GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L21309, doi:10.

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Asthenospheric upwelling, oceanic slab retreat, and exhumation of

UHP mantle rocks: Insights from Greater Antilles
Weronika Gorczyk,1 Stéphane Guillot,2 Taras V. Gerya,1 and Kéiko Hattori3
Received 22 June 2007; revised 29 August 2007; accepted 14 September 2007; published 14 November 2007.
[1] Exhumation of garnet-bearing peridotites has been layers within the retrogressed Cuaba eclogitic units, which
associated with low density continental rocks. This was intensively recrystallized under amphibolite facies
association does not explain the occurrence of garnet- conditions. To the north, a gabbroic intrusion is observed;
bearing peridotites in the oceanic subduction zone of the this intrusion separates the Cuaba eclogites from a high
Greater Antilles in Hispaniola. We use numerical models of pressure (HP) and low temperature (LT) serpentinite mé-
intra-oceanic subduction to explain exhumation of garnet lange. These three units are in a fore-arc position with
peridotites without involvement of buoyant continental respect to the Cretaceous arc (Figure 1). To evaluate the
crust. We demonstrate that rheological weakening of the exhumation mechanism of such garnet-bearing peridotites,
mantle wedge takes place due to its strong hydration during we performed a two-dimensional simulation of intra-oceanic
subduction of serpentinized slow spreading ridge. This subduction using available petrological-thermomechanical
weakening triggers upwelling of the hydrated peridotites rock properties and the modified I2VIS computer program
and partially molten peridotites followed by upwelling of [Gerya and Yuen, 2003].
hot asthenosphere and subsequent retreat of the subducting [3] The simulations test the dynamic processes of HP-LT
slab. According to numerical modelling of P-T paths this rocks exhumation during the subduction of slow-spreading
process can explain exhumation of UHP (4GPa) rocks in an ridges.
intra-oceanic setting. Citation: Gorczyk, W., S. Guillot, T. V.
Gerya, and K. Hattori (2007), Asthenospheric upwelling, oceanic 2. Geological Setting
slab retreat, and exhumation of UHP mantle rocks: Insights from
Greater Antilles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21309, doi:10.1029/ [4] The Northern Serpentinite Mélange (Figure 1) forms
2007GL031059. a 1000 km belt along the northern margin of Cuba and
Hispaniola islands [e.g., Lewis et al., 2006]. It was formed
during subduction of the Proto-Caribbean oceanic plate
1. Introduction under the intra-oceanic Greater Antilles arc from mid-
[2] Garnet peridotites have been described in many ultra- Cretaceous to mid-Eocene before arc’s docking with the
high-pressure metamorphic (UHP) terranes in Phanerozoic North American plate [e.g., Pindell et al., 2005]. This
continent-continent collisional zones, including the Dabie- mélange includes meter to decimetre long lenses of various
Sulu terrane in China, the Kokchetav massif in Kazakhstan, HP-LT metamorphic rocks [Garcia-Casco et al., 2002;
the Western Gneiss Region in Norway, the Alpe Arami in Krebs et al., 2007] of oceanic crustal origin [Garcia-Casco
Switzerland and the Palaeozoic belt of Europe [e.g., Medaris, et al., 2002; Lewis et al., 2006]. Lewis et al. [2006]
1999]. They have been interpreted in two ways [e.g., proposed that the majority of serpentinites in the belt has
Brueckner and Medaris, 2000; Zhang et al., 2000]: (1) originated from the subducting slab. However, serpentinites
peridotites originating from mantle wedges and tectonically of mantle wedge origin are also observed [Hattori and
incorporated within subducting slab; (2) cumulate ultramaf- Guillot, 2007; Saumur et al., 2007].
ic rocks intruded into the continental crust prior to the [5] The Rio San Juan (RSJ) complex is the largest
subduction. In both cases, garnet peridotites are associated exposure (700 km2) of the Greater Antilles fore-arc in
with low density continental rocks. Their exhumation is Hispaniola (Figure 1). The northern half of the RSJ complex
explained by decoupling of the continental slice from the consists of a serpentinite mélange containing eclogite and
descending slab due to the positive buoyancy of sialic blueschist lenses (Figure 1); these fragments are dated at
continental rocks within the subduction channel [Ernst, 104 Ma and 80 to 62 Ma respectively [Krebs et al., 2007].
1999, 2005; Van den Beukel, 1992]. These interpretations The southern half consists of the Cuaba gneiss and the Rio
are not suitable for garnet-bearing peridotites in the oceanic Boba intrusive complex (Figure 1). The central part of the
subduction zone of the Greater Antilles in Hispaniola Cuaba gneiss (45 km2) consists of vertically foliated garnet-
[Abbott et al., 2006; Abbott et al., 2005]. Field observations bearing metagabbros that are interpreted as Late Cretaceous
show that the garnet-bearing peridotites occur as intrusive eclogites, of oceanic crustal origin [Draper and Nagle,
1991], recrystallized under amphibolite facies conditions
[Abbott et al., 2005]. The Rio Boba Complex is a Late
1
ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland. Cretaceous dioritic to gabbroic pluton of calc-alkaline
2
Laboratoire de Geodynamique des Chaı̂nes Alpines, CNRS, University affinity [Draper and Nagle, 1991]. Its southern part
of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
3
Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre and Department of Earth Sciences,
intruded into the Cuaba gneiss causing amphibolitic folia-
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. tion. Syntectonic emplacement of the Rio Boba intrusion
along the sinistral strike-slip Septentrional Fault has been
Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union. suggested (Figure 1). Garnet peridotites and garnet clino-
0094-8276/07/2007GL031059$05.00

