INPUT DATA

2 SUPERSTRUCTURE
Super Structure Details = 38.052 m
Grade of Concrete(Superstructure) = 35 (M)
skew angle = 0 ˚
Finished Road Level (FRL) = 112.470 m
Level at bottom of girder (Bearing level) = 110.145 m
Thickness of wearing coat = 0.075 m
3
Unit weight of wearing course = 25 kN/m
Effective span (c/c of bearing/cross girder/abutment) (Le) = 38 m
No. of Span = 14 no
Length between Expansion Gap center to center = 40.304 m
Expansion gap between Dirt wall inner face to Deck edge = 0.040 m
Expansion gap between Dirt wall outer face to Approach Slab = 0.020 m
Total length of bridge between Inner face of Dirt wall ( Ltotal ) = 564.296 m

=
Distance between center line of Cross Girder & Deck Edge 1.106 m
Length of Approach Slab = 6.000 m
Thickness of Approach Slab = 0.300 m
Total Length of Bridge with Approach Slab = 577.136 m
Total width (W) = 11.900 m
Carriageway width = 11.000 m
Provision of Footpath = No
Width of Footpath = 0.000 m
Width of Kerb (bk) = 0.450 m
Width of Crash Barrier (bc) = 0.000 m
Ht. of Kerb (hk) = 0.300 m
Ht. of Crash Barrier (hc) = 0.000 m
Area of Crash Barrier = 0.000 m2
Depth of Girder (Including Deck Slab) = 2.250 m
Depth of Girder (Excluding Deck Slab) = 1.950 m
Thickness of deck slab at end = 0.300 m
Thickness of deck slab at mid point = 0.300 m
Camber in deck slab = 2 %
Unit weight of RCC = 25 kN/m3
Grade of Steel = 500 (Fe)
3 GIRDER DETAILS
No. of Longitudinal Girder = 6 no
Total Dead Load of Super Structure on Pier = 5725 kN

4 SUBSTRUCTURE & FOUNDATION

Grade of Concrete(Substructure & Foundation) = 35 (M)
2
Young's modulus of Concrete, Ecm = 31000 N/mm
(From table 6.5, IRC:112-2011, page no. 38)
Reinforcement
Grade of steel = 500 (Fe 500)
No of Pier = 15 no
FOR PIER
Type of Foundation = Pile foundation
Top of pilecap = 100.4 m
Maximum scour level = 0.000 m
Bottom of Foundation/Pile Cap at Pier Location = 98.600 m
Height of Pier = 9.515 m
Pier Shaft
Dia of Pier shaft = 2.500 m
Length of Pier (Straight Portion) at Top = 2.500 m
Length of Pier (Straight Portion) at Bottom = 2.500 m
Avg. Length of Pier (Straight Portion) = 2.500 m
Pier Cap
Length of Pier Cap = 12.000 m
Width of Pier cap top = 3.300 m
Ht of Rectangular portion of Pier Cap = 1.200 m
Ht of Trapizoidal portion of Pier Cap = 0.800 m
 Pier Foundation
Foundation Shape (Rectangle/Tappered) = Rectangle
Total Width of Pier Foundation = 5.100 m
Width of Pier Foundation from face of Pier = 1.300 m
Length of Pier Foundation = 8.700 m
Thickness of Pier Foundation at Pier Face = 1.800 m
Thickness of Pier Foundation at Edge = 1.800 m

Pile and pile cap :-

Diameter of piles = = 1.200 m
Height of pile cap = = 1.800 m
Length of pile cap = = 8.700 m
Width of pile cap = = 5.100 m
Length Pile= = 34.00 m
Vertical Capacity= 5700 KN Hor. Capacity = 530.00 Kn
5
DETAILS OF BEARING AND ARRESTER BLOCK
Bearing Type ( Elastomeric/ Rocker-Roller/ Pot cum PTFE ) = Pot cum PTFE
Bearing on Abt ( Elastomeric/ Rocker/Roller/ Pot/Pot cum PTFE ) = Pot cum PTFE
Bearing on Pier ( Elastomeric/ Rocker-Roller/ Pot PTFE/Pot-Pot/Rocker-Rocker ) = Pot cum PTFE
No. of Bearing at Pier 12 no
SEISMIC ZONE
Seismic Zone = IV
Importance Factor = 1.2
Zone factor, Z = 0.24
 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

