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Understanding Syntax (MEET 2)

The document provides an overview of syntax, including definitions and scope of study. It discusses organizing principles of grammar, grammatical terms, and gives examples of syntax in different languages. The purpose is to look at organizing principles of language in general rather than describing one language.

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20 views

Understanding Syntax (MEET 2)

The document provides an overview of syntax, including definitions and scope of study. It discusses organizing principles of grammar, grammatical terms, and gives examples of syntax in different languages. The purpose is to look at organizing principles of language in general rather than describing one language.

Uploaded by

anaaprilya07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding Syntax (Third Edition)

By Maggie Tallerman

What is syntax?
Syntax is defined as sentence construction or how words group together to make phrases and
sentences. It is also given definition as the study of the syntactic properties of languages.

Syntax is said as one part of the grammar. Other grammar are phonology and morphology.

Organizing principles refer to the grammar of a language,

The study about how to organize the syntax using the language such as words and phrases to
form phrases and sentences.

The scope of study includes the classification of words, the order of words in phrases
and sentences, the different sentence constructions.

Examples are given in different languages. In order to know and understand the way syntax
works. It is given the syntactic concepts and technical terms.

Grammatical terms such as noun, verb, preposition, relative clause, subject,


nominative, agreement, and passive.

“we will be talking about grammar, this is not a Descriptive Grammar or English or any other
language. Some books are usually aim to catalogue the regularities and peculiarities of one
language rather than looking at the organizing principles of language in general”.

Beralasan karena tujuannya itu, maka banyak contoh diambil dari bahasa-bahasa lain selain
bahasa Inggris.

Tujuan yang kedua “I won’t be trying to improve your grammar of English. Or it is not a
Prescriptive Grammar. No to teach where to use who and whom, when to say Kim and I, or
different than or different to. These are all social, not linguistic matters”.

Standard English

Nonstandard English (dialects of English)

You know unconsciously a few prescriptive rules of your own language as do all its native
speakers.
Children have complete knowledge of grammar and learn more vocabulary like or parallel to
‘learning how to walk’.

Learning naturally, learning without outside intervention

The belief that some forms of language are better than others has no linguistic basis.

Tidak ada yang buruk lebih buruk lebih jelek lebih bagus tata bahasanya. Based only
on situation, formal or informal and purpose.

Examples of nonstandard English

1. We done it well good


2. I didn’t do nothing wrong (‘I did something wrong’).

There are languages such as French and Breton that use a double negative as Standard, not a
dialectal form. On page 21.

Standard English is illogical

a. I’m not going with you


b. Aren’t I going with you?

B does not confirm to the usual rules of English grammar. It is lack of logic. It is irregularity.

Contoh yang lain di buku.

Language change

“the grammar of all languages changes over time, and no amount of intervention by
prescriptive grammarians or language academics can prevent this”.

The examples of Middle English are from the prologue to Chaucer’s Wife of Bath’s Tale,
written in the fourteenth century.

I sey nat this by wyves that been wyse

‘I do not say this for wives that are wise’

Contoh lain ada di buku


Foreign language examples

The purposes: to learn about the differences and the similarities between English and
another language.

German. English and German, two closely related Germanic languages from northern
Europe.

1. Der schone Wasserfall

the pretty waterfall

Spanish

2. la cascada hermosa

the waterfall beautiful

‘the beautiful waterfall’

Indonesian

3. surat itu

Letter the

‘the letter’

There may be no word for ‘the’ at all as in Japanese and Chinese.

Spanish

4. Es nuevo

is new

‘it’s new’
Lexical and grammatical information

“Glosses contain both lexical information, printed in normal type, and Grammatical
information, printed in small capitals”.

5. The student-s ask-ed for these book-s

DEF.ART student-PL ask-PAST for DEM.PL book-PL

‘The students asked for these books’

The categories of person and number

Why do languages have sntax?

Word order

In English, the word order is pretty fixed. Asterisk * means not grammatical

a. Kim drank the tea


b. The tea Kim drank
c. *Kim the tea drank
d. Dan contoh yang lain di buku

All languages have structure

To be continued

15/03/2022

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