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File F 78 / 45 McCOOK P IELD REPORT SER IAL No. 1428

AIR SERVICE INFORMATION CIRCULAR

( AVIATION )

PUBLISHED BY THE CHIEF OF AIR SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Vol. II March 25, 192 1 No. 169

EFFICIE.NCY OF McCOOK FIELD

WIND TUNNEL

P~epared by Engineering Division, Air Service

McCook Fi~ld, October 26, 1920

. Ralph Brown D
LIBRAR'?Ughon

MAR 28 2013
Non-Depoitory
Auburn University

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1921
 EFFICIENCY OF McCOOK FIELD WIND TUNNE

Definition of effici,ency of wind tunnel.-In order to com-

pare the power consumption of various wind tunnels it
has been customary to define effici ency as the ratio of the
"
Chart 1 shows the relative power comsumptio or wind, t•-
energy of the air in the experimental section to the energy t unnel with and without straightener in t h e intake,
of th e motor. While this ratio is adequate for purposes of cone straightener being part of t h e p ermanent structure
comparing wind tunnel performances, its physical signifi- of the wind tuunel in all runs. The insertion of a model
cance is not that of efficiency, and the numerical values in the wind t unnel at 20° increases t h e power consump-
may exceed 100 per cent. In discussing the efficiency tion 10 to 15 per cent.
of the McCook Field wind tunnel this ratio is not used; It seems that the effect of t h e straightener in t h e intake
instead, a ratio proposed by Dr. De Both ezat is used, equal is to decrease th e horsepower 10 per cent. Chart 4 shows
to t h e energy of air stream minus motor en ergy all divided a similar comparison for t h e case of a wind t unnel with an
by the air energy ("Efficiency of Wind Tunnels," by Dr. additional 2-foot section inserted in the throat; it is seen
Geo. De Both ezat, N . A. C. A. R eport No. 83, "Wind h ere that the h orsepower required drops 6 to 10 p er cent
Tunnel Studies in Aerodynamic Phenomena at High when a straightener is brought up to the intake. Chart
Speed" ). 4 shows still further corroboration of a 6 to 10 per cent
According to this definition the McCook F ield wind gain.
tunnel has an efficiency of approximately 75 per cent. In That t h e intake straighten ers should economize power
comparison with t his figure mention may be made of other is not surprising when their location is con sidered . The
tunnels as follows: cellular honeycomb of conven tional tunnels is located usu -
Per cent. ally in t h e fastest part of the air flow and may absorb one-
Leland Stanford University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. J sixth the total pressure h ead . The McCook Field tunnel
Instituto Centrale Aeronautico Roma, 79 iuch es eliminates the whirl wi t h out su ch a h oneycomb and de-
diameter, at 165 feet p er second. . .... . ......... 66 creases th e internal friction of the air flow with resulting
U. S. Navy constricted 4 by 8 foot tunnel, at 140 gain in effici ency .
miles per hour and 560 horsepower blower . . . . . . . 4 No power run was made with the cone straigh tener re-
Eiffel t unnel, at 140 feet per second...... .. ... . . ... 26. 9 moved, though i ts effect on pulsations was observed.
McCook Field tunnel, at 14 inches diameter and 4.65 The application of these straigh ten ers to commercial
miles p er h our standing air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76. 6 problems, etc., is obvious and is to be recommended in
The comparatively high efficien cy of the McCook Field cases which are parallel to th e McCook Field tunnel.
wind tunnel is due to several factors as tabulated below : Relation between revolutions per minute and velocity.-
