Accepted Manuscript

Title: A 2082 Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern

Dharwar Craton, southern India and its implications to
Cuddapah basin formation

Author: Anil Kumar V. Parashuramulu E. Nagaraju

PII: S0301-9268(15)00188-6
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.05.039
Reference: PRECAM 4289

To appear in: Precambrian Research

Received date: 31-12-2014

Revised date: 21-5-2015
Accepted date: 27-5-2015

Please cite this article as: Kumar, A., Parashuramulu, V., Nagaraju, E.,A 2082
Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern Dharwar Craton, southern India and
its implications to Cuddapah basin formation, Precambrian Research (2015),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.05.039

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1 Highlights
2  Report of a 2082 Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern Dharwar Craton
3  The focus of this dyke swarm lies below the intracratonic Cuddapah basin
4  This thermal event could have initiated the formation of the intracratonic basin

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 6

7 A 2082 Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern Dharwar Craton, southern

8 India and its implications to Cuddapah basin formation.
9

10 Anil Kumar, V. Parashuramulu, E. Nagaraju

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11 National Geophysical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal
12 Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India

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23 *Corresponding author:
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24 Anil Kumar
25 e-mail:anilkumar@ngri.res.in
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26 Phone No: 91 40 27012790

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35 Abstract

36 Using consistent paleomagnetic data together with precise Pb-Pb baddeleyite ages, on a

37 series of mafic dykes occurring over an area of at least 70,000 km2, a 2081.8±1.1 Ma (weighted

38 mean of 4 dykes) dyke swarm was identified intruding the Archean basement rocks in the eastern

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39 Dharwar Craton skirting the Cuddapah basin on its north, northwest and western flanks. The

40 geometry of these dykes collectively, due to their progressive variation in trend from N134°W to

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41 N28°E, defines a fan angle of about 162 degrees and forms a spectacular radiating swarm

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42 converging towards a focal point beneath the Cuddapah basin. Anisotropy of magnetic

43 susceptibility (AMS) investigations on these dykes, based on the orientation of principal

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eigenvectors indicate magma flow was vertically upward in them, suggesting the magma source

of these dykes to beproximal to the sampling sites. These features together with reported
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46 geophysical evidence for high density material below the Cuddapah basin suggest that this mafic
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47 volcanic province probably formed due to the impact of an asthenospheric mantle upwelling
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48 perhaps triggered by a plume head or other causal mechanisms like global warming of mantle or

49 small-scale instability like edge-driven convection. This may have resulted in the domal uplift of
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50 the continental lithosphere, large-scale crustal extension and thinning followed by thermal
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51 relaxation and subsidence that may have been responsible for the formation of the intra-cratonic
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52 Cuddapah basin, shortly after 2082 Ma.

53 Dyke swarms of this age (Fort Frances dykes; 2076+5/-4 Ma) or of slightly younger (Lac

54 Esprit dykes; 2069±1 Ma) and older (Cauchon lake dykes; 2091.1+1.8/-2.1 Ma) ages are fairly

55 wide spread in the Superior province. However, a reconstruction of the paleopositions of

56 Dharwar (Cuddapah dykes: 38°N; 180°E, A95=4°) and Superior at ~2080 Ma using

57 paleomagnetic data (Fort Frances dykes: p: 43°N; Lp: 184°E) does not suggest a close

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58 proximity for these provinces at that time. Their disparate locations could therefore suggest these

59 were two distinct nodes of wide spread magmatism between 2080Ma and 2065 Ma.

60 Keywords: Dyke swarms, Pb-Pb Geochronology, baddeleyite, Paleomagnetism, Anisotropic of

61 Magnetic Susceptibility, Large Igneous Provinces, Dharwar craton.

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63 Highlights
64  Report of a 2082 Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern Dharwar Craton

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65  The focus of this dyke swarm lies below the intracratonic Cuddapah basin

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66  This thermal event could have initiated the formation of the intracratonic basin
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68
69 1. Introduction

70 The Dharwar Craton of South India consists of two sub-blocks. The older Western

71 Dharwar Craton (WDC: 3.3–2.7 Ga), which mainly comprises of a tonalite–trondhjemite–

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72 granodiorite (TTG) gneissic basement overlain by greenstone belts, and the younger Eastern

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73 Dharwar Craton (EDC:3.0–2.5 Ga) made up of Late Archaean (2.6–2.5 Ga) granites intrusive

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74 into subordinate amounts of older (2.9–2.7 Ga) TTG gneisses (Chadwick et al., 2000, and

references therein). Greenstones in the EDC are confined to small, elongated belts which may

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76 represent terrane boundaries (Krogstad et al., 1989; Chadwick et al., 2000). The northern margin

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77 of the craton is concealed by the Cretaceous Deccan volcanic pile. It is limited in the east by the

78 Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile belt and by the Southern Granulite Belt in the south.
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79 As in many Archean blocks mafic dyke swarms are widespread in the entire Dharwar

80 craton, but are more prolific in the EDC. These dykes range in age from Paleoproterozoic
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81 (French and Heaman, 2010, Halls et al., 2007, Kumar et al., 2012a and 2012b and Kumar et al.,
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82 2014) to Late Cretaceous (Kumar et al., 2001) and have been described in detail earlier (e.g.
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83 Halls, 1982; Murthy et al., 1987; Halls et al., 2007, French and Heaman, 2010). Of these, the
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84 most dominant is the EW to ENE-WSW trending giant radiating dyke swarm emplaced between

85 2368.5± 2.6 and 2365.4 ± 1.0 Ma with an aerial extent of nearly the entire eastern Dharwar
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86 craton (U-Pb baddeleyite ages, Kumar et al., 2012a and French and Heaman, 2010). Other dyke

87 swarms include a N-S oriented swarm at 2220.5 ± 4.9 Ma, a NW-SE striking swarm at 2209.3 ±

88 2.8 Ma, two radial swarms, one a WNW-ESE to NW-SE, 2180.8 ± 0.9 to 2176.5 ± 3.7 Ma

89 (French and Heaman, 2010) swarm and a second NE to NW striking 2081 Ma swarm (Demirer,

90 2012). These dykes are overlain by the Proterozoic intracratonic sedimentary basins, the Kaladgi,

91 Bhima and Cuddapah basins. The formation of these basins is highly conjectural. The
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 92 occurrences of Paleoproterozoic dykes in the region lead several investigators (Bhattacharji,

93 1981, Kumar and Bhalla, 1983, Bhattacharji and Singh, 1984 and Nagaraja Rao et al., 1987) to

94 suggest a possible tectonic correlation between mafic magmatism and large scale crustal

95 extension leading to basin formation in the region. We present detailed paleomagnetic, precise

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96 Pb-Pb baddeleyite age and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) determinations on a set

97 of 2082 Ma radiating dykes intruding the basement rocks on the northern, north-western and

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98 western periphery of the Cuddapah basin (extending below the oldest sedimentary successions)

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99 with their focus under it.

100 2. Geology and sampling

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The Cuddapah basin (Figure-1) situated in the EDC is one of the largest (spreads over an

area of about 44,500 km2) Proterozoic, intra-cratonic sedimentary basins in India. During the
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103 Meso-Neoproterozoic Eastern Ghat Orogeny it was deformed into a crescent shaped basin
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104 (Goodwin, 1996). It is infilled by more than 10 km thick sedimentary successions which are
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105 divided into four sub-basins (Figure-1), the Papaghni, Kurnool, Srisailam and Palnad (Nagaraja

106 Rao et al., 1987). On the eastern part of the basin is the intensely deformed Nallamalai fold belt.
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107 The Papaghni sub-basin preserves the oldest of the Cuddapah sediments that include the
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108 Papaghni and the Chitravati groups. Lithostratigraphic subdivisions of sediments in the Papaghni
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109 sub-basin is given in Figure-2.

110 The mafic dykes sampled for this study is from two regions (Figure-1), one to the north

111 of the Cuddapah basin and the second to the west of it. Both the swarms appear to intrude the

112 Archean basement and are overlain by the Cuddapah sedimentary rocks. The northern swarm

113 appears to be restricted to a nearly north-south trending corridor extending for at least 100 km in

114 length, and 75 km in width. Dykes in this region have varying strike directions ranging from

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115 N75°W to N28°E (Figure-1). Individual dyke thickness varies along strike, but is generally

116 between 30 to 75 meters. Several of these appear to extend below the sedimentary rocks (without

117 intruding them) in the Srisailam and Palnad sub-basins. To the west of the Cuddapah basin,

118 dykes of this swarm are exposed for more than 100 km, skirting the basin. Like in the northern

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119 region the strike pattern of dykes in this region also varies appreciably from N134°W to N37°W

120 (Figure-1). Dyke thicknesses are variable from about 30 to 175 meters. All dykes in both the

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121 northern and western sectors dip vertically, are medium to coarse-grained in their central parts

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122 and fine-grained towards the margins with sharp contacts with the country rock. Dykes in this

123 region are overlain by sedimentary rocks of the Papaghni sub-basin. A total of 22 sites (locations

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given in Figure-1) on 17 dykes were sampled from both the northern and western sectors for

paleomagnetic studies. Sampling on insitu outcrops was possible from dyke margins (within
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126 20cm) only at 11 sites. Therefore, though paleomagnetic studies were done on samples from all
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127 the 22 sites, AMS measurements were restricted only to11 sites. For geochronology (for
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128 baddeleyite extraction) coarse grained and differentiated portions of 4 dykes were chosen.