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ing plate is mainly controlled by the rheology and density of

subducting slab and the mechanical interactions with the
surrounding mantle peridotites. The momentum, continuity
and thermal equations for the two-dimensional creeping-
flow, accounting for thermal and chemical buoyancy, are
solved using the modified I2VIS – program [Gerya and
Yuen, 2003] based on finite differences combined with a
non diffusive-marker-in-cell technique. The effective creep
viscosities of solid rocks are represented as a function of
temperature and stress by experimentally determined flow
laws [Ranalli, 1995]. The stable mineralogy of each lithol-
ogy is evaluated at various pressures and temperatures using
the thermodynamic data as described by Gerya et al.
[2006]. Water migration released from the slab is simulated.
When aqueous fluid is released due to dehydration reactions
at a given depth, it percolates upward with prescribed
velocity until it starts to react with rocks forming new
hydrous minerals and/or melt. This numerical simulation
allows free slab bending and retreat as well as self-organizing
hydration and melting processes in the mantle wedge.
[8] In the Caribbean domain, the proto-Caribbean ocean
opened during the Oxfordian to the upper Kimmeridgian
times (about 145 Ma ago) and started to subduct southward,
Figure 1. Geological map of Rio San Juan Complex as a result the Greater Antilles arc was formed on the
(Dominican Republic, Hispaniola island), belonging to the northern margin of Caribbean plate at about 120 Ma. The
Northern Serpentinite Mélange (modified after Draper and subduction rate of about 2 cm/a [Meschede and Frisch,
Nagle [1991]). 1998] suggests that a total length of 1200 km oceanic crust
had been subducted by 60 Ma. A subducting slab, formed at
such a slow-spreading ridge, is characterized by a hetero-
geneous and relatively thin (<5 to 7 km) crust and exposure
pyroxenites occur as stream metric boulders mainly in the
of partially hydrated peridotites [Cannat, 1993; Cannat et
Rio El Cuevas eroded out of the retrogressed eclogites
[Abbott et al., 2005]. The boulders outcrop in a narrow
restricted NW-SE elongated zone ( <100 m large, <1000 m
long) surrounded by the foliated retrogressed eclogites. This
observation suggest that the ultramafic rocks initially formed
small lenses (<100 m long) embedded in the eclogites.
[6] According to Abbott et al. [2005] the clinopyroxene-
spinel-corundum-garnet mineral association is in textural
equilibrium. This suggests that garnet-bearing peridotites
and associated corundum-bearing garnet clinopyroxenite
formed from melt at 4 GPa in the mantle wedge. Their
exhumation was controlled by their incorporation within the
eclogitized subducting oceanic slab and marked by the
secondary crystallization of hornblende and serpentine.
According to P-T estimates [Abbott et al., 2006], The
exhumation path is characterized by an isobaric cooling
from 1550°C to 850°C followed by a cooling decom-
pression path down to crustal conditions (Figure 2).

