ADVANCES IN DIGITALIZATION OF

CATALYSIS; HOW IR4.0 IS

REVOLUTIONIZING THE WAY WE GO
ABOUT CATALYSIS
A technical investigation commissioned by the members of the
Catalytic Advances Program (CAP)

Report Completed: July 2020

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 RESEARCH & SCOPE
✓ The chemical industry has been generally slow in its adoption of digital technologies, similar to
other heavy industries. It is led by refining with Advanced Process Control (APC) at Digital 3.0 and
approaching AI Digital 4.0, followed by petrochemicals implementing APC technologies, and trailed by
chemicals at the transition of DCS Digital 2.0 to APC Digital 3.0.
✓ The pace of digitalization in catalyst operations is determined by different market needs and scope
for catalyst usage: (1) Refining is a commodity business, the opportunity in digitalization arises from
large-scale optimization; (2) In petrochemicals digitalization opportunities arise from optimization of
more narrowly focused plants, especially those with single production units and based on widely
licensed process technologies; (3) Specialty chemicals involve a broad use of catalysts and processes,
so they are therefore hampered in digitalization by the diversity despite the high margins
✓ The report lays out an array of specifications and performance requirements that increase the
complexity of implementing digital technologies on a systematic scale in catalyst manufacture to
achieve significant business results. Faster and more accurate planning predictions, and a greater
ability to extend planning horizons, yields greater benefit in catalyst manufacture than in catalyst
operations
✓ One of the great challenges in the transformation of the field of catalysis and process engineering to
digital catalysis and process engineering is associated with dealing with the sheer amount of data and
how to administer it. Without standard data formats and strict data governance policies, no enterprise
will be able to monetize their data in a cross organizational effort. As a result, providers have already
developed solutions for the industry with the core idea of central and easily maintainable repositories
allowing information transparency
This TCGR report provides an analysis of how the industry relating to catalysis and process engineering can
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approach IR4.0 and take advantage of the possibilities and opportunities in the advent of new technologies.
 INDUSTRY DRIVERS
✓ The use of digital tools and simulation have become a basis for capital projects; their integrated use from
the development to the implementation saves several months of planning and support along with additional
cost reduction by seeking best options considering energy, economics, and equipment to ensure safety and
regulatory compliance
✓ Organizations analyzed in the study are using digitalization with the focus point of accelerating research and
development; a typical combination is the use of high-throughput technology, big data analytics and simulation
✓ Many companies in the field are publicly sharing information about internal and external activities in the
field of digitalization; a lot of strategic partnerships are formed with other industrial partners and academia
✓ Another major point important for enterprises and organizations are the cultural and organizational
challenges to be taken into consideration. Buy-in of employees based on mutual values and agreed internal
policies are of major importance; these values and resulting policies must be based on an understanding why
digital transformation is important for the organization and which values and benefits are expected to be
achieved.
✓ Currently a major focus of attention lies in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). This technology field is
moving forward quickly propelled by efforts in academia; the utilization of AI in the industry relating to
process catalysis is still in its advent. The ultimate avenue to use of AI is leading toward self-optimizing plants
and autonomous operations
✓ Considerations need to be taken on; (i) how data quality and quantity can be ensured at the same time; and (ii) which
algorithms are the most powerful ones to extract correlations from complex data sets. Data analysis via AI algorithms
can only unravel the full potential if intense cooperation between disciplines of data scientists and specialists in the
field of catalysis and process engineering is entertained
Digitalization will become a critical capability for companies using or making catalysts to build long-term
competitiveness to foster future growth and as a tool to achieve global sustainability targets as well as
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safety and operational excellence.
 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR INDUSTRY 4.0
✓ Digital transformation affects all areas in an organization including technology, business and organizational
aspects as well as capabilities and training of individuals
✓ The key topics regarding digital transformation efforts which are technology related are often highlighted in this
context. These new technology fields are in principle available/accessible to enterprises and are to be
understood as systematic enablers
✓ Besides the rapid change in business models,
requirements regarding human workforce will also Enabling Technologies for Industry 4.0
change. Digital skills gain in importance, such as
programming, digital business analysis, data Technologies for IR4.0 Data Exchange & Processing Cyber-Physical Interactions
visualization competences, social media competence, Big Data Analysis X
application know how in machine learning and data
science Cloud Computing X
✓ Digital transformation could accelerate development Cybersecurity X
processes and significantly reduce the cost and time
Horizontal & Vertical Integration X
andcould also impact market uncertainty in a positive
sense since the commercialization timelines are Robotics X
reduced.