129 Experimental procedures followed for geochronological, paleomagnetic and anisotropy

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130 of magnetic susceptibility studies are described in Appendix-1.

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131 3. Results
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132 3.1 Petrography

133 Petrographic studies have been carried out on at least one sample from each site.

134 Plagioclase and augite are the major mineral constituents, their abundances varying between 55

135 and 60 and 40 and 45% respectively, with minor amounts of (3–5%) of opaque minerals. Ophitic

136 texture is very common, though in a few samples porphyritic texture was also observed. All

137 samples are generally fresh, barring minor alteration of plagioclase in a few instances.

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138 Scanning electron microscopy studies indicate two types of opaque grains. Interstitial

139 medium-grained subhedral Ti-poor magnetite and elongated ilmenite (Figure-3).

140 3.2 Baddeleyite geochronology

141 Results of Pb-Pb baddeleyite (ZrO2) TE-TIMS (thermal extraction-thermal ionization

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142 mass spectrometry) analysis on two N-S and one NE striking dykes from the northern sector and

143 one NW striking dyke from the western sector are given in Table-1 and Figures-4 and 5. Sample

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144 locations are given in Figure-1. TE-TIMS analysis of five baddeleyite fractions each from the

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145 three dykes near Neredugommu (Lat. 16.619°N, Long. 78.973°E), Puttamgandi (Lat. 16.615°N,

146 Long. 79.114°E) and Mukundapuram (Lat. 16.831°N, Lat. 79.438°E) towns, in the northern

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sector yielded weighted mean Pb-Pb ages of 2081.8±0.7 Ma (sample DK106), 2081.1±0.7 Ma

(DK153) and 2082.8±0.9 Ma (MSG14) respectively and the one near Malyala (15.423°N,
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149 77.794°E) town in the western sector gave a weighted mean age of 2081.8±1.1 Ma (TP 1). All
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150 the four age determinations overlap within errors suggesting simultaneous emplacement of dykes
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151 in the two sectors, within a brief time span of not more than 4 Ma.

152 U-Pb ID-TIMS (isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry) baddeleyite ages
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153 for a NNE-trending dyke in the northern sector and two NW trending dykes from the western
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154 sector were recently reported by (Demirer, 2012). Weighted mean of these three determinations
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155 is 2081.0±1.6 Ma. Identical within error to the four Pb-Pb ages mean of 2081.8±1.1 Ma. A

156 weighted mean of the four age determinations of this study, together with the three

157 determinations by Demirer (2012) gives an age of 2081.6±0.4Ma, which is here considered as

158 the best age estimate for the emplacement of this dyke swarm.

159 3.3 Paleomagnetism

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160 A total of 221 samples, 180 from the northern and 41 from the western regions

161 respectively from 17 dykes (22 sites) were used for paleomagnetic investigation. Results are

162 given in Table-2 and plotted in Figure-6. At least five samples from each site were subjected to

163 detailed stepwise AF and/or thermal demagnetization, to a maximum of 150mT or 600°C, in

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164 order to identify and quantify magnetic components (Figure-7). A high coercivity (or high

165 blocking temperature) component defines a well grouped characteristic magnetization direction,

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166 with northeasterly declination and very shallow inclination (Table-2). Within errors, all the sites

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167 regardless of their location in the dyke swarm have similar characteristic remanent magnetization

168 directions (Table-2 and Figure-6), despite appreciable variation in strike within the swarm. Sites

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with mean values having α95>15° have been rejected and therefore not included in the grand

mean calculations. Seventeen sites from the northern sector representing 12 dykes which vary in
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171 strike from NE to NNW yield a mean direction (D=47°, I=2°, α95=6°, N = 12). This direction is
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172 similar within errors to the characteristic remanence directions (D=52°; I=0°; α95=28°, N = 4)
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173 obtained on the four NW to SW trending dykes from the western sector. Site DG 15 was

174 excluded from the mean calculation as it appears to be overprinted by a secondary component of
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175 an unknown younger event, as indicated by the AF demagnetization Zijderveld plot (Figure-7f).
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176 Several dykes with similar strike pattern and magnetization direction have been reported
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177 earlier (Belica et al., 2014, Piispa et al., 2011, Radhakrishna et al., 2013) from the periphery of

178 the Cuddapah basin from both the northern and western sectors. These have also been included

179 in Table-2 for easy reference. However, following our acceptance criteria (α95<15°), only three

180 sites from the northern sector and six sites from the western sector were accepted and their

181 locations given in Figure-1 and data from two sites (P12, P62) from the northern sector and two

182 sites (DG15, P13a) from the western sector were rejected (see Table-2). Total of 13 dykes from

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183 the northern sector yield a mean D= 46° and I= 3° (α95= 6°) and 10 dykes from the western sector

184 have a mean of D= 57° and I=0° (α95= 11°), and overlap within errors. All together 30 sites on

185 23 dykes from this swarm, including dykes from both the northern and western sectors yields a

186 grand mean direction of Dm = 51°, Im = 1° (α95= 6°) with a corresponding VGP at 38°N and

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187 180°E (A95 = 4) (Table-2 and Figure-8).

188 We were unable to obtain baked contact samples during this study to prove the primary

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189 nature of the remanence direction obtained here. However, Belica et al., (2014) have recently

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190 reported a positive baked contact test for a dyke from this (2082 Ma) swarm, in the western

191 sector, at site P27m (Figure-1). Further, several other publications have also reported positive

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baked contact tests (Belica et al., 2014, Dashet al., 2013, Halls et al., 2007; Kumar and Bhalla,

1983) and the preservation of dual polarity (Belica et al., 2014, Radhakrishna et al., 2013) from
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194 the older 2367 Ma dyke swarm in the EDC. These observations suggest that rocks in this region
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195 have not been heated beyond their blocking temperature (∼450–550°C) after 2367 Ma. We are
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196 therefore of the opinion that the nature of magnetization recorded by the 2082 Ma dykes reported
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197 here is primary, and acquired at the time of their emplacement.

198 3.4 Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility

199 AMS measurements were made on 121 samples from eleven sites (representing eleven

200 dykes), nine from northern and two from western sectors. Results from all eleven sites are given

201 in Table-3. Equal area projections of all sites are given in Figure-9 and Figure-10. AMS fabric in

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202 these dykes was considered primary as these dykes are unmetamorphosed and all mineral phases

203 are fairly fresh (particularly the opaque minerals, as they record consistent remanence directions

204 believed to be primary). The low degree of anisotropy (Pj, Jelinek,1981), which varies between

205 1.019 and 1.128, in both the sectors (Table-3) is less than 1.2 in all the samples measured (except

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206 one sample with a higher value of 1.322). This can be construed as an indicator that the observed

207 magnetic fabric is primary (Hrouda, 1982), which formed during cooling and crystallization of

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208 the magma in these dykes. Bulk susceptibility (Km) values are generally high (average: 30.6 x 10-

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209 ) and vary from 172 to 0.64 x 10-3, in the northern sector and in the western sector from 41.2 to

210 13.5 x 10-3, (average: 26.4 x 10-3; in SI units). This can be attributed to the presence of an

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212 et al., 1991, Rochette et al., 1991). an

interstitial ferromagnetic phase such as, Ti-poor magnetite (Knight and Walker, 1988, Hargraves,
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213 Data from sites MS2, MS12, MS18, MS23, DK17, DK26 and DK27, all from the
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214 northern sector show identical AMS fabric (shown in Figure-9 and Figure-10), with Kmax being
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215 always subvertical and Kmin normal to the plane of the dyke. The fabric in all these sites is

216 inferred to indicate vertical magma flow. Samples from IB1 (also from the northern sector) show
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217 an AMS pattern wherein the Kmax and Kint are in the dyke plane and Kmin perpendicular to it, but
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218 Kmax is close to horizontal and Kint is vertical. This is generally interpreted as typical horizontal
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219 flow pattern. However, this pattern could also be formed due to rolling effects on large grains

220 when Kmax is normal to flow direction but within the dyke plane and Kint is parallel to the flow

221 (Canon-Tapia, 2004), when it could also indicate vertical flow. Samples from the site DK8

222 (northern sector) display abnormal magnetic fabric, with Kmax being subhorizontal and

223 perpendicular to the dyke plane and Kint being subparallel and subvertical and Kmin being along

224 the dyke plane. This type of magnetic fabric could form either due to the single domain effect

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225 (‘inverse fabric’, owing to zero susceptibility along its long axis and maximum perpendicular to

226 it, Stephenson, 1986), or due to the late growth of ferromagnetic minerals in a direction

227 perpendicular to the dyke plane (Canon-Tapia, 2004), when the magma flow direction is vertical.

