CVB Table Booklet Feeding of Ruminants

2022

Nutrient requirements for cattle, sheep and goats and

nutritional values of feeding ingredients for ruminants

CVB-series no 66
November 2022
© Stichting CVB 2022

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This publication has been compiled with great care; however, Stichting CVB cannot be held
liable in any way for the consequences of using the information in this publication.

The activities of CVB are outsourced to

Wageningen Livestock Research in the
Netherlands and the Instituut voor Landbouw-,
Visserij- en Voedingsonderzoek (ILVO) in
Belgium.

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 2 © Stichting CVB

 Preface

This booklet is an update of the 2016 version. The most relevant adjustments are briefly
summarized below:

• Updated energy requirements for dairy cattle.

• Updated body weights of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle.
• Updated VEM contents of feedstuffs (VEM2022).
• Updated feed evaluation of maize silage.
• Introduction of sorghum silage as a new feedstuff.

November 2022.

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 Content

Page
Preface...................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Dairy cattle.............................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Requirements for dairy cattle .................................................................................. 5
1.1.1 Requirements for maintenance and milk production of adult dairy cattle ....... 5
1.1.2 Additional allowance for heifers and 2nd parity cows .................................... 6
1.1.3 Additional allowance for pregnant cows ........................................................ 9
1.1.4 Nutrition after calving .................................................................................... 9
1.2 Requirements for female young stock ................................................................... 10
1.3 General recommendations dairy cattle .................................................................. 11
1.3.1 Structure value ........................................................................................... 11
1.3.2 Dry matter intake dairy cattle ...................................................................... 12
1.3.3 Dry matter intake young stock .................................................................... 14
1.3.4 Requirements of minerals, trace elements and vitamins ............................. 15
1.4 Breeding bulls ....................................................................................................... 18
1.5 Beef cattle............................................................................................................. 18
1.5.1 Young beef cattle (bulls) ............................................................................. 19
1.5.2 Double-muscled type .................................................................................. 22
1.5.3 Fattening of dairy cattle .............................................................................. 22
1.5.4 Allowance of a OEB shortage ..................................................................... 22
2. Sheep ................................................................................................................... 23
2.1 Maintenance requirement ..................................................................................... 23
2.2 Standards for ewes ............................................................................................... 23
2.2.1 Pregnant and lactating ewes....................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Young ewes (up to approximately 1.5 years) .............................................. 24
2.3 Standards for fattening lambs ............................................................................... 25
2.4 Requirements of minerals and trace elements for sheep ....................................... 25
3. Goats .................................................................................................................... 26
3.1 Energy and protein requirements for goats ........................................................... 26
3.2 Dry matter intake goats ......................................................................................... 27
3.3 Requirements of minerals and micro-elements for goats ....................................... 27
4. Feed ingredients ................................................................................................... 28
4.1 General explanation .............................................................................................. 28
4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg
product; DM and other nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product) ............... 29
4.3 Wet by-products (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW per kg
dry matter; other nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg DM) ............................... 36
4.4 Roughage for ruminants (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW
per kg dry matter; other nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg dry matter) ........... 38
4.5a Average and limit values of minerals in meadow grass, grass silage and maize
silage, corn cob with bracts, (ensiled), whole crop silage (cereals) and green cereal
plant silages, destined for animal nutrition for ruminants. ...................................... 43
4.5b Average and limit values of trace elements in meadow grass, grass silage and
maize silage, corn cob with bracts, (ensiled), whole crop silage (cereals) and green
cereal plant silage, destined for animal nutrition for ruminants .............................. 44
4.6 Minerals ................................................................................................................ 45
5. Relevant CVB publications.................................................................................... 46
6. List with abbreviations........................................................................................... 47

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 1. Dairy cattle

1.1 Requirements for dairy cattle

.1
1.1.1 Requirements for maintenance and milk production of adult dairy cattle

The requirements for dairy cattle are based on the equations given below:

1.1.1.1 Net Energy requirement (VEM2022)

(1 VEM = 7.82 kJ Net Energy for lactation):
VEM (per day) for maintenance and milk production:

Lactating cows
• VEM2022maintenance = 53.0 x BW0,75 × {1 + (VEM2022 – 970) × 0.000327}

• VEM2022milk production = 390 x FPCM

Dry cows
• VEM2022maintenance = 52.7 x BW0,75 × {1 + (VEM2022 – 970) × 0.000327

BW = body weight in kg;

FPCM = fat and protein corrected milk in kg
VEM2022 = VEM2022 content of the diet (/kg DM)

1.1.1.2 Calculation of FCM and FPCM

FPCM in the equations above is the milk production in kg per day, expressed as milk with
4% of fat and 3.3% of protein (standard milk). To convert milk with certain percentages of
fat and protein into standard milk, the following equations apply:

• fat corrected milk (containing 3.3 % protein):

FCM = (0.4 + 0.15 × %F) × M

• fat and protein corrected milk:

FPCM = (0.337 + 0.116 × %F + 0.06 × %P) × M
M = actual milk production in kg per day;
%F = fat percentage;
%P = protein percentage
FPCM is more accurate than FCM only if the protein content differs more than 0.3 % from
the contents given in Table 1.2. A correct application of the standards is required (in other
words: no under-nutrition or use of unbalanced amounts of nutrients).

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1.1.1.3 Protein requirement

1.1.1.3.1 Requirement of intestinal digestible protein (DVE)

Maintenance:

• DVEmaintenance (g/day) = (2.75 × BW0,5 + 0.2 × BW0.6)/0.67

For practical use, the following equation for DVEmaintenance can be applied:

• DVEmaintenence = 54 + (0.1 × BW) (g/day)

Milk production:

• DVEmilk production (g) = 1.396 × Pr + 0.000195 × Pr2

Pr = milk protein production in g/day
= milk protein content in g/kg × kg produced milk/day

Rumen degraded protein balance (OEB)

The rumen degraded protein balance reflects the difference between the potential microbial
protein synthesis based on degraded feed crude protein and that based on energy available
for fermentation in the rumen. The DVE/OEB 2007 system distinguishes between an OEB
deficit on the short-term (= OEB-2; two hours after feed intake)) and on the long-term (=
OEB-value).

The OEB of a ration for dairy cows should never be negative (that is to say neither on the
short nor on the long term. When the OEB is negative, microbial synthesis may be impaired,
because of a shortage of N in the rumen. On the other hand, when the OEB is positive, the
loss of nitrogen to the animal increases proportional to the OEB value. In that situation, also
extra energy is needed for detoxification of ammonia (conversion into urea).
The VEM and DVE requirements for a lactating cow with a body weight of 650 kg
calculated with the equations above are given in Table 1.2, for a number of milk production
levels and a number of milk fat and milk protein contents.

1.1.2 Additional allowance for heifers and 2nd parity cows

Lactating heifers (first parity cows) and 2 nd parity cows are still growing during the lactation
periods. The required additional VEM and DVE for this growth are given in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Additional VEM and DVE allowances during lactation for young dairy cattle for
growth.
BW mean1) Additional allowance (per day)
VEM2022 g DVE
1st parity cow 615 kg 625 64
2nd parity cow 675 kg 325 37
3rd parity cow 705 kg 125 22
4th parity cow 720 kg 125 22

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Table 1.2 Requirements for the energy and protein requirements of dairy cattle when
indoor-fed1). Body weight: 675 kg. The units are VEM2022/day, g DVE/day and
kg milk/day.
% fat 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25
% protein 3.03 3.18 3.32 3.45
VEM VEM VEM VEM
kg milk 2022 DVE 2022 DVE 2022 DVE 2022 DVE
1 7704 201 7719 203 7734 205 7748 207
2 8065 244 8095 248 8124 252 8153 256
3 8426 287 8470 293 8514 299 8557 305
4 8786 331 8846 339 8904 347 8961 355
5 9147 374 9221 385 9294 396 9366 405

6 9508 419 9597 432 9684 444 9770 456

7 9868 463 9972 479 10074 493 10175 507
8 10229 508 10348 526 10464 543 10579 559
9 10590 554 10723 574 10854 593 10984 611
10 10950 599 11099 622 11244 643 11388 663

12 11672 692 11850 720 12025 746 12197 770

14 12393 786 12601 819 12805 850 13006 878
16 13114 881 13352 919 13585 955 13815 989
18 13836 978 14103 1021 14365 1062 14623 1101
20 14557 1076 14853 1125 15145 1171 15432 1215

22 15278 1176 15604 1231 15925 1282 16241 1330

24 16000 1277 16355 1338 16706 1395 17050 1448
26 16721 1379 17106 1446 17486 1509 17859 1568
28 17442 1483 17857 1556 18266 1625 18668 1689
30 18164 1589 18608 1668 19046 1742 19477 1812

32 18885 1695 19359 1781 19826 1862 20285 1937

34 19606 1804 20110 1896 20606 1983 21094 2064
36 20328 1913 20861 2012 21386 2106 21903 2193
38 21049 2024 21612 2130 22167 2230 22712 2324
40 21771 2137 22363 2250 22947 2356 23521 2456

42 22492 2251 23114 2371 23727 2484 24330 2591

44 23213 2366 23865 2494 24507 2614 25139 2727
46 23935 2483 24616 2618 25287 2745 25947 2865
48 24656 2601 25367 2744 26067 2878 - -
50 25377 2721 26118 2871 26848 3013 - -
1
The maintenance requirement is included in the requirements including a VEM2022 and
DVE requirement for growth of 325 VEM2022 and 37 g DVE. In case of day and night
grazing it is advised to increase the energy requirement for maintenance of 53 with 30%
to 68.9 VEM2022 per kg of BW0,75.
Table 1.2 Requirements for the energy and protein requirements of dairy cattle when
indoor-fed1). Body weight: 675 kg. The units are VEM2022/day, g DVE/day and
kg milk/day.
% fat 4.50 4.75 5.00
% protein 3.60 3.75 3.88
VEM VEM VEM
kg milk 2022 DVE 2022 DVE 2022 DVE
1 7763 209 7778 211 7792 213
2 8182 260 8212 264 8240 268
3 8601 312 8646 318 8689 324
4 9021 364 9080 372 9137 380
5 9440 416 9514 427 9586 437

6 9859 469 9948 482 10034 494

7 10278 523 10382 538 10483 552
8 10698 577 10816 595 10931 611
9 11117 631 11250 652 11379 670
10 11536 686 11684 709 11828 730

12 12375 798 12552 826 12725 851

14 13213 912 13421 945 13622 974
16 14052 1027 14289 1066 14518 1100
18 14890 1145 15157 1190 15415 1229
20 15729 1265 16025 1315 16312 1359

22 16567 1386 16893 1443 17209 1492

24 17406 1510 17761 1573 18106 1628
26 18244 1636 18629 1705 19003 1765
28 19083 1764 19498 1839 19899 1905
30 19921 1894 20366 1976 20796 2048

32 20760 2025 21234 2115 21693 2192

34 21598 2159 22102 2255 22590 2339
36 22437 2295 22970 2399 - -
38 23275 2433 23838 2544 - -
40 24114 2573 - - - -

42 24952 2715 - - - -
44 - - - - - -
46 - - - - - -
48 - - - - - -
50 - - - - - -
1
The maintenance requirement is included in the requirements including a VEM2022 and
DVE requirement for growth of 325 VEM2022 and 37 g DVE. In case of day and night
grazing it is advised to increase the energy requirement for maintenance of 53 with 30%
to 68.9 VEM2022 per kg of BW0,75.

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1.1.3 Additional allowance for pregnant cows
The energy and protein requirements for gestation are very low during the first 4 months.
For gestating cows, additional energy and protein should be given from the 5th month of
gestation for the growth of the calf, uterus, amnion and chorion, et cetera. Table 1.3
represents the additional allowances for VEM2022 and DVE from the 4th month of
gestation for a cow with a body weight of 675 kg.

Table 1.3 Additional VEM and DVE allowances (per day), on top of the standards for
maintenance and milk production, for dairy cattle from the 4th month of
gestation.1)
Additional allowance (per day)
Month in gestation VEM2022 g DVE
4th month 250 15
5th month 400 30
6th month 650 55
7th month 1100 100
8th month (dry) 1700 160
9th month (dry) 2750 255
1)
For a twin gestation, the additional allowances are 1.7 times higher for energy, and 1.8
times higher for protein.

The last week before calving, 1 kg of concentrate may be added to the ration, for adaptation
purposes. The roughage part of the ration should - as much as possible - be similar to the
roughage diet after calving.
It is advised to provide 2 kg of concentrate on the day of calving.
An excessive condition (score 4 and higher) around calving should be avoided.

1.1.4 Nutrition after calving

After calving it is recommended to increase the amount of concentrates with 1 kg per day
until (if necessary) the level of 8 kg is reached (for heifers: 6 kg); subsequently, the
concentrate allowance is increased by 0.5 kg per day, until the standard or the maximum
intake is achieved.
It is recommended to bring fresh cows on a high level of production, by giving them during
the first two months of lactation unrestricted access to a high quality diet. This is beneficial
for the total year production. However, it should be noted that the risk of consuming
insufficient roughages increases, especially when large amounts of concentrates are
provided the risk of nutritional disorders might increase (see paragraph 1.3.2).
 1.2 Requirements for female young stock

The recommended growth schedule (Table 1.4) for female young stock is aimed at heifers
calving at the age of 2 years, at a body weight of approx. 530 kg immediately after calving.
This can be realized by feeding the young stock according to the standards given in Table
1.5.

Table 1.4 Recommended growth schedule for young stock.