Augmented Reality X
✓ The Fourth Industrial revolution, so-called Industry
4.0, offers new capabilities to transform manufacturing Additive Manufacturing X
operations and enable new business growth across Simulation X
multiple market segments. Combining the key attributes
of connectivity, intelligence and flexible automation is Internet of Things X
becoming a differentiator for companies.
Table 1: Enabling Technologies for Industry 4.0 Source: TCGR, 2020

Many chemical and refining companies have been collecting data on their operations for several years, but most have
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not gone beyond simple analysis and charting of basic trends.
THE ROLE OF DIGITALIZATION IN CATALYSIS
Most chemical companies typically have assets that are represented across levels 1.0 – 3.0
At Digital 2.0, companies have engaged some automation in process units
using a distributed control system (DCS). Most specialty chemical
companies, including those that manufacture catalysts, classify
themselves at level 2.0
Level 3.0 includes Advanced Process Control (APC) technologies. Most
refineries run at this level, using integrated APC and planning tools to
coordinate activities with margin assessment for their crude-to-fuels
portfolio.
Corporate implementation of digitalization:
✓ BASF is running the largest supercomputer in the chemical industry
since 2017 at the company's headquarters in Ludwigshafen,
Germany. In the area of process catalysis, the supercomputer
optimizes processes and catalysts with complex calculations and
simulations
✓ Another large German chemical company, Evonik, has started the
subsidiary Evonik Digital GmbH with around 20 experts to work on
digitalization topics.
✓ Covestro is publicly announcing their efforts in building up
extensive proprietary databases with large collections of process
Figure 1: Digital Maturity for production in heavy industries Source: Noterdaeme et al., 2018
related research data
Academic implementation of digitalization in public archives:
✓ Public archives are typically run on publicly funded basis and have the goal to facilitate data sharing by offering space to store
and transfer large amounts of data to build up catalyst and process engineering databases. These databases can then be accessed
by anyone worldwide and store information such as analytics, simulations, characteristics. Two examples of such initiatives are
the NFDI4Cat consortium and Catalysis Hub.
Most chemical companies typically have assets that are represented across levels 1.0 – 3.0, reflecting the advanced age of many 5
assets, expansion of the types of operations, and business growth through acquisition that are common in the industry.
 INITIATIVES BY ENTERPRISES ACTIVE IN CHEMICAL AND
PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Companies active in the field of chemical and petrochemical engineering have also adopted
IR4.0 rapidly and documented their efforts to the outside world.
✓ Linde has a clear commitment towards digitalization since 2015 and develops new approaches and solutions in Linde´s
“Digital Base Camp” in Pullach, Germany. The technologies help in supporting operators in remote locations and in training
personnel in virtual environments. Another focus of Linde´s digitalization efforts is the application of AI with the purpose of
increasing efficiency, decreasing fuel consumption and improving customer service
✓ Thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions (TKIS) has been awarded for their
developments in practicing digital services, based on a survey and study
of the University of St. Gallen
✓ TKIS has two product groups developed: evaluate&predict, here
drone and remote inspections are offered, also measures like 3D
plant scans and polscan® a measurement procedure for rotary
kilns. The product group automate&optimize offers product like
digital inventory control, advanced positioning systems,
equipment and software and stockyard automation
✓ Haldor Topsoe has also tapped into digitalization and announced
ClearView™ as a new product. The product is designed to allow to work
with a digital twin of a chemical plant and comes together with
proprietary modelling and simulation tools
✓ UOP/Honeywell follows a similar strategy as Haldor Topsoe in
connecting data from processes and assets and allowing analysis of such
datasets with the purpose of increasing reliability and profitability. The
cloud-based product line developed by UOP/Honeywell is branded
“Connected Plant” and addresses in its essence process reliability and Figure 2: Performance Engineering for Engineering, Procurement, & Construction 6
Source: Dhole, 2019
process optimization.
