Chapter 6

Electromagnetic Induction
It is the phenomenon of production of e.m.f. in a conductor due to a change in magnetic
flux linked with it. The e.m.f. so produced is called induced e.m.f. and current is called
induced current.

Magnetic Flux: Magnetic flux is defined as flux through a plane of area A placed in a
uniform magnetic field can be written as

⃗ ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
∅𝐵 = 𝐵
Where 𝜃 is angle between 𝐵 and 𝐴. The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (𝑊𝑏) or 𝑇𝑚2 .
Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.

The Experiments of Faraday and Henry

1.If North-pole of a bar magnet is pushed towards the coil, the pointer in the
galvanometer deflects, indicating the presence of electric current in the coil. This
deflection lasts as long as the bar magnet remains in motion. The galvanometer doesn’t
show any deflection when the magnet is held at rest. When the magnet is pulled away
from the coil, the galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite direction, which
indicates reversal of the current’s direction. This shows that the relative motion between
the magnet and the coil that is responsible for generation (induction) of electric current
in the coil.

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2.If the bar magnet is replaced by a second coil 𝐶2 (as shown in figure) connected to a
battery. The steady current in the coil 𝐶2 produces a steady magnetic field. If coil 𝐶2 is
moved towards the coil 𝐶1 , then the galvanometer shows a deflection. This indicates that
electric current is induced in coil 𝐶1 . When 𝐶2 is moved away, the galvanometer shows
a deflection again, but this time in the opposite direction. The deflection will be observed
as long as coil 𝐶2 is in motion. When the coil 𝐶2 is held fixed and 𝐶1 is moved, the same
effects are observed. Again, it is the relative motion between the coils that induces the
electric current.

3.Faraday showed that this relative motion is not an absolute requirement. Figure given
above shows two coils 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 held stationary. Coil 𝐶1 is connected to galvanometer
𝐺 while the second coil 𝐶2 is connected to a battery through a tapping key 𝐾.
The galvanometer shows a momentary deflection when the tapping key 𝐾 is pressed. The
pointer in the galvanometer returns to zero immediately. If the key is held pressed
continuously, there is no deflection in the galvanometer. When the key is released, a
momentary deflection is observed again, but in the opposite direction. It is also observed
that the deflection increases dramatically when an iron rod is inserted into the coils along
their axis.

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Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
1.The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit. Mathematically, the induced emf is given by
𝑑∅𝐵
𝜀=−
𝑑𝑡

Negative sign shows that the current induced in a circuit always flows in such a direction
that it opposes the change or the cause that it opposes the change or the cause produces
it. In the case of a closely wound coil of 𝑁 turns, change of flux associated with each turn,
is the same. Therefore, the expression for the total induced emf is given by
𝑑∅𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

The induced emf can be increased by increasing the number of turns 𝑁 of a closed coil.
The flux can be varied by changing any one or more of the terms 𝐵, 𝐴 and 𝜃.
2.Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a coil, an e.m.f. is induced.
The induced e.m.f. lasts so long as there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with the
coil.
Lenz's law and Conservation of energy
Lenz’s law: The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which
opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. This law is based upon law of
conservation of energy.
(𝒊) When North-pole of a bar magnet is being pushed towards the closed coil. As the
North-pole of the bar magnet moves towards the coil, the magnetic flux through the coil
increases. Hence current is induced in the coil in such a direction that it opposes the
increase in flux. This is possible only if the current in the coil is in a counter-clockwise
direction with respect to an observer situated on the side of the magnet. Note that
magnetic moment associated with this current has North polarity towards the North-pole
of the approaching magnet.

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(𝒊𝒊) If the North-pole of the magnet is being withdrawn from the coil, the magnetic flux
through the coil will decrease. To counter this decrease in magnetic flux, the induced
current in the coil flows in clockwise direction and its South-pole faces the receding North-
pole of the bar magnet. This would result in an attractive force which opposes the motion
of the magnet and the corresponding decrease in flux.