Age (months) Daily gain (g/day)
Milk period (until 3 months) approx. 550
3– 8 approx. 850
9 – 15 approx. 700
16 – 21 600 – 650
22 → 24 500 → 150 (decreasing)

Table 1.5 Requirements1) for the nutrient requirements with indoor-feeding of young stock
destined for dairy cattle 2) 3)
Daily gain g per day5) additional
Age BW 850 700 625 VEM2022
(months) (kg) VEM DVE VEM DVE VEM DVE when
2022 2022 2022 grazing
2 75 2600 225 2350 195 - - 350
4 130 3200 255 2925 225 - - 500
6 185 3800 285 3450 250 - - 650
8 235 4525 305 4100 270 - - 800
10 280 5225 325 4725 290 - - 900
12 320 - - 5225 310 4950 290 900
14 360 - - 5725 330 5450 310 1050
16 400 - - 6250 350 5925 335 1150
18 440 - - 6825 375 6500 355 1250
20 480 - - 7575 435 7225 415 1350
22 BW 510 kg (ca. 400 g growth/d4)) 7375 VEM2022; 400 g DVE 1400
23 highly pregnant (ca. 200 g growth/d4)) 7625 VEM2022; 450 g DVE 1400
24 highly pregnant (ca. 150 g growtj/d4)) 8550 VEM2022; 525 g DVE 1450
1)
The requirements for VEM2022 and DVE (in g) are on a daily basis. The requirements
for female young stock have been described in CVB Documentation report nr. 19:
“Energie en eiwitnormen voor de voederbehoefte van vrouwelijk jongvee bestemd voor
de melkveehouderij (1997).
2)
When grazing, the VEM2022 requirements for maintenance are app. 30% higher. The
additional allowance for grazing is given in the last column.
3)
The bold figures represent the standards for the nutrient requirement at the desired
growth rate (also see Table 1.4).
4)
This concerns (also for gestation) only the weight gain of the dairy cow, excluding uterus
contents.

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A negative OEB is permitted from 250 kg BW in case of a surplus DVE supply: 0 g OEB/day
at 250 kg body weight up to -62 g OEB/day at 500 kg body weight (see also paragraph
1.5.4).

1.3 General recommendations dairy cattle

1.3.1 Structure value

In the CVB feed ingredient tables for each ingredient a structure value (SW) is presented.
The structure value of the ration for a standard cow (25 kg of milk, 1 st, 2nd or 3rd lactation)
should be at least 1.00 when concentrates are fed twice a day. Some corrections are
necessary for other situations (see table 1.6).

Table 1.6 Structure value requirements for dairy cattle.

Animal characteristics SW diet
Cow ≥ 1.00
• 25 kg milk with 4,4% fat
• 1st, 2nd of 3th lactation
• Concentrate fed twice daily
Correction for:
Different milk production and fat contents1):
• More (resp. less) than 25 kg (correction per kg milk) + (resp. -) 0.008
• Fat contents higher (resp. lower) than 4.4 % (correction - (resp. +) 0.050
per % fat)
Different age
• 4th lactation -0.08
-0.10
• th
5 lactation and higher
Distributed supply of concentrates (at least six times per -0.10
day) or total mixed ration (TMR)
1)
If the milk fat% is unknown or when a correction of a deviating milk fat % is difficult to
make, it is advised to take into account for each kg milk more resp. less than 25 kg a
correction of + (resp. -) 0.010.

The structure value (SW) (per kg DM) of a ration is calculated as follows:

SWration = (kg DM roughage × SW roughage) + (kg DM concentrates × SW concentrates)

total DM intake in kg

Numeric example
As an example, the structure value (SW) of a ration consisting of 60% grass silage and 40%
concentrates is calculated below. The SW of grass silage is assumed to be 2.45; the SW of
the concentrate feed is assumed to be 0.30. The structure value of the complete ration then
becomes:

SWration = (8.9 kg DM x 2.45) + (11.5 kg DM x 0.30) = 1.23

20.6

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Next, the structure requirement is calculated for a second lactation cow, producing 32 kg of
milk per day (containing 4.2% of fat). Concentrates are fed twice a day.
The structure requirement for this cow is:

SWrequirement = 1.0 + (milk production – 25) * 0.008 - (%fat – 4.4%) * 0.050

= 1.0 + (32–25)*0.008 - (4.2%-4.4%)*0.050
= 1.0 + 0.056 + 0.010 = 1.066

The example-ration therefore contains sufficient structure for this cow.

1.3.2 Dry matter intake dairy cattle

1.3.2.1 Dry matter intake adult dairy cattle

The feed intake of adult dairy cattle is estimated with the ‘Feed Intake Model 2007’. For
more information one is referred to CVB Documentation report nr. 51 (2007) (in Dutch).
To estimate the total dry matter intake per day (TDMI) of a certain ration, the feed intake
capacity (FIC) of a cow (expressed in Fill Units (“Verzadigingswaarde” in Dutch; VW) is
divided by the Satiety Value of the ration (VW ration in satiety units per kg DM).
In formula:

TDMI = FIC / VWration

(kg DM/day)

To estimate the feed intake capacity of a ‘standard cow’ the following formula is used:

-0.05889 x d
−1.140 x a 0.3156 x (1− e )
FIC = [8.743 + 3.563 x (1- e )] x e x (1− 0.05529 x (g/220))
In which:
FIC = Feed intake capacity (VW/day)
a = Lactation age = parity - 1 + (days in lactation/365)
d = Days in lactation
g = Days in gestation

From this formula, it appears that the feed intake capacity, except for a number of
coefficients derived from statistical analysis, depends on the following factors: (lactation)
age (a), days in lactation (d), and the number of days the cow is in gestation (g). These
variables must be inserted for each situation to be calculated.

The satiety value of a ration is estimated by fractional adding of the satiety values of the
ration components. The contribution of a ration component depends on (the characteristics)
of the component and the proportion in which it is included in the ration. This means that
the satiety value (VW) of a ration (per kg DM) can be calculated as follows:

VWration = (proportion roughage1 in ration * VW roughage1) +

(proportion roughage2 in ration * VW roughage2) +
(proportion concentrate1 in ration * VW concentrate1) +
(proportion concentrate2 in ration * VW concentrate2) +
etc.

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For a ration that, on dry matter basis, consists of 60% grass silage with a VW of 1.08 per kg
DM and 40% of a concentrate with a VW of 0.34 per kg DM, the satiety value of the ration
will be:

VWration = (60/100 x 1.08) + (40/100 x 0.34) = 0.648 + 0.136 = 0.784 = 0.78 per kg DM

Depending on the type of feed ingredient, different formulas are used to estimate the satiety
value. These formulas have been derived from feeding trials in which these ingredients were
fed. In a number of cases, pragmatic choices were made. For more information concerning
the satiety value of feed ingredients, one is referred to the tables in Chapter 4 of this
publication.

In table 1.7 the feed intake capacity is shown for a number of non-pregnant cows in different
stages of lactation and with different lactation numbers. The feed intake capacity is
expressed as satiety values per day.

Table 1.7 Effect of lactation stage and lactation number on the feed intake capacity (FIC)
of non-pregnant dairy cattle
Feed intake capacity (FIC in VW units per day)
in relation to number of days in lactation
Lactation number 1 60 120 180 305
1 8.9 12.7 13.5 14.1 15.0
2 11.4 15.4 15.8 16.0 16.3
3 12.2 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.7
>3 12.5 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.9

For a 2nd lactation cow, the total dry matter intake (TDMI, kg/day) of the above-mentioned
ration (grass silage / concentrates = 60/40, VW = 0.78 per kg DM) at day 120 of lactation is
therefore estimated to be: TDMI = FIC/VWdiet = 15.8/0.78 = 20.3 kg DM/day.

1.3.2.2 Dry matter intake dry cows

For dry cows in their 8th and 9th month of gestation, the feed intake capacity is shown in
Table 1.8.

Table 1.8 Feed intake capacity (FIC) of dry cows in the 8th and 9th month of gestation for
various lactation numbers.
Feed intake capacity (VW units per day)
Lactation number 8th month of gestation 9th month of gestation
1 14.2 13.5
2 15.4 14.4
>2 15.7 14.7

1.3.2.3 Substitution of roughage by concentrates

Feeding concentrates as supplement to roughage based rations results in a reduction of
roughage intake. The repression rate depends on the satiety values of the roughage and
the concentrate and can be calculated as: VWconcentrate/VWroughage.

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The intake of concentrates confiscates part of the feed intake capacity of the cow and –
therefore – represses part of the roughage intake. Most concentrates have a satiety value
of approx. 0.4 VW units per kg DM.
This implies that for a grass silage based ration (with, e.g., a VW of 1.0 units/kg DM) the
intake of each kg standard concentrate causes a repression of 0.4 kg DM intake of grass
silage. In rations with roughages with a relative low VW, such as maize silage of fresh
grass, the repression of roughage will be stronger. For a roughage with a VW of 0.8 VW
units/kg DM, each kg of ‘average’ concentrate will repress 0.5 kg DM of roughage.

1.3.3 Dry matter intake young stock

The DM intake of young stock from hay, grass silage, and (ensiled) maize varies between
1.5 and 3.0 kg DM per 100 kg BW, assuming good quality roughage. For moderate quality
roughage, the intake will be lower.
The DM intake per 100 kg BW decreases with increasing age and also depends on the
quality of the feedstuff. Table 1.9 shows how much young stock will consume of a roughage
with a certain quality, provided that no concentrates are fed (= the gross DM intake, GDM).

If the energy supply from roughage alone is not sufficient to achieve the target growth
(column growth/day), additional supply of concentrate is required. This additional
concentrate will substitute roughage. The intake or roughage corrected for substitution by
concentrate is shown in column ‘Roughage’
If energy supply from roughage alone exceeds the energy requirements to achieve the
target growth, than the (underlined) figures in column ‘roughage’ indicate the amount of that
roughage sufficient to meet the requirements.

Table 1.9 Gross DM intake from roughages (GDM) and net roughages intake in kg DM per
animal per day with matching concentrates supply (app. 90% dry matter and 940
VEM) in kg per animal per day, for indoor-fed young stock, depending on body
weight, desired growth rate, and VEM content in the roughages.
VEM2022/kg DM roughage
4301) 750
BW Growth GDM Roughage Concentrate GDM Roughage Concentrate
(kg) (g/day) (kg DM/day) (kg DM/day)
100 850 - - - 2.4 1.4 2.0
200 850 3.0 1.9 3.3 4.2 3.6 1.5
300 700 4.2 3.3 3.6 5.6 5.1 1.3
400 625 5.2 4.3 4.2 6.7 6.2 1.5
500 500 6.0 5.3 5.1 7.7 7.2 2.1

VEM2022/kg DM roughage
850 960
BW Growth GDM Roughage Concentrate GDM2) Roughage Concentrate
(kg) (g/day) (kg DM/day) (kg DM/day)
100 850 2.8 1.5 1.8 3.2 1.6 1.6
200 850 4.7 4.6 0.2 5.2 4.3 0.0
300 700 6.1 5.9 0.0 6.6 5.3 0.0
400 625 7.3 7.2 0.0 7.9 6.4 0.0
500 500 8.3 8.2 0.4 9.0 7.8 0.0

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1)
Wheat straw.
2)
In pastures of 960 VEM2022/kg DM, the gross DM intake is 10% higher than the indoor
forage intake.

With other growth rates, adjustments need to be made on the figures given in Table 1.9.

From Table 1.9 it appears that when roughage contains more than 850 VEM per kg DM
should often be fed restricted, or should be supplemented with roughage low in energy (e.g.,
straw).

Next to the DM intake, some practical starting points are of interest when feeding young
stock:
1. In practice, the following is taken into account in the nutritional management of calves
(also considering the minerals and vitamins supply).
• Aim to achieve that the calves consume 0.75 to 1 kg of concentrates given ad
libitum during the milk period at the time of weaning.
• After weaning at approx. 75 kg BW, increase the concentrates supply as quickly
as possible to 2 kg per animal per day.
• Slowly decrease the concentrates supply during grazing to a minimum amount at
the age of 6 to 7 months. The minimum amount depends on the quality of the
grass offered, and may be zero.
• Slowly reduce the concentrate supply during indoor-feeding to a minimum
amount at the age of 7 to 9 months. Also in this case, the minimum amount
depends on the nutritional value of the forages offered.
In Table 1.9 the above is taken into account for the 100 kg BW animal.
2. As the feed intake capacity decreases when gestation progresses, it is recommended
to offer at least 1 kg of concentrate to the animals in the last month of gestation.
Supplying concentrates shortly before calving also smoothens the transition to the
lactation diet. This decline in feed intake capacity is not accounted for in Table 1.9.

1.3.4 Requirements of minerals, trace elements and vitamins

For detailed information on the requirements of minerals and trace elements for dairy cattle
and female young stock, the reader is referred to the “Handleiding Mineralenvoorziening
rundvee, schapen, geiten” (CVB, 2005) (In Dutch).

1.3.4.1 Mineral requirements for adult dairy cattle (BW 650 kg)
Table 1.10 shows, for a number of situations, the requirements of minerals and trace
elements for adult dairy cattle.