228 AMS patterns in samples from sites DG5 and DG7 both from the western sector are identical

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229 (Figure-10). Kmax is subvertical along the dyke plane and Kmin is normal to the dyke trend. This

230 type of fabric has also been interpreted to indicate vertical flow in dykes (Knight and Walker,

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231 1988, Tauxe et al., 1998, Canon-Tapia, 2004).

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232 As seen in Figure-9 and Figure-10, the majority of the sites show Kmax directions from

233 the two margins falling on either side of the dike trace. Given that, the convention is to plot AMS

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data in lower hemisphere projections, without exception all the western margin data plot on the

western side, and the eastern margin data plot on the eastern side, this suggests that the flow was
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236 upward (Knight and Walker, 1988, Tauxe et al., 1998). We therefore infer that the AMS data
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237 obtained from chilled margins of the Cuddapah dike swarm indicate the magma flow direction in
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238 them was nearly vertical and upward.

239 4. Discussion
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240 4.1 Implication to Cuddapah basin formation

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241 Until now, several models have been proposed for the origin of the Cuddapah basin.
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242 These include its formation due to a meteorite impact (Krishna Brahmam and Dutt, 1996), by

243 peripheral foreland subsidence (Singh and Mishra, 2002) or to passive or active rifting

244 (Bhattacharji and Singh, 1984; Nagaraja Rao et al., 1987; Ravikanth et al., 2014). Evidences put

245 forward for the meteorite hypothesis, was the prevalence of a large oval-shaped positive gravity

246 anomaly, caused by the existence of high density mafic material beneath the south western part

247 of the basin and the occurrence of intense dyke swarms ascribed to impact shattering of the

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248 region. But the lack of evidence of shocked quartz in the country rocks and other features typical

249 ofmeteorite impacts renders this model unlikely. Geophysical investigations in and around the

250 Cuddapah basin have led some workers (Singh and Mishra, 2002) to infer the low and high

251 gravity anomalies to reflect a thick sedimentary pile below the eastern Cuddapah basin and a

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252 high density ridge-like structure east of it. These evidences together with the occurrences of an

253 ophiolite complex (Kandravolcanics, Leelanandam, 1990) in this region were interpreted as

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254 typical collision zone features and the basin formation in a peripheral foreland region. However,

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255 this is at odds with the more recently published age (~1850 Ma, U-Pb zircon) for the Kandra

256 ophiolites (Vijaya Kumar et al., 2010). The ophiolites are coeval or slightly younger than the

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emplacement age of Pulivendla sills (1885±3 Ma, French et al., 2008) which postdate the basal

sediments (Gulcheruand Vempalli formations) within the Cuddapah basin. Therefore, indicating
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259 that the inferred collision occurred subsequent to the formation of the basin. Moreover, neither
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260 the nature of sedimentary fill in the basin nor evidence from structural investigations for
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261 convergent margin tectonic setting (listed by Ravikanth et al., 2014) supports the foreland basin

262 model. Both passive and active stretching models have also been proposed for the initiation of
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263 the Cuddapah Basin. Based on geochemical modelling of the Pulivendla –Tadpatri sill complex
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264 (1885±3 Ma, French et al., 2008), Anand et al., (2003) estimated mantle potential temperatures
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265 of 1500°C beneath the Cuddapah basin at that time, which they inferred was adequate to promote

266 lithospheric stretching, mantle melting and passive rifting that lead to basin formation. Recently,

267 Ravikanth et al., (2014) reported a 1995±11 Ma anorogenic metaluminous granite emplacement

268 adjacent to the south-eastern margin of the Cuddapah Basin. Which they inferred had formed due

269 to partial melting of tonalite–dioritic crust that was induced by asthenospheric upwelling and the

270 formation of Cuddapah basin by active rifting. Occurrence of several large Paleoproterozoic

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271 dyke swarms around the Cuddapah basin to its north, west and south encouraged Bhattacharji

272 (1981), Kumar and Bhalla (1983), Bhattacharji and Singh (1984), and Nagaraja Rao et al.,

273 (1987) to invoke a thermal model (Haxby et al., 1976) for the formation of this basin. Where in

274 magmatism causes the crust to up warp due to heating, followed by crustal thinning, subsidence

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275 and gravity faulting as a result of thermal relaxation.

276 Precise Pb-Pb and U-Pb baddeleyite ages and consistent paleomagnetic data on mafic

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277 dykes around the Cuddapah basin immediately to its north and west, provides unambiguous

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278 evidence for a large radiating dyke swarm (herein named the Cuddapah dyke swarm)

279 encompassing an area of at least 70,000 km2 in the eastern Dharwar craton. Dykes in the

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northern sector radiate from N75°W to N28°E and in the western sector between N134°W and

N37°W with fan angles of 103° and 97° respectively, defining a total fan angle of about 162°,
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282 with convergence beneath the Cuddapah basin. A careful examination of the strike patterns of
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283 dykes from the northern and western sectors independently, suggests two distinct loci (Figure-1)
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284 for these sectors. Perhaps similar to that inferred by Baragar et al., (1996) for the Mackenzie

285 dyke swarm. Additional age and paleomagnetic data on other dykes in the swarm are needed to
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286 substantiate this inference.

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287 Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, an excellent proxy for inferring petrofabric

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288 (preferred alignment of minerals) and magma flow direction in dykes (Tauxe et al., 1998; Canon-

289 Tapia and Herrero-Bervera, 2009), indicates near vertical flow of magma in these dyke fissures.

290 This type of flow pattern is believed to be typical of regions proximal to a magma source (<500

291 km, Ernst and Baragar, 1992).

292 The large aerial extent, radiating dyke pattern and vertical magma flow of the Cuddapah

293 swarm represents a configuration suggesting dyke propagation occurred above a centrally

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294 located magma source. Furthermore, its rapid emplacement (<4 Ma, accounting for errors in the

295 estimates) is characteristic of starting plume head eruptions such as that represented by the

296 Deccan basalts (<1 Ma, Baksi 2014 and references therein) and the Siberian traps (<1 Ma, Kamo

297 et al., 2003). In the zone of foci of the radiating Cuddapah dyke swarm several geophysical

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298 anomalies have been reported. The occurrence of a circular gravity high (~55 mGal, Singh et al.,

299 2004), a 100 km wide highly conductive body (resistivity <100 ohm-meter, Naganjaneyulu and

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300 Harinarayana, 2004) and seismic evidence (Chandrakala et al., 2010) for a 15 to 20 km thick,

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301 high velocity, high density (Vp: 7.10 -7.30 km/s; density 3.07-3.16 g/cm3) mass. All inferred to

302 be caused by underplated magma beneath the basin. Thinning of the lithosphere beneath the

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304 an
Cuddapah basin (<140 km) compared to the western part of the EDC (180 to 200 km) through

the WDC (260 km) as shown by Gupta et al., (2003) may indicate a region of stretched
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305 continental lithosphere impacted by mantle upwelling and thermal erosion. These features
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306 (assumed to be coeval with the Cuddapah dyke swarm) lend support to a model in which the
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307 Cuddapah dyke swarm originated from a mantle plume. However, other features of plume head

308 magmatism, such as coeval volcanic and plutonic rocks (LeCheminant and Heaman, 1989; Ernst,
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309 2014) are not known from this region. Therefore, the causal factor for the associated uplift due to
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310 thermal perturbation that resulted in the basin formationcan also be explained by global
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311 warming of mantle (Coltice et al., 2009) or small-scale instability like edge-driven convection

312 (Davis and Rawlinson, 2014). We therefore propose that the radiating Cuddapah dyke swarm

313 was probably derived by decompressional melting of an asthenospheric mantle. The mantle

314 upwelling could have resulted in domal uplift of the continental lithosphere, causing crustal

315 extension and thinning followed by thermal relaxation and subsidence which may have been

316 responsible for the formation of the Cuddapah basin.