Lenz's law implies the law of conservation of energy: Here when the N-pole of a bar
magnet is pushed into a coil as shown, the direction of induced current in the coil will act
as N-pole. So, work has to be done against the magnetic repulsive force to push the
magnet into the coil. The electrical energy produced in the coil as the expense of this work
done.
Motional Electromotive Force (motional emf)
Consider a straight conductor moving in a uniform and time independent magnetic field.
Figure shows a rectangular conductor 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 in which the conductor 𝑃𝑄 is free to move.
The rod 𝑃𝑄 is moved towards the left with a constant velocity 𝑣. Assume that there is no
loss of energy due to friction. 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 forms a closed circuit enclosing an area that changes
as 𝑃𝑄 moves. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 which is perpendicular to the plane
of this system.

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 At 𝑡 = 0 ∅𝐵 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥
As rod moves towards left 𝑥 changes with time and rate of change of flux induces emf
d∅B d(Blx)
ε=− =−
dt dt
𝑑𝑥
𝜀 = −𝐵𝑙
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝜀 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 (𝑣 = − )
𝑑𝑡

This phenomenon of motional emf can be explained using Lorentz force on moving
charges. Consider any arbitrary charge 𝑞 in the conductor 𝑃𝑄. When the rod moves with
speed 𝑣, the charge will also be moving with speed 𝑣 in the magnetic field 𝐵. The Lorentz
force on this charge is 𝑞𝑣𝐵 in magnitude, and its direction is towards 𝑄. All charges
experience the same force, in magnitude and direction, irrespective of their position in
the rod 𝑃𝑄.
The work done in moving the charge from 𝑃 to 𝑄 is,
𝑊 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑙
Since emf is the work done per unit charge,
𝑊 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑙
𝜀= = = 𝑣𝑙𝐵
𝑞 𝑞

Let 𝑟 be the resistance of the movable arm 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑅 is external resistance, then
𝜀 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝐼= =
𝑅+𝑟 𝑅+𝑟

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As the rod arm 𝑃𝑄 moves in magnetic field, a magnetic force 𝐼𝑙 × 𝐵 ⃗ acts on the rod in
the direction opposite to the direction of the motion of the rod. The magnitude of the
force acting on the arm can be given as,
𝐵2 𝑙2𝑣
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 =
𝑅+𝑟
𝐵2𝑙2𝑣
if 𝑟 ≪ 𝑅 then 𝐹=
𝑅

Magnetic force acting on the arm arises due to the drift velocity of the charges in the rod,
as the drift velocity is the entity that is responsible for the current in the rod. If the arm
𝑃𝑄 is pushed with a constant velocity given by the magnitude 𝑣, we require a power to
accomplish this push,
𝑃 =𝐹∙𝑣
𝐵2𝑙2𝑣2
𝑃=
𝑅

The energy that goes into the motion of the rod in this system is dissipated in the form of
heat given by,
𝐵2𝑙2𝑣2
𝑃𝑗 = 𝐼2 𝑅 =
𝑅

Thus, mechanical energy which was needed to move the arm 𝑃𝑄 is converted into
electrical energy (the induced emf) and then to thermal energy.
Relationship between the charge flow through the circuit and the change in the
magnetic flux.
∆∅ ∆𝑄 ∆∅
ε= = 𝐼𝑅, 𝑅=
∆t ∆𝑡 ∆t
∆∅
Thus ∆𝑄 =
𝑅

Eddy currents
When bulk pieces of conductors are subjected to changing magnetic flux, induced
currents are produced in them. However, their flow patterns resemble swirling eddies in
water. Their flow patterns resemble swirling eddies in water. This effect was discovered
by physicist Foucault (1819-1868) and these currents are called eddy currents.