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Table 1.10 Requirements of minerals and trace elements for adult dairy cattle*

Table 10.a: Dry cows

Element Unit Dry, 8 – 3 weeks before Dry, 3- 0 weeks before
calving1) calving 2)
per day per kg DM per day per kg DM
Calcium (Ca) g 27 2.4 31 2.8
Phosphorus (P) g 21 1.9 22 2.0
Magnesium (Mg) g 22 1.9 23 2.1
Sodium (Na) g 7.6 0.7 6.6 0.6
Potassium (K) g 56 4.9 55 5.0
Chlorine (Cl) g 7.7 0.7 8.5 0.8
Sulphur (S) g 1.5 1.5
Copper (Cu) mg 277 24.1 277 25.2
Cobalt (Co) mg 1.2 0.1 1.1 0.1
Iodine (J) mg 5.5 0.1 5.5 0.1
Zinc (Zn) mg 246 21.4 246 22.4
Manganese (Mn) mg 460 40 440 40
Iron (Fe) mg 345 30.0 345 31.4
Selenium (Se) mg 1.44 0.13 1.44 0.13

Table 10.b: Lactating cows

Element Unit Lactating, 20 kg/day 3) Lactating, 40 kg/day 4)
per day per kg DM per day per kg DM
Calcium (Ca) g 60 3.2 100 4.2
Phosphorus (P) g 47 2.5 79 3.3
Magnesium (Mg) g 38 2.1 56 2.4
Sodium (Na) g 20 1.1 33 1.4
Potassium (K) g 134 7.2 190 8.1
Chlorine (Cl) g 37 2.0 66 2.8
Sulphur (S) g 2.0 2.0
Copper (Cu) mg 227 12.2 260 11.1
Cobalt (Co) mg 1.9 0.1 2.4 0.1
Iodine (J) mg 9.5 0.5 12 0.5
Zinc (Zn) mg 490 26.5 763 32.5
Manganese (Mn) mg 740 40 940 40
Iron (Fe) mg 150 8.1 300 12.8
Selenium (Se) mg 2.72 0.15 4.22 0.18
*
For dairy cattle rations the next energy values are assumed per kg DM: 800, 920, 920,
and 970 VEM for dry 8-3, dry 3-0, lactating 20 kg, and lactating 40 kg, respectively.
1)
: Feed intake 11.5 kg DM/day;
2)
: Feed intake 11.0 kg DM/day;
3)
: Feed intake 18.5 kg DM/day;
4)
: Feed intake 23.5 kg DM/day.

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1.3.4.2 Mineral requirements for female stock
Table 1.11 shows, for a number of situations, the requirements of minerals and trace
elements for female young stock.

Table 1.11 Requirements of minerals and trace elements for female young stock*.
Element Unit 4 months 9 months 16 months
(850 g gain/day)1) (700 g gain/day)2) (625 g gain/day)3)
per day per kg per day per kg per day per kg
DM DM DM
Calcium (Ca) g 22 5.6 20 3.5 21 2.8
Phosphorus (P) g 13 3.4 13 2.3 13 1.8
Magnesium (Mg) g 6.7 1.7 10 1.8 14 1.9
Sodium (Na) g 2.3 0.6 3.0 0.5 4.0 0.5
Potassium (K) g 17 4.3 26 4.6 35 4.9
Chlorine (Cl) g 2.2 0.6 3.3 0.6 4.6 0.6
Sulphur (S) g 1.5 1.5 1.5
Copper (Cu) mg 56 14.5 92 16.4 132 18.1
Cobalt (Co) mg 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1
Iodine (J) mg 2.0 0.5 3.0 0.5 3.5 0.5
Zinc (Zn) mg 111 28.5 143 25.5 183 25.1
Manganese (Mn) mg 98 25 140 25 183 25
Iron (Fe) mg 363 93.2 299 53.4 267 26.6
Selenium (Se) mg 0.40 0.10 0.62 0.11 0.87 0.12
* In the calculations. the body weights assumed at 4, 9 and 16 months of age: 130 kg, 260
kg and 400 kg respectively (see table 1.5).
1)
: Feed intake 3.9 kg/day;
2)
: Feed intake 5.6 kg/day;
3)
: Feed intake 7.3 kg/day.

1.3.4.3 Requirements of some vitamins for adult dairy cattle

Table 1.12 Gross requirements for adult cattle of minerals, trace elements and vitamins
Requirement (In formula) Required contents per kg DM Unit
of the diet
Vit. A 24000 + 1500 x M IE 2000 – 3500 1) IE
Vit. D 10 x BW IE 300 – 500 2) IE
BW: Body Weight in kg; M: milk yield in kg/day
1)
Highest value at a high milk yield per day.
2)
Highest value during dry off period.

1.3.4.4 Concentrates for cattle

For the contents of minerals and trace elements in feedstuffs (roughages, wet by-products
and concentrate ingredients) one is referred to Chapter 4. Table 1.13 represents indicative
contents for Ca, P, Na and Mg in concentrates for cattle, as used in The Netherlands

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Table 1.13 The range of mineral and trace element contents in concentrates for dairy
cattle1)
Mineral Unit Contents per kg DM
Standard feed; Protein-rich feed, High protein feed a),
940 VEM / 90 DVE 940 VEM / 120 DVE 900 VEM / 200 DVE
range range range
Ca g 7.0 – 10.0 7.5 - 9.5 12.0 - 14.0
P g 4.0 - 5.5 5.5 – 7.0 7.0 - 8.5
Mg g 4.5 - 7.0 5.0 - 7.5 5.5 - 8.5
Na g 3.0 - 4.0 3.0 - 4.5 4.0 – 6.0
K g 14.0 – 19.0 15.0 - 21.5 18.0 – 22.0
Cl g 4.0 - 6.5 4.0 – 7.0 5.0 - 9.0
S g 2.1 - 3.2 2.8 - 4.3 3.4 - 5.6
Cu mg 20 - 35 25 - 45 45 - 65
Co mg 0.2 - 1.2 0.2 - 1.6 1.0 - 2.6
I mg 1.3 – 2.0 1.5 - 2.3 2.1 - 4.7
Zn mg 60 - 100 60 - 130 100 - 180
Mn mg 105 - 175 100 - 170 120 - 190
Se mg 0.25 - 0.45 0.25 - 0.65 0.45 - 1.55
Fe mg 225 - 510 270 - 530 275 - 480
a)
Supplementary concentrate fed in maize silage based rations.
Source: “Handleiding Mineralenvoorziening Rundvee, Schapen, Geiten” (CVB, 2005).

1.4 Breeding bulls

The nutrient requirements may vary strongly between bulls. In an intensive breeding
season, somewhat higher amounts of feed may be offered. For young breeding bulls up to
1 year of age, the standards for female young stock may be applied.

Table 1.14 Energy and protein requirements for breeding bulls 1

Age BW (kg) VEM DVE (g)
ca. 1 year2) 400 5400 300
adult 900 7200 150
adult 1100 8200 165
1)
The values given for VEM and DVE are expressed per day.
2)
A growth rate of approx. 600 g/day is assumed.

1.5 Beef cattle

Below the energy and protein requirements for beef cattle are shown. For the mineral and
trace elements one is referred to “Handleiding Mineralenvoorziening Rundvee, Schapen,
Geiten” (CVB 2005).

With respect to the nutrient requirements of beef bulls a distinction is made for the energy
(VEVI) and protein (DVE) requirements of different types of beef bulls: early maturing types
(Table 1.15), intermediate types (Table 1.16), and late- maturing types (Table 1.17). These

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VEVI and DVE standards are based on CVB Documentation report nr. 11 (December 1994):
" Herziening van de energie- en eiwitnormen voor vleesstieren".

In 1998, a new structure value system for ruminants is introduced. As this (Belgium)
research is not finished yet, for the time being a structure value of 0.75 for beef bull diets
is recommended.

The standards for beef bulls in table 1.15 to table 1.17 apply for diets without additives
(Since January 2006 antibiotics are forbidden). Concentrates for beef bulls contain app.
1000 VEVI/ kg product.
The DM-intake from roughage is app. 1.5 kg DM per 100 kg body weight, next to 2 to 3 kg
of concentrates.

1.5.1 Young beef cattle (bulls)

Table 1.15 Feeding standards for beef bulls: early maturing type (Holstein-Friesian, Maas
Rijn en IJsselvee (MRIJ))1).
BW2) DM-intake3) Gain (g/day)
1000 1100 1200
(kg) (kg/day) VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE
100 2.0 – 3.0 2950 280 3100 300 3300 320
150 3.0 – 4.0 3650 305 3850 325 4050 345
200 4.0 – 5.0 4250 325 4500 345 4750 365
250 5.0 – 6.0 4900 340 5150 365 5400 385
300 5.5 – 7.0 5500 360 5750 380 6050 405
350 6.0 – 7.5 6100 380 6400 400 6750 420
400 6.5 – 8.0 6700 405 7050 425 7450 445
450 7.0 – 8.5 7350 430 7750 450 8150 470
500 7.5 – 9.5 8050 465 8500 480 8950 490
550 8.0 – 10.0 8800 490 9350 500 9900 500
600 8.5 – 10.5 9700 490 10350 480 - -

BW2) DM-intake3) Gain (g/day)

1300 1400 1500 1600
(kg) (kg/day) VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE
100 2.0 – 3.0 - - - - - - - -
150 3.0 – 4.0 4250 370 - - - - - -
200 4.0 – 5.0 5000 390 5250 410 - - - -
250 5.0 – 6.0 5700 405 5950 425 6250 445 - -
300 5.5 – 7.0 6400 425 6700 445 7000 460 7350 480
350 6.0 – 7.5 7100 440 7450 460 7800 475 8200 490
400 6.5 – 8.0 7800 460 8200 475 8650 490 9050 505
450 7.0 – 8.5 8600 485 9050 495 - - - -
500 7.5 – 9.5 9500 500 - - - - - -
550 8.0 – 10.0 - - - - - - - -
600 8.5 – 10.5 - - - - - - - -

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1)
The values for VEVI and DVE (in g) are given per day. The feeding standards
matching the desired growth rate from 150 kg live weight onward are viewed in bold.
The animals are ready for slaughter at a body weight of approx. 550 kg.
2)
BW = body weight
3)
DM = dry matter

Table 1.16 Feeding standards for beef bulls: intermediate type (crossbred of early
maturing and beef bulls)1).
BW2) DM-intake3) Gain (g/day)
1000 1100 1200
(kg) (kg/day) VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE
100 2.0 – 3.0 2900 280 3050 300 3250 325
150 2.5 – 4.0 3550 305 3750 325 3950 350
200 3.5 – 5.0 4200 325 4400 350 4600 370
250 4.5 – 6.0 4800 340 5000 365 5250 390
300 5.0 – 7.0 5350 360 5600 385 5850 405
350 5.5 – 7.5 5900 380 6200 400 6500 425
400 6.0 – 8.0 6500 400 6800 420 7100 445
450 6.5 – 8.5 7050 425 7400 445 7800 470
500 7.0 – 9.5 7700 455 8100 475 8500 495
550 7.5 – 10.0 8350 490 8800 510 9300 525
600 8.0 – 10.0 9150 520 9650 525 - -

BW2) DM-intake3) Gain (g/day)

1300 1400 1500 1600
(kg) (kg/day) VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE
100 2.0 – 3.0 - - - - - - - -
150 2.5 – 4.0 4150 370 - - - - - -
200 3.5 – 5.0 4850 395 5100 415 - - - -
250 4.5 – 6.0 5500 410 5750 430 6050 455 - -
300 5.0 – 7.0 6150 430 6450 450 6750 470 7050 490
350 5.5 – 7.5 6800 445 7100 465 7450 485 7750 505
400 6.0 – 8.0 7450 465 7800 485 8200 505 8550 520
450 6.5 – 8.5 8150 490 8550 505 8950 520 9400 535
500 7.0 – 9.5 8900 515 9350 530 - - - -
550 7.5 – 10.0 9800 535 - - - - - -
600 8.0 – 10.0 - - - - - - - -
1)
The values for VEVI and DVE (in g) are given per day. The standards matching the
desired growth rate from 150 kg BW onward are viewed in bold. The animals are ready
for slaughter at a body weight of approx. 600 kg.
2)
BW = body weight
3)
DM = dry matter

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Table 1.17 Feeding standards for beef bulls: late -maturing type (like Piemontese and
Blonde d’Aquitaine)1).
BW2) DM-intake3) Gain (g/day)
1000 1100 1200
(kg) (kg/day) VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE
100 2.0 – 3.0 2900 280 3050 300 3250 320
150 2.5 – 4.0 3550 305 3700 330 3900 350
200 3.5 – 5.0 4100 325 4300 350 4500 375
250 4.5 – 6.0 4650 345 4900 370 5100 395
300 5.0 – 7.0 5200 365 5400 390 5650 415
350 5.5 – 7.0 5700 385 5900 410 6150 435
400 6.0 – 7.5 6150 405 6450 430 6700 460
450 6.5 – 8.0 6650 425 6950 455 7200 480
500 7.0 – 8.5 7150 450 7450 480 7750 505
550 7.5 – 9.5 7650 480 7950 510 8300 535
600 8.0 – 10.0 8150 510 8500 540 8850 565
650 8.0 – 10.5 8700 540 9100 570 9500 595
700 8.0 – 11.0 9350 570 9750 595 - -
750 8.5 – 11.5 10100 575 10600 590 - -

BW2) DM-intake3) Gain (g/day)

1300 1400 1500 1600
(kg) (kg/day) VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE
100 2.0 – 3.0 - - - - - - - -
150 2.5 – 4.0 4100 375 - - - - - -
200 3.5 – 5.0 4750 400 4950 420 - - - -
250 4.5 – 6.0 5300 420 5550 445 5800 465 - -
300 5.0 – 7.0 5900 440 6100 465 6400 490 6650 510
350 5.5 – 7.0 6450 460 6700 485 6950 510 7250 535
400 6.0 – 7.5 6950 485 7250 510 7550 530 7850 555
450 6.5 – 8.0 7500 505 7800 530 8100 555 8550 580
500 7.0 – 8.5 8050 535 8400 560 8700 580 9050 605
550 7.5 – 9.5 8600 560 9000 585 9350 610 - -
600 8.0 – 10.0 9250 590 9600 615 - - - -
650 8.0 – 10.5 - - - - - - - -
700 8.0 – 11.0 - - - - - - - -
750 8.5 – 11.5 - - - - - - - -
1)
The values for VEVI and DVE (in g) are given per day. Bull calves of late maturing
types usually suckle at their dam until they reach body weights of 250 to 300 kg. From
250 kg BW onward the standards for the desired growth rate are viewed in bold. The
animals are ready for slaughter at a body weight of approx. 650 to 700 kg.
2)
BW = body weight
3)
DM = dry matter

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1.5.2 Double-muscled type
Pure-bred double-muscled beef bulls, such as the double-muscled types of the Belgian
White-blue and Dutch Red-and-White require more protein, according to Belgian studies.
Bulls between 350 and 500 kg (BW) need 25% more DVE compared to the late maturing
type at a similar growth rate. Between 500 and 700 kg BW the difference decreases
gradually to 10%.
The energy requirement also appears to be higher: app. 10% more VEVI is needed
compared to the late maturing type. This higher energy requirement is probably related to
the high stress sensitivity of double-muscled types.
For cross-breeds of double-muscled beef types and other types the standards for the
intermediate type or the late maturing type may be applied, depending on the degree of
muscling.