(1) Elimination of honeycomb from t h e high-speed air Chart No. 2 sh ows t h e connection between t he revolutions
stream. per minute of t h e fan and veloci ty of air flow. It is seen
(2) Adoption of Grimes type intake bell. that the results show a linear eq uation up to 360 miles-per
(3) Use of straightener a considerable distance down- hour, and beyond this point a variation of only 3 per cent;
stream in the con e. th e latter in the case where t he model is inserted and where
(4) Small angle cone. no intake straightener is used .
(5) Special propeller design multiblade with b lanked- Charts Nos. 3 and 4 and Test No. 301-a of Chart No. l
off hub . are all ch eck runs. Ch art No. 4, Test No. 372 is a ch eck
The data on which to base computation of th e efficiency run of (Chart 1, Test No. 301- b ). Charts Nos. 5, 6, and 7
of the McCook Field wind tunnel are taken from wind refer to t h e extended wind t unnel t o which a 2-foot
tunnel tests tabulated b elow: cylinder is added in t h e experimental section. Ch art
No. 7 shows that an increase of length from l ! to 3! feet
INDEX OF POWER RUNS. in the 14-inch cylindrical portion of the t unnel increases
[October 29, 1920.J power consumption 30 per cen t.
Chart 8 shows t h e conversion efficiency of the cone.
No. Date. Description. The de finition of con e effici en cy is, "change of static
pressure in t h e length of cone divided by t h e velocity
Mar. 7, 1919 No cone straightener and shield in place. pressure into one minus the square of intake over exhaust
301-a Oct. 10, 1919 Cone straightener and shield in place.
301-b Oct. 13, 1919 Cone and intake straighten er and shield. area." Figure 9 is a diagram of t h e shape of the cone .
301-c ... .. do .... . .. . Cone and intake straighteners, 18 camber model, The n et blade dischar,,o-e area is 8.38 square feet or 7 .8
at 20°, and shield .
370 Apr. 5, 1920 Cone straighteners only, shield in place. times t h e area of th e ch oke. The suction at t h e throat is
371 Apr. 6, 1920 D o.
372 ..... do .. . ... . . Cone and intake straighteners and shield . about 6! times greater than the suction at t h e fan ; which,
wh en compare d Wl"th t h e area rat·10 ·7 · 8 , speaks we11 f or
373 Apr. 14, 1920 Extended tunnel,nointake straightener .
374 ..... do ....... . Extended tunnel with intake straighteners.
---''--- - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , th e con version efficiency in th e cone. The race rotation
37830-21 (3)
 4
haa an angle about 45° with the blade of the fan and 15° ard velocity of 465 miles per hour is equivalent to a true
radially from a tangent. velocity of 525 miles p er hour ; that is, standard velocity
True velocity in the tunnel.-The data from the McCook is 11! per cent low.
Field wind tunnel is recorded in terms of standard air: The assumption of adiabatic expansion is made pending
g=32.2 an empirical determination of the temperature of the air
stream. In another report entitled " Velocity Determina-
rho =00237 '·
g tion in the McCook Field Wind Tunnel " there is shown a
Temp.=16° C curve of the wind tunnel temperatme as measured on an
Barometer=760 mm . mercury. ordinary thermometer; the m easurements · are too high ,
In order to know kinetic energy of the throat of the as is to be expected, due to the impact of high velocity air
wind tunnel standard air conditions are not sufficient, on the thermometer bulb.
and we must have the true velocity. Fan.-The wind tunn~l was originally built with an
Calculating on the assumption of adiabatic flow through 8-bladed fan , but was later provided . with a 24-blade fan
the tunnel , appears that in the run of April 7, 1919, stand- giving increased efficiency.