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Consider the apparatus shown in Fig. A copper plate is allowed to swing like a simple
pendulum between the pole pieces of a strong magnet. It is found that the motion is
damped and in a little while the plate comes to a halt in the magnetic field. Magnetic flux
associated with the plate keeps on changing as the plate moves in and out of the region
between magnetic poles. The flux change induces eddy currents in the plate. Directions
of eddy currents are opposite when the plate swings into the region between the poles
and when it swings out of the region. If rectangular slots are made in the copper plate as
shown in Fig. area available to the flow of eddy currents is less. Thus, the pendulum plate
with holes or slots reduces electromagnetic damping and the plate swings more freely.
Eddy currents are undesirable because
(i) they heat up the core and dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat.
(ii) they produce damping effect.
Eddy currents can be minimised by
(i) Slicing the conductor into pieces and laminating them so that the area for
circulating currents decreases. The laminations are separated by an insulating
material like lacquer. The plane of the laminations must be arranged parallel to
the magnetic field, so that they cut across the eddy current paths. This
arrangement reduces the strength of the eddy currents. Since the dissipation
of electrical energy into heat depends on the square of the strength of electric
current, heat loss is substantially reduced.
(ii) Cutting slots in the copper plates.

Eddy currents are used to advantage in certain applications like:

(i) Magnetic braking in trains: Strong electromagnets are situated above the rails in some
electrically powered trains. When the electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents

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induced in the rails oppose the motion of the train. As there are no mechanical linkages,
the braking effect is smooth.
(ii) Electromagnetic damping: Certain galvanometers have a fixed core made of
nonmagnetic metallic material. When the coil oscillates, the eddy currents generated in
the core oppose the motion and bring the coil to rest quickly.
(iii) Induction furnace: Induction furnace can be used to produce high temperatures and
can be utilised to prepare alloys, by melting the constituent metals. A high frequency
alternating current is passed through a coil which surrounds the metals to be melted. The
eddy currents generated in the metals produce high temperatures sufficient to melt it.
(iv) Electric power meters: The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter (analogue
type) rotates due to the eddy currents. Electric currents are induced in the disc by
magnetic fields produced by sinusoidally varying currents in a coil.
Inductance
An electric current can be induced in a coil by flux change produced by another coil in its
vicinity or flux change produced by the same coil. The flux through a coil is proportional
to the current.
∅∝𝐼
𝑑∅ 𝑑𝐼
If the geometry of the coil does not vary with time then ∝
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

For a closely wound coil of N turns, the same magnetic flux is linked with all the turns.
When the flux ∅𝐵 through the coil changes, each turn contributes to the induced emf.
Therefore, a term called flux linkage is used which is equal to𝑁∅𝐵 for a closely wound coil
and in such a case to 𝑁∅𝐵 ∝ 𝐼
The constant of proportionality, in this relation, is called inductance. It depends only on
the geometry of the coil and intrinsic material properties. It is a scalar quantity and it’s SI
unit is Henry. Its dimensional formula is [𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 𝐴−2 ]
Self Inductance
When emf is induced in a single isolated coil due to change of flux through the coil by
means of varying the current through the same coil. This phenomenon is called self-
induction. In this case, flux linkage through a coil of N turns is proportional to the current
through the coil and is expressed as 𝑁∅𝐵 ∝ 𝐼
𝑁∅𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼

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Where constant of proportionality 𝐿 is called self-inductance of the coil. It is also called
the coefficient of self-induction of the coil. When the current is varied, the flux linked with
the coil also changes and an emf is induced in the coil. The induced emf is given by
−𝑑𝑁∅𝐵 𝑑𝐼
𝜀= or 𝜀 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Thus, the self-induced emf always opposes any change (increase or decrease) of current
in the coil.
Self-inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the flux linked with the coil when the
current through the coil is 1 A.
OR

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Self-inductance of a coil is equal to the induced emf developed in the coil when the rate
of change of current in the coil is one ampere per second.
Variation of emf with change in current in solenoid:

Self-inductance of a long solenoid: Consider a long solenoid of cross-sectional area 𝐴 and

length 𝑙, having 𝑛 turns per unit length. The magnetic field due to a current 𝐼 flowing in
the solenoid is 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼

The total flux linked with the solenoid is 𝑁∅𝐵 = (𝑛𝑙)(𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼) A

= 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐼𝑙𝐴
𝑁∅𝐵
𝐿= = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑙𝐴
𝐼
𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴
If 𝑁 is the total number of turns then 𝐿 =
𝑙