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317 In basin formation models that invoke thermal subsidence, the onset of sedimentation is

318 considered to be delayed by about 60 to 90 Ma after the initial rifting and uplift (caused by the

319 thermal effect of the mantle plume, as observed in the case of the intracratonic West Siberian

320 Basin, Campbell and Griffiths, 1990; Saunders et al., 2005). The cause for this delay is attributed

t
ip
321 to the decay of thermal uplift (Saunders et al., 2005). Since we advance a similar model for the

322 initiation of the Cuddapah basin, it is likely sedimentation in this basin commenced shortly after

cr
323 2020 Ma, approximately 60 Ma after the emplacement of the Cuddapah dyke swarm at 2082 Ma

us
324 (present study and Demirer, 2012). In this context the Srikalahasti granite dated at 1995±11 Ma

325 and previously inferred (Ravikanth et al., 2014) to represent the thermal event responsible for the

326

327 an
Cuddapah basin formation may represent a later event related to subsequent evolution of the

basin. Therefore, it is evident that episodic heating at ~2082 Ma (Cuddapah dyke swarm, this
M
328 study), ~2000 Ma (SriKalahasti granite, Ravikanth et al., 2014) and ~1880 Ma (Pulivendla sill,
d

329 French et al., 2008) and alternate cooling played a vital role in the development of this basin.
te

330 4.2 Coeval dyke swarms at 2082Ma

331 Coeval ~2082 Ma dyke swarms are known from the Superior province. These include the
p

332 Fort Frances dykes (2076+5/-4 Ma, Buchan et al., 1996), Cauchon lake dykes (2091±2 Ma, Halls
ce

333 and Heaman, 2000), and Lac Esprit dykes (2069±1 Ma, Buchan et al., 2007). To verify if this
Ac

334 was a single large event with coeval basin formation and sedimentary units spreading over the

335 two cratons that may have been neighbors during that time, we attempted a comparison (Figure-

336 11) of the Paleoproterozoic dyke events (‘bar code’ match, Bleeker and Ernst, 2006) from these

337 cratons and also reconstructed their paleopositions at ~2080 Ma using paleomagnetic data

338 (Figure-12).

16

Page 16 of 52
339 Eight dyke events at ~2505 Ma, ~2460 Ma, ~2213 Ma, ~2170 Ma, ~2111 Ma, ~2075 Ma,

340 ~1998 Ma and ~1882 Ma have been reported from the Superior during the Paleoproterozoic

341 (Figure-11). Mafic magmatism know from Dharwar include events at ~2367 Ma, ~2215 Ma,

342 ~2180 Ma, ~2082 Ma and 1885 Ma. Although there appears to be a good number of matching

t
ip
343 dyke events between the two cratons at ~2213 Ma, ~2170 Ma, ~2082 Ma and ~1885 Ma,

344 suggesting they could probably be neighbors during that time. Several events present in the

cr
345 Superior at ~2505 Ma, ~2460 Ma, ~2111 Ma and ~1998 Ma are unknown from the Dharwar, and

us
346 also notable is the absence of the ~2367 Ma dykes in the Superior.

347 Using the paleomagnetic pole (p:38°N; Lp:180°E) obtained for the Cuddapah dyke

348

an
swarm in this study and the reported pole (p:43°N; Lp:184°E) for the Fort Frances dyke swarm
M
349 (Halls, 1986, since they have overlapping ages), a reconstruction of their paleopositions at about

350 2080 Ma shows the two cratons Dharwar and Superior were located disparately (Figure-12) near
d

351 the paleoequator and 30°N latitudes respectively. Paleomagnetic data from Cauchon lake and
te

352 Lac Esprit dyke swarms (Hall and Heaman, 2000 and Buchan et al., 2007) being similar to the

353 Fort Frances dyke data, are consistent with this inference. According to this reconstruction the
p

354 two provinces were separated by a minimum of about 3000km at that time. Suggesting, a ‘bar
ce

355 code’ comparison alone without paleomagnetic data could sometimes be ambiguous. Similar
Ac

356 inference was put forward by Kumar et al., (2012b) based on the paleomagnetic reconstruction of

357 these two provinces at ~2215 Ma also. Based on these evidences we suggest that the ~2080 Ma

358 magmatic events in the Superior and Dharwar probably represent independent events generated

359 from multiple sources. Such disconnected magmatic events have been identified at 65–62 Ma, 90

360 Ma, 120 Ma, 133 Ma, 1115–1070 Ma, 1270 Ma, 1380 Ma, and 1460 Ma (Ernst,2014).

361 5. Conclusions

17

Page 17 of 52
362 A consistent paleomagnetic and precise Pb-Pb baddeleyite age determinations, led us to

363 identify a large 70,000 km2, 2081.6±0.4 Ma old radiating dyke swarm skirting the Cuddapah

364 basin on its north, northwest and western flanks, with its oldest sediments overlying them.The

365 foci of this dyke swarm being beneath the Cuddapah basin and coinciding with geophysical

t
ip
366 anomalies that indicate underplated magma together with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility

367 data suggesting vertically upward magma flow, suggests asthenospheric mantle upwelling and

cr
368 mantle plume activity in this region. In a preferred model, the consequence of plume head

us
369 impact was responsible for large-scale crustal extension followed by thermal relaxation and

370 thinning, resulting in subsidence that may have been responsible for the formation of the intra-

371

372
cratonic Cuddapah basin, shortly after 2082 Ma.

an
Though coeval ~2080 Ma dyke swarms also occur in the Superior province a
M
373 paleoreconstruction of the Dharwar and Superior provinces shows these large igneous provinces
d

374 were separated by more than 3000 km, suggesting that these LIPs were disparate magmatic
te

375 events.

376 Acknowledgements
p

377 We thank the Director, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad for his
ce

378 encouragement to publish this work. We are indebted to D. Srinivas Sarma for the SEM
Ac

379 photographs and analysis, N. Ramesh Babu for assistance in the field and sample preparation.

380 We appreciate the detailed comments from Henry Halls, Michiel de Kock and an anonymous

381 reviewer on the manuscript. This work was supported by the CSIR-NGRI, MLP-6514 and

382 INDEX project funds.

383

384

18

Page 18 of 52
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585 27

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585 Table Notes:
586 Table 1. Sample wt. is in micrograms. 206Pb/204Pb (m) and 207
Pb/206Pb (m) are measured values
207
587 (fraction means with standard error) and Pb/206Pb (c) is the corrected value.

588 Uncertainties are 2σm and refer to the least significant digits. Age errors include

t
ip
589 fractionation uncertainty of 0.055%. Weighted mean ages were calculated using Ludwig

590 (2003).

cr
591 Table 2. Lat. & Long. = latitude and longitude and are in degrees; So = is strike of the dyke in

us
592 degrees from north. N = number of samples studied from each site; Dm = mean

593 declination; Im = mean inclination; k = precision parameter; α95, A95 = the radius (◦) of

an
594 the 95% circle of confidence about the mean magnetization direction; p lat. and p long. =

595 paleocoordinates of the pole; all statistical parameters are based on sample means; a =
M
596 Belica et al., 2014; b = Piispa et al., 2011; c = Radhakrishna et al., 2013. # = sites which

597 are not considered for mean calculations.

d

598 Table 3. * Kmax, Kint and Kmin are the maximum, intermediate and minimum susceptibility
te

599 intensities, respectively; Km : Bulk Susceptibility (*10-6 SI Units); Pj : Corrected degree

p

600 of anisotropy; T : Jelink’s shape parameter (Jelinek, 1981); D : Declination; I :

ce

601 Inclination in degrees. L: magnetic lineation, F: magnetic foliation. All margin samples

602 were collected within 20 cm of the dyke contact.

Ac

603

604

28

Page 28 of 52
604

206
Sample. No. Sample. wt No. bloc. Pb/204Pb Abs. err 207
Pb/206Pb 207
Pb/206Pb Age
(m) (m) (c) (Ma)

DK 106
DK 106-1 2.8 26 2906 46 0.133358±106 0.128796±30 2081.6±1.5

t
DK 106-2 2.8 21 22300 412 0.129435±039 0.128827±41 2082.0±1.7

ip
DK 106-3 3.3 19 32045 211 0.129260±017 0.128843±17 2082.3±1.4
DK 106-4 3.3 24 23246 1094 0.129355±045 0.128780±41 2081.4±1.7

cr
DK 106-5 3.3 14 16019 756 0.129616±064 0.128760±56 2081.1±1.9
Weighted Mean age = 2081.8 ± 0.7 Ma, MSWD = 0.33

us
DK 153
DK153-1 5.2 22 20622 499 0.129169±071 0.128697±46 2080.2±1.8
DK153-2 4.6 18 21992 234 0.129397±076 0.128802±25 2081.7±1.5

an
DK153-3 4.5 24 20234 699 0.129315±070 0.128757±25 2081.1±1.5
DK153-4 4.5 18 21813 356 0.129351±048 0.128735±49 2080.8±1.8
DK153-5 4.5 19 23214 190 0.129408±093 0.128772±37 2081.3±1.6
Weighted Mean age = 2081.1 ± 0.7 Ma, MSWD = 0.43
M
TP 1
TP 1-1 5.3 19 43651 1523 0.129095±088 0.128804±88 2081.7±2.3
d

TP 1-2 5.3 22 26478 392 0.129401±058 0.128894±57 2082.9±1.9

TP 1-3 4.6 21 26679 944 0.129162±111 0.128679±110 2080.0±2.6
te

TP 1-4 5.0 19 64597 2861 0.129079±150 0.128864±139 2082.5±3.0

TP 1-5 5.0 20 91564 4338 0.128911±128 0.128736±122 2080.8±2.8
p

Weighted Mean age = 2081.8 ± 1.1 Ma, MSWD = 1.01

ce

MSG 14
MSG 14-1 4.9 17 17200 291 0.129733±132 0.128772±126 2083.9±2.8
MSG 14-2 4.9 18 20344 513 0.129559±071 0.128867±69 2082.5±2.1
MSG 14-3 4.9 17 18439 486 0.129500±129 0.128851±125 2082.3±2.8
Ac

MSG 14-4 5.6 19 9594 546 0.130221±133 0.128760±81 2081.1±2.2

MSG 14-5 5.6 30 5852 376 0.131477±152 0.128939±34 2083.6±1.6
Weighted Mean age = 2082.8 ± 0.9 Ma, MSWD = 1.00

605
Table-1. TE-TIMS Pb isotopic data on baddeleyite fractions from the Cuddapah dyke swarm samples.
606
607

608

609

29

Page 29 of 52
609 Table-2. Results of paleomagnetic measurements on the Cuddapah dyke swarm.

