Lecture 1 1

ELECTRONICS
stands for ELECTROMECHANICS

Is the field of science and engineering
which deals with the motion of
electrons under the influence of
applied electric and/or magnetic
field.
ELECTRONICS
Science that deals with the study

of electrons as they affect the
function of various electronics or
electrical components.
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
1. Active components
2. Passive components
Active Components
a. tube type devices
a.1 vacuum tube
a.1.1 diode
a.1.2 triode
a.1.3 tetrode
a.1.4 pentode
a.2 gas tube
a.2.1 gas diode
a.2.2 thyratron
Active Components
b. semiconductor
devices
a.1 junction diode
a.2 BJT
a.3 UJT
a.4 SCR
a.5 tunnel diode
a.6 zener diode
Passive Components
a. store electrical energy
a.1 inductor- stores energy by virtue of a
current passing through it
a.2 capacitor – stores energy by virtue of
a voltage existing across it
Active Components
b. Dissipates electrical energy
b.1 resistor – to reduce voltages by
dissipating power, to measure currents, and to
discharge capacitors after supply is removed
ELECTRON TUBE – an electron
device in which conduction of
electricity is provided by electrons
moving thru a vacuum or gaseous
medium within a gas light envelop
Free Electrons – maybe produced
from a metal electrode called
emitter. The process is called
emission.
Kinetic Energy – energy called
by the electrons to escape from
the surface of an emitter, to
overcome the surface barrier.
4 Methods of Obtaining Electron
Emission
 Thermionic Emission – whose electrons are

called from an emitter by supplying heat
energy.
 Photoelectic Emission – in this process light
energy falling upon the metal surface is
transferred to free electrons and ejects them
from the surface.
Secondary Emission – result when primary
electrons strike a metal surface at high speed
resulting to collision of some electrons with the
metal surface that causes them to be the projected
upward like a billiard ball.
 Field Emission – the electronic field set-up by a

high positive voltage yanks free electrons from
the emitter.
Types of Vacuum Tube
1. Diode – a two element electron tube that consist of
cathode serving as electron emitter and an anode or
plate acting as electron collector.
Current flow in VT diode

 Forward Condition – plate current flows in a diode
only when the plate is made more positive with
respect to the cathode.
 Reverse Condition – no current flows when the
plate is negative with respect to the cathode.
Space charge – the cloud of electrons formed on
the space between cathode and plate.
2. Triode – is a three element electron
tube whose main function is to amplify
signal.
Control Grid – is used to eliminate space
charged and is usually provided with a dc bias
that is less negative with respect to the
cathode voltage.
Interelectrode Capacitance – exist because of
the electric field present between the charged
electrodes of a triode.
Grid to plate capacitance – feeds
back energy from the output
circuit to the input circuit may
lead to instability and oscillators
at radio frequency.
3. Tetrode – a four electron tube.
Screen Grid – is provided with a

dc bias that is less positive with
respect to the plate potential in
order to eliminate feedback at
signal.
4. Pentode – a free electron
vacuum tube.
Suppressor Grid – is used to

repel secondary emitted electrons
back to plate.
5. Beam Power Tube – is a
hybrid between a tetrode and
pentode.
Matter – anything that occupy
space and has a weight
Element – is the basic building

block of nature
- is a substance that cannot be
reduced to a simpler substance
by chemical means.
Compound – combination of two
or more elements.
Molecule – the smallest part of

the compound that still retains
the properties of the compound.
Atom – the smallest particle of an
element that retains the
characteristics of the element.
Mixture – the physical combinations

of elements and compounds.
Atom structures
Electron – negatively charged particle

-0.16 x 10-18 coulomb
9.108 x 10-18 g
Proton – positively charged particle

+0.16 x 10-18 coulomb
1.672 x 10-24 g
Neutron – uncharged particle

no charged
1.675 x 10-24 g
1 coulomb equal to 6.25 x 1018 electrons
Ex. A neutral dielectric has
added to it 12.5 x 1018 electrons.
What is its charge in coulombs?
Ex. A dielectric has a positive
18
charge of 12.5 x 10 protons.
What is its charge in coulombs?
Ex. A dielectric with +Q of 2 C
18
has 12.5 x 10 electrons added.
What is its charge then?
Ex. A neutral dielectric has 12.5 x
1018 electrons removed. What is
its charge?
Atomic number – the sum of the
electrons in the shell surrounding
the nucleus.
Atomic weight – the total number of

proton and neutron in the nucleus
Valence band – the outermost shell
Valence electron – electron in the

outermost shell. The number of
electrons in an incomplete outermost
shell of an atom.
Free electron- an electron that can
move freely from one atom to the
next.
Ionization potential – the energy
required by an electron in order to free
itself from the
attraction of the nucleus.
Ion – unbalanced atom. An atom that

has either gained or lost one or more
valence electrons to become electrically
charged.
Inert – elements which cannot
combine with other elements
because their energy level are all
filled up.
Type of ion
 Positive Ion – more protons than

electrons in an atom (loses an
electron)
 Negative Ion – more electrons than
protons in an atom (gains an
electron)
Structure of the Atom
Our present planetary model of the

atom was proposed by Neils Bohr in
1913. His contribution was joining the
new ideas of a nuclear atom developed
by Lord Rutherford with the quantum
theory of radiation developed by Max
Planck and Albert Einstein.
Orbital Rings
The planetary electrons are in successive
shells called K,L,M,N,O,P and Q. The
maximum number of electrons in a filled
inner shell equals 2n2, where n is the
shell number in sequential order outward
from the nucleus.
Conventional current – the direction of
current flow associated with positive
charges in motion. The current flow
direction is from a positive to a negative
potential, which is in the opposite
direction of electron flow.
Electron Flow – the movement of
electrons that provides current in a
circuit. The current flow direction is
from a negative to a positive
potential.
Electron Flow Theory
 Conventional
current flow theory
– positive to
negative.
 Electron flow theory
– negative to
positive.
Potential Difference or voltage – is
an electrical pressure or force that
exists between two points. The unit
of potential difference is the volt.
V=(J/C)
Current – is the rate of
movement of electric charge. The
symbol for current is I, and the
basic unit of measure is the
ampere. A=(C/S)
Ex. What is the output voltage of a
battery that expands 3.6 J of energy
in moving 0.5 C of charge?
Ex. The charge of 12 C moves

past a given point every second.
How much is the intensity of
charge flow?

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ELECTRONICS

stands for ELECTROMECHANICS

Science that deals with the study

 Thermionic Emission – whose electrons are

 Field Emission – the electronic field set-up by a

Current flow in VT diode

Screen Grid – is provided with a

Suppressor Grid – is used to

Element – is the basic building

Molecule – the smallest part of

Mixture – the physical combinations

Electron – negatively charged particle

Proton – positively charged particle

Neutron – uncharged particle

Atomic weight – the total number of

Valence electron – electron in the

Ion – unbalanced atom. An atom that

 Positive Ion – more protons than

Our present planetary model of the

Ex. The charge of 12 C moves

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