 INITIATIVES BY ENTERPRISES ACTIVE AS CATALYST PRODUCERS
& THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
✓ BASF’s catalyst division has announced a collaboration with Citrine Informatics for the use of artificial intelligence to develop
new catalyst technologies. The technical focus of the collaboration is the development of new environmental catalyst
technologies, which should be cost-effective and meet environmental regulations
✓ Citrine claims that the strength of their platform is that it can cope with the challenge of extracting patterns from sparse
data sets and is designed to propose experiments in variable spaces that complement data sets available
✓ Clariant is dedicating its resources since 2016 towards its internal digital program “Digital4Clariant”, which is designed to be
“cross-functional”. Three workstreams are pursued within the program: New Business Models, Digita l@ Operations, and Big Data
and Advanced Analytics. Clariant has a clear commitment towards using high throughput technology allowing the collection of
large amounts of data, experimental design and data analysis
✓ Johnson Matthey is focusing their digitalization efforts on a dedicated program called “OneJMT”, a program focused to unite JM´s
IT and apply strict IT governance at the same time supporting new developments. The product group automate & optimize offers
product like digital inventory control, advanced positioning systems, equipment and software and stockyard automation
Oil and Gas in general is viewed as behind the chemical and petrochemical industry in terms of adapting IR4.0, but most
companies are seen to be quickly catching up
✓ BP has put in place a digital innovation organization who scouts for new technologies, works internally with teams and externally with
academic institutions and start-up companies. BP has invested into beyond limits and a cooperation with Kebotix - both start-ups focused
on the development of new methods and applications in artificial intelligence
✓ Shell has manifested their will to transform the enterprise by the publication of their whitepaper “Shell’s Enterprise Journey to Digital
Transformation”. The chosen partner of Shell is OSIsoft – a leader in digitizing chemical or petrochemical plants with its proprietary PI
system
✓ Aramco has also announced to work on the digitalization of its operations and has heavily invested in high throughput experimentation
workflows and equipment, including digital infrastructure and software from the technology providers hte GmbH and Chemspeed.

The oil and gas industry is seen as technology conservative with an aversion to data-sharing. Nevertheless, disruptive technologies
like the use of artificial intelligence, digital twins and 3D printing have found their way. The strongest link to catalysis related
aspects are the initiatives around “digital refineries” which create great resonance in the industry 7
DIGITALIZATION IN CATALYSIS SYNTHESIS: 3D PRINTING
Heat and mass transport phenomena are important in the design of an industrial
catalyst including factors like shape and design of the pore system. The particle
size and geometry determine not only the pressure drop inside a reactor as well as
the diffusion of reactants inside the catalyst pores. The design needs to be a
compromise of both, a low pressure-drop to reduce the inlet pressure of the feed
and high diffusion rate from the reactant to the active site.
3D printing gives access to complex geometries and interconnected holes not
accessible with standard techniques. This technique is still an expensive way of
producing materials in industrial scale; the costs significantly dropped over the
past decade due to novel techniques and materials, thus increasing its relevance
for different fields in science.
Important criteria for new and complex forms are their stability and attrition Figure 3: Different Geometries for Catalyst Supports Source: Fonte, 2020
resistance. Since most fixed-bed reactors are several meters in length, the catalyst
structure needs to survive the loading process. Compression strength (as indication
of stability) between pellet and 3D printed structures is comparable.
Johnson Matthey (JM) has a product line for 3D printing of ceramics and their
application in catalysis. JM uses binder-jetting as a 3D printing process, in which a
binder is selectively jetted on top of successive layers of ceramic powder to bind
the powder particles together, forming a 3D object.
✓ It is claimed that one benefit of the technology is the recycle of excess
ceramic powders maximizing its efficient use. The innovative part is that
computational suggestions for different catalyst geometries can be easily
adapted and produced, accelerating the prototyping process.
Couck et al. nicely showed that monoliths based on SAPO-34 can be produced via
3D printing and used for gas separation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The
potential from digitalization comes from combining novel synthesis methods with
high-throughput methods for synthesis.
