P.A.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
POLLACHI – 642 002

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

I YEAR & II SEMESTER

REGULATION R-2022

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

LAB MANUAL
 Circuit Diagram:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
Exp. No: 1 RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES, FUSE,
INDICATOR, LAMP AND ENERGY METER
Date:

AIM:
To construct a residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and
energy meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Range / Type Quantity

1. Incandescent Lamp 230V, 60 W 3
2. Lamp holder Batten 3
3. Switch SPST, 5A 3
4. Energy meter 300V, 16A 1
5. Indicator Lamp 5A 1
6. Screws and nuts - As required
7. Connecting Wires 1/18 SWG As required
8. Wooden Board - As required

PROCEDURE:
 Study the given wiring diagram.
 Collect the materials required for this experiment.
 Fix the necessary materials, in the layout diagram.
 Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 The lamps are fixed on the lamp holders.
 After checking the proper circuit connections the power supply is given.
 Switches are operated to see the output of the lamps and socket.

RESULT:
Thus a residential house wiring has been constructed and tested by using switches, fuse,
indicator, lamp and energy meter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

P-Phase
N-Neutral

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

S.No Position of Position of Condition of

switch 1 switch 2 Lamp
1. 1 1’
2. 1 2’
3. 2 1’
4. 2 2’
 Exp. No: 2
STAIRCASE WIRING
Date:

AIM:
To control a single lamp by two switches fixed at two different places.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Range / Type Quantity

1. Incandescent Lamp 230V, 60 W 1

2. Bulb holder Bayonet Mount 1

3. Two way switch 5A 2

4. Screws and nuts - As required

5. Connecting Wires 1/18 SWG As required

6. Wooden Board - As required

PROCEDURE:
1. Collect the materials required for this experiment.
2. Draw the layout of the given circuit diagram in the circuit board.
3. Place the accessories on the wooden board as per the circuit diagram.
4. Place the Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe and insert two wires into the PVC pipe.
5. Connect one end of the wire to the phase side and other end to the middle point of SPDT
switch 1.
6. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the upper point of SPDT switch 2.
7. Lower point of SPDT 1 is connected to the lower point SPDT switch 2.
8. Another wire taken through a P.V.C pipe and middle point of SPDT switch 2 is
connected to one end of the lamp holder.
9. Another end of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
10. Screw the accessories on the board and switch on the supply.
11. Circuit is tested for all possible combination of switch position.

RESULT:
Thus the staircase wiring has been constructed, tested and the results are tabulated.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Exp. No: 3
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT FROM SOLAR PANEL
Date:

AIM:
To measure the voltage and current from solar panel.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Range / Type Quantity

1. Solar panel 30 W 1
2. DC Voltmeter 0-30 V 1
3. DC Ammeter 0-3 A 1
4. Digital ammeter 0-3 A 1
5. Charge controller 12 V, 10 A 1
6. DC Load 2W LED Lamp. 1
7. Battery 12V, 7Ah 1
8. Multimeter - 1
9. Patch cords - as required

PROCEDURE:

1. Study of solar panel:

1. Keep the solar panel in sunlight and extend the output wire to connect to the kit.
2. Connect the +ve terminal output of solar panel to the +ve terminal of solar panel input in
the front panel and –ve terminal output of solar panel to the –ve terminal of solar panel
input in the front panel of the kit.
3. Connect DC 0-3A (0-2A) ammeter after the solar panel input.
4. Connect DC 0-30V voltmeter across the solar panel input. Measure the voltage and
record. This is the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar panel. Voc = ……
5. To find the short circuit current of the solar panel, short the + (1) and –(2) terminals and
measure the current in the ammeter. This is the short circuit (Isc). Isc = ….
2. Charging the battery through Charge Controller:

1. Similarly, connect 0-30V DC voltmeter and 0-3A digital DC ammeter in the

batterycircuit. Because, when the battery is charged, the current will be from charge
controller to battery and when the load is connected and the if the solar output is not
enough, then the current is derived from the battery in the opposite direction.
2. Note the battery voltage and record.
3. After connecting the meters, connect the +ve terminal of the battery to terminal no.3 of
the charge controller and –ve terminal of the battery to terminal no.4 of the charge
controller. The battery voltage level status is indicated by 3 LED’s and load indication is
also on.
4. Connect the solar panel input (after connecting the meters) +ve terminal to pin no. 1 and
–ve terminal to pin no. 2 of the charge controller. Now, “charge” indication LED is on in
the charge controller.
5. Record the solar panel voltage, current and battery voltage, charge current.
3. Connecting load and measurement of voltage and current of battery and solar panel

1. Connect the load to the charge controller, +ve terminal of load to terminal no. 5 and –ve
terminal of the load to terminal no. 6 of the charge controller.
2. Connect one more 1A DC ammeter in series with the load and measure the currents in
the ammeter connected in battery side and solar panel side and record the following.
3. It is to be noted that the load voltage is the same as the battery voltage.
4. Keep the solar panel in the shade, not in the sunlight.