Performance of McCook field Venturi wind tunnel-no straighteners; _Mar . 7, 1919, Dayton, Ohio.
[Barometer, 29.55" Hg. Room, 62° F. Density, 0.0755 pounds per foot.]

Inches of water, center section. Inches of water, exit section.

Differ- ,_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , Ratio of Static
Fan Torque Horse- suction
Tunnel speed mi/hr. speed 63" arm. power. ence at choke to
choke
R.P.M. choke. Static. Impact . ~~~::· Static. Impact. ~~C::·
center. to exit .
- - -- - - -·[ - - - - ------
. - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
25 .•.. . .... ...•..... 120 ····-····· .......... 0.306 0.07 0.0 0.07 0.07 0.13 4.28
50 ... .. .... ........ . 205 .......... --------- - 1.22 .29 . 03 . 26 .2 .23 4.21
75 ............... . . . 305 2.0 0. 61 2. 76 .65 .2 .45 .5 .5 0. 0 4.245
100 ..... · ···· .. ..... . 425 5.2 2. 21 4.91 1.2 .1 1.10 .9 .7 .2 4. 09
125 ... .. .. .... . ... . . 510 8.0 4. 08 7.67 I. 7 .2 1.50 1.25 I. 0 . 25 4. 53 6. 14
150 . . . . .• . .... ... .. . 610 13. 0 7.93 11.03 2. 5 .5 2.00 1. 9 I. 6 .3 4.42 5. 80
175 ... . ............ . 675 16. 4 11.07 15. 02 3. 15 .7 2.45 2.3 1. 9 .4 4. 77 6.53
200 ..•.. ..... .... ... 800 23.5 18. 8 19.63 4.5 .5 4.00 3. 2 2.0 1.2 4.36 6.14
225 •••. ..•. . .. . . .. .. 880 29.5 25.95 24.86 5.6 .5 5.10 3.9 2. 7 1.2 4. 44 6.37
250 •. ·· ••··· • ······· 990 37.0 36.63 30. 70 6.6 .6 6. 00 5.0 3.0 2.0 4. 60 6. 07
275 ............•.... 1, 090 45.0 49.0 37.15 8.0 1. 0 7. 00 6.0 4.5 1.5 4.645 6.19
300 . .... ....... ... . . 1,220 56.0 68.3 44.20 9.5 2.0 7.50 7. 7 5 2.0 4.652 5. 74
325 ..•.... . ....... .. 1,290 63.0 81. 2 51.80 11.0 3.0 8. 00 8. 7 · 5. 7 3.0 4. 72 5.95
350 .. ... .. ......... . 1,390 72.0 100.0 60.1 13.0 3. 0 10. 00 . 10.1 7.0 4.625 5.95
400 ... . ... . 1,550 93.0 144. 2 78.6 16. 0 4.0 12.00 12.2 9.0 4. 915 6.H
465 •.•.. .•. ··•· • ••·· 1,770 110. 0 194. 6 106. 6 21.0 16.5 5. 07 6.46
Average ......• ...... ....• .... . ... •.•... ...... ... . .. .. •..............................•........................... . 5. 1 6. 1;;

Area.
Diameter, Distance
inches. from choke
Square Square in inches.
inches. feet .

Choke ... .... .. .. ... .......... . . . ... ... . . . .......• .... . ..... .................................... 14.0 153. 94 1.068 0.00
Center .... . . .. . ... .. ...... ............. . . . .... .....................• .... ........................ 22. 375 393. 20 2. 732 100.00
Exit section . ...... ............. .......... .. .... . .............•...... . ............. .. . .....• .. .. 47.25 1,753.50 12. 130 190. 00

Th e net blad~ discharge area is 8.38 square feet, which 15°, radially from a tangent . The component velocity
is 7.84 times the area of the choke. With a choke speed of was noted to be about 47 miles p er hour . The average
100 miles per hour, air was noted to leave the propeller at ratio of choke to exi t suction throughout the above range
an angle of 45° with the plane of the fan and at an angle of from 25 to_465 mi/hr . is 6. 5.
 5
WIND TuN.NEL TEST No . 301-a. WIND TUNNEL TEST No . 370.

Wind tunnel air speed-power calibration-no intake straiyh: Calibration of McCook Field wind tunnel-No straighteners
eners, no model, throat shield in place. at intake (checks No. 301 within 2 per cent) .
[Oct . 10, 1919. Barometer, 29.46. Temperature, 75° F . Humidity: [Apr. 5, 1920. Barometer, 29.05; temperature, 66° F .]
Wet bulb, 68.8: dry bulb, 74.5: R. H., 76 per cent.]