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In addition, 3D-printed supports impregnation in high throughput setups. This can
significantly accelerate the development e.g. for multi metal systems. Figure 4: Comparison between pellet and 3D printed structures Source: Fonte, 2020
DATA MANAGEMENT IN HIGH THROUGHPUT EXPERIMENTATION
Technical challenges have one common theme – they all require solutions which involve data being more efficiently generated,
captured, leveraged and/or shared: (1) Adaptability to implement a highly diverse set of research workflows; (2) A clear strategy on
how to capture, share and leverage highly valuable research data; (3) An approach to R&D IT infrastructure that reduces complexity
✓ The earliest approaches towards digitalization in catalysis, or even more general, in lab operations, were introduced with
Laboratory Information Management Systems, called LIMS, in 1982. Ever since, LIMS can be described as constantly developed
concepts with changing features and functionalities. Modern LIMS offer an increasing amount of integration with laboratory
instruments, applications or Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, and lately, the feasibility to handle electronic data
exchanges was highlighted
✓ Examples include but are not limited to LABWORKS from PerkinElmer, STARLIMS from Abbott Informatics or Watson LIMS from
Thermo Fisher Scientific
✓ Although LIMS and Electronic Laboratory Notebooks (ELN) are of enormous help along with automation to support data handling
and the execution of workflows, researchers are often still spending most of their time to structure and process their data
revealing those tools as data silos which were implemented for certain aspects but lack of common data base
✓ In general, there are two kinds of data collection systems -
one is a data warehouse, the other one is a data lake. While
data in a data lake is in its raw format and unstructured until
it is needed, data in a data warehouse is structured, linked
and can be used on the fly for data evaluation.
✓ Academia will store data from public funded projects
according to the principles of Findable, Accessible,
Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) for humans and computer.
To make data FAIR standard formats and self-explanation are
required, factors which can be achieved with the help of
ontology and metadata
Figure 5: The one database principle for catalyst development Source: TCGR, 2020

Digitalization projects are both challenging and critical endeavors, which often fail due to the lack of user acceptance, usability
and available (after-sale) maintenance. Storing all data in one database as an organization is only the beginning of a bigger effort 9
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN THE CONTEXT OF CATALYSIS
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the study of so-called “intelligent agents”, that perceive their environment and take action in order to
successfully reach its goals. Kaplan and Haenlein characterize AI as “a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from
such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation”
✓ Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods rely on external information to be fed into the algorithm, AI is also being referred to as “data
hungry” and good data quality is crucial to enhance the confidence in decision making. In general, data quality is found to
decline, when data is collected from a wide array of sources
✓ Early algorithms came from the field of communication and data transfer over noisy channels. The underlying algorithms and
concepts of machine learning range from multivariate linear regression models, clustering algorithms, decision trees to artificial
neural networks
✓ All of these algorithms were not developed with chemistry or catalysis in mind but originate in optical character recognition,
natural language processing or speech and image recognition and great success has been made in these areas in the recent years
✓ Artificial intelligence is basically a regression analysis using very flexible models, that are not based on any domain or
application specific knowledge
✓ Development of AI technologies is moving forward quickly in the field of academia, the versatile application of AI in industry is
still at the beginning. Arguably, this is due to the technical hurdles.
✓ AI based software for organic synthesis planning has even been commercialized in the recent past Merck’s Chematica/Synthia. In
addition to the similarity to language processing, the use of AI was facilitated by the availability of free databases of > 500,000
compounds including their bioactivity to train computer models, such as ChEMBL
✓ Application of machine learning algorithms is more difficult. The main reason is that on the one hand chemical entities are much
more difficult to describe in a form that can be processed by a computer; on the other hand, chemical species or active sites
involved in a catalytic reaction are even not known
✓ Scaling relations are known to hold over wide areas of chemical space. So linear mapping of catalytically relevant properties such
as activation energies onto descriptors such as binding energies of simple species (e.g. oxygen atoms or hydrogen atoms) are
known to exist and can be detected by machine learning algorithms.

Artificial intelligence technologies will have a tremendous technical, social and economic impact in industry, since AI has the
potential to make processes more resource and energy efficient. AI is also a very important part of the digitalization
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movement in industry, especially in the context of Industry 4.0.