RESULT:
Thus the voltage and current are measured from solar panel
Exp. No: 4
ASSEMBLING AND TESTING OF CEILING FAN
Date:

AIM:
To assemble the accessories of ceiling fan, test the connections of windings and
capacitor and run the fan with speed regulator

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Range / Type Quantity

1. Ceiling fan - 1
2. Connecting leads - as required
3. Grease for bearing - as required
4. PVC insulation tape roll - as required

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the tools Quantity

1. Star screw driver set 1
2. Double end spanner set 1
3. Cutting plier 1
4. Nose plier 1
5. Test lamp 1
6. Multimeter 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Disconnect the supply to the fan
2. Check the condition of the switch and proper mounting of regulator and knob.
3. Open the switch cover and clean the dust.
4. Open the regulator and clean inside with brush. Check and adjust the contacts and
terminals
5. Conduct open circuit and short circuit test by using test lamp
6. Conduct earth fault test by using test lamp
7. Test the capacitor in series with test lamp. Then remove the test leads and short circuit
the capacitors terminals by means of wire. If any spark develops, it means the
capacitor is alright.

RESULT:
Thus the accessories of the ceiling fan and the connection of the windings are
assembled and tested

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Lighting Arrester

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Exp. No: 5
STUDY OF LIGHTING ARRESTER
Date:

AIM:
To study the constructional parts and operation of Lighting Arrester.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Lighting Arrester

DEFINITION:
The circuit which is protected from the strokes of lightning with the help of a protection
device is known as lightning arrester. Here the lightning strokes are nothing but surges with
high transient voltage, arcs of isolation, spark, and surge currents because of lightning, etc.
These devices are used to defend the power systems by forwarding the high voltage surges in
the direction of the ground. And these power systems and over headlines can also be
protected by using ground wire or the earthing from the direct strikes of lightning.

Types of Lightning Arrester

Generally, lightning arresters are classified into different types. The construction of lightning
arrestors is different based on its type but the working principle is the same. It provides a
low resistance pathway to the surges in the direction of the ground. The types are

Horn Gap Arresters

As the name suggests, this arrestor has two metal rods in horn-shaped. The arrangement of
these metal rods can be done around a small air gap. The distance between these two rods can
be increased because they increase from the gap. The metal rods are located on ceramic
insulators. The connection of the horn can be done by connecting it to two dissimilar wires.
One side of the horn can be connected to the line throughout a resistance & choke coil
whereas the other side is grounded efficiently. The resistance restricts the flow of current
toward a minute value. The choke coil is used to provide less reactance at the usual power
frequency and also provides high reactance at transient frequency. Therefore the choke coil
doesn’t permit the transients to go into the apparatus to be protected. The gap among the
horns can be adjusted so that the usual supply voltage is not sufficient to cause an arc.
Working Principle
Lightning arrestor working principle is, once the voltage surge travels throughout the
conductor then it reaches the location of the arrestor where it is installed. So it will break
down the insulation of the lightning arrestor for a moment, so voltage surge can be
discharged toward the ground. Once the voltage of the system falls under the fixed value,
then the insulation will be restored among the ground & conductor. Further, the current flow
toward the ground will be stopped.

Result:
Thus the constructional parts and the operation of Lightning Arrester were studied.
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ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PRACTICES

14
TABULATION:

Resistance value by colour coding Resistance value by Multimeter

S.No
(Ω) (Ω)

1.

2.

3.

4.

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Exp. No: 1
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS –
RESISTOR, COLOUR CODING
Date:

Aim:
To study about the Resistor colour coding,

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Range /
S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity
Type
1 Resistor, Capacitor, Diode, Transistor Few ranges As required

2 Multimeter Digital 1

PASSIVE COMPONENTS:
Resistors:
It is a passive electronic component, which exhibits the property of the ‘resistance’.
Resistance is a physical property of the material, which opposes the flow of current. Resistors
are used in circuits to limit the flow of current or to provide a voltage drop. Its unit is Ohms (Ω).
Types:
Resistors are broadly classified in to two categories as
a. Fixed Resistors
b. Variable Resistors
Resistor colour coding:
Resistor colour coding is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistors. It is also used
in capacitors and inductors. The advantage of colour coding is that essential information can be
marked on small components of cylindrical shape without the need to read tiny printing.
Resistance is coded to indicate the value and the Tolerance. For axial type resistors, four
color bands are used as shown in figure.
The first three color bands indicate the resistance value and the fourth one indicates the
tolerance. The first colour band gives the first significant digit and second colour band gives the
second significant digit. Third colour band is the multiplier and gives the number of zeros that is
to be added to the numerical value obtained from the first two bands. The following table gives
the colour and its numerical value.

