2. Trees that are selected for preservation

must be protected while trees that are
needed to be cut / ball shall be
identified.
 Construction Procedures
3. After the construction limits are established, scarify
up to a depth of 6 inches (150 mm.) the existing
roadway and segregate the roots, stumps and other
unsuitable materials for proper disposal.

4. Haul the excavated materials to the designated

disposal area or to the stockpile of the contractor.

5. Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe

of the fill slopes or beyond rounding of cut slopes
for the entire length of the project.
Item 101 - Removal of Structures and
Obstructions
 General
Removal of structures and obstructions -
consist of the taking away, wholly or in part,
and the satisfactory disposal off the site of all
structures within the construction site and
right-of-way which have not been designated
to remain.
It is important that removal operations are
carefully studied and carried out under the
careful supervision of the Project Engineer
with adequate consideration of safety.
 Types of Obstruction

1. Existing Pavements
2. Existing Drainage Structures
3. Underground Waterline
4. Electrical Post and Lines
5. Cable and Telephone Lines
6. Residential Houses & Buildings
Equipment Requirements

- Backhoe
- Dump Truck
- Minor Tools
 Construction Procedures

Simultaneously with the clearing and

grubbing works, removal of
obstructions both overhead and
underground utilities in particular
waterlines and telephone lines shall
be undertaken.
 Construction Procedures

This picture shows the removal of obstruction. Prior to

actual construction work, obstructions are removed in
order not to hamper the work.
Item 102 - Excavation
 General

Excavation - consists of all the excavation

for grading and draining the roadway,
and includes loading, hauling and placing
the excavated materials from roadway
cuts to construct embankments or its
disposal to a designated location.
 Types of Excavation

1. Common Excavation
2. Unsuitable Excavation
3. Rock Excavation
4. Unclassified Excavation
5. Surplus Excavation
 Equipment Requirements

- Bulldozer
- Backhoe
- Dump Truck
- Loader
- Drilling Machine
- Blasting Equipment and Accessories
 Construction Procedures

1. Right-of-way limits must be provided with

stakes.
2. Survey works must be conducted on the
existing ground.
3. Excavate the roadway to the required
elevation per approved plans
4. If unsuitable materials are encountered,
excavate the roadway up to the stable soil.
5. If surplus materials are encountered, haul
the said materials to the designated disposal
area.
The above picture shows that before starting excavating for any part
of the structure, it must be ascertained that sufficient ground levels
have been taken for computing excavation quantities, and the proper
alignment points are provided for laying out the work.
Item 102(1) - Unsuitable Excavation
 General

Unsuitable Excavation - is the removal

and disposal of saturated mixture of soils
and organic matter such as peat and
muck which are not suitable as road
foundation materials which can cause
instability in embankments.
 General
As a rough guide in recognizing and
identifying unsuitable materials, said
materials is composed of thoroughly
decomposed organic material with
considerable mineral material, usually black
with a few fibrous remains, odorous when
dried or burnt, some sand and silt and those
materials excavated from swamps and
stagnant water. In order to determine the
exact property of the unsuitable materials
subject a representative sample to laboratory
test.
Equipment Requirements

• Bulldozer
• Backhoe
• Dump Truck
• Loader
 Construction Procedures

1.Conduct survey works on the existing

ground to compare the data as reflected
in the approved plans.
2.Excavate the roadway having unsuitable
materials up to the stable soil condition.
3.Dispose/haul the said materials to the
designated/approved disposal area.
Item 102(2) - Common Excavation
 General

Common Excavation - refers to the

excavation of common materials along
the road traverse that may be placed as
fill or disposed as surplus.
Item 102(3) - Rock Excavation
 General
Rock Excavation - is the digging on the ground
necessary along the road way traverse to
remove encountered rock to its designed
elevation either for use as an embankment or
for hauling to a waste deposit area.

Means of Excavating Rock

1. Thru Mechanical Ripping - if the rock is soft.
2. Thru Controlled Blasting - if the rock is too
hard.
This is one of the types of Roadway Excavation called the
Rock Excavation; this consists of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks which cannot be excavated without
blasting or the use of rippers.
Item 102(4) - Surplus Excavation
 General
Surplus Excavation - are suitable
materials excavated along the road
traverse which are disposed as excess in
the formation of embankment sub-
grade.
Types of Surplus Excavation
1. Surplus from Common Excavation
2. Surplus from Rock Excavation
3. Surplus from Unclassified Excavation
Item 103 - Structure Excavation
 General
Structure Excavation - consists of the
necessary excavation, removal and
satisfactory disposal of all materials within the
stipulated limits.