FOCUS ON: SPECIFIC USE CASES FOR AI IN CATALYSIS
Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are
influencing various fields of science and technology, including
materials science
In the field of catalysis, where one goal is to discover promising
catalytic molecules and materials and historically a combination of trial
and error, chemical intuition and/or high throughput experimentation
as well as in more recent times high throughput computation for
property simulation are used, artificial intelligence can help to identify
correlations and rules for the next generation of catalysts Figure 6: Artificial intelligence in the field of catalysis Source: TCGR, 2020
✓ The main challenges involved in the application of AI in the field of catalysis are associated with the complex nature of catalytic
processes and the extensive requirements for a catalyst suitable for a given process scenario, with its efficiency and stability just
being a few factors to mention
✓ An early example of the application of AI in the field of catalysis was based on the prediction of the d-band center, which is a known
descriptor for the catalytic activity of metals and alloys. This study has demonstrated the need for the identification of material
features that clearly correlate with properties.
✓ A significant step towards an automated machine learning platform for catalyst screening was reported by Tran and Ulissi. This
platform offers the possibility of teaching computers known catalytic properties of materials and to obtain predictions of potential
catalysts for certain reactions.
✓ The reactivity properties can, for example, be fed into the AI system from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The AI
algorithm then finds underlying correlations between the catalyst structure and its reactivity properties
✓ Artificial intelligence technologies have also been used to identify relevant surface structures and compositions under reaction
conditions
✓ AI and machine learning can be of major importance in the field of image recognition, imaging of catalyst materials (e.g. scanning
electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy) and spectroscopic analysis (e.g. infrared, X-ray
absorption near edge structure)
✓ The application of the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-purposable/Re-usable) to datasets has widely
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been promoted. The application of the FAIR principle to datasets is to maximize the use of research data to its optimum.
FOCUS ON: PROVIDERS OF DIGITAL SERVICES IN SOFTWARE
Many of the software companies that offer services to catalyst operators and manufacturers have deep experience in
this industry and provide products that fit the specific performance needs.
Software Vendors: As demand has grown in this segment, some new vendors have entered the market instead offering generic digital
tools that could be applied but often require significant customization to perform well in specialized catalyst operation and manufacturing.
✓ Aspen Technology grew out of a 1970’s project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to provide simulation for the process
industries, led by industrial sponsors Exxon and Dow. The company has expanded its portfolio through internal product development and
acquisition with a focus on asset optimization for its target industries of energy, chemicals and engineering & construction. Key products
address needs for process engineering simulation, capital project design and management, advanced process control, process
optimization, and supply chain activities.
✓ Oracle is a $40 billion software company with 136,000 employees, based in Redwood Shores, California. The company offers hardware
such as servers and data storage, but also the supporting software to business data management and analytics. Its NetSuite platform,
acquired in 2016, bundles enterprise resource planning to supply chain and process control and is offered across broad industries from
healthcare to education to retail
✓ OSiSoft was founded in 1980 in San Leandro, CA, and now has 1,200 employees. It offers the leading data collection and management
system known as PI, which is widely used across industries such as energy, utilities, pharmaceuticals, life sciences, and as well as the
public sector including the federal government. The PI system provides the ability to collect, share and analyze large amounts of data
from multiple sources. Specialty chemicals producer Lonza used PI integrated with advanced analytics from its partner Seeq to boost
collaboration among experts across its businesses.
✓ SAP is a €25 billion German company that offers digital tools for finance, customer management, human resources, and production. SAP
is the ERP supplier for many companies across a variety of industries; it claims more than 7,000 chemical companies use its software. Its
ERP system is the leading product for most chemical and refining companies, providing the digital systems to support invoicing,
inventory management and order processing.
✓ SAS started as Statistics Analysis Systems in 1976 and is now a $3.2 billion supplier of business and data analytics software. The private
company grew from a consortium of eight universities focused on USDA grant data analysis, and now covers mostly banking (32%) and
government (17%), with growing depth in healthcare and life sciences (11%). SAS is particularly strong for its analytics capability and
cloud platform SAS Viya that utilizes open-source software
✓ Software AG has a wide range of software targeted across many industries, with a focus on cloud storage and IIoT solutions. The
company is based in Darmstadt, Germany and has 5,000 employees across multiple locations.
