Strengths Notes

Saint Venant’s Principle:
- Where load is applied, there will be local deformations and stress concentrations
- When you are far enough away from the point where load is applied, this effect will
disappear.
Elastic deformation:
or
FORMULA DERIVATION:
𝑃
𝜎= 𝐴
∆𝐿
𝜀= 𝐿
∴ ∆𝐿 = 𝜀. 𝐿
𝜎
𝜎 = 𝜀. 𝐸 ∴𝜀=𝐸
𝜎. 𝐿
∴ ∆𝐿 =
𝐸
𝑃.𝐿
= 𝐴.𝐸
- If P and/or A is function of x, the number of segments of the object tends to infinity:

Principle of superposition:
- The resultant stress/ displacement at a point can be determined by algebraically summing

the stress/displacement cause by each load component that is applied separately to the
member
- Two conditions must hold:
1. Loading must be linearly related to stress/displacement that you want to determine
2. No significant change in geometry of the member
Statically indeterminate axially loaded members:
- Occurs when there are more unknowns to solve than what can be solved from equilibrium
equations
- We then use equilibrium equations AND a compatibility condition
- Compatibility condition:
∆ 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = ∆𝐴𝐵 + ∆𝐶𝐷 … = 0
Temperature effects of axially loaded members:
- Change in temp will cause change in material dimensions

- Warmer = ELONGATION
- Colder = SHORTENING
- Change in length is linearly proportional to the change in temperature
∆𝐿 = 𝛼. ∆𝑇. 𝐿
CONSTRAINED ELEMENTS UNCONSTRAINED ELEMENTS
- Element NOT free to expand/contract - Element free to expand/contract
- A force is needed to prevent thermal
expansion ∆𝐿 = 𝛼. ∆𝑇. 𝐿
𝑃𝐿 𝜀 = 𝛼. ∆𝑇
∆𝐿 = 𝛼. ∆𝑇. 𝐿 + =0
𝐴𝐸
𝜎=0
𝜀=0
𝜎 = 𝛼. ∆𝑇. 𝐸
Shear stress due to torsion:
- A moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis

- We assume that radius and length remain the same
- Formula only used when: shaft is circular, material is homogeneous, material behaves in
linearly elastic manner.
- NB: Max shear stress occurs on outer surface
FORMULA DERIVATION:
or
 Polar moment of inertia:

𝜋
- Solid shaft: 𝐽 = 2 . 𝑐 4
𝜋
- Pipe: 𝐽 = . (𝑟(𝑜)4 − 𝑟(𝑖)4 )
2
 Complementary property of shear:

- Internal torque develops linear distribution of shear stress along each radial line AND
associated shear-stress distribution along an axial plane
Angle of twist:
(general formula)
(when you have constant T, J, G)
(when shaft is subjected to multiple torques)
FORMULA DERIVATION:
And (from torsion formula)
 Sub into one another:

Now, sub the new equation into
𝑇. 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝜑 =
𝐺. 𝐽
Power transmission:
𝑈 𝐹.𝑑
𝑃= =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
=
FORMULA DERIVATION:
 Sign convention:
- 𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = always positive
- 𝑦 = positive ABOVE neutral axis; negative BELOWE neutral axis
- 𝑀 = positive when COMPRESSION occurs ABOVE neutral axis and TENSION occurs BELOW
neutral axis
 Neutral axis:
- Position on member where the fiber lengths remain unchanged
- If there is axis of symmetry, centroid will be on it (position of NA)
∑ 𝐴. 𝑦̅
𝑦̅ =
∑𝐴
 Finding moment of inertia around NA:
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴. 𝑑2
- d = distance between neutral axis and centroid

Shear stress formula:
- Shear will vary (max in centre and zero at top & bottom of section)
FORMULA DERIVATION:
(𝑄 = 𝐴∗ . 𝑦̅ ∗ )
The elastic curve:
- Represents deflection diagram

- First sketch bending moment diagram and then elastic curve based on moment diagram
- Positive moment: Bends beam concave upward
- Negative moment: Bends beam concave downward
- Where moment = 0: Inflection point on elastic curve (concavity changes)
 Examples:
Relationship between radius of curvature and internal bending moment:
FORMULA DERIVATION:
1
( = 𝑘)
𝜌
Boundary and continuity conditions:
𝜃1 = 𝜃2
𝑀1 = 𝑀2
𝜃1 = 𝜃2
𝑀1 = 𝑀2
𝜃1 ≠ 𝜃2
∆𝐿 = ∆𝑅
Integration:
Thin-walled pressure vessels:
𝑟
- “Thin wall” = 𝑡 > 10 (where r is the inner radius and t is the wall thickness)
1. Cylindrical pressure vessels:
LONGITUDINAL STRESS HOOP STRESS

𝑝. 𝑟 𝑝. 𝑟
𝜎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 𝜎ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝 =
2𝑡 𝑡
(To derive formula, make use of force (To derive formula, make use of force
equilibrium) equilibrium)
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 (→ +) ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 (→ +)
(𝜎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 . 2𝜋𝑟. 𝑡) − (𝑝. 𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 0 𝑝. 2𝑟. 𝑑𝑦 − 2. 𝜎ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝 . 𝑡. 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑝.𝑟 𝑝.𝑟
∴ 𝜎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 2𝑡 ∴ 𝜎ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝 = 𝑡
- Multiply second term with 2 since there

are 2 parts of the thin wall (top and bottom
of section)
- dy = width of section
- 2r= height of section
- Sometimes referred to as “circumferential
- It is approximated that the area of the stress”
thin wall is equal to the circumference of
the cylinder times the wall thickness
𝑟
- Can ONLY be used when 𝑡 > 10
- When this is NOT true, the following is

used for the area of the wall:
2. Spherical pressure vessels:
- Only spherical stress
- Same in all directions
- Use force equilibrium to find equation
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 (→ +)
(𝜎𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 . 2𝜋𝑟. 𝑡) − (𝑝. 𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 0
𝑝.𝑟
∴ 𝜎𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝑡
(same as for longitudinal stress)

Strengths Notes

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Strengths Notes

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Saint Venant’s Principle:

- If P and/or A is function of x, the number of segments of the object tends to infinity:

- The resultant stress/ displacement at a point can be determined by algebraically summing

Statically indeterminate axially loaded members:

∆ 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = ∆𝐴𝐵 + ∆𝐶𝐷 … = 0

Temperature effects of axially loaded members:

- Change in temp will cause change in material dimensions

- A moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis

 Polar moment of inertia:

 Complementary property of shear:

(when you have constant T, J, G)

(when shaft is subjected to multiple torques)

And (from torsion formula)

 Sub into one another:

- d = distance between neutral axis and centroid

- Represents deflection diagram

Relationship between radius of curvature and internal bending moment:

Boundary and continuity conditions:

1. Cylindrical pressure vessels:

LONGITUDINAL STRESS HOOP STRESS

- Multiply second term with 2 since there

- When this is NOT true, the following is

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