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If we fill the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 (for example
soft iron, which has a high value of relative permeability), then,
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁 2 𝐴
𝐿=
𝑙

The self-inductance of the coil depends on its geometry and on the permeability of the
medium. The self-induced emf is also called the back emf as it opposes any change in the
current in a circuit.
Energy stored in an inductor: Self-inductance plays the role of inertia. It is the
electromagnetic analogue of mass in mechanics. To establish the current, work needs to
be done against the back emf. This work done is stored as magnetic potential energy. For
the current 𝐼 at an instant in a circuit, the rate of work done is
𝑑𝑤
= |𝜀|𝐼
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝐼
=𝐿 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐼
Total amount of work done in establishing the current 𝐼 is 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫0 𝐼𝑑𝐼
1
𝑊 = 𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼2
2

1 2
Total energy 𝐿𝐼
2
Magnetic energy density= = 𝑈𝐵 =
volume of solenoid 𝐴𝑙
𝐵
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 , 𝐼 = and 𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑙𝐴
𝜇0 𝑛

𝐵2
𝑈𝐵 =
2𝜇0

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 Mutual Induction
When an electric current passing through a coil changes with time, an emf is induced in
the neighbouring coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual induction and the emf is
called mutually induced emf.
Consider two coils which are placed close to each other. If an electric current 𝑖 1 is sent
through coil 1, the magnetic field produced by it is also linked with coil 2 as shown in
Figures.

Let ∅21 be the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil 2 of 𝑁2 turns due to coil 1,
then the total flux linked with coil 2 (𝑁2 ∅21 ) is proportional to the current 𝑖1 in the coil
1. N2 ∅21 ∝ i1
N2 ∅21
N2 ∅21 = M21 i1 orM21 =
i1

The constant of proportionality 𝑀21 is the mutual inductance of the coil 2 with respect to
coil 1. It S.I unit is Henry. It is also called as coefficient of mutual induction. If 𝑖1 = 1𝐴,
then 𝑁2 ∅21 = 𝑀21 . Therefore, the mutual inductance 𝑀21 is defined as the flux linkage
of the coil 2 when 1A current flows through coil 1.
When the current 𝑖1 changes with time, an emf 𝜀2 is induced in coil 2. From Faraday’s law
of electromagnetic induction, this mutually induced emf 𝜀2 is given by
d(N2 ∅21 ) di1
ε2 = − = −M21
dt dt
di1 𝐴
If =1 then M21 = −𝜀2
dt 𝑠

Mutual inductance𝑀21 is also defined as the opposing emf induced in the coil 2 when
the rate of change of current through the coil 1 is 1 As-1.
Similarly, if an electric current 𝑖2 hrough coil 2 changes with time, then emf 𝜀1 is induced
in coil 1. Therefore,

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 N1 ∅12
M12 =
i2

here 𝑀12 is the mutual inductance of the coil 1 with respect to coil 2. It can be shown that
for a given pair of coils, the mutual inductance is same.
𝑀12 = 𝑀21 = 𝑀
Mutual inductance between two long co-axial solenoids
Consider two long co-axial solenoids of same length 𝑙. The length of these solenoids is
large when compared to their radii so that the magnetic field produced inside the
solenoids is uniform and the fringing effect at the ends may be ignored. Let 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 be
the area of cross section of the solenoids with 𝐴1 being greater than 𝐴2 as shown in figure
.The number of turns per unit length of these solenoids are 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 respectively.