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FOCUS ON: PROVIDERS OF DIGITAL SERVICES IN CATALYSIS
Many vendor companies now offer digital services and software products to the processing industry. Some
providers are focused on software delivery, while others have grown their software business as an add-on to a
broader equipment offering to processing industries rapid growth and high demand for digital solutions to the
chemical and refining segments.
✓ The Catalyst and Licensing business of ExxonMobil recently launched a new service for its refining and chemicals
customers to aid production. The cloud-based platform offers two services: process monitoring for customer refining
and chemicals, and a lube optimization model. Launched as InFocus Online Platform, the service is designed to
improve customer operating performance even as feedstock shifts and product mix is varied.
✓ ClearView with Haldor Topsoe uses Honeywell Connected Plant to create in the cloud a digital twin of the operating
process and collecting customer data to optimize performance. ClearView uses Topsoe’s propriety operating models to
give feedback on how to improve the process, including catalyst utilization and energy optimization. Topsoe experts
monitor online dashboards to provide insight on operation, and alert if issues occur
✓ Navigance launched in 2019 as a service to support the catalyst business of Clariant. The wholly-owned entity of
Clariant offers actionable advice to optimize performance for formaldehyde and methanol processes that use their
catalysts. Highlighting the complexity of chemical operations, the service uses first principle models combined with
machine learning – often referred to as hybrid models – to optimize operations based on changing conditions in the
process, including varying load and catalyst deactivation
✓ The catalyst and process technology company UOP is a wholly-owned entity of Honeywell. Navigance targets the lack
of in-house capability with complex modeling, providing its staff to work with customers to compile data to build cloud-
based models and then identify where insight can deliver value to the operator. The company is in the early stage of its
launch.
✓ Organizing key production and equipment data is often an early step in digitalization activities at a company. Even
simple analysis can provide insight, such as that described in a 2015 article about efforts at Dow to combine data across
sites and highlights the value of tracking raw material changes that may affect catalyst life.

Digital technologies can affect every aspect of production, from engineering design to feedstock selection,
to controlling the process itself, to managing supply and distribution chains. 13
 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
✓ Overall it is expected that digitalization and IR4.0 will have a big impact on catalysis and process engineering related industries.
Therefore, companies and organizations active in catalysis and process engineering need to closely monitor the developments in the field
✓ Companies and organizations continue exploring the possibilities within digitalization and IR4.0, and to have a closer look at newer
technologies such as AI and advanced robotics
✓ The best way to accelerate the developments for organizations opting for entering or improving their skills in the field of
digitalization is to work in collaborations both with expert industrial partners and academia.
✓ Companies are recommended to focus on their core business-related competencies and activities and not to develop own “island”
technical solutions in the field of digitalization. Preference should be given to joint development of solutions, or purchase of “system-
ready” technologies for in-house application
✓ The catalyst industry is in the very early stage of adoption of digital technologies, with limited application across both operating and
manufacturing environments. This hesitation is understood in the context of complexity and value of operations, for both operators and
producers. However, improvements in digital technologies make this application more accessible than in recent years
✓ Catalyst operators are well positioned to use digital capabilities to evaluate and manage catalyst performance. Many petrochemical
operators have begun to use APC in their large production units, and some are using digital tools for reliability and quality in some portion
of their operations
✓ Catalyst manufacturers have intense demands for digital suppliers that are increasingly addressed by new capabilities in these
technologies. The integration of AI could help companies better apply the lessons of previous operations, increasing the understanding of
manufacturing variances that later impact catalyst performance at customers
✓ Although artificial intelligence technologies are promising tools for the exploration of new catalysts and their catalytic properties, a
few challenges are still to be overcome in the future.
✓ Digital vendors will need to address its significant complexity and the discomfort of participants to adopt new technologies. This market
will require some customization, and demand process knowledge, and not all vendors will be willing to make this investment. However,
progress in this high-performance segment will boost other business as this intelligence can be applied to related customer segments.

The performance gap between those who gain value by employing digital technologies and
those who do not will become a competitive differentiator in this segment 14
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