Site Lat. Long. So N Dm Im k α95 p lat. p long. A95

(°N) (°E) (°N) (°E)

Northern Sector

t
MS2 17.276 79.137 12 8 52 8 136 6 38 178 4

ip
MS12 17.216 79.657 28 8 57 -7 91 6 31 184 4

cr
MS13 17.173 79.633 28 11 42 4 22 10 46 185 7

MS18 17.571 79.539 50 10 55 -1 349 3 33 182 2

us
MS23 17.295 79.683 28 9 55 -9 173 4 31 186 3

MS24 17.144 79.618 28 10 54 -2 60 6 34 183 4

an
DK8 16.564 78.824 355 14 47 6 32 7 42 180 5

DK17 16.648 79.017 0 10 41 15 152 4 49 176 3

M
DK18 16.619 78.973 0 10 33 -1 100 5 54 194 4

DK26 16.658 79.065 355 10 37 0 68 6 50 190 4

DK27 16.615 79.114 7 10 50 11 74 6 40 176 4

d

IB1 17.314 78.686 3 19 52 -20 99 3 32 193 3

te

IB25 17.293 78.679 3 10 48 -4 19 11 39 186 8

p

HY3 17.441 78.702 10 9 27 -10 74 6 55 207 4

HY7 17.172 79.354 352 17 37 -1 83 4 49 191 3

ce

HY8 17.562 78.715 4 11 49 -4 164 4 38 186 3

HY12 17.546 78.887 355 4 59 8 95 10 31 175 7

Ac

P35c 16.520 78.050 300 5 34 12 34 13 55 182 10

P12c # 16.280 78.010 285 6 58 4 18 16 31 175 11

P62c # 16.720 79.180 3 5 23 -4 20 18 61 207 13

P63c 16.690 79.020 356 6 22 -15 37 11 58 216 8

P79c 17.170 79.360 351 8 16 -6 18 14 65 220 10

MS 12+13+24 17.178 79.636 28 29 50 -1 30 5 37 184 4

30

Page 30 of 52
 HY3+8+IB1+25 17.403 78.696 8 49 46 -12 27 4 39 192 3

HY7+P79 17.171 79.357 352 25 36 -1 65 4 50 192 3

DK17+P63 16.669 79.019 355 16 40 13 40 7 50 179 5

Dykes mean 17.007 79.075 -- 13 46 3 48 6 43 183 4

t
ip
Western Sector

cr
DG5 15.477 77.406 309 10 55 -9 88 5 32 183 4

DG7 15.391 77.761 323 10 65 6 117 5 25 172 3

us
DG8 15.451 77.627 322 5 20 -8 40 12 63 211 8

DG10 14.877 77.590 85 8 67 9 67 8 23 169 7

an
DG15# 15.571 77.577 314 8 28 28 36 10 64 165 6

SBa 14.105 77.771 46 3 65 -17 129 11 22 183 8

SCa 14.092 77.770 46 3 63 14 69 15 28 167 11

M
P27mb 14.196 77.808 51 14 66 -11 39 7 22 180 5

P29b 14.181 77.729 44 4 67 -1 61 12 23 175 8

d

P19c 14.610 77.800 57 5 58 9 28 15 32 171 11

te

P37c 14.500 77.770 68 7 44 6 32 11 45 179 8

P13ac # 15.350 77.820 315 4 24 -4 23 20 60 202 14

p
ce

Dykes mean 14.688 77.703 -- 10 57 0 20 11 32 177 8

Dykes Grand 15.998 78.479 -- 23 51 1 27 6 38 180 4

Ac

mean

610

611

31

Page 31 of 52
Table-3

t
ip
cr
Table-3. AMS directions of the Cuddapah dyke swarm.

us
Name Site Lat Site Long Strike Margin Km L F Pj T Kmax Kint Kmin
(°N) (°E) D(°) I(°) D(°) I(°) D(°) I(°)

Northern Sector

an
MS 2 site
MS6AII 17.276 79.137 N12°E West 22445 1.017 1.015 1.032 -0.065 353 80 192 10 101 3

M
MS6AIII 17.276 79.137 N12°E West 21723 1.014 1.013 1.027 -0.024 325 78 198 7 107 10
MS6CI 17.276 79.137 N12°E West 23246 1.017 1.015 1.032 -0.065 356 83 190 6 99 2
MS6BI 17.276 79.137 N12°E West 22934 1.018 1.015 1.033 -0.077 335 81 196 7 105 6
MS7AI 17.276 79.137 N12°E West 24719 1.016 1.007 1.023 -0.369 265 69 155 7 63 20

d
MS7BII 17.276 79.137 N12°E West 22264 1.011 1.009 1.020 -0.135 249 67 145 6 53 22
MS7BIII 17.276 79.137 N12°E West 22997 1.015 1.007 1.023 -0.382 227 62 321 2 52 28
MS7CI
MS6BII
17.276
17.276 te
79.137
79.137
N12°E
N12°E
West
East
24757
22842
1.010
1.016
1.009
1.017
1.019
1.033
-0.080
0.023
244
27
67
79
146
195
3
11
55
285
23
2
ep
MS6CII 17.276 79.137 N12°E East 22356 1.017 1.015 1.032 -0.061 13 80 192 10 282 0
MS7AII 17.276 79.137 N12°E East 28318 1.023 1.006 1.031 -0.605 94 77 4 0 274 13
MS7AIII 17.276 79.137 N12°E East 24612 1.017 1.005 1.023 -0.531 111 67 345 15 250 18
c

MS7BI 17.276 79.137 N12°E East 25778 1.021 1.004 1.027 -0.708 121 76 354 8 263 11
MS7CII 17.276 79.137 N12°E East 26203 1.014 1.003 1.018 -0.662 122 68 19 5 287 21
Ac

MS7CIII 17.276 79.137 N12°E East 24644 1.013 1.004 1.017 -0.547 123 60 343 24 245 17
MS 12 Site
MS56AI 17.216 79.657 N28°E West 41804 1.022 1.015 1.037 -0.185 260 75 42 12 134 9
MS56AIII 17.216 79.657 N28°E West 43815 1.004 1.044 1.054 0.814 253 76 29 11 121 10
MS57AI 17.216 79.657 N28°E West 25073 1.027 1.034 1.063 0.115 212 69 26 21 117 2
MS57CII 17.216 79.657 N28°E West 27607 1.026 1.027 1.054 0.029 256 79 22 7 113 9
MS58AI 17.216 79.657 N28°E West 41305 1.023 1.005 1.030 -0.630 239 69 36 20 129 8
MS56BI 17.216 79.657 N28°E East 47304 1.012 1.024 1.037 0.310 113 82 218 2 308 8
MS56BII 17.216 79.657 N28°E East 40516 1.001 1.015 1.018 0.903 200 49 34 40 298 7

Page 32 of 52
 t
ip
cr
MS57AII 17.216 79.657 N28°E East 24086 1.025 1.026 1.051 0.029 182 73 24 16 292 6
MS57CI 17.216 79.657 N28°E East 24059 1.013 1.044 1.060 0.528 199 64 35 25 302 6

us
DK58BII 17.216 79.657 N28°E East 40978 1.035 1.009 1.046 -0.589 118 72 211 1 302 18
MS 18 Site
MS88AII 17.571 79.539 N50°E East 26955 1.021 1.031 1.054 0.183 142 80 9 7 278 7
MS89AI 17.571 79.539 N50°E East 41066 1.093 1.011 1.116 -0.778 129 63 38 1 308 27

an
MS89AII 17.571 79.539 N50°E East 30420 1.096 1.022 1.128 -0.618 133 65 33 5 301 25
MS90AIII 17.571 79.539 N50°E East 25340 1.051 1.009 1.066 -0.701 155 72 4 16 272 8
MS90CII 17.571 79.539 N50°E East 10123 1.034 1.021 1.056 -0.232 219 85 36 6 126 0