Let 𝑖1 be the current flowing through solenoid 1, then the magnetic field produced
inside it is 𝐵1 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑖1
As the field lines of 𝐵1 are passing through the area bounded by solenoid 2, the magnetic
flux is linked with each turn of solenoid 2 due to solenoid 1 and is given by
∅21 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑖1 𝐴2
𝑁2 ∅21 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑖1 𝐴2 × 𝑛2 𝑙 (𝑁2 = 𝑛2 𝑙)
𝑁2 ∅21
𝑀21 =
𝑖1
μ0 n1 i1 A2 ×n2 l
= = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐴2 𝑙
i1
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴2
𝑀21 =
𝑙

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If a material medium of relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 is present inside the solenoids,
μ 𝜇 N N A
then M21 = 0 𝑟 1 2 2
l
μ0 𝜇𝑟 N1 N2 A2
Similarly, we can obtain M12 =
l

M21 = M12 = 𝑀
Factors affecting the mutual inductance of a pair of coils:
(i) The sizes and shapes of the two coils.
(ii) The distance of separation between the two coils
(iii) The nature of the medium between the two coils.
(iv) The relative orientation of the two coils.
AC Generator
In an ac generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy by virtue of
electromagnetic induction and it works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
It consists of a coil mounted on a rotor shaft. The axis of rotation of the coil is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. The coil (called armature) is
mechanically rotated in the uniform magnetic field by some external means. The rotation
of the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to change, so an emf is induced in the coil.
The ends of the coil are connected to an external circuit by means of slip rings and
brushes.

When the coil is rotated with a constant angular speed 𝜔, the flux at any time 𝑡 is

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As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux linked with it changes. An induced emf is set up in
the coil which is given by,

If the coil has 𝑁 turns, then the total induced emf will be
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
Thus, the induced emf varies sinusoidally with time 𝑡. The value of induced emf is
maximum when 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 1 or 𝜔𝑡 = 90° , i.e., when the plane of the coil parallel to the
field 𝐵 . Then maximum emf is 𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
We can replace 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜈 where 𝜈 is the frequency of rotation of the coil.

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 Questions for practice
1. A square coil of side 30 𝑐𝑚 with 500 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 is kept in a uniform magnetic field of
0.4 𝑇. The plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30° to the field. Calculate the
magnetic flux through the coil. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 9 𝑊𝑏)
2. A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4𝑚𝑊𝑏 in a time 0.4 𝑠. Find the
magnitude of the emf induced in the wire. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 10 𝑚𝑉)
3. The magnetic flux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a function of
time and is given by ∅𝐵 = ( 2𝑡 3 + 4𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 8) Wb. If the resistance of the coil
is 5 Ω, determine the induced current through the coil at a time 𝑡 = 3 second.
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 17.2 𝐴)
4. A closely wound coil of radius 0.02 𝑚 is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field.
When the magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in 6 s, an emf of 44 V is
induced. Calculate the number of turns in the coil. (Ans: 35 turns)
5. A rectangular coil of area 6𝑐𝑚2 having 3500 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 is kept in a uniform magnetic
field of 0.4 𝑇. Initially, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field and is then
rotated through an angle of 1800. If the resistance of the coil is 35 Ω, find the
amount of charge flowing through the coil. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 48 × 10−3 𝐶)
6. An induced current of 2.5 𝑚𝐴 flows through a single conductor of resistance 100 Ω.
Find out the rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the
conductor. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 250 𝑚𝑊𝑏𝑠 −1 )
7. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 𝑚 rotates normal to a magnetic field of
4 × 10−3 𝑇 . If the induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is 0.02 V,
determine the rate of rotation of the blade. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 9.95 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑)
8. A bicycle wheel with metal spokes of 1 𝑚 long rotates in Earth’s magnetic field. The
plane of the wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal component of Earth’s field of
4 × 10−5 𝑇.If the emf induced across the spokes is 31.4𝑚𝑉, calculate the rate of
revolution of the wheel. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 250 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑)
9. Determine the self-inductance of 4000 turn air-core solenoid of length 2𝑚 and
diameter 0.04 𝑚. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 12.62 𝑚𝐻)
10. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 4 𝐴. If the magnetic flux through the coil is
6 × 10−5 𝑊𝑏. Find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding the coil.
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.024 𝐽)

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11. A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire ‘𝑃𝑄’ as shown in the figure.
Depict the direction of the current induced in the loop when the current in the wire
𝑃𝑄 is constantly increasing.

