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Electronic Structure Notes

The document discusses electronic configuration and outlines the shells and subshells that make up an atom's electron structure. It explains that shells are made up of subshells which contain orbitals that electrons occupy. The document details the shapes and capacities of the s, p, d and f orbitals and subshells. It also explains the order that electrons fill the subshells and how electron configurations are written.

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23 views

Electronic Structure Notes

The document discusses electronic configuration and outlines the shells and subshells that make up an atom's electron structure. It explains that shells are made up of subshells which contain orbitals that electrons occupy. The document details the shapes and capacities of the s, p, d and f orbitals and subshells. It also explains the order that electrons fill the subshells and how electron configurations are written.

Uploaded by

yanny280906
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic configuration

● Shells are made up of sub-shells


● The first shell contains only the s subshell
● The second shell contains the s and p subshells
● The third shell contains the s, p, and d subshells
● The fourth shell contains the s, p, d, and f subshells

★ Subshells are made up of orbitals


Orbital- a region of space in an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins
★ The four types of orbitals we cover are s, p, d, and f orbitals

● S-orbitals are spherical in shape (3D), and there is only one in each shell (one s orbital
makes up an s subshell) so the s-subshell can hold 2 electrons

★ The p orbital is dumbbell shaped, and occurs in groups of three in each shell they are in
(three p orbitals makes up a p subshell) so the p-subshell can hold 6 electrons

● There are 5 d-orbitals which make up the d-subshell


● The d subshell can hold 10 electrons

★ The are 7 f orbitals that make up the f-subshell


★ The f subshell can hold up to 14 electrons

● So the first shell, as it contains only the s-subshell, can hold up to 2


electrons
● The second shell, as it contains an s and a p subshell, can hold up to 8
electrons
● The third shell, as it contains the s, p, and d subshells, can hold up to 18
electrons
● The fourth shell, as it contains the s, p, d, and f subshells, can hold up to
32 electrons

Relative energies of the sub-shells


● At a level we only have to be able to go up to the 4p orbital
● Orbitals go up in energy level in size and shell order (i.e 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s,
3p ...etc)
● The exception to this is the 4s orbital, which is between the 3p and 3d orbital,
when you would expect it to be between the 3d and 4p orbitals

★ Electrons occupy the lowest subshell in the lowest energy level available first
★ Each orbital in each subshell is represented by a box, and each electron is represented
by a single-headed arrow
★ Two electrons in the same orbital are represented by two arrows pointing in opposite
directions to convey their opposite spins
★ Once a subshell is filled, you move on to the next subshell
★ When a subshell contains multiple orbitals, instead of filling one and then moving on to
the next, each orbital must be half-filled before the first one can be filled (Hund’s rule), as
electrons repel each other, and so it is easier for them to go into the next orbital than to
share an orbital

● When you write out an element’s electron configuration, you write the subshell, and the
number of electrons in it (like this: 1s^1) for every subshell containing electrons for that
element
● So sodium’s electron configuration would be 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1

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