M
MS91AIII 17.571 79.539 N50°E East 79954 1.039 1.017 1.058 -0.398 164 79 1 11 270 3
MS 23 Site
MS116AI 17.295 79.683 N28°E East 62051 1.027 1.031 1.059 0.058 104 70 254 18 347 10

d
MS116AII 17.295 79.683 N28°E East 61981 1.027 1.031 1.059 0.054 76 70 225 17 318 10
MS116BI 17.295 79.683 N28°E East 44574 1.017 1.033 1.051 0.321 96 73 253 15 345 6
MS116BII
MS117BI
MS117BII
17.295
17.295
17.295 te
79.683
79.683
79.683
N28°E
N28°E
N28°E
East
East
East
44525
57316
57279
1.017
1.018
1.018
1.033
1.027
1.027
1.050
1.046
1.046
0.323
0.200
0.191
68
93
65
72
68
68
227
261
233
17
22
21
319
353
325
6
4
4
ep
MS118BII 17.295 79.683 N28°E East 53981 1.003 1.027 1.034 0.782 80 64 253 26 345 3
MS118CII 17.295 79.683 N28°E East 57296 1.007 1.024 1.032 0.567 68 60 233 30 327 7
MS116AI 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 57320 1.115 1.183 1.322 0.216 303 88 185 1 95 2
c

MS116BII 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 62782 1.027 1.028 1.056 0.018 245 73 41 16 133 7
MS118AI 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 43762 1.010 1.033 1.045 0.548 1 89 240 0 150 1
Ac

MS118AII 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 46530 1.013 1.032 1.047 0.439 92 86 268 4 358 0
MS118AIII 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 44309 1.014 1.036 1.053 0.444 63 84 241 6 331 0
MS118AIV 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 46500 1.013 1.032 1.047 0.421 68 87 239 3 329 1
MS118BI 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 56910 1.006 1.024 1.033 0.583 302 83 93 6 183 4
MS118BIII 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 56877 1.006 1.024 1.032 0.620 271 82 66 8 156 4
MS119AII 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 61927 1.022 1.030 1.052 0.148 333 88 214 1 124 2
MS119BI 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 52880 1.021 1.033 1.055 0.217 45 83 210 7 300 2
MS119BII 17.295 79.683 N28°E West 55345 1.020 1.033 1.054 0.231 32 76 211 14 301 0

Page 33 of 52
 t
ip
cr
DK 8 Site
DK49AII 16.564 78.824 N355°E East 142365 1.011 1.009 1.021 -0.094 235 27 129 28 1 50

us
DK49BII 16.564 78.824 N355°E East 137757 1.010 1.014 1.024 0.166 219 25 113 32 340 48
DK52AI 16.564 78.824 N355°E East 110135 1.014 1.007 1.021 -0.368 256 24 89 66 348 5
DK52AII 16.564 78.824 N355°E East 171541 1.019 1.006 1.027 -0.540 248 17 94 71 340 8
DK53BII 16.564 78.824 N355°E East 131108 1.010 1.011 1.021 0.055 226 17 127 27 344 58

an
DK54AII 16.564 78.824 N355°E East 133261 1.010 1.010 1.020 -0.033 239 27 111 50 344 27
DK54BII 16.564 78.824 N355°E East 103645 1.002 1.018 1.022 0.767 261 23 119 62 358 16
DK 17 Site

M
DK95AI 16.648 79.017 N-S East 775 1.002 1.002 1.003 -0.048 66 80 205 8 295 7
DK97AI 16.648 79.017 N-S East 823 1.003 1.001 1.005 -0.557 23 69 198 21 289 2
DK97AII 16.648 79.017 N-S East 1036 1.006 1.002 1.009 -0.589 56 61 208 26 304 12

d
DK97BI 16.648 79.017 N-S East 644 1.003 1.003 1.006 -0.028 8 66 194 24 103 2
DK98BI 16.648 79.017 N-S East 1034 1.006 1.000 1.008 -0.861 53 57 221 33 315 5
DK98BII
DK98BIII
DK100AI
16.648
16.648
16.648 te
79.017
79.017
79.017
N-S
N-S
N-S
East
East
East
1010
1008
1128
1.007
1.007
1.006
1.002
1.001
1.001
1.009
1.009
1.007
-0.510
-0.639
-0.837
48
44
70
48
51
73
200
198
233
38
37
17
302
298
324
14
13
5
ep
DK 26 Site
DK140AI 16.658 79.065 N355°E West 22797 1.02 1.023 1.043 0.073 269 58 13 9 108 31
DK141AI 16.658 79.065 N355°E West 21661 1.017 1.016 1.033 -0.029 274 56 31 17 131 28
c

DK141AII 16.658 79.065 N355°E West 23533 1.015 1.015 1.030 0.001 263 45 6 12 107 42
DK141AIII 16.658 79.065 N355°E West 21514 1.017 1.015 1.033 -0.071 274 56 33 18 132 28
Ac

DK141BI 16.658 79.065 N355°E West 20677 1.019 1.019 1.038 -0.010 270 60 14 8 108 29
DK 27 Site
DK149AI 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 11049 1.009 1.012 1.021 0.150 149 76 44 4 313 14
DK149AII 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 8130 1.015 1.004 1.019 -0.598 139 63 355 22 259 14
DK149AIII 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 8106 1.014 1.003 1.018 -0.616 136 62 353 23 256 15
DK149BI 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 9283 1.021 1.018 1.039 -0.064 153 71 353 18 261 6
DK150BI 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 5174 1.019 1.003 1.024 -0.702 108 67 298 23 207 4
DK150BII 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 5134 1.018 1.004 1.023 -0.641 107 66 293 24 202 3

Page 34 of 52
 t
ip
cr
DK152BI 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 23819 1.017 1.001 1.020 -0.896 164 70 352 20 262 3
DK152BII 16.615 79.114 N7°E East 23807 1.016 1.002 1.020 -0.821 154 69 7 18 274 11

us
IB 1 Site
IB6AI 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1092 1.01 1.011 1.021 0.027 15 1 271 86 105 4
IB6AI 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1090 1.011 1.01 1.021 -0.068 11 0 277 85 101 5
IB6AII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1147 1.013 1.007 1.021 -0.299 190 0 281 83 100 7

an
IB6AIII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1083 1.008 1.009 1.018 0.057 15 4 265 79 105 10
IB6AIII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1150 1.013 1.009 1.022 -0.184 191 6 323 82 100 6
IB6BI 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1055 1.010 1.012 1.023 0.090 186 4 307 83 95 6

M
IB6BII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 976 1.011 1.009 1.02 -0.079 190 8 310 75 98 13
IB6BIII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 930 1.010 1.013 1.022 0.139 189 3 287 73 98 17
IB7AI 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1215 1.009 1.012 1.021 0.135 185 2 286 82 95 8

d
IB7AII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1158 1.008 1.013 1.021 0.208 13 1 280 78 103 12
IB7AIII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1211 1.008 1.014 1.022 0.259 187 0 278 82 97 8
IB7BI
IB7BII
IB7BIII
17.314
17.314
17.314 te
78.686
78.686
78.686
N19°E
N19°E
N19°E
West
West
West
1094
1155
1057
1.011
1.010
1.006
1.014
1.011
1.011
1.025
1.021
1.017
0.122
0.061
0.247
15
15
195
1
1
15
272
256
346
87
88
73
105
105
103
3
2
8
ep
IB7BIV 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1151 1.010 1.011 1.021 0.034 17 2 271 84 107 6
IB7CI 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1170 1.009 1.015 1.024 0.218 191 2 338 88 101 1
IB7CII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1091 1.010 1.011 1.021 0.035 11 1 264 87 101 3
c

IB7CIII 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1155 1.010 1.013 1.023 0.148 11 3 254 84 101 6
IB7CIV 17.314 78.686 N19°E West 1175 1.010 1.014 1.024 0.173 192 8 353 81 102 3
Ac

IB5AI 17.314 78.686 N19°E East 894 1.010 1.005 1.015 -0.343 18 4 130 78 288 11
IB5AII 17.314 78.686 N19°E East 916 1.011 1.002 1.014 -0.681 200 1 105 79 291 11
IB5AIII 17.314 78.686 N19°E East 931 1.010 1.003 1.013 -0.580 19 3 122 79 289 11
IB5BI 17.314 78.686 N19°E East 931 1.011 1.005 1.016 -0.407 23 6 132 73 291 16
IB5BII 17.314 78.686 N19°E East 942 1.012 1.001 1.015 -0.835 19 5 194 85 289 1

