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Top 50 Artificial Intelligence Questions & Answers

A list of frequently asked Artificial Intelligence Interview Questions and Answers is given below:

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1) What do you understand by Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence is computer science technology that emphasizes creating intelligent machine
that can mimic human behavior. Here Intelligent machines can be defined as the machine that can
behave like a human, think like a human, and also capable of decision making. It is made up of two
words, "Artificial" and "Intelligence," which means the "man-made thinking ability."

With artificial intelligence, we do not need to pre-program the machine to perform a task; instead,
we can create a machine with the programmed algorithms, and it can work on its own.

2) Why do we need Artificial Intelligence?

The goal of Artificial intelligence is to create intelligent machines that can mimic human behavior. We
need AI for today's world to solve complex problems, make our lives more smoothly by automating
the routine work, saving the manpower, and to perform many more other tasks.

3) Give some real-world applications of AI.

There are various real-world applications of AI, and some of them are given below:

Google Search Engine: When we start writing something on the google search engine, we
immediately get the relevant recommendations from google, and this is because of different
AI technologies.

Ridesharing Applications: Different ride-sharing applications such as Uber uses AI and

machine learning to determine the type of ride, minimize the time once the car is hailed by the
user, price of the ride, etc.

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 Spam Filters in Email: The AI is also used for email spam filtering so that you can get the
important and relevant emails only in your inbox. As per the studies, Gmail successfully filters
99.9% of spam mails.

Social Networking: Different social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest,
etc., use the AI technology for different purposes such as face recognition and friend
suggestions, when you upload a photograph on Facebook, understanding the contextual
meaning of an emoji in Instagram, and so on.

Product recommendations: When we search for a product on Amazon, we get the

recommendation for similar products, and this is because of different ML algorithms. Similarly,
on Netflix, we get personalized recommendations for movies and web series.

4) How Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning differ

from each other?

The difference between AI, ML, and Deep Learning is given in the below table:

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

The term Artificial The term ML was first The term DL was first coined in the year
intelligence was first coined coined in the year 1959 2000 Igor Aizenberg.
in the year 1956 by John by Arthur Samuel.
McCarthy.

It is a technology that is used It is a subset of AI that It is the subset of machine learning and
to create intelligent learns from past data AI that is inspired by the human brain
machines that can mimic and experiences. cells, called neurons, and imitates the
human behavior. working of the human brain.

AI completely deals with ML deals with Deep learning deals with structured and
structured, semi-structured structured and semi- unstructured data.
data. structured data.

It requires a huge amount of It can work with less It requires a huge amount of the data
data to work. amount of data compared to the ML.
compared to deep
learning and AI.

The goal of AI is to enable The goal of ML is to The goal of deep learning is to solve
the machine to think without enable the machine to the complex problems as the human
any human intervention. learn from past brain does, using various algorithms.
experiences.

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5) What are the types of AI?

Artificial intelligence can be divided into different types on the basis of capabilities and
functionalities.
Based on Capabilities:

Weak AI or Narrow AI: Weak AI is capable of performing some dedicated tasks with
intelligence. Siri is an example of Weak AI.

General AI: The intelligent machines that can perform any intellectual task with efficiency as a
human.

Strong AI: It is the hypothetical concept that involves the machine that will be better than
humans and will surpass human intelligence.

Based on Functionalities:

Reactive Machines: Purely reactive machines are the basic types of AI. These focus on the
present actions and cannot store the previous actions. Example: Deep Blue.

Limited Memory: As its name suggests, it can store the past data or experience for the
limited duration. The self-driving car is an example of such AI types.

Theory of Mind: It is the advanced AI that is capable of understanding human emotions,

people, etc., in the real world.

Self-Awareness: Self Awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence that will have their
own consciousness, emotions, similar to humans. Read More.

6) What are the different domains/Subsets of AI?

AI covers lots of domains or subsets, and some main domains are given below:

Machine Learning

Deep Learning

Neural Network

Expert System

Fuzzy Logic

Natural Language Processing

Robotics

Speech Recognition. Read More

7) What are the types of Machine Learning?