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Fixed Resistors:
Fixed resistors are those whose values cannot be changed after manufacturing.

Variable Resistors:
Variable resistors are those whose values can be changed after manufacturing.

COLOUR VALUE
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

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Capacitors:
A capacitor is a component that stores electric energy. It consists of two conducting
plates, separated by an insulator. The conducting surfaces are called electrodes and the
insulating medium is called dielectric. Its unit is Farads.
In general capacitors are classified as
(i) Fixed Capacitors
(ii) Variable Capacitors
Fixed Capacitors Variable Capacitors:

Inductors:
Inductor is a component whose construction is simply a coil of wire. The property of a
coil by which it opposes change in the value of current or flux through it due to the production
of self-induced E.M.F. is called inductance. An inductor consists of a number of turns of wire
used to introduce inductance into an electric circuit and produces magnetic flux.

Fig 2.1. Constructional view of CRO

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PN Junction Diode:
A single piece of semiconductor, one half of which is P-type and the other half is N-type
is known as PN junction diode. The plane dividing the two halves is known as PN junction
diode. Diode is an electronic component, which allows current to flow through it in one
direction but not in opposite direction. The current is flowing through a diode, when the voltage
on the positive is higher than the negative.
The main function of a diode is rectification.

Zener diode:
It is reversed biased PN junction diode, which is operated in break down region. It is
used for meter protection and as voltage regulators.

LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE):

Light Emitting Diodes have same properties as diode when forward biased. Their
threshold voltage is 1.6V to 2.4V. LED’s use a special material, which emits light when current
flows through it. LED has a positive terminal (anode) and a negative terminal (cathode) just like
regular diodes. Often, positive terminal is longer than negative terminal.

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Transistors:
It is a three terminal semiconductor device, consisting of two p-n junctions, formed by
sand witching a thin layer of n-type semi-conductors between two layers of p-type semi-
conductors. This type of transistor is known as p-n-p transistor. On the other hand, when a layer
of p-type semi-conductor is sand witched between two layers of n-type semi-conductor material,
it is known as n-p-n transistor.

Multimeter:
An instrument used to measure voltages, currents and resistances known as
MULTIMETER. It is an indispensable instrument and can be used for measuring D.C. as well as
A.C. Voltages and Currents. Multimeter is the most inexpensive equipment and can make
various electrical measurements with reasonable accuracy. There are two types of multimeters -
analog and digital. The digital multimeter is commonly used in laboratory and workshop
because of its high input resistance.

Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO for Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope) is
electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two dimensional
graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time
or some other voltage (horizontal axis).

RESULT:
Thus the study of basic electronic components has been studied and the value of resistor
using colour coding was studied and measured.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Measurement of AC Voltage amplitude and frequency

TABULATION:

Peak
Maximum Voltage to RMS
Time in Seconds
Vm in Volts Peak Voltage Frequency
S.No Voltage F=1/T
Vpp Vrms ( Hz )
Per No. of Actual Per No. of Actual
= =
Division Divisions Value Division Divisions Value
2Vm Vm /√2
1.

MODEL GRAPH:

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Exp. No: 2
MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER (PEAK-PEAK,
RMS PERIOD, FREQUENCY) USING CRO.
Date:

Aim:
To Measure the AC signal parameter (peak-peak, RMS period, frequency) using CRO.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Range /
S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity
Type
1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 30MHz 1