Perform- Velocity Air speed Torque

--
Fan rev· Total
Velocity Torque
J,'an
revolu- Total
olntions head scale tions horse-
ance bead In. miles per scale per min- horse- In . H,O. reading. _Per power.
factor. H ,O. hour. reading. ute. power. mmute. ·
------
Ii. 9 0. 32 25. 5 1. 0 128 0. 13 0.29 0. 6 120 0. 072
19. 95 I. 06 46. 5 1.8 205 .37 .89 1.6 198 .317
20.05 2. 07 64. 9 3.1 284 .88 1.85 3. 0 279 .837
20.45 3. 1 79. 5 4. 35 342 1.49 2.90 4. 1 337 1.38
21. 2 4. 6 96. 7 5. 9 400 2.36 4. 00 5. 6 398 2.23
21. 2 6. 0 111. 0 7. 7 460 3. 54 5. 60 7. 4 458 3.39
20. 9 7. 3 122.0 9. 4 514 4. 83 6. 70 9. 2 517 4. 75
20.95 10. 0 143. 0 12. 9 60i 7. 8 9. 60 12. 8 601 7. 69
20. 55 13. 0 163. 0 17. 2 698 12. 0 12. 80 16. 9 690 11. 66
20.8 16. 5 183. 0 21.0 771 16. 2 16.10 20.6 764 15. 74
21.1 23. 2 217. 0 29.8 904 26.9 22.50 28. 6 893 25.5
21. 1 29. 0 243.0 36.0 1, 013 36.5 28. 00 36.8 988 36.4
20. 7 31. 6 254. 0 39.0 1,080 42.1 31.00 39. 4 1,053 41. 5
21. 2 44. 4 300.0 56.0 1,242 69. 5 40.00 52.4 1,201 62.9
21.0 56. 0 338.0 69.0 1,417 98.0 48. 50 60. 5 1,323 80.0
20.8 64. 2 361.0 82.0 1,531 126. 0 61.4 76. 0 1,478 112.0
20. 5 75. 0 391.0 96. 0 1, 680 161. 0 II
Corner of celluloid shield broken off, interrupting the run.
WIND TUNNEL TE ST No-:- 301-b-:- WIND TUNNEL TEST No. 371.
J,f!ind tunnel air speed-power calibration intake straight- Calibration of McCook Field wind tunnel after Jan blades
eners in place---no model; throat shield in place. were nicked by broken celluloid spoken of in wind tunnel
[Oct. 13, 1919 a. m. B arometer, 29.560. Temperature, 53.8. Humidity: test No . 370-New throat chamber shield- No intake
Wet bulb, 48.3: dry bulb, 54.8, R.H., 63 per cent.] straighteners in place. (Check on 801 and 370.)
I
- [Apr . 6, 1920. Barometer, 29.0J; temperature, 66° F.J
Velocitv Air speed Torque Fan rev- Total
Perform- olution8
anee head Iri . miles per scale per min- horse- Fan
factor. H,O . hour. readin g. ute. power. f Velocity Torque revolu- Total
head scale tions horse-
--- In.H,O. reading. per po.wer.
17. 2 0. 28 23. 9 1.1 122 0.134 minute.
20. 3 1.00 45. 1 2. 0 197 . 39 --- ---
20. 8 2.12 65. 7 3. 5 276 . 97
21. 3 3. 18 80.5 4. 7 332 1. 56 2.0 2.2 281 0.618
21. 5 4. 38 94. 5 6. 2 386 2. 39 2.9 · 3. 5 343 I. 20
I
21. 7 5. 94 110. 0 8. 0 445 3. 56 4. 2 5. 0 398 1.99
21. 7 7. 45 123. 2 9. 8 498 4.88 5.4 6.8 461 3.13
22. 0 10. 55 146.6 13. 5 586 7. 9 7. 0 8. 6 514 4. 42
22. 2 14. 3 170. 6 18.0 674 12. 1 9. 7 12. 5 600 7. 50
II 22. 2
22.1
22. 2
17. 7
24.1
29. 7
189. 7
221.0
246. 0
22.1
30. 0
37. 2
750
880
974
16. 6
26. 4
36. 2
13. 0
16. 1
21.5
16. 8
20.6
28. 0
696
767
888
11. 7
15. 8
24.9
22.3 34. 7 266.0 41. 4 1, 044 43.3 28. 0 34. 6 985 34.1
22.1 44. 8 302. 0 54.8 1, 201 65.8 30.5 37. 8 1, 047 39. 6
22. 0 52. 5 327. 0 64. 8 1,310 84.9 38. 7 50.0 1, 184 59. 2
22.2 63. 9 361. 0 76. 0 1, 428 108. 5 48.5 61.0 1,332 81.2
22. 2 73. 2 386. 0 87.0 1,538 134.0 55. 5 69.0 1,422 98.0
22. 1 86. 0 418. 0 103. 0 1,662 171.0 66. 2 83.0 1,536 127. 5
I 78. 0 98. 5 1, 680 165. 4

WIND TUN NEL TEST No. 301-c.

Wind tunnel test No. 87Z. Calibration of McCook Field
Wind tunnel air speed-pou;er ca_libration-Intake strai7ht- wind tunnel with intake straighteners in place. Compare
eners , models (0 .18 Camber; 20°), and ·throat shwld in with wind tunnel test No . 371 without intake straighteners
place. ( Check on No. 801 ).
[Oct. l:l, 1919 p. m . Barometer, 29.56.J
[Apr. 6, 1920. Barometer, 29.01; temperature, 67° F.J

Velocity Air speed Torque Fan revo- Total

miles lutions Velocity Fan
Torque revolu- Total
head I u. per h orse-
scale per horse-
H,O . readin~. minute. power. head scale tions per horse-
power. In . H , O. reading. minute. power.