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Machine Learning can be mainly divided into three types:

a. Supervised Learning: Supervised learning is a type of Machine learning in which the machine
needs external supervision to learn from data. The supervised learning models are trained
using the labeled dataset. Regression and Classification are the two main problems that can
be solved with Supervised Machine Learning.

b. Unsupervised Learning: It is a type of machine learning in which the machine does not need
any external supervision to learn from the data, hence called unsupervised learning. The
unsupervised models can be trained using the unlabelled dataset. These are used to solve the
Association and Clustering problems.

c. Reinforcement Learning: In Reinforcement learning, an agent interacts with its environment

by producing actions, and learn with the help of feedback. The feedback is given to the agent
in the form of rewards, such as for each good action, he gets a positive reward, and for each
bad action, he gets a negative reward. There is no supervision provided to the agent. Q-
Learning algorithm is used in reinforcement learning.

8) Explain the term "Q-Learning."

Q-learning is a popular algorithm used in reinforcement learning. It is based on the Bellman

equation. In this algorithm, the agent tries to learn the policies that can provide the best actions to
perform for maximining the rewards under particular circumstances. The agent learns these optimal
policies from past experiences.

In Q-learning, the Q is used to represent the quality of the actions at each state, and the goal of the
agent is to maximize the value of Q.

9) What is Deep Learning, and how is it used in real-world?

Deep learning is a subset of Machine learning that mimics the working of the human brain. It is
inspired by the human brain cells, called neurons, and works on the concept of neural networks to
solve complex real-world problems. It is also known as the deep neural network or deep neural
learning.

Some real-world applications of deep learning are:

Adding different colors to the black&white images

Computer vision

Text generation

Deep-Learning Robots, etc.

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10) Which programming language is used for AI?

Below are the top five programming languages that are widely used for the development of Artificial
Intelligence:

Python

Java

Lisp

Prolog

Among the above five languages, Python is the most used language for AI development due to its
simplicity and availability of lots of libraries, such as Numpy, Pandas, etc.

11) What is the intelligent agent in AI, and where are they used?

The intelligent agent can be any autonomous entity that perceives its environment through the
sensors and act on it using the actuators for achieving its goal.

These Intelligent agents in AI are used in the following applications:

Information Access and Navigations such as Search Engine

Repetitive Activities

Domain Experts

Chatbots, etc.

12) How is machine learning related to AI?

Machine learning is a subset or subfield of Artificial intelligence. It is a way of achieving AI. As both
are the two different concepts and the relation between both can be understood as "AI uses different
Machine learning algorithms and concepts to solve the complex problems."

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13) What is Markov's Decision process?

The solution for a reinforcement learning problem can be achieved using the Markov decision
process or MDP. Hence, MDP is used to formalize the RL problem. It can be said as the mathematical
approach to solve a reinforcement learning problem. The main aim of this process is to gain
maximum positive rewards by choosing the optimum policy.

MDP has four elements, which are:

A set of finite states S

A set of finite actions A

Rewards

Policy Pa

In this process, the agent performs an action A to take a transition from state S1 to S2 or from the
start state to the end state, and while doing these actions, the agent gets some rewards. The series of
actions taken by the agent can be defined as the policy.

14) What do you understand by the reward maximization?

Reward maximization term is used in reinforcement learning, and which is a goal of the
reinforcement learning agent. In RL, a reward is a positive feedback by taking action for a transition
from one state to another. If the agent performs a good action by applying optimal policies, he gets

a reward, and if he performs a bad action, one reward is subtracted. The goal of the agent is to
maximize these rewards by applying optimal policies, which is termed as reward maximization.

15) What are parametric and non-parametric model?

In machine learning, there are mainly two types of models, Parametric and Non-parametric. Here
parameters are the predictor variables that are used to build the machine learning model. The
explanation of these models is given below:

Parametric Model: The parametric models use a fixed number of the parameters to create the ML
model. It considers strong assumptions about the data. The examples of the parametric models are
Linear regression, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, Perceptron, etc.

Non-Parametric Model: The non-parametric model uses flexible numbers of parameters. It

considers a few assumptions about the data. These models are good for higher data and no prior
knowledge. The examples of the non-parametric models are Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbour,
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SVM with Gaussian kernels, etc.