3. Numerical Model
[7] To simulate oceanic crust formed at slow spreading
ridge, we assume an oceanic lithosphere containing blocks
of 1.0  1.5 km of basaltic (upper 2 rows) and gabbroic Figure 2. Proposed P-T paths for Cuaba garnet-bearing
(lower row) layers, within a serpentinite matrix at every ultramafic rocks and associated eclogites (modified from
0.5 km (Figure 3). Free slip conditions are placed at all Abbott et al. [2006]). Path 1: incorporation of the Cuaba
boundaries except for the lower boundary, which is open in peridotites into the oceanic eclogitic unit at UHP conditions.
both downward and upward directions. The plate velocity is Path 2: incorporation of the Cuaba peridotites into the
assumed to be constant at 2 cm/a (Figure 3). Thus, initial oceanic eclogitic unit at HP conditions. The P-T paths of the
bending of the slab is geometrically set, during the run the low pressure eclogites and associated blueschists (HP rocks)
slab bending is not prescribed what allows the evolution of observed in the Northern Serpentinite Mélange are also
unrestricted slab movement. The dip angle of the subduct- reported (after Krebs et al. [2007]).

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Figure 3. Two-dimensional numerical setting employed in this study showing initial distribution of different rock
lithologies. The low-spreading oceanic crust (7 km thick) is composed by blocks of basalt and gabbro (1 km  0.5 km)
embedded in a serpentinite matrix. The upper mantle is composed of dry peridotites. The upper plate is composed of a
classical oceanic crust (sediment, basalt, and gabbro) above an initial dry peridotitic mantle. Initial temperature field
(isotherms in °C) and boundary conditions are from Gorczyk et al. [2007]. Numerical grid steps: 2 km in the area of interest,
10 km outside area of interest. See text for detailed explanations.