1.5.3 Fattening of dairy cattle

Table 1.18 Standards for fattening of dairy cattle.

BW Gain VEM DVE
(kg) (g/day) (per day) (g/day)
550 1000 10000 260
Dry 600 1000 10300 265
650 1000 10600 270
550 700 13000 840
In milk (12 kg fat standardized
600 700 13300 845
milk/day)
650 700 13600 850

Increasing the daily feed intake up to the standards given above should occur gradually. For
each 50 kg above or below 650 kg the standard should be increased or decreased with 320
VEVI and 5 g DVE per day respectively. For lactating cows the standards should be
increased or decreased by app. 460 VEVI and 52 g DVE for each kg of milk more or less
respectively.

1.5.4 Allowance of a OEB shortage

For beef cattle, as for dairy cattle, it is adviced to keep the OEB slighty positive (preferably
as close to zero as possible). With a DVE supply above the standard (see Table 1.13 to
1.15). a limited negative OEB is allowed for beef cattle from 250 kg BW onward. The
following equation applies:

Acceptable OEB deficiency (g per animal per day) = (BW - 250) x 0.25

BW = body weight in kg

This implies that the OEB shortage that is allowed, may increase from 0 g OEB at 250 kg
BW to -100 g OEB at 650 kg BW. A negative OEB of the diet means that the DVE supply
decreases by OEB x 0.65. Above-mentioned equation for acceptable OEB shortage may
only be applied if the calculated DVE intake - (OEBdeficiency x 0.65) is larger than the DVE
standard.

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 2. Sheep

2.1 Maintenance requirement

The maintenance requirement of VEM and DVE can be calculated by means of the following
equations:

• VEMmaintenance (per day) = 30 x BW0.75

• DVE(maintenance, including wool growth) (g/day) = 1.5 x BW0.75

BW = body weight in kg

2.2 Standards for ewes

2.2.1 Pregnant and lactating ewes

Table 2.1 Standards for animals kept indoors1)

Animal Category BW (kg) DM-intake (kg) VEM DVE (g)
Pregnant ewes2):
50 0.9 – 1.5 570 37
60 1.0 – 1.6 650 41
70 1.1 – 1.7 730 45
first 2.5 month of gestation
80 1.2 – 1.9 810 49
90 1.3 – 2.1 890 53
100 1.4 – 2.3 960 57
60 1.1 – 1.6 1010 110
70 1.2 – 1.7 1130 114
80 1.3 – 1.9 1250 117
Last 2 months of gestation
90 1.4 – 2.1 1370 121
100 1.5 – 2.3 1500 125
110 1.6 – 2.4 1620 128
Nursing ewes3):
1 lamb 1st month 65 - 90 2.1 – 2.7 1920 165
2nd month 2.0 – 2.5 1780 140
3rd month 1.7 – 2.2 1520 115
2 lambs 1st month 2.5 – 3.3 2460 250
2nd month 2.3 – 3.0 2190 210
3rd month 1.9 – 2.5 1720 165
3 lambs 1st month 2.7 – 3.6 2660 280
2nd month 2.5 – 3.2 2340 235
3rd month 2.0 – 2.6 1860 185
1)
The values for VEM and DVE (in g) are given per day. In pasture, the VEM requirement
for maintenance (30 x BW0.75) should be increased by 15%.

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2)
These standards apply to twin pregnancy of ewes lambing at the age of two years or
more. For ewes with single pregnancies the standards for the last two months are
app. 150 VEM and 35 g DVE lower than for twin pregnancies. For triple pregnancies.
app. 100 VEM and 15 g DVE more is needed than for twin pregnancies. Younger ewes
require an additional allowance (see paragraph 2.2.2).
3)
These standards apply to ewes of two years of age or older. For the DVE standard for
a ewe with two suckling lambs during lactation, a milk protein production is assumed
of 135, 110, and 82 gram protein per day for the 1 st, 2nd, and 3rd month of lactation
respectively. A ewe with one lamb produces 40% less than an ewe with two lambs
and an ewe with three lambs produces 15% more. For the synthesis of milk protein
an efficiency of 64% is assumed.

The VEM requirement may be expressed also with the next equations:

Table 2.2 Equations for calculating the daily VEM requirements of ewes.
indoors grazing
Non-pregnant ewes 7.5 BW + 170 8.5 BW + 210
First 2.5 months of gestation 8.0 BW + 170 9.0 BW + 210
Last 2 months of gestation, 1 lamb 10.5 BW + 270 12.0 BW + 270
Last 2 months of gestation, 2 lambs 12.5 BW + 250 13.5 BW + 300

The standards in Table 2.1 reflect average values, which should be regarded as guidelines.
The increase in body weight during gestation may vary strongly between animals. To
determine the amount of VEM to be offered, one should pay attention to the body condition
(handling the sheep, especially back and loins).

2.2.2 Young ewes (up to approximately 1.5 years)

Ewes lambing at the age of 1 year, should receive an additional allowance in the first 2.5
months of gestation compared to 2-year old ewes, to account for growth to adult body
weight. The last two months of gestation young ewes (then weighing approx. 60 kg) only
need an extra allowance for gestation. The standards for young ewes are given in Table
2.3.
For young ewes with single pregnancies, it is strongly recommended not to exceed the lower
requirement of 910 VEM. If this does happen, the risk of problems around birth increases
strongly.

Table 2.3 VEM and DVE standards (per day) for pregnant, young ewes (BW at service 45
to 50 kg) kept indoors1)
VEM DVE (g)
First 2.5 months of gestation 670 – 770 65 – 70
Last 2 months of gestation, 1 lamb 910 80
Last 2 months of gestation, 2 lambs 1010 110
1)
In pasture, the VEM requirement for maintenance (= 30 x BW0.75) should be increased
by 15%.

Ewes that lamb at the age of 1 year, should - after lambing - receive an additional 100 to
200 VEM and 5 g DVE per day to account for growth.

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From weaning to service (at an age of app. 1.5 years), an additional youth allowance is
needed of app. 200 VEM and 20 g DVE.

2.3 Standards for fattening lambs

Table 2.4 gives standards for male lambs. These standards should be regarded as
guidelines.
Female lambs grow fat faster than male lambs. Female lambs should not be fattened
heavier than 40 to 50 kg live weight (depending on feeding level and breed), because
otherwise they will become too fat. To obtain the same growth as male lambs, female lambs
need app. 10% more VEVI and approx. 5% less DVE.
The diet for fattening lambs should have a structure value of at least 0.75 SW per kg DM.
When roughages and concentrates are given simultaneously, this value may decline to 0.60
per kg DM (for more information on structure value, see paragraph 1.3.1).

Table 2.4 Standards for male lambs, fattened indoors 1).

BW DM-intake Gain (g/day)
(kg) (kg/day) 200 250 300 350
VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE VEVI DVE
15 0.4 – 0.7 560 65 670 80 790 95 940 106
20 0.5 – 0.9 680 73 810 87 960 102 1140 116
25 0.6 – 1.1 800 79 950 92 1130 107 1340 123
30 0.8 – 1.3 920 83 1090 97 1290 113 1530 130
35 1.0 – 1.5 1030 86 1220 102 1450 119 1750 136
40 1.2 – 1.8 1140 90 1350 106 1610 125 1910 141
50 1.4 – 2.0 1360 91 1610 107 1920 126 - -
1)
The values for VEVI and DVE (in g) are given per day.
While grazing, the energy requirement will be 60 to 100 VEVI higher.

2.4 Requirements of minerals and trace elements for sheep

For the mineral and trace elements requirements of the different sheep categories see
“Handleiding Mineralenvoorziening Rundvee, Schapen, Geiten” (2005).

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 3. Goats

3.1 Energy and protein requirements for goats

The VEM requirement (per day) for maintenance and milk production for dairy goats can be
calculated using the following equations:

• VEM = (36.4 x BW0.75 + 442 x FCM) x {1 + (FCM - 2.75) x 0.0009}

In which:
BW = body weight in kg;
FCM = milk corrected to standard milk with 4% of fat

For a dairy goat weighing 70 kg the VEM requirement can be estimated by the following
simplified equation:

• VEMmaintenance + production = 879 + 443 x FCM (VEM per day)

The DVE requirement for maintenance and milk production of dairy goats is calculated in a
similar manner as for dairy cattle.

Table 3.1 Standards for the nutrient requirement of lactating goats kept indoors. Body
weight: 70 kg. Units: VEM per day, DVE in g/day and milk in kg/day. The
maintenance requirement is included in these standards. When grazing day and
night, the standard for maintenance should be increased by approx. 20%.
Fat % 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50
Protein
3.00 3.15 3.30 3.45 3.60
%
kg milk VEM DVE VEM DVE VEM DVE VEM DVE VEM DVE
2 1700 120 1730 125 1760 130 1800 135 1830 140
4 2520 215 2590 225 2650 235 2720 240 2790 250
6 3340 310 3440 320 3540 335 3640 350 3740 365
8 4170 400 4300 420 4440 440 4570 460 4710 475

Table 3.2 Standards for non-lactating goats kept indoors1)

Animal category BW2) (kg) VEM DVE (g)
Adult goats3):
maintenance 70 900 27
Dry and last stage of gestation 75 1350 79
Young goats, gestation 3):
- 10 months of age 55 1170 50
- 12 months of age 60 1300 80
One-year old goats
- additional allowance for youth 4) - 200 15
Mating billy-goats:
adult 80 13205) 355)
young, 10 to 12 months of age 60 11605) 275)

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1)
The values for VEM and DVE (in g) are expressed per day. While grazing, an additional
VEM allowance for maintenance of 15% is needed.
2)
BW = body weight in kg. For each 10 kg BW more or less, the energy requirement
changes by 100 VEM and the protein requirement by 3 g DVE per day.
3)
During the first 2.5 months of gestation, an additional allowance of 5 g DVE per day is
required.
4)
This extra allowance is sufficient for a weight gain of approx.15 kg during the first
lactation.
5)
Outside the breeding season, these standards may be decreased by approx.15%.

3.2 Dry matter intake goats

The maximum DM intake from roughages plus concentrates is - depending on the body
weight, body condition, and production level of the goat - approx. 4 to 5% of the body weight.
The DM intake of roughage alone is, depending on the quality, not higher than app. 2.5 to
3% of the body weight.

3.3 Requirements of minerals and micro-elements for goats

For the mineral and trace elements requirements of the different sheep categories see
“Handleiding Mineralenvoorziening Rundvee, Schapen, Geiten” (2005).

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 27 © Stichting

CVB
 4. Feed ingredients

4.1 General explanation

The contents presented in the tables in the next paragraphs, are (with the exception of those
for fresh grass and grass silage in table 2.4) mean values calculated from the data of
analyses in the CVB database. The chemical contents and nutritional values are expressed
on product base. The chemical analyses en nutritional values for roughages are expressed
on dry mater basis (with the exception of the DM content).
For more information on the analysis methods used, the contents of other chemical
parameters, the contents of digestible nutrients and the calculation of the feeding values the
reader is referred to the 2022-edition of the CVB Feed Table.
Unless otherwise stated, in this table ‘dry matter’ is the total content of dry matter, so
including soil/sand that may be present in some ingredients.

It should be realized that the dry matter content in roughages (unless dried) may vary
considerable.

As the values for fresh and ensiled products are based on different batches, these data
cannot be used for the calculation of losses caused by the ensiling process.