16) What do you understand by the hyperparameter?

In machine learning, hyperparameter is the parameters that determine and control the complete
training process. The examples of these parameters are Learning rate, Hidden Layers, Hidden units,
Activation functions, etc. These parameters are external from the model. The selection of good
hyperparameters makes a better algorithm.

17) Explain the Hidden Markov model.

Hidden Markov model is a statistical model used for representing the probability distributions over a
chain of observations. In the hidden markov model, hidden defines a property that it assumes that
the state of a process generated at a particular time is hidden from the observer, and Markov defines

that it assumes that the process satisfies the Markov property. The HMM models are mostly used for
temporal data.

The HMM is used in various applications such as reinforcement learning, temporal pattern
recognition, etc.

18) What is Strong AI, and how is it different from the Weak AI?

Strong AI: Strong AI is about creating real intelligence artificially, which means a human-made
intelligence that has sentiments, self-awareness, and emotions similar to humans. It is still an
assumption that has a concept of building AI agents with thinking, reasoning, and decision-making
capabilities similar to humans.
Weak AI: Weak AI is the current development stage of artificial intelligence that deals with the
creation of intelligent agents and machines that can help humans and solve real-world complex
problems. Siri and Alexa are examples of Weak AI programs.

19) Give a brief introduction to the Turing test in AI?

Turing test is one of the popular intelligence tests in Artificial intelligence. The Turing test was
introduced by Alan Turing in the year 1950. It is a test to determine that if a machine can think like a
human or not. According to this test, a computer can only be said to be intelligent if it can mimic
human responses under some particular conditions.

In this test, three players are involved, the first player is a computer, the second player is a human
responder, and the third player is the human interrogator, and the interrogator needs to find which
response is from the machine on the basis of questions and answers.

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20) Which assessment is used to test the intelligence of the machine?

Turing Test.
21) What is overfitting? How can it be overcome in Machine Learning?

When the machine learning algorithm tries to capture all the data points, and hence, as a result,
captures noise also, then overfitting occurs in the model. Due to this overfitting issue, the algorithm
shows the low bias, but the high variance in the output. Overfitting is one of the main issues in
machine learning.

Methods to avoid Overfitting in ML:

Cross-Validation

Training With more data

Regularization

Ensembling

Removing Unnecessary Features

Early Stopping the training.

22) Tell one technique to avoid overfitting in neural networks?

Dropout Technique: The dropout technique is one of the popular techniques to avoid overfitting in
the neural network models. It is the regularization technique, in which the randomly selected neurons
are dropped during training.

23) What is NLP? What are the various components of NLP?

NLP stands for Natural Language Processing, which is a branch of artificial intelligence. It enables
machines to understand, interpret, and manipulate the human language.

Components of NLP:

There are mainly two components of Natural Language processing, which are given below:
Natural Language Understanding (NLU):
It involves the below tasks:

a. To map the input to useful representations.

b. To analyze the different aspects of the language.

b. Natural Language Generation (NLG)

a. Text Planning
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 b. Sentence Planning

c. Text Realization

24) What are the different components of the Expert System?

An expert system mainly contains three components:

a. User Interface: It enables a user to interact or communicate with the expert system to find the
solution for a problem.

b. Inference Engine: It is called the main processing unit or brain of the expert system. It applies
different inference rules to the knowledge base to draw a conclusion from it. The system
extracts the information from the KB with the help of an inference engine.

c. Knowledge Base: The knowledge base is a type of storage area that stores the domain-
specific and high-quality knowledge.

25) What is the use of computer vision in AI?

Computer vision is a field of Artificial Intelligence that is used to train the computers so that they can
interpret and obtain information from the visual world such as images. Hence, computer vision
uses AI technology to solve complex problems such as image processing, object detections,
etc.

26) Explain the minimax algorithm along with the different terms.

Minimax algorithm is a backtracking algorithm used for decision making in game theory. This
algorithm provides the optimal moves for a player by assuming that another player is also playing
optimally.