al., 1995] at the ridge and beneath the abyssal sediments far Northern Serpentinite Mélange. However, the blueschists
from the ridge [Carlson, 2001]. established for the natural rocks were exhumed farther from
[9] The numerical model shows that subduction of oceanic the trench (in internal part of the serpentinite mélange) than
lithosphere formed at a slow-spreading ridge produces a wide in the model (Figure 4, red P-T path). Also, the exhumation
subduction channel composed of serpentinites, metabasalts, of blueschists in the model is later than the exhumation age
metagabbros and minor metasediments. The numerical mod- observed in the field. This late exhumation of blueschists
el predicts two kinds of serpentinites: (1) incoming hydrated seems to be controlled by the rapid uprising of the deep part
abyssal peridotites and (2) hydrated, fore-arc mantle perido- of the partially hydrated and molten mantle wedge that push
tites (Figure 4). The maximum depth of circulating material the serpentinites and associated blueschist blocks to the
in the serpentinite subduction channel reaches a depth of surface (Figure 4). The final exhumation of the blueschists
60 km (2 GPa) due to antigorite P-T stability field. As is accompanied by extension at shallow surface level similar
antigorite present a negative-sloped reaction boundary in the to that what has already been described in the eastern part of
P-T field, antigorite is no more stable at temperature superior the Dominican Republic [Goncalvez et al., 2000].
than 600-700°C [Bromiley and Pawley, 2003] or 720– 740°C [12] The end of the exhumation is not simulated, but the
[Ulmer and Trommsdorff, 1999] at 2 GPa and started to location of the Cuaba unit and its intense vertical foliation
dehydrate. formed by metamorphic minerals of amphibolite facies
[10] During the steady state subduction, no garnet-bearing clearly suggests that the surface exposure of the deepest
peridotites are exhumed. Progressive hydration of the man- rocks was controlled by local vertical motion along the
tle wedge weakens its rheology allowing the upwelling of Septentrional Fault.
the asthenospheric mantle wedge and subsequent retreat of [13] Abbott et al. [2006] estimated that the Cuaba garnet-
the subducting slab. Studies show that the slab retreat would bearing peridotites and clinopyroxenite equilibrated at the
occur if the dimensionless ratio (RH2O) between plate highest P-T conditions, about 1550°C and 4 GPa, followed
convergence rate and upward water propagation velocity by cooling and rapid decompression (Figure 3). The model
is higher than 4 [Gorczyk et al., 2007]. The slab retreat shows a similar P-T path.
would induce exhumation of a deep-seated melange from a [14] Our model is in contrast to the previously proposed
depth of 100 – 150 km that consists of UHP mafic rocks model involving the incorporation of garnet-bearing perido-
(subducted oceanic lithosphere), anhydrous peridotites, hy- tites in a slice of continental crust at great depth [Brueckner
drated and partially molten peridotites of the mantle wedge. and Medaris, 2000; Ernst, 1999] before their exhumation
This deep-seated mélange does not reach the surface but driven by buoyancy forces [Ernst, 1999, 2005]. The absence
stops at about 20 km depth beneath the already exhumed of UHP continental rocks in the area studied and the
serpentinite mélange. intimate association of the Cuaba garnet-bearing peridotites
with dense eclogitized oceanic crust require an alternative
4. Discussion explanation. The exhumed garnet peridotites are not incor-
porated within a UHP oceanic crustal slice, but were
[11] The lithology of the Northern Serpentinite Mélange incorporated at a shallower level when the deep-seated
is similar to that predicted in the numerical model. Further- melange ‘‘collided’’ with the Northern Serpentinite Mélange
more, the maximum pressure and temperature of the mod- as observed in the numerical model (Figure 4). This
elled subduction channel is similar to those recorded from interpretation is compatible with the fact that the Cuaba
the Northern Serpentinite Mélange. The oldest eclogites in eclogites associated with UHP rocks do not show any
the serpentinite mélange record anti-clockwise P-T path evidence of UHP metamorphism, the maximum P-T esti-
[Krebs et al., 2007], typical for the initial phase of subduc- mates being 1.8 GPa at 730°C [Abbott et al., 2006].
tion as the mantle wedge cools gradually with progressive [15] Although some difference exists with the exhuma-
descending slab [Gerya et al., 2002]. In the model the blue tion model proposed for UHP continental unit, the common
P-T (Figure 4) path is adequate for oldest eclogites form the

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Figure 4. Final evolution of the 2-D model of the subduction of a slow spreading ridge in five time-step (total duration:
22 Ma). The colors of the geometrical shapes refer to the diagram with P-T paths and do not correspond to rock type. In the
color code description ‘‘m.’’ stands for partially molten. The model reproduces the occurrence in the Rio San Juan complex
of HP rocks in the front of the Northern Serpentinite Mélange and garnet bearing peridotites at its rear. The model predicts
that the exhumation of HP rocks occurred within the serpentinite channel coming from the subducted oceanic lithosphere.
The garnet bearing peridotite derived from the mantle wedge and exhumed when the buoyant partially hydrated mantle
(composed of partially dehydrated oceanic serpentinite and partially hydrated mantle wedge) is pushed toward the surface
when the slab retreat and the asthenosphere upraise. Notice the occurrence of molten peridotite that could correspond to the
observed Rio Boba intrusive (Figure 1).

point is that the driving force for the exhumation remains garnet-bearing peridotites involving continental rocks
the buoyancy. The buoyancy forces developed by the worldwide.
contrast between the dry mantle peridotites and the partially
hydrated peridotites allow the deep seated mélange to rise 5. Conclusion
quickly in extension zones induced by the slab retreat. The
numerical model may be compared with exhumation of [16] The numerical model shows that garnet-bearing
peridotites may be exhumed within oceanic subduction