For the m3 weights of the different roughages you are referred to the “Handboek
Melkveehouderij 2016/2017” Published by Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR and
Roodbont Publisher (ISBN: 978-90-8740-049-1)

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 28 © Stichting

CVB
4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg product; DM and other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Barley 873 21 102 18 47 502 22 3.2 0.5 4.9 980 980 1070 611 79 -24 -0.05 0.25
Barley feed, high grade 884 55 133 45 108 234 50 6.3 1.7 8.0 835 853 891 497 63 15 0.16 0.27
Barley, mill by-product 886 64 118 38 138 202 23 4.1 2.6 7.7 728 754 765 460 52 11 0.24 0.29
Bread (remains) 897 27 124 44 11 499 68 1.9 0.7 2.7 1153 1141 1271 662 85 -13 -0.22 0.26
Brewer's grains, dried 915 46 248 67 132 40 9 4.6 3.5 0.5 789 821 823 382 137 57 0.37 0.29
Brewer's yeast, dried 924 65 459 8 18 68 27 10.6 2.0 18.1 884 909 936 389 233 118 0.23 0.27
Carob pods 897 30 42 8 67 0 421 0.5 4.0 8.3 768 785 819 614 53 -66 -0.12 0.26
Casein 916 32 872 11 0 0 0 5.3 1.8 1.2 1158 1176 1245 700 191 624 0.29 0.26
Chicory pulp, dried 897 74 83 17 192 6 85 1.2 10.9 5.3 900 908 975 634 88 -61 0.37 0.31
Citrus pulp 912 66 64 21 127 10 178 1.0 14.9 9.5 968 969 1056 684 77 -64 0.21 0.29
Copra cake CFAT < 100 g/kg 907 61 204 85 113 11 100 5.5 0.8 21.2 1060 1066 1152 483 158 -5 0.28 0.28
Copra cake CFAT > 100 g/kg 941 63 210 122 127 11 75 5.4 1.0 21.1 1189 1191 1297 471 160 -1 0.33 0.30
Copra meal 910 69 227 23 129 9 77 5.7 1.5 21.0 888 904 952 515 174 -1 0.32 0.29
Cotton seed exp. dehulled, CF < 140 g/kg 932 63 416 105 129 11 39 11.2 2.4 14.7 1011 1036 1077 354 190 161 0.37 0.29
Cotton seed exp. non-deh., CF > 210 g/kg 921 51 307 61 230 11 39 10.3 2.3 14.5 792 827 821 377 141 101 0.47 0.34
Cotton seed exp. partly deh., CF 140 -
933 60 363 74 170 11 38 10.2 2.2 14.4 889 919 934 378 168 130 0.41 0.31
210 g/kg
Cotton seeds delinted, CF < 100 g/kg 935 44 403 308 28 0 41 7.5 1.2 9.4 1705 1682 1883 330 127 228 0.28 0.27
Cotton seeds whole, CF > 100 g/kg 911 40 207 192 236 0 29 6.8 1.4 11.1 1119 1138 1202 340 65 91 0.49 0.34
Cottonseed meal, solvent extracted
898 65 437 31 120 20 28 10.7 2.2 15.7 795 826 829 443 148 227 0.36 0.28
dehulled, CF < 140 g/kg
Cottonseed meal, solvent extracted non-
945 50 296 38 217 21 37 10.8 2.1 16.0 764 800 789 465 104 129 0.45 0.34
dehulled, CF > 200 g/kg
Cottonseed meal, solvent extracted partly
896 63 364 25 166 20 45 10.2 2.0 15.2 730 763 754 439 125 179 0.38 0.30
dehulled, CF 140 - 200 g/kg
DDGS, Maize 903 44 268 125 67 29 17 8.2 0.2 11.4 1179 1182 1285 395 166 57 0.31 0.26
DDGS, Wheat 916 46 324 68 71 11 49 8.4 0.0 0.0 1059 1071 1146 486 172 99 0.30 0.27

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 29 © Stichting CVB

4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg product; DM and other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Fat/oil, Animal fat 6% linolzuur 994 1 0 993 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3413 3264 3843 -99 0 15 0.32 0.29
Fat/oil, Vegetable 995 0 0 995 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3708 3514 4191 -49 0 7 0.32 0.29
Feed beans, heat treated 862 52 229 16 45 326 40 4.6 1.6 15.2 975 977 1064 561 123 58 0.10 0.25
Grass meal CP < 140 g/kg 929 108 122 25 235 13 122 3.2 5.3 24.1 710 737 742 501 69 -21 0.38 0.34
Grass meal CP > 200 g/kg 917 126 208 40 201 13 88 3.9 5.3 31.5 771 795 814 479 99 45 0.38 0.32
Grass meal CP 140 - 160 g/kg 928 123 151 32 212 13 106 3.6 5.3 27.3 746 770 786 493 77 -1 0.37 0.33
Grass meal CP 160 - 200 g/kg 929 121 177 38 211 13 90 3.8 5.3 29.1 765 789 806 488 90 18 0.39 0.33
grass seed 863 47 107 11 104 427 13 0.0 0.0 0.0 586 617 600 387 47 2 0.07 0.27
Groundnut exp. dehulled, CF < 75 g/kg 932 64 476 81 61 62 93 4.8 2.3 9.9 1168 1176 1267 539 178 253 0.21 0.27
Groundnut expeller non-dehulled, CF >
933 41 346 97 157 62 93 4.8 2.3 9.9 1078 1096 1159 497 131 168 0.30 0.31
145 g/kg
Groundnut expeller partly dehulled, CF 75
920 51 423 87 95 61 92 4.7 2.2 9.8 1128 1139 1220 519 159 219 0.24 0.28
- 145 g/kg
Groundnut meal dehulled, CF < 75 g/kg 913 60 456 12 64 60 75 6.4 1.8 12.5 964 981 1034 588 176 232 0.23 0.26
Groundnut meal partly dehulled, CF 75 -
926 56 529 9 116 61 76 6.5 1.8 12.7 925 950 980 557 192 287 0.28 0.29
145 g/kg
Groundnuts dehulled, CF < 85 g/kg 932 22 287 490 23 62 30 4.4 1.0 5.4 2363 2279 2649 272 89 160 0.24 0.27
Groundnuts non-dehulled., CF > 85 g/kg 942 28 245 353 174 62 30 4.2 1.5 13.0 1739 1718 1920 301 72 127 0.39 0.32
Hemp seed 913 48 195 316 169 0 0 8.1 1.5 0.0 1266 1283 1365 157 49 97 0.46 0.31
Horse beans, coloured flowering 869 33 254 12 77 328 29 5.1 1.1 12.1 1017 1019 1109 623 108 100 0.16 0.26
Horsebeans, white flowering 867 33 264 10 82 336 39 5.1 1.5 13.2 1009 1012 1100 619 109 108 0.15 0.26
Lentils 873 30 230 13 45 413 48 3.8 0.8 9.4 1007 1009 1098 600 96 85 0.07 0.25
Linseed 922 39 212 401 95 14 22 5.3 2.4 7.4 1810 1779 2005 253 67 107 0.35 0.28
Linseed expeller 922 58 340 80 90 23 38 8.2 3.5 12.1 1019 1036 1095 454 167 113 0.32 0.28
Linseed meal 872 55 320 30 96 35 43 8.4 3.1 10.9 843 864 895 463 160 101 0.29 0.27
Lucerne (alfalfa) meal CP < 140 g/kg 918 90 100 18 301 11 28 2.4 9.1 18.0 583 617 588 443 49 -30 0.55 0.36
Lucerne (alfalfa) meal CP > 180 g/kg 906 115 191 29 233 11 26 2.8 15.5 29.4 667 697 689 436 90 32 0.48 0.34

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 30 © Stichting CVB

 4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg product; DM and other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Lucerne (alfalfa) meal CP 140 - 160 g/kg 913 103 152 22 286 11 38 2.5 15.8 26.0 587 622 592 416 70 6 0.52 0.36
Lucerne (alfalfa) meal CP 160 - 180 g/kg 914 110 168 25 276 11 40 2.7 16.1 27.3 599 633 607 414 76 17 0.51 0.36
Lupins CP < 335 g/kg 895 28 303 52 153 12 50 3.4 2.3 8.0 1132 1135 1235 666 127 129 0.37 0.30
Lupins CP > 335 g/kg 878 38 360 46 137 21 48 3.5 2.3 8.1 1096 1101 1192 637 137 177 0.34 0.28
Maize 863 12 75 37 24 596 13 2.5 0.0 3.3 1097 1085 1211 459 83 -43 0.15 0.25
Maize bran 894 23 93 41 91 302 18 4.7 0.3 0.0 956 964 1035 542 75 -31 0.21 0.27
Maize feed flour 875 6 76 12 8 685 10 0.7 0.2 1.2 1107 1092 1224 603 83 -50 -0.05 0.25
Maize feed meal 879 22 89 63 41 463 23 4.0 0.6 5.2 1117 1108 1229 538 78 -33 0.08 0.25
Maize feed meal, solvent extracted 867 13 86 33 26 489 26 3.9 0.5 6.2 1087 1076 1198 582 83 -41 0.04 0.25
Maize germ meal, solvent extracted 876 25 226 26 89 213 3 5.2 0.5 4.5 918 932 987 522 129 44 0.27 0.26
Maize gluten feed CP < 200 g/kg 882 54 185 20 72 161 16 9.5 0.7 12.0 948 956 1025 534 93 43 0.25 0.26
Maize gluten feed CP > 230 g/kg 889 62 240 30 74 97 26 9.5 1.9 11.2 950 961 1027 540 87 103 0.28 0.26
Maize gluten feed CP 200 - 230 g/kg 893 56 205 30 76 121 17 9.6 2.1 12.6 959 968 1041 543 91 65 0.28 0.26
Maize gluten meal 899 17 604 60 10 176 2 4.6 0.3 1.4 1205 1213 1309 310 475 73 0.17 0.26
Maize starch 892 1 6 5 2 851 0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1192 1164 1327 658 0 -95 -0.11 0.26
Maize, chemical/heat treated 876 13 78 33 18 610 15 2.9 0.3 3.5 1135 1120 1254 661 105 -73 -0.25 0.25
Maize, distillers solubles, dried 894 50 260 98 71 54 18 8.0 1.1 11.0 1078 1085 1170 479 138 68 0.30 0.26
Malt culms CP < 200 g/kg 918 46 186 18 128 121 106 5.0 1.8 12.6 688 720 710 500 60 66 0.32 0.29
Malt culms CP > 200 g/kg 914 54 218 18 123 101 98 5.6 1.8 12.5 837 858 890 585 82 77 0.33 0.29
Milk powder, whole 949 59 267 243 0 0 367 7.6 9.4 12.4 1738 1690 1940 549 104 123 -0.11 0.27
Milkpowder, skimmed 951 79 356 8 0 0 489 10.2 12.6 16.5 1117 1113 1224 741 140 162 -0.24 0.27
Millet 881 32 111 40 99 497 8 2.8 0.1 3.0 891 904 958 425 80 -22 0.16 0.27
Millet, (pearl millet) 912 25 122 45 20 606 14 3.3 0.2 3.5 1066 1065 1165 480 95 -26 0.04 0.26
Molasses, sugarbeet 787 90 98 2 0 0 512 0.5 0.7 41.0 810 805 890 619 51 0 -0.32 0.23
Molasses, sugarcane SUG < 475 g/kg 724 112 51 1 6 0 454 0.7 7.9 41.0 594 601 643 484 34 -24 -0.27 0.21

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 31 © Stichting CVB

4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg product; DM and other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Molasses, sugarcane SUG > 475 g/kg 721 91 41 1 6 0 488 0.6 6.8 28.8 618 623 669 502 36 -37 -0.31 0.21
Niger seed 916 47 203 409 145 8 35 6.9 4.0 8.2 1716 1697 1893 177 66 94 0.39 0.30
Oats 879 24 100 43 106 374 9 3.0 0.7 3.9 903 916 972 550 58 -7 0.09 0.27
Oats husk meal 910 42 48 18 268 182 11 1.4 2.3 4.5 518 555 509 407 18 -28 0.40 0.35
Oats mill feed, high grade 886 24 91 44 118 269 10 3.6 0.7 0.0 888 903 954 553 56 -14 0.18 0.28
Oats, peeled 888 20 129 63 13 545 14 4.3 0.6 4.0 1203 1187 1330 637 82 2 -0.14 0.25
Palm kernel expeller CF < 180 g/kg 919 42 159 85 167 3 15 5.9 2.9 6.6 1032 1044 1116 492 123 -27 0.44 0.31
Palm kernel expeller CF > 180 g/kg 927 43 152 85 198 2 15 5.7 2.9 6.7 979 996 1049 470 115 -26 0.47 0.32
Palm kernel, solvent extr. CF < 190 g/kg 893 39 158 24 173 2 12 6.0 2.8 7.1 852 871 909 527 127 -33 0.44 0.30
Palm kernel, solvent extr. CF > 190 g/kg 876 40 150 16 204 2 12 5.9 2.7 6.9 735 761 771 480 114 -28 0.47 0.31
Palm kernels 938 20 92 480 97 2 15 3.1 1.2 0.0 2214 2141 2479 260 58 0 0.38 0.28
Peas 866 29 201 10 53 416 43 3.8 0.9 10.0 1025 1023 1123 617 98 61 0.09 0.25
Potato crisps 962 35 59 300 11 444 28 1.4 0.3 11.2 1638 1608 1817 426 54 -32 0.29 0.53
Potato protein ASH < 10 g/kg 908 5 797 10 6 1 9 1.6 0.4 0.2 1090 1115 1164 288 511 208 0.29 0.26
Potato protein ASH > 10 g/kg 904 20 773 10 9 1 5 2.0 0.5 6.9 1062 1086 1134 283 495 202 0.29 0.26
Potato pulp, dried CP < 90 g/kg 876 47 61 2 164 251 12 1.0 2.7 12.7 853 863 922 602 67 -59 0.29 0.30
Potato pulp, dried CP 90 - 130 g/kg 880 69 96 4 151 244 12 1.3 2.6 25.1 837 848 903 572 77 -36 0.29 0.29
Potato starch, dried 863 5 6 1 4 703 0 0.7 0.3 0.9 1116 1092 1241 628 56 -89 -0.01 0.25
Potatoes, dried 897 42 93 4 25 599 31 2.4 0.5 12.1 953 953 1040 510 69 -20 0.08 0.26
Rape seed 925 38 192 422 114 15 29 6.3 4.3 7.4 1917 1876 2131 268 38 102 0.36 0.29
Rape seed expeller 902 62 315 101 122 7 77 10.2 6.9 11.3 1041 1055 1122 450 124 126 0.31 0.28
Rape seed meal, rumen bypass,
877 67 333 30 132 10 93 10.9 7.2 13.0 803 828 847 309 275 -12 0.30 0.28
Mervobest
Rape seed meal, solv. extr. CP < 370
882 69 339 28 125 8 85 10.5 7.5 12.2 835 857 885 483 134 136 0.30 0.28
g/kg

