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Topic II

The document discusses different units and methods of expressing chemical concentrations including molarity, molality, normality, and percentage composition. It also covers topics such as dimensional analysis, types of solutions, and how to calculate concentrations and prepare solutions through dissolving solids and dilution.

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EmmarehBucol
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10 views20 pages

Topic II

The document discusses different units and methods of expressing chemical concentrations including molarity, molality, normality, and percentage composition. It also covers topics such as dimensional analysis, types of solutions, and how to calculate concentrations and prepare solutions through dissolving solids and dilution.

Uploaded by

EmmarehBucol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic II:

CHEMICAL
MEASUREMENTS
SI Units
• derive their name from the
French Système International
d’Unités
• fundamental units (base units)
from which all others are
derived
SI Units
Prefixes
Rather than using exponential notation, we often use prefixes from to
express large or small quantities.
Unit conversion
• Although SI is the
internationally accepted system
of measurement in science,
other units are encountered.
• Useful conversion factors
Dimensional Analysis
Express the rate of energy used by a person walking 2 miles per hour (46
+ 45 = 91 Calories per hour per 100 pounds of body mass) in kilojoules per
hour per kilogram of body mass.

lb = 453.6 g
Calorie = 1000 calories

91 𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 4.184 𝑘𝐽 𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝐽


𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 8.4
100 𝑙𝑏 ℎ𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 0.4536𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
Dimensional Analysis
Convert the following units:

a) 360 cm ➔ in
b) 54 nm ➔ cm
c) 647 cm3 ➔ μm3
d) 299 cm3 ➔ L
e) 843 g Al ➔ mol
Dimensional Analysis
During the 1980s, the average emission of carbon from burning
fossil fuels on Earth was 5.4 petagrams (Pg) of carbon per year in
the form of CO2.
a) How many kg of C were placed in the atmosphere each year?
b) How many kg of CO2 were placed in the atmosphere each year?
c) How many metric tons of CO2 were placed in the atmosphere each
year? (A metric ton is 1 000 kg.)
d) If there were 5 billion people on Earth, how many tons of CO2 were
produced for each person?
Chemical
Concentrations
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A minor
species in a solution is called solute, and the major species is the solvent.

Concentration states how much solute is contained in a given volume or


mass of solution or solvent.
Types of Solutions
1. Standard Solutions
• A standard solution is one that contains a precisely known concentration of solute.
We express the concentration in terms of molality, molarity and normality.
Sometimes the concentrations are also expressed as % solution and in ppm (parts
per million)

2. Stock Solutions
• Stock solution of a substance is the one having a concentration many folds higher
than that actually required in the experiment. Stock solutions are prepared for the
substances that are to be used frequently and are stable at higher concentration for
several days and can be used after appropriate dilution just before use.
Chemical
Concentrations
Molarity (M)
This is the most common method for expressing the concentration of a
solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀=
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
What is the molar concentration of a solution of 22.4 g of HCl dissolved in
1.56 L?
Chemical
Concentrations
Molality (m)
A solution which contains mole of the solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent
is called a molal solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚=
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Determine the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 28.60g of
glucose (C6H12O6) into 250g of water.
Chemical
Concentrations
Normality (N)
Normality expresses concentration in terms of the equivalents of one chemical
species reacting stoichiometrically with another chemical species; a function of
chemical reaction.
The normality of a solution is the number of gram equivalents of the solute per
litre of the solution.
𝑎𝑚𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔 𝑀𝑀
𝑒𝑞. 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑊 =
𝑁= 𝑛
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑀
Chemical
Concentrations
Normality (N)
In an acid-base reaction, the reaction unit is the number of H+ ions that an acid
donates or that a base accepts.

For the reaction between sulfuric acid and ammonia n = 2 for H2SO4(aq) because
sulfuric acid donates two protons, and n = 1 for NH3(aq) because each ammonia
accepts one proton.
Chemical
Concentrations
Normality (N)
In an oxidation-reduction reaction the reaction unit is the number of electrons
released by the reducing agent or accepted by the oxidizing agent; thus, for the
reaction below n=1 for Fe3+(aq) and n=2 for Sn2+(aq).
Chemical
Concentrations
Percent Composition (%),
Parts per Million (ppm), Parts per Billion (ppb)
Percent expresses concentration as a fraction of a hundred.

Parts per million (ppm) and per billion (ppb) is generally employed for those
solutions in which a substance is present in a very small quantity.
𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 x 106 for ppm
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100
𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1 ppm = 1mg KCl/L of solution x 109 for ppb
= 1mg KCl/1000mL of solution
= 1ug KCl/mL of solution
Chemical
Concentrations
Calculate the molarity and molality of 49.0 wt% HF.
Density of HF is 1.15 g/mL
Preparing Solutions
1. Dissolving Solids 2. Dilution
Preparing Solutions
Dilution

How will you prepare 5.0M of HCl from a 12.0M stock solution?
Stoichiometry

a) How many grams of CO2 is generated from15.0g of C3H8?


b) A complete combustion produced 95L of water, how much C3H8 was
consumed. Density of water is 1g/mL.

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