Page 35 of 52
 t
ip
cr
Western sector

us
DG 5 Site
DG31AI 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 41149 1.018 1.029 1.048 0.225 288 64 106 27 196 1
DG31AII 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 16432 1.032 1.034 1.067 0.027 281 58 108 32 16 3

an
DG31AIII 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 24026 1.020 1.034 1.055 0.264 289 48 103 42 195 3
DG31BI 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 41172 1.018 1.029 1.048 0.232 287 62 105 28 196 1
DG31BII 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 28937 1.032 1.037 1.070 0.078 291 75 111 15 21 0
DG31BIII 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 34265 1.020 1.028 1.049 0.178 288 69 106 21 196 1

M
DG31CI 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 23983 1.020 1.036 1.057 0.281 288 49 105 41 196 2
DG31CII 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 25930 1.018 1.041 1.062 0.378 268 60 110 28 14 10
DG31CIII 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 25986 1.019 1.040 1.061 0.359 268 61 109 27 14 9

d
DG33AI 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 13540 1.015 1.010 1.025 -0.223 280 54 101 36 11 0
DG33AII 15.477 77.406 N309°E West 13573 1.015 1.010 1.026 -0.199 282 57 101 33 191 0
DG33BII
DG 7 Site
15.477
te
77.406 N309°E West 27666 1.009 1.020 1.030 0.373 283 55 104 35 13 0
ep
DG39AII 15.391 77.761 N323°E West 26995 1.015 1.02 1.036 0.142 303 59 119 31 210 2
DG39BI 15.391 77.761 N323°E West 27036 1.015 1.021 1.036 0.169 302 58 119 32 210 1
DG39BII 15.391 77.761 N323°E West 35059 1.009 1.014 1.023 0.202 325 67 109 19 204 13
DG40AI 15.391 77.761 N323°E West 27769 1.009 1.015 1.024 0.226 322 66 121 23 214 8
c

DG40BII 15.391 77.761 N323°E West 33498 1.011 1.010 1.021 -0.037 314 62 100 23 196 14
Ac

DG40CII 15.391 77.761 N323°E West 18361 1.011 1.023 1.034 0.367 314 71 113 18 205 6
DG41BII 15.391 77.761 N323°E West 16385 1.006 1.013 1.019 0.340 318 59 94 23 193 19

Page 36 of 52
Figure-1

18°N
Deccan traps (~66 Ma, Ar-Ar) N
Dykes (Paleoproterozoic)
Granulites (2.53-2.51 Ga, U-Pb
U-Pb)) MS18
HY12
Granites (2.6-2.5 Ga, U-Pb, Pb-Pb) HY8
Greenstone belts (2.9-2.6 Ga, U-Pb, Sm-Nd) HY3 EDD09-023
MS23
Archean gneisses & granites (>2.6 Ga, U-Pb) IB1
Hyderabad IB25 MS2 HY7
MS12
MS13
P79
MS24

t
ip
DK153 MSG14
DK17 P63
P62
DK106

cr
DK18 DK27
P35 DK26 Psb
DK8

us
P12

Ssb
16°N

DG15
an
TP1
M
DG8
P13a
DG5 DG7 Ksb
BNB10-011

BNB10-020
d

Pgsb
e

DG10
pt

P19

P37 1885.4±3.1 Ma
ce

P29
P27m
SB
14°N SC
Ac

Kurnool Group
Srisailam Quarzite
Nallamalai fold belt
Mafic Flows /Sills & dykes
Flows/Sills
Chitravati Group
Papaghni Group
km
Bangalore 0 50 Chennai
77°E 79°E

Page 37 of 52
Figure-2

Gandikota

t
Quartzite
Chitravati Group

ip
cr
Tadpatri
Shale Dolerite Sills

us
Dolerite & Picrite Sills
1885±3 Ma

Pulivendula
Quartzite
an
MDA ~1923 Ma
Basaltic lava flows
M
Papaghni Group

Vempalli
Limestone MDA ~2422 Ma
e d

Gulcheru MDA ~2524 Ma

pt

Quartzite
ce
Ac Basement

Cuddapah dyke swarm

Page 38 of 52
Figure-3

magnetite

t
ip
ilmenite

cr
10 µm
us
an
M
e d
pt
ce
Ac

Page 39 of 52
Figure-4

data-point error symbols are 2s

2092
DK 106
Mean age = 2081.8± 0.7 (95% conf.)
2088 Wtd by data-pt errs only.
MSWD = 0.33
Age in Ma

2084

t
2080

ip
cr
2076
(a)

us
2072
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2092

2088
DK 153 an
Mean age = 2081.1 ± 0.7(95% conf.)
Wtd by data-pt errs only.
MSWD = 0.43
M
Age in Ma

2084

2080
e d

2076
(b)
pt

2072
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ce

Number of fractions
Ac

Page 40 of 52
Figure-5

data-point error symbols are 2σ

2095
TP 1
Mean age= 2081.8±1.1 (95% conf.) (a)
Wtd by data-pt errs only.
2090 MSWD = 1.01
Age in Ma

t
ip
2085

cr
2080

us
2075
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2095
MSG 14
an
Mean age= 2082.8±0.9 (95% conf.) (b)
M
Wtd by data-pt errs only,
2090 MSWD = 1.00
Age in Ma

2085
e
pt

2080
ce

2075
Ac

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of fractions

Page 41 of 52
Figure-6

t
N N

ip
cr
PEF PEF

us
DPF DPF

an
M
(a) (b)
E E
de
pt
ce
Ac

Page 42 of 52
Figure-7

N: Up N: Up
0 mT

N DK49AIII N MS119BI 5-20 mT

(Site DK8) 7.5 mT (Site MS23) 0 mT

30 mT
(a) (b)
50-560°C

580°C 10-100 mT 100 mT

50-560°C W E W -Y
E

580°C 5 mT

t
7.5 mT

ip
0 mT
0 mT

cr
Unit= 276.e-03 A/m Unit= 202.e-03 A/m
E E

S: Down S: Down

us
N: Up N: Up
0 mT 0 mT

N IB139AI
(Site IB25)
40 mT
N
an DG41AI
(Site DG7)
10 mT

(c) (d)
M
7.5 mT 17.5 mT
0 mT

50 mT
100 mT
W E W E
d

60-100 mT 0 mT
e

10 mT
100 mT
pt

E E
ce

Unit= 13.4e-03 A/m Unit= 51.6e-03 A/m

S: Down S: Down
Ac

N: Up N: Up
0 mT

N
N MS86BI DG80CI 5 mT
(Site MS18)
(f) (Site DG15)
(e) 20 mT
40 mT 5 mT

80 mT E 20 mT
W E W E
0 mT
0 mT
5-100 mT

0 mT

Unit= 57.0e-03 A/m

E
Unit= 45.8e-03 A/m
Page 43 of 52
S: Down S: Down
Figure-8

180°E

t
ip
cr
°N
30

us
270°E N
an 90°E
M
d
e
pt
ce
Ac

0°

Page 44 of 52
Figure-9

Northern Sector
N N

MS 2 MS 2
West margin East margin
N=8 N=7

K1

t
K2

ip
K3
N N

cr
us
MS 12 MS 12
West margin East margin
N=5 N=5

an
M
N N
e d

MS 23
pt

West Margin
N=11
ce

MS 23
East Margin
N=8
Ac

N N

MS 18 DK 17
East Margin East margin
N=6 N=8

Page 45 of 52
Figure-10

N N

DK 26 DK 27
West margin East margin
N=5 N=8

K1

t
K2

ip
K3
N N

cr
us
IB 1 IB 1
West margin East margin
N=19 N=5

an
M
N
e d

DK 8
East margin
pt

N=7
ce
Ac

Western Sector
N N

DG 5 DG 7
West margin West margin
N=12 N=7

Page 46 of 52
Figure-11

t
ip
Dharwar craton D Superior craton

cr
2500

C C

us
2400 h h i i i j

an
2300
U-Pb/Pb-Pb Age (Ma)

f
M x
y
f g x z z A A B
w
ed
2200 e e u v v

s t
s s
r s s s
pt

r
2100 q
c d d d d

o p
ce

m
2000
Ac

1900 a b l l l
k

1800

Page 47 of 52
Figure-12

60 S
°N
D

Cauchon lake dykes

(2091.1+1.8/-2.1 Ma)

t
Fort Frances dykes

ip
(2076+5/-4 Ma)
30
°N 30°N

cr
Superior craton Lac Esprit dykes

us
(2069± 1Ma)
Eq
u
at
or

30
°E an
M
Cuddapah dyke swarm
(~2082Ma)
Equator
d

Dharwar craton
e
pt
ce
Ac

Page 48 of 52
615 Figure Captions:

616 Figure 1.Simplified geological map of the Dharwar craton showing the distribution of 2082Ma

617 dykes and locations of sampled sites. Red dots represent sites of paleomagnetic studies in

618 the present study and blue dots are sites published earlier (references in Table-2). Site

t
ip
619 numbers are keyed to Table-2. Pb-Pb baddeleyite geochronological studies were

