CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2013 series

0416 HISTORY (US)

0416/23 Paper 2 , maximum raw mark 50

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner
Report for Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2013 series for most IGCSE,
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level
components.
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2013 0416 23

19th Century topic

1 Study Sources A and B. How similar are these two sources? Explain your answer using
details of the sources.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Writes about the sources but makes no valid comparison [1]

Level 2 Identifies information that is in one source but not in the other or states that the sources
are about the same subject

OR

Compares the provenance of the sources [2]

Level 3 Agreement or disagreement of detail or sub-messages e.g. the Schlieffen Plan

contributed to war, neither side wanted war, the war would be a defensive war, events in
1914 were crucial to understand why war broke out.
In A by 1908–9 not a war situation, in B it was beginning to drift towards war. In A more
arms helps peace, in B it increases chances of war [3–4]

Level 4 Agreement and disagreement of detail or sub-messages [5–6]

Level 5 Compares big messages

It happened in 1914 because the system that had preserved peace had broken down. [7]

2 Study Sources C and D. How far would the two cartoonists have agreed with each other?
Explain your answer using details of the sources and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Surface comparisons [1]

Level 2 Answers based on use of undeveloped provenance [2]

Level 3 Interprets valid sub-message of one/both sources – no valid comparison [3]

Level 4 Interprets big message of one/both sources – no valid comparison [4]

Level 5 Compares valid sub-messages

Germany is building a navy; Britain is worried about the German Navy

Level 6 Compares big messages – compares the points of view of cartoonists – A –disapproval
of German navy e.g. says Germans should not have a navy, D – approval of German
navy e.g. says its wrong for Britain to say Germany shouldn’t have a navy or Germany
should have a navy. [7–8]

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IGCSE – October/November 2013 0416 23

3 Study Source E. Are you surprised that this report was secret? Explain your answer using
details of the source and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Writes about sources but fails to address the question [1]

Level 2 Valid analysis of source but fails to state whether surprised or not

OR

Identifies something in Source as surprising but no valid explanation [2]

Level 3 Assertions based on everyday empathy e.g. not surprised because they would not want
to tell an enemy that they are going to attack them

OR

Ignores secrecy issue but does explain why surprised/not surprised by Source E [3]

Level 4 Answers internal to E – they would want to keep this secret from Russia so Russia not
ready [4]

Level 5 Uses contextual knowledge or sources to explain surprised because it was clear that
Germany would support Austria [5]

Level 6 Uses contextual knowledge to explain why not surprised it is secret. [6–7]

4 Study Sources F and G. Does Source G prove that Source F is wrong? Explain your
answer using details of the sources and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Writes about the sources, fails to address the question [1]

Level 2 Undeveloped provenance [2–3]

Level 3 Compares content of sources [4–5]

Level 4 Evaluates Source F with no reference to Source G [6]

Level 5 Compares sources and evaluates one to say if F is wrong [7]

Level 6 Compares sources and evaluates both to say if F is wrong. [8]

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 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2013 0416 23

5 Study Source H. Why do you think Bethmann Hollweg gave this interview? Explain your
answer using details of the source and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Writes about the source but does not address the question [1]

Level 2 Everyday empathy or claims he gave interview simply to convey information or he is

giving the interview because the war has started [2–3]

Level 3 Explains the message he wanted to give about who was to blame for the war [4–6]

Level 4 Purpose – to bolster German morale, to justify his or Germany’s actions before the war.
[7–8]

6 Study all the sources. How far do these sources provide convincing evidence that
Germany was responsible for causing the First World War? Use the sources to explain
your answer.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 No valid source use [1–3]

Level 2 Uses sources to support or reject the statement [4–6]

Level 3 Uses sources to support and reject the statement [7–10]

Award up to 2 bonus marks for evaluation of sources (no more than 1 per source).

Source use must be reference to a source by letter, by provenance or by direct quote. There
must be examples from source content. There must be an explanation of how this supports/does
not support the statement.

Use ‘tick’ in the margin for each source use in support of the statement and ‘X’ for each source
use rejecting the statement.