12. Two air core solenoids have the same length of 80 𝑐𝑚 and same cross–sectional
area 5𝑐𝑚2 . Find the mutual inductance between them if the number of turns in
the first coil is 1200 turns and that in the second coil is 400 turns. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.38 𝑚𝐻)
13. Using Lenz’s law, predict the direction of induced current in conducting rings 1 and
2 when current in the wire is steadily decreasing.

14. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in a closed circular loop when two bar magnets
are moved as shown in the figure.

15. A straight conducting wire is dropped horizontally from a certain height with its
length along east – west direction. Will an emf be induced in it? Justify your answer.

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16. If the current 𝑖 flowing in the straight conducting wire as shown in the figure
decreases, find out the direction of induced current in the metallic square loop
placed near it. (clockwise)

17. The magnetic flux passes perpendicular to the plane of the circuit and is directed
into the paper. If the magnetic flux varies with respect to time as per the following
relation: ∅𝐵 = (2𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 5) 𝑚𝑊𝑏 , what is the magnitude of the
induced emf in the loop when 𝑡 = 3 𝑠? Find out the direction of current through
the circuit. (80𝑚𝑉, 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒)

18. A conducting rod of length 0.5 𝑚 falls freely from the top of a building of height
7.2𝑚 at a place in Chennai where the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
field is 40378.7 𝑛𝑇. If the length of the rod is perpendicular to Earth’s horizontal
magnetic field, find the emf induced across the conductor when the rod is about to
touch the ground. [Take g = 10 m s-2] (242 .27µ𝑉)
19. A copper rod of length 𝑙 rotates about one of its ends with an angular velocity 𝜔 in
a magnetic field 𝐵 as shown in the figure. The plane of rotation is perpendicular to
the field. Find the emf induced between the two ends of the rod.

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20. A solenoid of 500 turns is wound on an iron core of relative permeability 800. The
length and radius of the solenoid are 40𝑐𝑚 and 3𝑐𝑚 respectively. Calculate the
average emf induced in the solenoid if the current in it changes from 0 𝑡𝑜 3 𝐴 in 0.4
second. (13.275𝑉)
21. The self-inductance of an air-core solenoid is 4.8𝑚𝐻. If its core is replaced by iron
core, then its self-inductance becomes 1.8𝐻. Find out the relative permeability of
iron. (375)
22. A rectangular coil of area 70𝑐𝑚2 having 600 turns rotates about an axis
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.4 𝑊𝑏𝑚−2 . If the coil completes 500
revolutions in a minute, calculate the instantaneous emf when the plane of the coil
is (i) perpendicular to the field (ii) parallel to the field and (iii) inclined at 60 o with
the field. (0,88𝑉, 44𝑉)
23. A plot of magnetic flux (𝜙) versus current (𝐼) is shown for two inductors 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Which of the two has larger value of self-inductance?

23. Why does not the induced current in a coil flow in clockwise direction if the south
pole of a magnet is moved away from it?
24. A jet plane is travelling west at 450𝑚𝑠 −1 . If the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field at that place is 4 × 10−4 𝑇 and the angle of dip is 30° find the emf
induced between the ends of wings having a span of 30 𝑚. (3.12𝑉 )
25. A wire in the form of a tightly wound solenoid is connected to a DC source, and
carries a current. If the coil is stretched so that there are gaps between successive
elements of the spiral coil, will the current in the coil increase or decrease? Explain.
26. A circular brass loop of radius ‘𝑎’ and resistance ‘𝑅’ is placed with its plane
perpendicular to a magnetic field which varies with time as 𝐵 = 𝐵0 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. Obtain
𝜋𝑎2 𝐵0 𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
expression for the induced emf and maximum current in the loop.( )
𝑅

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27. The current 𝐼 in an inductance coil vary with time 𝑡 according to the graph shown in
the figure. Draw the corresponding graph showing the variation of voltage in the
coil with time.