This algorithm is based on two players, one is called MAX, and the other is called the MIN.

Following terminologies that are used in the Minimax Algorithm:

Game tree: A tree structure with all possible moves.

Initial State: The initial state of the board.

Terminal State: Position of the board where the game finishes.

Utility Function: The function that assigns a numeric value for the outcome of the game.

27) What is game theory? How is it important in AI?

Game theory is the logical and scientific study that forms a model of the possible interactions
between two or more rational players. Here rational means that each player thinks that others are

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just as rational and have the same level of knowledge and understanding. In the game theory,
players deal with the given set of options in a multi-agent situation, it means the choice of one
player affects the choice of the other or opponent players.

Game theory and AI are much related and useful to each other. In AI, the game theory is widely used
to enable some of the key capabilities required in the multi-agent environment, in which multiple
agents try to interact with each other to achieve a goal.

Different popular games such as Poker, Chess, etc., are the logical games with the specified rules. To
play these games online or digitally, such as on Mobile, laptop, etc., one has to create algorithms for
such games. And these algorithms are applied with the help of artificial intelligence.

28) What are some misconceptions about AI?

There are lots of misconceptions about artificial intelligence since starting its evolution. Some of
these misconceptions are given below:

AI does not require humans: The first misconception about AI is that it does not require
human. But in reality, each AI-based system is somewhere dependent on humans and will
remain. Such as it requires human gathered data to learn about the data.

AI is dangerous for humans: AI is not inherently dangerous for humans, and still, it has not
reached the super AI or strong AI, which is more intelligent than humans. Any powerful
technology cannot be harmful if it is not misused.

AI has reached its peak stage: Still, we are so far away from the peak stage of the AI. It will
take a very long journey to reach its peak.

AI will take your job: It is one of the biggest confusions that AI will take most of the jobs, but
in reality, it is giving us more opportunities for new jobs.

AI is new technology: Although some people think that it is a new technology, this
technology actually first thought in the year 1840 through an English newspaper.

29) What are the eigenvalues and eigenvectors?

Eigenvectors and eigenvalues are the two main concepts of Linear algebra.

Eigenvectors are unit vectors that have a magnitude equal to 1.0.

Eigenvalues are the coefficients that are applied to the eigenvectors, or these are the magnitude by
which the eigenvector is scaled.

30) What is an Artificial neural network? Name some commonly used

Artificial Neural networks.

Artificial neural networks are the statistical model inspired by the functioning of human brain cells
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called neurons. These neural networks include various AI technologies such as deep learning and
machine learning.

An Artificial neural network or ANN consists of multiple layers, including the Input layer, Output
Layer, and hidden layers.

ANN, with the help of various deep learning techniques, is the AI tools to solve various complex
problems like pattern recognition, facial recognition, and so on.

Some commonly used Artificial neural networks:

Feedforward Neural Network

Convolutional Neural Network

Recurrent Neural Network

Autoencoders

31) Give a brief introduction of partial, alternate, artificial, and compound

keys?

Partial Keys: A set of attributes that uniquely identifies weak entities, which are related to the same
owner entity.

Alternate Keys: All candidate keys except the primary key are known as alternate keys.

Compound Key: It has multiple fields that enable the user to uniquely recognize a specific record.

Artificial Key: It is the extra attribute added to the table when there are no stands alone or
compounds key is available. It is created by assigning a number to each record in the table.

32) What is a Chatbot?

A chatbot is Artificial intelligence software or agent that can simulate a conversation with humans or
users using Natural language processing. The conversation can be achieved through an application,
website, or messaging apps. These chatbots are also called as the digital assistants and can interact
with humans in the form of text or through voice.

The AI chatbots are broadly used in most businesses to provide 24*7 virtual customer support to
their customers, such as HDFC Eva chatbot, Vainubot, etc.

33) What is knowledge representation in AI?

Knowledge representation is the part of AI, which is concerned with the thinking of AI agents. It is
used to represent the knowledge about the real world to the AI agents so that they can understand
and utilize this information for solving the complex problems in AI.