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 32 © Stichting CVB

4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg product; DM and other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Rape seed meal, solv. extr. CP>370 g/kg 897 80 383 18 115 11 88 10.6 7.1 12.5 828 852 877 489 148 162 0.29 0.28
Rice bran meal, solvent extracted 901 108 143 15 113 270 26 16.5 1.1 12.3 693 717 729 472 57 25 0.16 0.28
Rice dehulled 885 7 78 8 7 715 9 0.9 0.1 0.9 1091 1078 1204 692 81 -51 -0.27 0.25
Rice feed meal ASH < 90 g/kg 901 75 139 160 56 264 48 15.1 4.7 9.9 1109 1114 1208 420 61 31 0.09 0.26
Rice feed meal ASH > 90 g/kg 912 121 137 176 60 215 31 17.0 24.9 10.0 1078 1084 1173 368 53 37 0.15 0.26
Rice husk 912 152 68 52 265 127 9 11.0 3.6 9.4 397 434 372 232 -1 11 0.45 0.35
Rice with hulls 886 44 73 19 102 463 13 2.6 0.4 3.4 809 825 865 542 53 -32 0.01 0.27
Rye 870 16 93 13 21 514 55 3.1 0.4 4.6 1012 1007 1110 658 73 -28 -0.16 0.25
Rye feed 872 50 141 32 60 129 10 4.4 0.8 6.3 873 885 941 568 67 22 0.23 0.25
Safflower seed 907 28 122 273 340 0 17 0.0 0.0 0.0 957 997 996 99 -7 82 0.61 0.36
Sesame seed 942 75 220 429 43 0 14 5.6 11.0 5.2 1954 1906 2177 254 57 125 0.33 0.27
Sesame seed expeller 943 132 451 115 62 0 25 9.8 19.1 9.4 1140 1148 1237 418 179 217 0.34 0.27
Sesame seed meal, solvent extracted 893 60 430 16 117 0 63 12.9 23.0 10.4 887 910 943 516 182 189 0.33 0.28
Sorghum 872 15 87 28 23 606 8 2.7 0.3 3.5 1011 1008 1107 407 73 -30 0.17 0.25
Sorghum gluten meal 900 32 430 54 36 246 0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1132 1138 1231 444 247 98 0.17 0.26
Soya bean expeller 916 64 439 81 63 8 84 6.3 2.7 21.6 1208 1208 1319 519 239 163 0.18 0.26
Soya bean hulls CF < 320 g/kg 883 48 129 28 306 9 17 1.7 5.8 12.4 921 935 992 616 97 -30 0.55 0.35
Soya bean hulls CF > 360 g/kg 887 45 101 16 360 6 12 1.1 5.2 12.2 873 890 934 632 90 -50 0.61 0.35
Soya bean hulls CF 320 - 360 g/kg 886 46 105 21 344 7 16 1.2 5.3 12.9 889 905 953 627 91 -46 0.59 0.35
Soya bean meal, rumen bypass, CovaSoy 872 63 462 16 43 6 100 6.4 2.6 21.7 980 991 1058 358 397 15 0.14 0.25
Soya bean meal, rumen bypass,
873 60 454 17 59 10 96 5.7 2.8 21.2 983 995 1062 368 387 16 0.14 0.25
Mervobest
Soya bean meal, solv. extr. CF > 70 g/kg 878 65 421 15 75 13 80 5.8 2.9 22.0 989 999 1071 550 232 148 0.19 0.26
SBM, solvent. extracted CF 45 - 70 g/kg 880 63 436 15 63 9 86 5.9 2.9 22.1 999 1008 1081 549 238 156 0.17 0.25
SBM, solvent extracted CF 45 - 70 g/kg 877 64 467 15 48 5 84 6.4 2.9 22.0 1002 1012 1085 536 251 176 0.15 0.25
Soya beans, heat treated 882 65 469 13 37 11 92 6.7 2.9 22.1 1006 1016 1089 541 253 176 0.12 0.25

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 33 © Stichting CVB

 4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg product; DM and other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Soya beans, raw 899 50 362 198 49 7 67 5.1 2.2 17.0 1439 1425 1585 475 113 205 0.17 0.26
Sugar 1000 0 0 0 0 0 1053 0.0 0.0 0.0 1363 1080 1250 1000 0 -150 -0.86 0.29
Sugarbeet pulp, dried SUG < 100 g/kg 893 61 75 9 175 7 68 0.8 9.9 4.0 928 933 1009 665 91 -71 0.38 0.31
Sugarbeet pulp, dried SUG > 200 g/kg 912 76 102 7 130 7 219 0.7 7.8 6.6 940 942 1021 679 93 -47 0.17 0.29
Sugarbeet pulp, dried SUG 100 - 150 g/kg 901 67 88 8 166 7 123 0.7 9.0 14.4 928 932 1012 667 94 -61 0.31 0.30
Sugarbeet pulp, dried SUG 150 - 200 g/kg 906 77 97 7 137 7 182 0.7 7.9 5.4 930 933 1013 670 93 -52 0.21 0.29
Sunflower seed dehulled, CF < 90 g/kg 915 37 207 515 74 4 23 5.0 2.3 7.1 2132 2077 2377 179 46 130 0.34 0.27
Sunflower seed expeller dehulled, CF <
926 63 335 88 180 5 56 11.3 2.9 14.3 942 968 998 430 126 152 0.41 0.32
200 g/kg
Sunflower seed exp. non-deh., CF > 315 913 56 183 103 372 2 26 5.5 2.9 12.9 579 624 563 217 40 85 0.63 0.36
Sunflower seed exp. partly dehulled, CF
923 58 298 96 227 4 47 10.0 2.9 13.0 861 893 900 377 105 136 0.46 0.34
200 - 315
Sunflower seed meal, solvent extracted
885 62 272 16 268 8 36 9.7 3.5 13.5 571 610 568 380 94 119 0.50 0.35
non-dehulled, CF > 245 g/kg
Sunflower seed meal, solvent extracted
901 66 368 9 176 8 63 11.6 3.6 15.6 755 786 787 482 142 165 0.38 0.31
partly dehulled, CF 150 - 195 g/kg
Sunflower seed meal, solvent extracted
891 66 308 16 224 3 50 10.6 3.5 15.2 659 694 672 423 113 135 0.45 0.33
partly dehulled, CF 195 - 245 g/kg
Sunflower seed non-deh., CF > 200 g/kg 940 29 141 372 277 4 19 4.4 2.4 8.0 1368 1386 1474 126 10 88 0.55 0.37
Sunflower seed partly dehulled, CF 90 -
938 32 169 441 179 4 20 4.8 2.3 8.0 1739 1726 1913 164 28 104 0.45 0.32
200 g/kg
Sweet potatoes, dried 878 38 40 6 27 592 68 1.3 1.7 5.8 941 939 1030 631 63 -72 -0.23 0.25
Tapioca starch 880 1 11 2 2 855 0 0.4 0.2 0.0 1154 1129 1283 736 0 -104 -0.43 0.25
Tapioca, dried STAew < 630 g/kg 883 58 23 5 62 593 9 0.7 4.1 6.0 892 894 973 612 53 -79 -0.16 0.26
Tapioca, dried STAew 630 - 680 g/kg 879 58 23 5 53 620 8 0.7 2.5 6.2 908 907 993 617 54 -80 -0.19 0.25
Tapioca, dried STAew 680 - 730 g/kg 873 51 23 4 48 653 7 0.9 2.0 6.6 919 917 1006 620 56 -80 -0.22 0.25
Triticale 867 17 103 13 22 546 29 3.2 0.4 4.8 1040 1032 1144 668 78 -22 -0.15 0.25
Vinasse, beet CP < 240 g/kg 652 176 206 0 1 0 40 1.2 4.1 68.6 569 572 618 417 32 132 0.17 0.19

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 34 © Stichting CVB

4.2 Ingredients for concentrate of ruminants (VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, SW en VW per kg product; DM and other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg product)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Vinasse, beet CP > 240 g/kg 657 98 270 2 0 0 44 1.7 2.3 26.6 671 675 728 488 40 182 0.16 0.19
Wheat 867 15 110 15 23 561 26 3.0 0.3 3.8 1040 1033 1143 660 81 -17 -0.16 0.25
Wheat germ feed 866 40 179 46 52 257 65 9.1 0.9 10.3 950 958 1030 564 75 52 0.06 0.25
Wheat germs 872 41 264 85 35 204 109 7.9 0.5 9.4 1128 1125 1234 558 92 119 0.04 0.25
Wheat gluten feed, dried ASH < 40 g/kg 888 36 144 31 55 294 82 6.3 1.0 11.1 911 922 982 560 84 6 0.01 0.25
Wheat gluten feed, dried ASH > 60 g/kg 911 65 160 41 65 190 120 10.1 1.1 11.4 876 892 939 530 84 20 0.07 0.26
Wheat gluten feed, dried ASH 40 - 50
901 48 156 45 81 196 77 8.8 1.1 11.8 841 862 896 505 78 21 0.13 0.27
g/kg
Wheat gluten feed, dried ASH 50 - 60
901 52 167 45 82 184 84 9.6 1.1 12.5 831 853 884 494 80 30 0.13 0.27
g/kg
Wheat gluten meal 911 9 781 56 5 29 28 1.8 0.7 1.2 1274 1284 1381 544 278 412 0.24 0.26
Wheat milling by-products Wheat bran CF
869 53 149 32 109 138 58 10.6 1.0 13.3 718 744 754 478 52 43 0.23 0.27
< 125 g/kg
Wheat milling by-products Wheat bran CF
874 61 142 29 126 102 47 12.3 1.0 15.1 654 683 676 450 45 41 0.28 0.28
> 125 g/kg
Wheat milling by-products Wheat feed
872 29 153 38 45 334 63 5.5 0.8 9.7 985 989 1073 602 75 27 0.00 0.25
flour
Wheat milling by-products Wheat feed
870 43 154 36 72 230 63 8.6 1.0 12.5 864 878 928 545 65 36 0.11 0.26
meal
Wheat milling by-products Wheat flour 871 16 141 24 11 562 47 4.0 0.4 3.9 1103 1092 1216 672 85 8 -0.19 0.25
Wheat milling by-products Wheat
871 47 152 36 88 182 56 9.6 0.9 12.7 804 824 856 516 60 39 0.17 0.26
middlings
Whey powder 982 81 130 8 0 0 702 6.1 5.4 23.6 1127 1112 1245 809 98 -22 -0.47 0.28
Whey powder, low lactose ASH < 210
956 177 252 53 0 0 467 14.7 17.6 45.3 1071 1061 1179 623 104 100 -0.22 0.27
g/kg
Whey powder, low lactose ASH > 210
962 230 217 41 0 0 444 19.6 33.8 48.7 981 972 1079 596 93 77 -0.19 0.28
g/kg
• In general, CFAT is analyzed without acid hydrolysis. STA is analyzed with amyloglucosidase.
• The processing of animal products in feeds for ruminants is currently forbidden within the EU.
• The processing of animal meal, greaves meal and meat-and-bone meal in horse feeds is currently forbidden within the EU.

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 35 © Stichting CVB

 4.3 Wet by-products (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW per kg dry matter; other nutrients and
nutritional values in g/kg DM)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Brewer's grains, Meura filter process 258 42 260 103 182 16 23 5.6 4.9 0.4 912 947 952 366 138 65 1.00 0.55
Brewer's grains, traditional process DM <
222 43 243 106 176 21 6 6.7 4.6 0.5 910 945 951 368 129 57 1.00 0.55
250 g/kg
Brewer's grains, traditional process DM >
265 43 247 104 179 20 15 6.5 4.1 0.7 906 941 947 368 131 58 1.00 0.55
250 g/kg
Carrot peelings, steam peeled 52 138 96 22 124 0 25 5.0 6.1 46.0 1102 1094 1211 518 85 -42 1.10 0.69
Cheese whey, fresh CP < 175 g/kg DM 44 96 153 47 0 0 591 7.5 9.5 26.1 1216 1198 1345 714 61 38 -0.40 0.30
Cheese whey, fresh CP > 275 g/kg DM 31 141 327 80 0 0 182 12.7 16.1 36.1 1247 1236 1373 463 37 239 -0.10 0.30
Cheese whey, fresh CP 175 - 275 g/kg DM 38 106 210 72 0 0 468 9.1 12.1 27.9 1260 1243 1393 649 55 101 -0.20 0.30
Chicory press pulp, fresh and ensiled 232 95 83 12 233 0 49 1.5 8.7 7.8 975 985 1055 675 93 -70 1.05 0.70
Corn cob mix (CCM), silage partly with
632 18 96 43 45 613 3 3.0 0.1 4.0 1183 1179 1297 550 68 -21 0.50 0.66
rachis, CF 40 - 60 g/kg DM
Corn cob mix (CCM), silage with rachis,
525 21 99 38 72 588 3 3.0 0.1 4.0 1149 1149 1255 539 67 -19 0.60 0.75
CF > 60 g/kg DM
Corn cob mix (CCM), silage without rachis,
662 16 99 48 23 675 7 3.0 0.1 4.0 1219 1212 1339 538 67 -16 0.40 0.65
CF < 40 g/kg DM
Maize gluten feed, fresh and ensiled
414 57 198 38 134 88 17 9.9 0.3 16.3 1052 1064 1137 620 103 37 0.60 0.55
STAew < 200 g/kg DM
Maize gluten feed, fresh and ensiled
418 39 166 38 86 308 12 6.8 0.3 10.6 1092 1099 1186 561 105 7 0.60 0.55
STAew > 200 g/kg DM
Maize solubles 476 177 429 6 5 3 80 31.8 0.6 51.6 1001 1009 1086 627 50 311 0.10 0.30
Potato cuttings/chips, raw 212 31 80 2 26 717 20 1.7 0.7 12.9 1135 1128 1247 487 59 -19 0.60 0.55
Potato fruit-juice concentrated 548 290 327 0 0 0 57 11.1 0.9 138.5 895 896 978 645 66 212 0.10 0.30
Potato peelings, steamed STAam < 350
119 81 155 13 71 257 35 2.7 2.1 31.3 1083 1082 1184 635 90 12 0.55 0.45
g/kg DM
Potato peelings, steamed STAam > 600
157 53 102 8 34 633 9 2.5 0.9 22.9 1119 1113 1228 702 84 -35 0.40 0.45
g/kg DM
Potato peelings, steamed STAam 350 -
138 69 137 11 56 416 19 2.6 1.6 27.3 1099 1097 1204 668 89 -6 0.50 0.45
475 g/kg DM