Types of Structure Excavation

1. Culvert Excavation
2. Dry Excavation
3. Wet Excavation
4. Rock Excavation
5. Bridge Excavation (Unclassified)
Equipment Requirements

• Dump Truck (10 cu.m.)

• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Minor Tools
 Construction Procedures

1.Prior to structure excavation, all

necessary clearing and grubbing shall
have been performed.
2.Check and review the plans.
3.Trenches shall be excavated to the lines
and grades or elevations shown on the
Plans.
4.The foundation surface shall provide a
firm throughout the length of the culvert.
Item 104 - Embankment
 General
Embankment - is describe as the work or
volume of earthen material necessary in the
formation of embankment roadway thru the
use of suitable materials which may be
sourced along the road traverse or borrow
from an outside source. These materials are
brought and compacted together to a
specified degree to form a stable
embankment to bring the road to a desired
grade or to elevate it above flood level.
 Material Requirements

Please refer to Section 104.2, Material

Requirements of DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and
Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.
 Types of Embankment

1. Embankment from Excavation

2. Embankment from Borrow
 Equipment Requirements

• Grader, 150 HP
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem
• Water Truck, 500-1000 galloons

For clay material : sheepsfoot roller shall be

used to obtain proper compaction.
 Construction Procedures
A. Construction of embankment on a relatively
flat terrain:
1.Check sub grade if already completed in
accordance with the plans and specifications
for clearing and grubbing and sub grade
preparation prior to filling of embankment
materials.
2.The material is spread in relatively thin layer
of 200 mm with appropriate crown/cross
slope to ensure proper draining of surface
water when it rains.
 Construction Procedures
3.Compaction should be done by rolling with
a minimum weight of 10 tons.
Rolling/compaction operation shall progress
gradually from the sides to the center, parallel
to the center of the road and shall continue
until the whole surface has been rolled up to
the number of passes required based on the
trial section result where a minimum density
of 95% is attained. During the progress of
rolling, a minimum overlapped width of 300
mm. shall be observed for each succeeding
parallel passes to ensure level compacted
surface.
 Construction Procedures
4.Conduct one group of three in-situ density
tests for each five hundred (500) square meter
or fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails
to meet the minimum 95% density, additional
rolling shall be undertaken until such time that
the required compaction is obtained.
For a saturated material wherein the
minimum density could not be attained,
windrowing should be undertaken and allow it to
dry, and proceed with rolling up to the desired
compaction.
If the material is too dry,
watering/sprinkling with water shall be
undertaken uniformly.
Spreading of embankment materials
 What is an FDT ?

FDT is Field Density Test which is conducted on

site in order to determine if the required
compaction specification has been attained to
a specific layer.
What Do We Mean by Blue Tops?

Blue Tops are painted sticks placed along the

side of the road traverse as guide and reference
in the elevation of the different layering
requirements of the road project
Item 105 - Subgrade Preparation
 General
Subgrade - is that portion of the earth
roadbed which after having been constructed
to reasonably close conformance with the
lines, grades and cross-sections indicated on
the plans, receives and supports the sub base
or base course materials.
In a fill section, the sub grade is the top of
the embankment or the fill.
In a cut section, the sub grade is the
bottom of the cut.
 Material Requirements

Please refer to Section 105.2, Material

Requirements of DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and
Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.
 Equipment Requirements

• Grader, 150 HP
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem
• Water Truck, 500 – 1,000 galloons
 Construction Procedures
1. Subgrade in Common Excavation :
a. Roadbed shall be cleared of unstable materials.
b.Compaction shall be done by rolling using vibratory
road roller or tandem roller.
c.Conduct one group of three in-situ density test for
each 500 square meter or fraction thereof of
compacted layer.
-if it fails to meet the minimum 95 percent density,
additional rolling is needed to obtained the required density.
d.The succeeding structural layers should proceed
immediately after preparation of the subgrade.
THANK YOU!!!