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without involvement of buoyant continental crust. Subduc- Serpentinite Melange, Cuba: A record of tectonic instability during sub-
duction?, J. Metamorph. Geol., 20, 581 – 598.
tion of oceanic lithosphere formed at a slow spreading ridge Gerya, T. V., and D. A. Yuen (2003), Characteristics-based marker-in-cell
produces a wide serpentinite subduction channel, in which method with conservative finite-differences schemes for modeling geo-
the transient exhumation of HP eclogites occurred at the logical flows with strongly variable transport properties, Phys. Earth
Planet. Inter., 140, 295 – 320.
onset of subduction while transient exhumation of blues- Gerya, T. V., B. Stöckhert, and A. L. Perchuk (2002), Exhumation of high-
chists started when the deep-seated subduction melange pressure metamorphic rocks in a subduction channel: A numerical simu-
reached shallow crustal levels in an extensional context. lation, Tectonics, 21(6), 1056, doi:10.1029/2002TC001406.
In the deeper part, of the subduction zone, (>60 km) the Gerya, T. V., J. A. D. Connolly, D. A. Yuen, W. Gorczyk, and A. M. Capel
(2006), Seismic implications of mantle wedge plumes, Phys. Earth
progressive hydration of mantle peridotites modifies the Planet. Inter., 156, 59 – 74.
rheology of the mantle wedge and triggers the upwelling of Goncalvez, P., S. Guillot, C. Nicollet, and J. M. Lardeaux (2000), Thrusting
the hydrated peridotites and partially molten peridotites and sinistral wrenching in a pre-Eocene carribean accretionary wedge
(Samana peninsula -Dominican Republic), Geodin. Acta, 13, 119 – 132.
followed by upwelling of hot asthenosphere. The buoyant Gorczyk, W., A. P. Willner, T. V. Gerya, J. A. D. Connolly, and J.-P. Burg
deep-seated melange rises quickly (5 cm/yr) in the exten- (2007), Physical controls of magmatic productivity at Pacific-type con-
sion zone induced by the slab retreat and exhumes along a vergent margins: Numerical modeling, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 163(1-4),
209 – 232, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2007.05.010.
cooling or near adiabatic decompression path up to inter- Hattori, K. H., and S. Guillot (2007), Geochemical character of serpenti-
mediate crustal level. In nature the final exhumation, is nites associated with high-to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in the
controlled by local vertical motion along major strike-slip Alps, Cuba, and the Himalayas: Recycling of elements in subduction
fault what was not modelled. zones, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q09010, doi:10.1029/
2007GC001594.
[17] The proposed model explains the observations of the Krebs, M., W. V. Maresh, H.-P. Schertl, A. Baumann, G. Draper, B. Ildeman,
Northern Serpentinite Mélange in Cuba and Hispaniola and C. Münker, and E. Trapp (2007), The dynamics of intra-oceanic subduction
it is an alternative to the classical model [e.g., Medaris, zones: A direct comparison between fossil petrological evidence (Rio San
Juan Complex, Dominican Republic) and numerical simulation, Lithos,
1999] of exhumation of UHP continental units. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.003.
Lewis, J. F., G. Draper, J. A. Proenza, J. Espaillat, and J. Jiménez (2006),
[18] Acknowledgments. This work was financially supported by Ophiolite-related ultramafic rocks (serpentinites) in the Caribbean region:
ETH research grants TH-12/04-1, TH-12/05-3, SNF research grant A review of their occufsrrence, composition, origin, emplacement and
200021-113672/1 (WG, TVG) and the CNRS INSU program DYETI Ni-laterite soil formation, Geol. Acta, 4, 237 – 263.
(SG). We would like to thank Diane Seward for correcting English. Medaris, L. G. (1999), Garnet peridotites in Eurasian high-pressure and
Constructive review by L. Dobrzhinetskaya is greatly appreciated. ultrahigh-pressure terranes: A diversity of origins and thermal histories,
Int. Geol. Rev., 41, 799 – 815.
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