620 performed on sites represented by red stars, pink stars are U-Pb ages reported by Demirer

cr
621 (2012). The black star shows the site location of the dated Pulivendula sill (French et al.,

us
622 2008). Dykes shown in red belong to the 2082 Ma dyke swarm as inferred from the age

623 and paleomagnetic data (presented here). Dykes in grey are tentatively inferred to belong

624

625 an
to the 2082 Ma swarm, based on their field criteria (including strike pattern and cross

cutting relationship with adjacent dykes). Dashed blue line demarcates the -30 mGal
M
626 Geoidal corrected Bouguer contour, after Singh and Mishra (2002). Pgsb= Papagni sub-
d

627 basin; Ksb= Kurnool sub-basin; Ssb= Srisailam sub-basin; Psb= Palnad sub-basin.
te

628 Figure 2.Lithostratigraphy of the Papaghni and Chitravathi groups,Cuddapah basin. After Saha

629 and Patranabis-Deb, 2014. MDA= maximum depositional age after Collins et al., (2014),
p

630 age of sills after (French et al., 2008).

ce

631 Figure3.Scanning electron microscope back-scattered electron image showing elongated

Ac

632 ilmenite and Ti-poor magnetite (light grey subhedral grains seen in the background).
207
633 Figure 4.TE-TIMS weighted mean Pb/206Pb ages on five baddeleyite fractions each from

634 samples (a) DK 106 and (b) DK 153 (sample location given in Figure-1). Error bars

635 represent 95% confidence limits of measurements.

37

Page 49 of 52
 207
636 Figure 5.TE-TIMS weighted mean Pb/206Pb ages on five baddeleyite fractions each from

637 samples (a) TP 1 and (b) MSG 14 (sample location given in Figure-1). Error bars

638 represent 95% confidence limits of measurements.

639 Figure 6.Stereoplots showing paleomagnetic data. (a) Site mean characteristic remanence directions with

t
ip
640 ovals of 95% confidence of 13 dykes from the northern sector and (b) 10 dykes from the western

641 sector. Present study and accepted published site means are represented as black circles. Grey

cr
642 circles are outlier data not considered for calculating the mean direction (Table-2). Red closed

us
643 circle represents the grand mean of all accepted data for the respective sectors. Black stars

644 represent DPF, Dipole field and PEF, Present Earth’s field direction based on the 1995 IGRF.

an
645 Figure 7.Zijderveld diagrams and equal area stereonet projections showing characteristic behavior of

646 natural remanence to thermal demagnetization (a) and AF demagnetization (b to f) for

M
647 representative samples from different sites. Thermal demagnetization measurements are in °C and

648 AF measurements are in millitesla (mT). Open/closed circles in the stereoplots represent
d

649 upward/downward directed vectors and open/closed circles in the Zijderveld plots represent
te

650 vertical/horizontal projections. Plotted using Remasoft 3.0, a plotting and analysis program

651 (Chadima and Hrouda, 2006).

p

652 Figure 8.Schmidt projection showing the virtual geomagnetic poles of site means from the
ce

653 Cuddapah dykes. Grey filled circles represent paleomagnetic poles of accepted sites.
Ac

654 Grandmean VGP of the Cuddapah dyke swarm is shown with a filled oval of confidence

655 in red. Shown in open grey circles are paleopoles of the outlier sites.

656 Figure 9.Lower hemisphere projection of eigenvectors Kmax (K1), Kint (K2), Kmin (K3) for

657 representative sites showing eastern and western margin samples in separate plots from

658 the northern sector. Dyke trends are shown as grey lines.

38

Page 50 of 52
659 Figure 10. Lower hemisphere projection of eigenvectors Kmax (K1), Kint (K2), Kmin (K3) for

660 representative sites showing eastern and western margin samples in separate plots from

661 the northern and western sectors. Dyke trends are shown as grey lines.

662 Figure 11.U-Pb / Pb-Pb age correlation chart showing the distribution of Paleoproterozoic mafic

t
ip
663 magmatic events of Dharwar and Superior cratons. The width of individual bars

664 corresponds to 2σ error in the respective ages. Grey band showing matching magmatic

cr
665 events in both Cratons. Symbols correspond to the following mafic magmatic events and

us
666 references: a: Pulivendula sill (1885.4±3.1Ma, French et al., 2008); b: Kamalapur dyke

667 (~1894 Ma, Halls et al., 2007); c: Devarabanda swarm (2081.0±1.6 Ma, Demirer, 2012);

668

669
d: Neredugommu, Puttamgandi,

an
Malyala and Mukundapuram

(2081.8±0.7Ma,2081.1±0.7 Ma,2081.8±1.1 Ma and 2082.5±1.3 Ma respectively, Present

dykes
M
670 study); e: Bandepalem and Dandeli dykes (2176.5±3.7 Ma and 2180.8±0.9 Ma, French
d

671 and Heaman, 2010); f: Somala and Kandlamadugu dykes (2209.3±2.8Ma and 2220.5±4.9
te

672 Ma, French and Heaman, 2010); g: AKLDyke (2215.9±0.3 Ma, Kumar et al., 2014); h:

673 Karimnagar and Hyderabad dykes (2368.5±2.6 Ma and 2367.1±3.1 Ma, Kumar et al.,
p

674 2012a); i: Harohalli, Penukonda and Chennakottapalli dykes (2365.4±1.0Ma,

ce

675 2365.9±1.5Ma and 2368.6±1.3Ma respectively, French and Heaman, 2010); j:

Ac

676 Yeragumballi dyke (2366.7±1.0Ma,Halls et al., 2007); k: Cauchon lake dyke (1877+7/-4

677 Ma, Halls and Heaman, 2000); l: Cuthbert lake dyke, cross lake dyke and fox river sill

678 (1883±2 Ma, 1883.7+1.7/-1.5 Ma and 1882.9+1.5/-1.4 Ma respectively, Heaman et al.,

679 1986); m: Minto dyke (1998.4±1.3 Ma, Buchan et al., 1998); n: Minnesota river valley

680 dyke (2067.3±0.7 Ma, Schmitz et al., 2006); o: Lac Esprit dykes (2069±1 Ma, Buchan et

681 al., 2007); p: Fort frances dykes, (2076+5/-4 Ma, Buchan et al., 1996); q: Cauchon lake

39

Page 51 of 52
682 dyke (2091.1+1.8/-2.1 Ma, Halls and Heaman, 2000); r: Marathon reversed dykes

683 (2101±1.6 Ma and 2101.8±1.9 Ma , Hamilton et al., 2002); s: Marathon dykes

684 (2104.6±1.8 Ma, 2106.3±3.5 Ma, 2121.4+7.8/-8.2 Ma, 2109.1±1.6 Ma, 2112±9 Ma and

685 2125.7±1.2 Ma, Halls et al., 2008); t: Marathon dykes (2121+14/-7 Ma, Buchan et al.,

t
ip
686 1996); u: Biscotasing dykes (2166.7±1.4 Ma, Buchan et al., 1993); v: Biscotasing dykes

687 (2167.8±2.2 Ma and 2171.6±1.2 Ma, Halls and Davis, 2004); w: Couture dykes (2199±5

cr
688 Ma, Maurice et al., 2009); x: Magurie and Klotz dykes (2229+35/-20 Ma and 2209.7±0.8

us
689 Ma, Buchan et al., 1998); y: Senneterre dykes (2216+8/-4 Ma, Buchan et al., 1996);

690 z:Kogalukbay and Anuc dykes (2212±3 Maand 2220±1 Ma, Maurice et al., 2009); A:

691

692 an
Nippsing intrusions (2209±3.6 Ma, and 2217.2±4 Ma, Noble and Lightfoot, 1992);

B:Nippsing sills (2219+3.6/-3.5 Ma, Corfu and Andrews, 1986); C: Matachewan dykes
M
693 (2473+16/-9 Ma and 2445.8+2.9/-2.6 Ma, Heaman, 1997); D: Ptarmigan dykes
d

694 (2505.3+2/-1.3 Ma, Buchan et al., 1998).

te

695 Figure 12.Orthogonal projection showing paleopositions of the Dharwar and Superior cratons at ~2080

696 Ma, using VGP’s of Cuddapah dyke swarm (present study) and Fort Frances dykes (Halls, 1986)
p

697 respectively. Superior Craton was rotated by 80° (anticlockwise) about the Euler pole:
ce

698 45°N and 173°E. Inset is an enlarged view of the reconstructed cratons at ~2080 Ma to

699 display dyke swarm orientation. Dyke swarms are represented as black thick lines.
Ac

700 Outlines of Neoarchean sequences are also shown within the cratons in green for the

701 comparison of their regional structural grain.This reconstruction was made assuming that

702 the magnetic field was a geocentric axial dipole during this time using “GMAP”

703 computer program (Torsvik and Smethurst, 1999). S: Superior VGP; D: Dharwar VGP.

704
705
40

Page 52 of 52