--- ---
o. 34 26. 3 ]. l 126 0. 139
1. 12 1.6 209 0.33
1.02 45. 6 2.0 202 . 40
2.12 65.6 3. 5 2S3 .99 2.28 3.0 289 . 87
3. 20 80. 8 4. 7 342 1. 61 3. 38 4.3 348 1. 50
4.40 94. 6 6.4 400 2. 56 4. 76 5. 95 409 2. 43
5. 80 108. 7 8. 2 463 3. 80 6. 40 7. 8 471 3.67
7. 40 122. 8 10. 1 518 5. 23 7. 65 9. 4 517 4. 85
10. 40 145. 5 14. 0 605 s. 47 10. 5 13. 4 602 8. 06
12. 33
13. 80 167. 7 18. 7 702 13.1 14. 2 17. 7 697
17. 40 188. 3 22.9 780 17.9 17.3 21.6 778 16. 8
23. 7 220. 0 31.6 916 28.9 24. 7 30. 6 906 27. 7
30. 2 248.0 38. 2 1, 082 41. 3 29. 9 35. 5 1,001 35.5
35. 3 268. 0 43. 8 1, 102 48. 3 34.6 40.6 1, 081 43. 9
45. l 303.0 57. 8 1 250 72.3 44. 3 53. 8 1, 220 65.6
51. 0 322. 0 66.0 1; 353 89. 3 51. 8 62. 0 1,324 82.0
58. 9 346. 0 77. 3 1, 457 112. 5 58. 7 70.0 1,400 98.0
65.5 365. 0 86.0 1, 560 134. 0 68.3 82.0 1, 530 125.5
74. 8 390.0 99. 0 1,678 166. 0 84.6 101.0 1,702 172. 0
 6
WIND TUNNEL TEST No. 373. WIND 1'UNNEL TEST 0. 374.
Tunnel horsepower- air speed calibration, with tunnel ex-
tended by 2 feet addition at throat; open intake (no straight- Tunnel horsepower-air speed calibration, with intake
eners). straighteners.
[Apr . 14, 1920. Barom et~r, 29.22; temper ature, 71.5° F .J
[Apr . 14, 1920. Barometer, 29.22; temperature, 71.5° F.]

Tunnel air Fan rev- 1

'1 orque Fan
speed olu t ions Tunnel air Fan rev-
scales horse-
In . H ,O. per
minute. reading . power. s peed olutions
per
';~~y~e Fan
horse-
In. H 20. reading. power.
m.innte.
---- ----
0. 82 200 1. 2 0. 24 - --- - - - -
1.63 281 2. 45 . 69 0. 32 129 0.80 0.103
2.5 340 . 3. 7 1. 26 .93 209 1. 75 .366
3.6 400 5. 3 2.12 1.93 292 3. 1 . 905
5.0 461 7.1 3. 27 2. 9 346 4. 4 1. 52
6.1 517 9. 0 4.65 3.8 405 6. 1 2.47
9. 0 602 12.9 7. 76 5. 6 466 8.0 3. 73
11. 7 696 17. 4 - 12.1 6.7 521 9.8 5.11
14. 6 771 21. 4 16. 5 9. 3 606 13. 6 8. 24
19. 2 903 29. 2 26.4 12. 4 698 18.1 12.64
22. 5 995 34. 0 33. 8 14. 9 779 22. 0 17. 13
26. 8 1,062 38. 6 n .o 20. 6 902 30.2 27. 2
34. 7 1, 205 52. 2 62. 9 25. 5 1, 004 36.2 36.3
43.6 1,350 64. 0 86.3 28. 8 1, 068 40. 2 42. 8
49. 8 1, 455 74. 0 107. 6 36. 7 1, 219 52. 9 64. 4
59.4 1,603 89. 0 142. 7 43. 8 1, 323 62. 0 82. 0
65. 5 1,698 100. 0 169. S 51.0 1, 440 72. 4 104. 2
57. 8 1,540 82. 0 126. 3
70. 0 1, 700 99.5 169. 2
See wind-tunnel test No. 374.
 7

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