28. Two concentric, coplanar, circular wire loops, with resistance per unit length
10−4 Ω𝑚−1 , have diameters 0.2 𝑚 & 2 𝑚. A time varying potential difference (4 +
2.5 𝑡) volts is applied to the larger loop. Calculate the current in the smaller loop.
(1.25𝐴)
29. A square loop of wire of side 𝑙 is placed inside a large square loop of side 𝐿 (>> 𝑙).
The loops are coplanar and their centres coincide. What is the mutual inductance of
2√2𝜇0 𝑙 2
the system?
𝜋𝐿
30. Find the direction of induced current in the coil shown in figure. Magnetic field is
perpendicular to the plane of coil and it is increasing with time.

31. A solenoid is connected to a battery so that a steady current flow through it. If an
iron core is inserted into the solenoid, will the current increase or decrease? Explain.
32. A wheel with 50 metallic spokes, each 0.5 𝑚 long is rotated with an angular speed
of 120 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚 in a plane normal to the earth’s magnetic field. If the magnitude of
the field is 0.4 × 10−4 𝑇, calculate the emf induced between the rim and the axle of
the wheel. (6.28 × 10−5 𝑉 )
33. Consider a metallic pipe with an inner radius of 1 cm. If a cylindrical bar magnet of
radius 0.8 cm is dropped through the pipe, it takes more time to come down than it
takes for a similar unmagnetized cylindrical iron bar dropped through the metallic
bar. Explain.

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34. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field
region (Fig) to a field-free region with a constant velocity 𝑣. In which loop do you
expect the induced emf to be constant during the passage out of the field region?
The field is normal to the loops.

35. Two concentric circular coils, one of small radius 𝑟1 and the other of large radius 𝑟2 ,
such that 𝑟1 ≪ 𝑟2 , are placed co-axially with centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual
𝜇0 𝜋𝑟12
inductance of the arrangement. ( )
2𝑟2
36. Figure shows a metal rod 𝑃𝑄 resting on the smooth rails 𝐴𝐵 and positioned
between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails, the rod, and the magnetic field
are in three mutual perpendicular directions. A galvanometer 𝐺 connects the rails
through a switch 𝐾. Length of the rod = 15 𝑐𝑚, 𝐵 = 0.50𝑇, resistance of the
closed loop containing the rod = 9.0 𝑚𝛺. Assume the field to be uniform.

(a) Suppose K is open and the rod is moved with a speed of 12𝑐𝑚−1 in the direction
shown. Give the polarity and magnitude of the induced emf.
(b) Is there an excess charge built up at the ends of the rods when 𝐾 is open? What if
𝐾 is closed?
(c) With 𝐾 open and the rod moving uniformly, there is no net force on the electrons
in the rod 𝑃𝑄 even though they do experience magnetic force due to the motion
of the rod. Explain.
(d) What is the retarding force on the rod when 𝐾 is closed? How much power is
required to keep the rod moving at the same speed 12𝑐𝑚−1 when 𝐾 is closed?
How much power is required when 𝐾 is open?

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 (e) How much power is dissipated as heat in the closed circuit? What is the source of
this power?
(f) What is the induced emf in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the
rails instead of being perpendicular?
(9.0𝑚𝑉, 𝑦𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 75 × 10−3 𝑁, 9 × 10−3 𝑊, 9 × 10−3 𝑊, 0)
37. A coil is wound on an iron core and looped back on itself so that the core has two
sets of closely would wires in series carrying current in the opposite sense. What do
you expect about its self-inductance? Will it be larger or small?
Ans. As the two sets of wire carry currents in opposite directions, their induced emf's
also act in opposite directions. These induced emf's tend to cancel each other,
making the self-inductance of the coil very small.
38. An aircraft with a wing span of 40 𝑚 flies with a speed of 1080𝐾𝑚ℎ−1 in the
eastward direction at a constant altitude in the northern hemisphere, where the
vertical component of earth's magnetic field is 1.75 × 10−5 𝑇. Find the emf that
develops between the tips of the wings. (0.21𝑉 )
39. A bar magnet 𝑀 is dropped so that it tills vertically through the coil 𝐶. The graph
obtained for voltage produced across the coil 𝑉/𝑠 time is shown in figure.
(𝑖) Explain the shape of the graph.
(𝑖𝑖) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak?

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