2 Function Generator (0 – 3) MHz 1

3 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 1

4 Connecting Probes - As required

PROCEDURE:
1. Output of the function generator is connected to one of the channels of CRO through aprobe.
2. AC supply to CRO is switched ON and the switch in CRO is closed.
3. CRO is kept in dual mode and ground knobs in the two channels are enabled.
4. Focus and intensity knobs in CRO are suitably adjusted to observe both the ground signals. If
there is any problem in tracing the signal position X and Y position knobs are suitably adjusted.
5. Function generator is switched on. Sinusoidal quantity is chosen as the output signal.
6. Amplitude of the sinusoidal quantity is varied and maintained at a particular value.
7. Frequency of the sinusoidal quantity is varied and maintained at a particular value.
8. The sinusoidal output of function generator is observed using CRO by enabling AC knob and
disabling ground knob in the channel to which function generator is connected.
9. Peak value and peak-peak values of the sinusoidal wave can be calculated as the product of
number of divisions in Y-axis of CRO monitor and value of the voltage in the voltage base knob.
10. CAL knob in the most anti-clockwise position. Number of divisions in X-axis of CRO monitor
and value of the time in the time base knob are noted.
11. Time period of the sinusoidal wave is obtained by multiplying the number of divisions inX- axis
of CRO monitor and value of the time in the time base knob.
12. Reciprocal of the time period is the frequency of the sinusoidal waveform. Frequencycan
also be checked by noting the digital value in the function generator.
13. RMS voltage of the sinusoidal wave is obtained by multiplying the peak voltage with0.707.
RESULT:

Thus the study of AC signal parameters are Peak, RMS, peak to peak values, period andfrequency of a
sinusoidal voltage waveform are observed and measured by using CRO.

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23
Exp. No: 3
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES AND, OR, EX-OR AND NOT
Date:

AIM:
To verify the truth table of basic logic gates of AND, OR, NOT and EX-OR gates

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Range /
S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity
Type
1 Digital IC trainer kit - 1
2 AND gate IC 7408 1
3 OR gate IC 7432 1
4 NOT gate IC 7404 1
5 EX-OR gate IC 7486 1
6 Connecting wires - As required

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections for all the gates namely NOT, AND, OR and EX-OR aregiven as per
the circuit diagram.

2. Pin No.7 is connected to ground and pin No.14 is connected to +Vcc of +5V.

3. Connect the corresponding output to a LED indicators provided.

4. Outputs are noted for various combinations of inputs and the truth table is verified.

RESULT:
Thus the basic logic gates of AND, OR, NOT and EX-OR gates are studiedand their
truth tables were verified.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

25
Exp. No: 4
SOLDERING PRACTICE – COMPONENTS DEVICES AND CIRCUITS –
USING GENERAL PURPOSE PCB
Date:

AIM:
To practice soldering and de-soldering for the given electronic circuit by assembling and
de-assembling the electronic components in the given general purpose PCB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Range /Type
S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 Soldering rod 25W 1
2 Soldering lead 60/40 Grade 1
3 Flux - 1
4 Resistor 10 kΩ 2
5 Capacitor 0.001µF 2
6 General PCB - 1
7 Multimeter Digital 1
8 Desoldering pump - 1
PROCEDURE:
Soldering:
1. Clean the given PCB and the tip of the soldering iron.
2. Clean the tip of the resistors and capacitors to be soldered.
3. The soldering gun is heated using power supply till it attains the required temperature.
4. Insert the resistors and capacitors to fit into the holes on the PCB.
5. Apply flux and solder to the tip of the resistors and capacitors.
6. Melt the solder on the tip of resistors and capacitors to be soldered with the help of
soldering iron.
7. The hot tip of soldering iron melts the solder and joints the resistor and capacitor with
the PCB.
8. When the joint appears to be sufficiently filled with solder, the iron should be removed
and the joint should be allowed to cool.
9. Check for continuity on the board by using the multimeter.
Desoldering:
1. Hold the resistor R1 to be unsoldered by the nose plier.
2. Place the tip of the soldering iron on the joint until the solder is melt.
3. When the solder is melted, remove the resistor R1 tweezed and trash away the molten
solder.
4. Repeat the above steps to remove resistor R2 and capacitor C1.
5. Clean the resistors and capacitors, so that they can be used to make other circuits.

RESULT:
Thus the soldering and de-soldering practice is done for the given electronic circuit.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

27
Exp. No: 5
ASSEMBLING OF 15 WATTS LED CIRCUIT
Date:

AIM:
To assemble and test a 15W LED light

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Range /
S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity
Type
1 Soldering rod 25W 1

2 Soldering lead 60/40 Grade 1

3 Flux - 1

4 White LED 3.0V,50mA 1

5 1N4007 diode - 4

6 Capacitor 0.47μF,400V 1

7 Capacitor 47μF,25V 1

8 Connecting wires - as required

9 Light outer cover - 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit in Dot matrix PC or on a 1mm laminated sheet
2. Cut a round laminate sheet with scissor
3. Mark the position of 2 set of 5+5 round holes on the sheet
4. Drill the holes to suit the LED’s to flush fit in the holes
5. Use adhesive to keep the LED assembly in the position
6. Close the assembly
7. Ensure the internal wiring does not touch each other
8. Now test on 230V AC
9. Observe the function of LED light

RESULT:
Thus the given 15 watts LED light was assembled and tested it.

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