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 36 © Stichting CVB

 4.3 Wet by-products (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW per kg dry matter; other nutrients and
nutritional values in g/kg DM)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Potato peelings, steamed STAam 475 -
145 57 116 8 40 536 12 2.5 1.2 24.8 1114 1109 1221 696 87 -25 0.45 0.45
600 g/kg DM
Potato pulp, pressed, 150 62 109 2 194 225 11 1.7 1.2 29.0 1011 1019 1095 595 109 -65 0.80 0.55
Potato pulp, pressed, Dutch origin 161 43 81 2 206 191 11 0.9 1.4 18.0 1022 1031 1108 611 94 -74 0.80 0.55
Potato starch, untreated, liquid STAam <
201 66 112 5 43 519 23 2.6 2.2 4.7 1094 1090 1199 602 70 -5 0.10 0.30
600 g/kg DM
Potato starch, untreated, liquid STAam >
329 18 46 3 21 780 17 1.7 0.8 2.1 1254 1233 1390 624 63 -59 -0.10 0.30
750 g/kg DM
Potato starch, untreated, liquid STAam 600
268 32 75 3 30 678 22 2.1 1.3 3.3 1133 1126 1245 592 62 -32 0.00 0.30
- 750 g/kg DM
Potato starch, untreated, solid 451 19 22 4 14 863 2 1.1 0.7 2.3 1259 1235 1396 623 58 -77 0.10 0.30
Sugarbeet pulp, pressed, ensiled 248 77 86 8 189 10 53 1.0 9.9 4.4 1066 1067 1165 733 105 -79 1.05 0.70
Wheat yeast concentrate CP < 275 g/kg
259 64 261 64 33 15 143 8.1 2.0 15.6 1197 1196 1308 583 142 66 0.14 0.30
DM
Wheat yeast concentrate CP > 325 g/kg
261 80 382 51 14 16 117 12.8 1.8 23.8 1185 1189 1291 539 183 144 0.09 0.30
DM
Wheat yeast concentrate CP 275 - 325
256 62 296 63 29 11 124 8.4 1.9 16.5 1203 1203 1314 567 153 89 0.15 0.30
g/kg DM

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 37 © Stichting CVB

 4.4 Roughage for ruminants (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW per kg dry matter; other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg dry matter)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Apples, fresh 157 23 26 19 65 36 642 0.7 0.6 8.1 1138 1130 1251 823 82 -114 0.60 0.55
Barley straw 884 72 43 26 423 0 0 0.9 3.4 15.1 477 521 450 389 20 -48 4.30 1.66
Bean straw (Phaseolus) 863 113 107 15 380 0 0 1.7 13.7 15.4 602 641 602 451 73 -41 4.30 1.66
Bean straw (Vicia) 840 73 80 15 470 0 0 1.7 13.7 15.4 510 554 487 408 48 -41 4.30 1.66
Beetroot 136 78 91 20 74 0 475 3.6 0.0 34.5 1084 1080 1189 749 96 -79 1.00 0.69
Cabbage (Brussels sprouts) 162 84 227 27 139 0 200 6.6 0.0 27.8 1065 1072 1156 712 106 46 1.29 0.90
Cabbage (Brussels sprouts, stem and
180 110 187 35 180 0 0 3.7 0.0 26.3 995 1007 1074 645 95 18 1.82 0.90
leaves)
Cabbage (cauliflower) 72 138 295 22 111 0 150 6.0 0.0 42.5 1023 1030 1109 679 107 111 0.92 0.90
Cabbage (marrowstem) 120 130 172 35 180 0 0 2.5 0.0 23.0 969 981 1045 628 90 9 1.82 0.90
Cabbage (red/white/sav.), fresh 105 116 181 35 163 0 200 3.7 0.0 33.0 997 1007 1079 656 95 14 1.60 0.90
Cabbage (turnip cabbage), fresh 110 130 134 5 90 0 0 2.0 0.0 25.0 1013 1013 1107 686 107 -54 1.00 0.69
Cabbage (winterrape) 100 150 201 35 175 0 0 2.5 0.0 23.0 944 958 1017 606 93 34 1.76 0.90
Carrots 112 91 82 16 89 0 344 3.2 4.0 27.8 1077 1071 1182 751 93 -83 1.00 0.69
Chicory leaves, ensiled 175 341 115 20 141 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 435 464 434 339 12 37 1.56 1.00
Chicory leaves, fresh 156 202 189 36 133 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 816 835 870 523 91 32 0.93 0.92
Chicory roots, forced, clean 149 82 51 10 89 0 210 2.5 3.3 21.8 1026 1026 1122 745 78 -93 1.00 0.69
Chicory roots, not forced 200 100 65 10 60 0 110 2.2 0.0 18.4 1123 1110 1239 783 92 -94 0.80 0.69
Clover red, artificially dried 899 116 189 40 239 0 0 3.3 14.6 22.2 752 784 779 489 83 32 2.95 0.36
Clover red, ensiled 364 153 196 34 270 0 42 2.9 10.6 38.6 635 672 643 413 40 75 2.86 0.93
Clover red, fresh 130 116 208 40 218 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 792 822 827 502 108 38 1.60 0.98
Clover red, hay 830 100 182 35 344 0 0 3.1 0.0 27.9 607 649 602 404 84 19 4.35 1.40
Clover red, straw 830 68 100 24 476 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 401 445 357 302 39 -20 4.30 1.66
Corn cob silage 553 17 86 39 64 523 9 2.6 0.3 5.0 1187 1183 1302 573 68 -33 0.75 0.72
Cucumber, fresh 58 102 156 20 136 0 391 6.1 38.8 38.5 890 907 953 610 117 -35 1.00 0.55
Endive, fresh 52 164 290 22 122 0 156 5.5 0.0 74.6 942 954 1015 621 106 112 1.00 0.92

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 38 © Stichting CVB

 4.4 Roughage for ruminants (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW per kg dry matter; other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg dry matter)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Field beans (Vicia faba) ensiled 326 87 178 24 292 146 1 2.7 15.2 25.9 671 709 681 427 51 44 2.52 0.90
Fodderbeets, fresh 139 95 78 10 59 0 587 2.0 1.4 22.9 1063 1056 1169 760 92 -86 1.05 0.69
Gherkin, fresh 49 84 226 21 167 0 335 0.0 0.0 0.0 882 905 937 568 146 -4 1.00 0.55
Grass hay, a) poor quality 845 89 106 28 334 6 98 3.0 5.0 34.1 660 698 670 503 53 -20 4.21 1.45
Grass hay, b) average quality 845 100 132 28 288 6 98 3.4 5.0 34.1 723 756 746 522 70 -14 3.60 1.40
Grass hay, c) good quality 845 109 170 28 244 6 98 3.9 5.0 34.1 807 835 848 559 84 8 3.02 1.35
Grass silage, a) clay soil, before 21 June 450 94 185 37 231 0 86 4.1 5.7 34.3 925 945 987 601 89 27 2.69 0.98
Grass silage, b) sandy soil, before 21
450 93 175 37 245 0 76 4.0 4.7 34.2 909 931 968 592 84 20 2.86 1.01
June
Grass silage, c) peat soil, before 21 June 450 96 201 39 224 0 80 4.2 5.3 34.1 936 956 999 600 87 40 2.60 0.97
Grass silage, d) clay soil, 21 June - 21
450 90 153 34 251 0 86 3.7 5.7 34.3 898 920 956 600 81 3 2.94 1.02
August
Grass silage, e) sandy soil, 21 June - 21
450 91 149 34 267 0 70 3.7 4.7 34.2 878 902 931 591 77 1 3.14 1.05
August
Grass silage, f) peat soil, 21 June - 21
450 89 178 37 252 0 65 4.0 5.3 34.1 911 933 969 596 82 21 2.95 1.02
August
Grass silage, g) clay soil, after 21 August 450 105 157 35 217 0 141 3.8 5.7 34.3 905 924 966 598 80 8 2.51 0.97
Grass silage, h) sandy soil, after 21
450 110 177 37 229 0 97 4.0 4.7 34.2 894 915 952 582 80 24 2.66 0.98
August
Grass silage, i) peat soil, after 21 August 450 103 191 38 218 0 99 4.1 5.3 34.1 924 944 988 596 81 34 2.53 0.96
Grass silage, j) average 450 97 174 36 237 0 89 4.0 5.2 34.1 908 929 968 595 80 19 2.76 0.99
Grass, artificially dried 889 104 153 35 249 0 108 3.7 6.0 33.8 862 886 914 581 88 -9 3.09 0.90
Grass, fresh, a) clay soil, before 21 June 165 99 219 39 197 0 124 4.2 6.4 35.4 994 1009 1070 645 110 43 1.57 0.91
Grass, fresh, b) sandy soil, before 21
165 98 199 38 208 0 128 4.1 5.4 35.4 975 991 1047 639 107 27 1.68 0.90
June
Grass, fresh, c) peat soil, before 21 June 165 98 219 39 194 0 128 4.2 5.4 36.8 1001 1016 1078 649 110 43 1.54 0.91
Grass, fresh, d) clay soil, 21 June - 21
165 115 205 38 202 0 131 4.2 6.4 35.4 959 975 1030 625 104 34 1.62 0.92
August

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 39 © Stichting CVB

 4.4 Roughage for ruminants (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW per kg dry matter; other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg dry matter)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Grass, fresh, e) sandy soil, 21 June - 21
165 117 205 38 214 0 115 4.2 5.4 35.4 934 953 1000 610 103 34 1.74 0.92
August
Grass, fresh, f) peat soil, 21 June - 21
165 106 220 39 204 0 112 4.2 5.4 36.8 971 988 1042 629 106 45 1.64 0.91
August
Grass, fresh, g) clay soil, after 21 August 165 112 165 35 203 0 179 3.9 6.4 35.4 957 972 1030 640 97 2 1.63 0.91
Grass, fresh, h) sandy soil, after 21
165 118 195 37 214 0 127 4.1 5.4 35.4 931 949 997 612 100 26 1.74 0.92
August
Grass, fresh, i) peat soil, after 21 August 165 105 208 38 205 0 125 4.2 5.4 36.8 969 985 1040 633 101 35 1.65 0.91
Grass, fresh, j) average 165 108 204 38 205 0 130 4.1 5.8 35.9 964 981 1036 630 102 32 1.65 0.91
Grass/clover, silage Red clover 370 114 166 24 303 0 32 0.0 0.0 0.0 682 718 697 485 53 47 3.33 0.96
Grass/clover, silage White clover 456 121 167 33 279 0 58 0.0 0.0 0.0 773 803 807 533 62 40 3.13 0.97
Green cereals, fresh 160 80 110 35 250 230 0 3.9 0.0 29.0 890 913 946 626 75 -38 2.10 0.92
Green cereals, silage 250 80 107 35 250 207 0 3.7 3.5 27.3 926 945 990 607 54 -14 2.93 1.11
Leek, fresh 100 97 165 24 121 0 400 3.9 4.2 31.7 958 970 1034 665 102 -2 0.60 0.92
Lettuce, fresh 61 175 237 45 116 0 100 5.3 12.2 56.2 955 966 1032 587 100 69 0.60 0.92
Lucerne (alfalfa), artificially dried 903 117 172 23 314 0 47 2.9 14.9 24.4 632 671 637 459 77 18 3.94 1.40
Lucerne (alfalfa), ensiled 402 141 201 24 288 0 25 3.3 12.0 32.9 643 680 652 415 47 74 3.06 0.96
Lucerne (alfalfa), fresh 201 110 210 30 233 0 50 3.0 0.0 32.8 797 827 834 560 58 62 1.74 0.96
Lucerne (alfalfa), hay 872 101 175 20 312 0 50 2.8 12.9 27.6 623 663 625 450 87 10 3.92 1.40
Maize silage DM > 420 g/kg 435 33 70 33 162 398 13 1.9 1.5 9.5 955 976 1019 518 52 -42 1.36 1.04
Maize silage DM 300 - 340 g/kg 324 37 74 31 184 334 14 1.9 1.7 10.7 916 940 973 536 51 -38 1.56 0.80
Maize silage DM 340 - 380 g/kg 361 36 72 32 174 363 13 1.9 1.6 10.2 933 956 993 530 51 -40 1.47 0.81
Maize silage DM 380 - 420 g/kg 398 34 70 33 168 380 13 1.9 1.6 9.8 944 967 1007 525 52 -41 1.41 0.89
Oats straw 840 70 37 17 450 0 0 1.6 5.2 17.9 488 531 463 419 21 -54 4.30 1.66
Onions, fresh 118 134 135 25 115 0 275 3.0 9.4 16.5 1058 1055 1160 709 92 -23 1.00 0.90
Pea leaves, ensiled 227 169 183 26 258 0 0 3.7 0.0 21.1 629 663 640 415 34 72 3.03 1.00
Pea leaves, fresh 180 93 184 35 274 0 0 2.7 0.0 21.1 790 822 822 522 92 18 2.34 0.92