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Following elements of Knowledge that are represented to the agent in the AI system:

Objects

Events

Performance

Meta-Knowledge

Facts

Knowledge-base

34) What are the various techniques of knowledge representation in AI?

Knowledge representation techniques are given below:

Logical Representation

Semantic Network Representation

Frame Representation

Production Rules

35) Which programming language is not generally used in AI, and why?

Perl Programming language is not commonly used language for AI, as it is the scripting language.

36) What is reinforcement learning?

Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning. In this, an agent interacts with its environment
by producing actions, and learn with the help of feedback. The feedback is given to the agent in the
form of rewards, such as for each good action, he gets a positive reward, and for each bad action, he
gets a negative reward. There is no any labeled data or supervision is provided to the agent. In RL,
the agent continuously does three things(performing actions, changing state, and getting the
feedback) to explore the environment.

The popular reinforcement learning algorithms are:

Q-Learning

SARSA(State Action Reward State Action)

Deep Q Neural Network

37) How does RL work?

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The working of reinforcement learning can be understood by the below diagram:

The RL-based system mainly consists of the following components:

Environment: The environment is the surrounding of the agent, where he needs to explore and
act upon.

Agent: The agent is the AI program that has sensors and actuators and the ability to perceive
the environment.

State: It is the situation that is returned by the environment to the agent.

Reward: The feedback received to the agent after doing each action.

In RL, the agent interacts with the environment in order to explore it by doing some actions. On each
action, the state of agent gets changed or sometimes remains the same, and based on the type of
action, and he gets a reward. The reward is feedback, which may be negative or positive based on
the action.

The goal of the agent is to maximize the positive reward and to achieve the goal of the problem.

38) What are the different areas where AI has a great impact?

Following are some areas where AI has a great impact:

Autonomous Transportation

Education-system powered by AI.

Healthcare

Predictive Policing

Space Exploration

Entertainment, etc.

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39) What are the different software platforms for AI development?

a. Google Cloud AI platform

b. Microsoft Azure AI platform

c. IBM Watson

d. TensorFlow

e. Infosys Nia

f. Rainbird

g. Dialogflow

40) Kindly explain different ways to evaluate the performance of the ML

model.

Some popular ways to evaluate the performance of the ML model are:

Confusion Matrix: It is N*N table with different sets of value that is used to determine the
performance of the classification model in machine learning.

F1 score: It is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, which is used as one of the best
metrics to evaluate the ML model.

Gain and lift charts: Gain & Lift charts are used to determine the rank ordering of the
probabilities.

AUC-ROC curve: The AUC-ROC is another performance metric. The ROC is the plot between
the sensitivity.

Gini Coefficient: It is used in the classification problems, also known as the Gini Index. It
determines the inequality between the values of variables. The high value of the Gini
represents a good model.

Root mean squared error: It is one of the most popular metrics used for the evaluation of the
regression model. It works by assuming that errors are unbiased and have a normal
distribution.

Cross-Validation: It is another popular technique for evaluating the performance of the

machine learning model. In this, the models are trained on subsets of the input data and
evaluated on the complementary subset of the data.

41) Explain rational agents and rationality?

A rational agent is an agent that has clear preferences, model uncertainty, and that performs the
right actions always. A rational agent is able to take the best possible action in any situation.

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Rationality is a status of being reasonable and sensible with a good sense of judgment.

42) What is tensor flow, and how it is used in AI?

Tensor flow is the open-source library platform developed by the Google Brain team. It is a math
library used for several machine learning applications. With the help of tensor flow, we can easily
train and deploy the machine learning models in the cloud.

43) Which algorithm is used by Facebook for face recognition? Explain its
working.

Facebook uses the DeepFace tool that uses the deep learning algorithms for the face verification that
allows the photo tag suggestions to you when you upload a photo on Facebook. The deep face
identifies the faces in the digital images using neural network models. The working of DeepFace is
given in below steps:

It first scans the uploaded images. It makes the 3-D model of the image, and then rotate that
image into different angles.

After that, it starts matching. To match that image, it uses a neural network model to
determine the high-level similarities between other photos of a person. It checks for the
different features such as the distance between the eyes, the shape of the nose, eyes color, etc.