Yes No

ABCDEFG A B (C) D E F H

© Cambridge International Examinations 2013

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IGCSE – October/November 2013 0416 23

20th Century topic

1 Study Sources A and B. How similar are these two sources? Explain your answer using
details of the sources.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Writes about the sources but makes no valid comparison [1]

Level 2 Identifies information that is in one source but not in the other or states that the sources
are about the same subject

OR

Compares the provenance of the sources [2]

Level 3 Agreement or disagreement of detail or sub-messages [3–5]

Level 4 Agreement and disagreement of detail or sub-messages [6–7]

Agreements include: Communists made mistakes, Communists had large losses,

Communists failed to inspire the people, bad impact on American public, both say Tet
was a surprise, US underestimated the enemy.

Disagreements include: A says Tet was a surprise, B says it was not a surprise, B says
Tet is a tipping point for the public but A says it continues a trend, A says public already
turning against war, B says it came as a shock.

2 Study Source C. Why was this cartoon published at that time? Explain your answer using
details of the source and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Surface descriptions of the source [1]

Level 2 Misreadings of the cartoon

OR

Interprets cartoon or describes the context – but not used as a reason for publication [2]

Level 3 Explains context only – fails to explain message or purpose of source

Allow any relevant context e.g. more details about methods

OR

Explains a valid sub-message e.g. Americans used napalm, Americans used planes
against the enemy [3–4]

Level 4 Explains the big message

It is criticising the methods the Americans are using in Vietnam.
Some development needed for 6 marks [5–6]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2013

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IGCSE – October/November 2013 0416 23

Level 5 Explains the purpose of the cartoon (must have intended impact on audience)
Purpose could be turning the British people against the war, encouraging the British
government not to support the Americans in Vietnam. [7]

Level 6 Explains purpose in context

Allow any relevant context e.g. more details about methods. [8]

3 Study Source D. How surprised are you by Source D? Explain your answer using the
source and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Writes about sources but fails to address the question [1]

Level 2 Valid analysis of source but fails to state whether surprised or not

OR

Identifies something that is surprising but no explanation [2]

Level 3 Assertions based on everyday empathy

Not surprised because this is what Americans did in Vietnam, or this is what soldiers do
Or surprised because they are behaving so badly. [3]

Level 4 Surprised or not surprised by comparing Source D with other sources or specific
contextual knowledge [4–5]

Level 5 Surprised because he is willing to tell everyone what dreadful things he or Americans
have done in Vietnam [6–7]

Level 6 Not surprised by the fact that he wrote this book explained in context. [8]

4 Study Sources E and F. How far does Source F prove that Westmoreland was wrong in
Source E? Explain your answer using details of the sources and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Writes about the sources, fails to address the question [1]

Level 2 Undeveloped provenance

OR

Argues that Westmoreland’s point of view in E is wrong e.g. bombing will not work
because it will alienate South Vietnam [2–3]

Level 3 Compares sources for differences/agreements to say whether F proves E is wrong. [4-5]

Level 4 Evaluates Source E with no reference to F. [6]

Level 5 Compares sources and evaluates one to say if E is wrong [7]

Level 6 Compares sources and evaluates both to say if E is wrong. [8]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2013

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IGCSE – October/November 2013 0416 23

5 Study Source G. What is the message of the cartoonist? Explain your answer using details
of the source and your knowledge.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 Surface description of the cartoon [1]

Level 2 Misinterpretation of the cartoon

Claims that Vietnamisation was working, was a good idea [2]

Level 3 Interprets sub-message of the cartoon

e.g. The US is introducing a policy of Vietnamisation

OR

Is trying to get the Vietnamese to fight their own war. [3–4]

Level 4 Interprets big message of cartoon

Vietnamisation is not working, Nixon’s handling/policies not working [5–6]

Level 5 Cartoonist's point of view of the desperate state of the US in Vietnam. [7]

6 How far do these sources provide convincing evidence that America lost the war in
Vietnam because it failed to win the support of the people of South Vietnam? Use the
sources to explain your answer.

Level 0 No evidence submitted and response does not address the question [0]

Level 1 No valid source use [1–3]

Level 2 Uses sources to support or reject the statement [4–6]

Level 3 Uses sources to support and reject the statement [7–10]

Award up to 2 bonus marks for evaluation of sources (no more than 1 per source).

Source use must be reference to a source by letter, by provenance or by direct quote. There
must be examples from source content. There must be an explanation of how this supports/does
not support the statement.

Use a ‘tick’ in the margin for each source use in support of the statement and ‘X’ for each source
use rejecting the statement.

Yes No

ABCDEFG AEF

© Cambridge International Examinations 2013