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 40 © Stichting CVB

 4.4 Roughage for ruminants (DM in g/kg product; VEM, VEM2022, VEVI, VW and SW per kg dry matter; other
nutrients and nutritional values in g/kg dry matter)
VEM
DM ASH CP CFAT CFIBER STA SUG P Ca K VEM VEVI FOM DVE OEB SW VW
2022
Pea straw 710 106 106 16 368 0 0 1.2 21.6 23.3 480 523 457 356 52 -27 4.30 1.66
Pears, fresh 165 24 16 15 146 0 558 0.4 0.8 1.2 1100 1098 1205 826 77 -118 0.60 0.55
Potato peelings, ensiled 220 80 98 12 188 485 5 2.9 0.0 27.2 1019 1025 1106 517 55 -12 0.75 0.55
Potatoes, fresh 202 57 105 3 41 627 30 2.0 0.6 22.2 1101 1097 1207 524 67 -8 0.70 0.65
Potatoes, raw, ensiled 322 74 71 1 33 536 5 2.0 0.0 11.0 1086 1079 1194 549 55 -35 0.60 0.65
Rape seed straw 849 70 38 8 523 0 0 1.1 15.6 14.1 288 327 232 269 -5 -31 4.30 1.66
Rye straw 840 70 29 16 485 0 0 1.0 0.0 10.0 438 482 404 391 12 -51 4.30 1.66
Sorghum, silage High DM content 360 44 84 25 126 335 10 1.9 2.6 14.6 893 914 951 426 41 -42 1.03 0.82
Sorghum, silage low DM content 270 50 84 25 191 248 13 2.2 2.6 16.2 808 836 848 414 37 -40 1.62 0.93
Spinach, fresh 94 186 256 37 99 0 0 6.2 9.7 62.0 943 953 1019 584 100 86 1.00 0.92
Sugarbeet leaves with tops, fresh 160 200 151 20 100 0 0 2.3 0.0 31.0 845 857 910 576 86 0 0.60 1.00
Sugarbeet leaves, fresh 115 200 182 20 110 0 0 2.3 0.0 35.0 829 844 889 559 92 24 0.70 0.92
Sugarbeet leaves, silage 182 313 126 20 137 2 1 3.1 13.9 39.3 619 640 653 384 25 39 1.51 1.00
Sugarbeet rests, ensiled 135 185 110 5 147 0 2 2.2 12.4 14.2 783 799 837 565 88 -45 1.40 0.69
Sugarbeets, fresh 260 190 41 5 45 0 600 1.6 0.0 8.0 939 931 1033 700 69 -90 0.80 0.69
Sunflower, silage 184 126 119 58 307 0 0 3.7 18.0 38.2 772 803 805 456 46 10 2.66 1.00
Sweet pepper, fresh 125 62 163 37 176 0 375 2.9 1.2 0.0 836 864 880 541 108 -22 0.60 0.55
Tomatoes, fresh 63 90 164 47 96 0 450 4.9 1.9 42.0 963 977 1037 597 120 -30 0.60 0.55
Wheat straw 878 84 41 12 418 0 0 0.9 4.3 14.8 383 425 343 344 10 -41 4.30 1.66
Whole crop silage (cereal) 325 79 122 30 248 130 14 3.0 3.7 19.4 762 794 792 489 45 1 2.51 0.76
• In general, CFAT is analyzed without acid hydrolysis. STA is analyzed with amyloglucosidase.
• For potato-peelings, ensiled, contents can vary widely due to the presence of vegetable waste.
• The average composition of fresh grass, grass silage, maize and whole crop silage (cereal) are based on the NIRS-analyses of Eurofins
(previously BLGG AgroXpertus).
• The CP-content is inclusive NH3; DVE and OEB are calculated using CP inclusive NH3; whole crop silage, grass silage and green cereal plant
silage are calculated with a NH3-fraction of 10%, for maize silage with 5%.

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 41 © Stichting CVB

Grass silage
1) The values apply for sandy soil, clay soil and well drained peat soil. For badly drained (dehydrated) peat soil lower feeding values must be
taken into account (minus 50 VEM, minus 65 VEVI, minus 35 FOM minus 5 g DVE and minus 10 g OEB).
2) The values roughly match with an N dose according to the fertilizer recommendation of 2002 (Committee recommendation fertilizer).
3) The values apply for silages with a DM content of 45%. At lower DM content the SUG content will decline and the NH 3-fraction will increase.
4) The values of the middle yield class (in September/October the lowest yield class) match with the average values of Eurofins of all sand and
clay soils in the period 2000-2002. The values of the lower and higher yield classes are based on the grass growth model and the ensilage
model of Wageningen Livestock Research.
5) The CP content is inclusive NH3. The values presented are based on a NH3 fraction of 10%.
6) DVE and OEB are calculated on the basis of CP inclusive NH3.
7) The values apply for a summer with normal/average rain fall. In case of dry summers one has to account for:
• A strong reduction in grass growth. Due to the growth retardation the number of growing days, necessary for reaching the DM yields as
shown in the table (especially for the highest DM yields) will increase strongly.
• Slightly higher CFIBER contents (2 to 8 g/kg DM). The increase will be highest at the highest DM yields.

Fresh grass
1) The values apply for grass from sandy soil, clay soil and well drained peat soil. For grass from badly drained peat soil lower feeding values
must be taken into account (minus 50 VEM, minus 65 VEVI, minus 35 FOM minus 5 g DVE and minus 10 g OEB).
2) The values roughly match with a N-gift/dosage according to the fertilizer recommendation of 2002 (Committee recommendation fertilizer
3) The planned value corresponds with the average value of Eurofins for all sand- and clay soils during the period 2000-2002.
4) The values for too late and too early are based on calculations executed with the grass growth model of Wageningen Livestock Research.
• ‘Too early’ means 7 days earlier than planned.
• ‘Too late’ means 7 days later than planned.
5) The values apply for a summer with an average rain fall. In case of dry summers one has to account for:
• A strong reduction in grass growth. Due to the growth retardation the number of growing days, necessary for reaching the DM yields as
shown in the table (especially for the category ‘too late’) will increase strongly.
• Slightly higher CFIBER contents (2 to 8 g/kg DM) especially in the situation ‘too late’.

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 42 © Stichting CVB

 4.5a Average and limit values of minerals in meadow grass, grass
silage and maize silage, corn cob with bracts, (ensiled), whole
crop silage (cereals) and green cereal plant silages, destined
for animal nutrition for ruminants. 1) 2)
Minerals
g/kg DM
P K Ca Mg Na Cl S
Meadow grass Average 4.1 34.4 5.7 2.4 2.2 - 3.6
lower value 2.9 21.6 3.8 1.7 <0.5 - 2.1
upper value 5.1 41.9 8.3 3.6 4.3 - 5.0
Grass silage Average 4.0 32.8 5.0 2.4 2.6 12.7 3.2
lower value 3.2 26.2 4.0 1.9 1.2 7.4 2.4
upper value 4.8 39.6 6.5 3.0 4.2 18.5 4.1
Grass clover silage Average 3.8 31.7 7.9 2.5 1.6 11.0 2.7
lower value 2.9 23.6 4.6 1.8 0.6 5.3 1.9
upper value 4.8 39.6 >11 3.4 3.1 17.0 3.7
Grass hay Average 2.7 19.3 4.8 1.9 1.8 7.1 2.2
lower value 1.8 11.4 3.0 1.3 <0.4 - 1.3
upper value 3.8 28.3 6.8 2.8 3.9 - 3.3
Maize silage Average 3) 2.0 11.3 1.6 1.2 0.2 2.2 1.0
lower value 1.6 9.6 1.2 1.0 0.1 1.4 0.9
upper value 2.5 13.8 2.1 1.5 0.4 3.0 1.1
Corn cob with Average 2.6 5.1 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.9 1.0
bracts, ensiled lower value 1.9 4.0 <0.4 0.8 0.1 - 0.9
upper value 3.3 7.6 0.7 1.4 1.2 - 1.2
Whole crop silage Average 3.0 14.1 3.1 1.5 0.5 3.8 1.6
(cereals)
Green cereal plant Average 3.6 28.0 3.5 1.5 0.8 6.4 1.9
silage
Lucerne silage Average 3.4 29.4 13.8 2.5 1.0 7.0 2.7
1)
: The average and the lower and upper limit values are calculated on the basis of
Eurofins over the years 2007 until 2011. About 95 % of the contents in the crop
analyses are between the lower and upper limit values.
2)
: In practice, the mineral contents can vary strongly. For a good view of your own
situation mineral and trace minerals analyses are recommended.
3)
: For average values of P. K and Ca in maize silage, reference is made to Table 4.4.
This table shows the average contents per DM-category.

CVB Table booklet feeding of ruminants 2022 43 © Stichting

CVB
 4.5b Average and limit values of trace elements in meadow grass,
grass silage and maize silage, corn cob with bracts, (ensiled),
whole crop silage (cereals) and green cereal plant silage,
destined for animal nutrition for ruminants. 1) 2)
Trace minerals
mg/kg DM µg/kg DM
Fe Mn Zn Cu Mo I Co Se
Meadow grass Average 186 82 43 8.7 2.4 0.3 77 88
lower value 70 34 25 5.2 0.8 0.1 31 23
upper value 357 >180 64 11.3 4.5 0.7 145 183
Grass silage Average 365 91 42 7.7 1.9 0.4 135 99
lower value 125 46 30 6.0 0.9 0.1 51 28
upper value 727 140 57 9.7 3.1 0.8 260 240
Grass clover Average 474 85.8 41 8.7 2.9 0.5 177 111
silage lower value 126 30 24 5.8 1.2 0.2 57 36
upper value 1000 154 59 12.0 5.0 1.0 362 239
Grass hay Average 397 148 38 6.1 1.6 0.5 156 71
lower value 94 34 21 3.5 9.4 0.2 38 23
upper value 936 300 53 8.6 3.1 1.0 392 137
Maize silage Average 3) 109 26 35 3.6 0.5 0.3 42 23
lower value 71 13 23 2.6 0.3 0.1 40 12
upper value 157 44 51 5.0 0.9 0.6 49 >36
Corn cob with Average 67 10 32 2.6 0.4 0.1 46 13
bracts, ensiled lower value <40 <10 20 - - - - -
upper value 128 19 45 - - - - -
Whole crop average 196 47 47 4.8 1.6 0.3 65 44
silage (cereals)
Green cereal average 282 48 37 4.8 1.1 0.3 86 81
plant silage
Lucerne silage average 885 53 38 8.9 3.2 0.9 411 159

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 4.6 Minerals

It is recommended to express the mineral contents as elements and not as oxides. To

calculate mineral contents expressed as oxides into elements the next factors can be used:

From: To Multiplied with:

K2O K 0.830
Na2O Na 0.742
NaCl Na 0.393
CaO Ca 0.715
MgO Mg 0.603
P2O5 P 0.437
SO3 S 0.400
SO4 S 0.334

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 5. Relevant CVB publications
Many data in the Table booklet Feeding of Ruminants concerning the feeding standards
and feeding advices are derived from CVB reports. The mineral and trace element
recommendations for ruminants are derived from the CVB publication ‘Handleiding
mineralenvoorziening rundvee, schapen, geiten’ (2005).

Below you find an overview of the relevant CVB reports. Most reports are written in Dutch:

Ruminants (in general)

Nr. 4: Eiwitbehoefte van schapen en geiten (1992).
Nr. 11: Herziening van de energie- en eiwitnormen voor vleesstieren (199?)
Nr. 19: Energie en eiwitnormen voor de voederbehoefte van vrouwelijk jongvee bestemd
voor de melkveehouderij (1997)
Nr. 22: Berekening van het gehalte aan darmverteerbaar methionine en lysine in
voedermiddelen voor herkauwers (1998)
Nr. 23: Structuurwaardesysteem herkauwers (1998)
Nr. 27: Voeding van drachtige koeien in de droogstand (2001)
Nr. 28: De fysiologische basis voor de minimale onbestendig eiwit balans in
melkveerantsoenen (2001)
nr. 51: Voeropnamemodel Melkvee . versie 2007 (2007)
nr. 52: Eiwitwaardering voor herkauwers: het DVE/OEB 2007 systeem (2007)
nr. 78: Body weight of Holstein Friesian cows (2022)
nr. 79: Geactualiseerde energiebehoeftenormen voor Holstein Friesian melkkoeien
(2022)

For extensive information of the mineral and trace elements requirements for cattle, sheep
and goats see the “Handleiding Mineralenvoorziening Rundvee, Schapen. Geiten” (CVB.
2005).

For more detailed information about the CVB feeding value systems and detailed
information about the composition and nutrient values of feedstuffs you are referred to:
• CVB Veevoedertabel 2022
• Online Voederwaardecalculator

For more information of the CVB products you are referred to the website:
www.cvbdiervoeding.nl

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 6. List with abbreviations
Abbreviation Unit Description
ASH g Crude ash
BW kg Body weight
BW0.75 kg Metabolic Body weight
°C - Degree Celsius
Ca g Calcium
Cal - Calorie (1 cal = 4.184 Joules)
CFAT g Crude fat. In most products analyzed without prior
acid hydrolysis. In moisture-rich feed ingredients
and dried products as maize gluten feed after acid
hydrolysis.
CFIBER g Crude fiber
Cl g Chlorine
CM kg/day Corrected milk
Co mg Cobalt
CP g Crude protein (in ensiled products inclusive NH3)
Cu mg Copper
DM g Dry matter (content)
DVE g Darmverteerbaar eiwit = Intestinal digestible
protein
%F % Fat content in milk
FCM kg/day Fat corrected milk
Fe mg Iron
FIC Feed Intake Capacity
FOM g Fermentable organic matter in the rumen
FPCM kg/day Fat and protein corrected milk
g - Gram
GDM kg/animal/day Gross dry matter intake
J - Joule (1J = 0.239 calorie)
J mg Iodine
K g Potassium
kg - Kilogram
M kg Milk yield per day
mg - Milligram
Mg g/kg Magnesium
MJ - Mega joule (1 MJ = 1000 kJ = 1.000.000 J)
Mn mg Manganese
N g Nitrogen (= CP / 6.25)
Na g Sodium
NH3 % Ammonia (fraction) as % of crude protein
OEB g Onbestendig Eiwit Balans; rumen degraded protein
balance
P g Phosphorus

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 Abbreviation Unit Description
%P % Protein content in milk
Pr g/day Milk protein production
S g Sulphur
Se mg Selenium
STA g Starch
STAam Starch analysed with amyloglucosidase
STAew Stach analyzed with the Ewers method
(polarimetric method)
SUG g Sugar
SW - Structuurwaarde; Structure unit
TDMI kg DM/day Total Dry Matter Intake
VEM - Voedereenheid melkproductie; Feed unit milk
production
VEM2022 - Voedereenheid melkproductie; Feed unit milk
production vanaf 2022
VEVI - Voedereenheid vleesproductie; Feed unit meat
production
VW - Verzadigingswaarde; Fill unit
Zn mg Zinc

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