Then it does the recursive checking for 68 landmark testing, as each human face consists of 68
specific facial points.

After mapping, it encodes the image and searches for the information of that person.

44) What is a market-basket analysis?

The market-basket analysis is a popular technique to find the associations between the items. It is
frequently used by big retailers in order to get maximum profit. In this approach, we need to find
combinations of items that are frequently bought together.

For example, if a person buys bread, there are most of the chances that he will buy butter also.
Hence, understanding such correlations can help retailers to grow their business by providing
relevant offers to their customers.

45) How can AI be used in fraud detection?

The artificial intelligence can be broadly helpful in fraud detection using different machine learning
algorithms, such as supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms. The rule-based algorithms of
Machine learning helps to analyze the patterns for any transaction and block the fraudulent

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transactions.

Below are the steps used in fraud detection using machine learning:

Data extraction: The first step is data extraction. Data is gathered through a survey or with
the help of web scraping tools. The data collection depends on the type of model, and we
want to create. It generally includes the transaction details, personal details, shopping, etc.

Data Cleaning: The irrelevant or redundant data is removed in this step. The inconsistency
present in the data may lead to wrong predictions.

Data exploration & analysis: This is one of the most crucial steps in which we need to find
out the relation between different predictor variables.

Building Models: Now, the final step is to build the model using different machine learning
algorithms depending on the business requirement. Such as Regression or classification.

46) Give the steps for A* algorithm?

A* algorithm is the popular form of the Best first search. It tries to find the shortest path using the
heuristic function with the cost function to reach the end node. The steps for A* algorithms are given
below:

Step 1: Put the first node in the OPEN list.

Step 2: Check if the OPEN list is empty or not; if the list is empty, then return failure and stops.

Step 3: Select the node from the OPEN list which has the smallest value of evaluation function (g+h),
if node n is goal node then return success and stop, otherwise

Step 4: Expand node n and generate all of its successors, and put n into the closed list. For each
successor n', check whether n' is already in the OPEN or CLOSED list; if not, then compute evaluation
function for n' and place into Open list.

Step 5: Else if node n' is already in OPEN and CLOSED list, then it should be attached to the back
pointer, which reflects the lowest g(n') value.

Step 6: Return to Step 2.

47) What is the inference engine, and why it is used in AI?

In artificial intelligence, the inference engine is the part of an intelligent system that derives new
information from the knowledge base by applying some logical rules.

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It mainly works in two modes:

Backward Chaining: It begins with the goal and proceeds backward to deduce the facts that
support the goal.

Forward Chaining: It starts with known facts, and asserts new facts.

48) What do you understand by the fuzzy logic?

Fuzzy logic is a method of reasoning applied to the AI, which resembles human reasoning. Here the
word "fuzzy" defines things that are not clear, it means the situations where it is difficult to decide if
the state is True or False. It involves all the possibilities that occur between Yes and NO.

The below diagram shows the difference between fuzzy logic and Boolean logic

Since it resembles human reasoning, hence it can be used in neural networks.

49) What is a Bayesian network, and why is it important in AI?

Bayesian networks are the graphical models that are used to show the probabilistic relationship
between a set of variables. It is a directed cycle graph that contains multiple edges, and each edge
represents a conditional dependency.

Bayesian networks are probabilistic, because these networks are built from a probability
distribution, and also use probability theory for prediction and anomaly detection. It is important in
AI as it is based on Bayes theorem and can be used to answer the probabilistic questions.

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50) What is a heuristic function, and where is it used?

The heuristic function is used in Informed Search, and it finds the most promising path. It takes the
current state of the agent as its input and produces the estimation of how close the agent is from the
goal. The heuristic method, however, might not always give the best solution, but it guaranteed to
find a good solution in a reasonable time. Heuristic function estimates how close a state is to the
goal. It is represented by h(n), and it calculates the cost of an optimal path between the pair of states.
The value of the heuristic function is always positive.

Admissibility of the heuristic function is given as:

h(n) <= h*(n)

Here h(n) is heuristic cost, and h*(n) is the estimated cost. Hence heuristic cost should be less than or
equal to the estimated cost.

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