Hydraulic Particulars & Height of Pier wall

At the proposed Bridge Site, the following data are available; FRL=112.47m
a) High Flood Level, HFL = 0.000 m
b) Lowest Bed Level, LBL = 0.000 m H.F.L.= 0m
Pier
At Pier Locations
Levels at pier locations Pile Cap
E.G.L. at Pier P1 = 0.000 m
Calculation of height of frame at Pier locations
The lowest E.G.L. at Pier = 0.000 m Pile
Placing bottom of pile cap at = 98.600 m
Top of pile cap level = 100.400 m
Top of Pier cap level = 109.915 m
Top of bearing level = 110.145 m
Hence, 110.145 - 100.4 = 9.745 m
Height of frame at Pier locations = 9.745 m
Height of Pier with cap = 9.515 m
LOAD CALCULATIONS
PERMANENT ACTIONS
Self Weight / Dead Load
Wt. of deck with girder = 5725 kN Weight of pier cap = 1608.50 kN
Wt. of Footpath = 0.00 kN Weight of circular pier shaft = 922.23 kN
Live load on Footpath = 0.00 kN Total weight of pier = 922.23 kN
Wt. of Kerb = 0.00 kN Total weight of pile cap = 1996.65 kN
Dead Load from super-structure = 5725 kN

VARIABLE GRAVITY LOAD TREATED AS PERMANENT LOAD

Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL) (except surfacing)
Super Imposed Dead Load acting on pier = Wt. of crash barrirer = 509.85 kN
Surfacing and Wearing Coat
Surfacing or loading due to wearing coat on pier = 830.45 kN

VARIABLE ACTIONS
Vehicular Live Load

Carriageway Live load

(I) 2 lanes of Class-A

1 Type of Loading = Class A train of vehicle.

A) One Span Loaded
Span, Le = 38 m Case - 1: One Lane / one span loaded.
Lc = 1.106 m Minimum Clearence = 150 mm
Expansion gap = 0.04 m Width of ground contact (In transverse direction) = 500 mm
Impact Factor = 1.103 Width of Footpath with crush barrier & kerb = 450 mm
Width of carriageway = 11.00 m

114 114 68 68 68 68
1.2 4.3 3 3 3 24.66

1.106 38.052 1.106

Rb Ra

0.85 1.8

eT 5.95

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

Maximum Reaction = Rb = 484.7 KN

And transverse eccentricity, wrt deck, eT = 4.2 m
And longitudinal eccentricity, wrt abutment, eL = 0 m

Case - 2: Two Lane / One span loaded.

Minimum clearence = 1200 mm between two outer edges of vehicle.
CG of Load
2.45
0.45 0.4 3.3
1.8 1.7 1.8

5.95 5.95
228
Maximum Reaction = 969.4 kN
And transverse eccentricity, wrt deck, eT = 2.45 m
And longitudinal eccentricity, wrt abutment, eL = 0 m

B) Both Span Loaded

Case - 3: One Lane / both span loaded.
9.09 CG of load
27 27 114 114 68 68 68 68
30.5 1.1 3.2 1.2 2.0 3 3 3 29.1

1.11 38.0520 1.13 1.13 38.052 1.11

Ra Rc
554
3.59 0.71
CG calculation of load:
Taking moment with respect to the left most load, CG of load = 9.09 m
With above consideration, x = 3.59 m
Similarly, we have y = 0.71 m

In order to get the maximum pier reaction, we have place the loads in such a manner so that
the CG of the load passes through the centre line of the pier.

9.09 CG of load
27 27 114 114 68 68 68 68
30.09 1.1 3.2 1.2 2.47 -0.4 3 3 29.5
3

1.11 38.052 1.13 1.13 38.05 1.11

Rb Ra Rc
554

Maximum reaction, RA = 279.2 kN

Similarly, max. reaction, RC = 267.8 kN
R = Total Pier reaction = RA+RC = 547.0 kN
And transverse eccentricity, wrt deck, eT = 4.2 m
And longitudinal eccentricity, wrt pier, eL = 0.02 m

Case - 4: Two Lane / both span loaded.

R = Total Pier reaction = RA+RC = 1094.0 kN
And transverse eccentricity, eT = 2.45 m
And longitudinal eccentricity, eL = 0.02 m

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

CWLL Load on Pier

Load due to
Sl. Load due to Reaction eL eL eT ML MT
Live Load Case additional
No. main wheel (KN) (m) (m) (m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
wheel
1 2 3 4 5 6
(col 4 x col (col 4 x col
For Class-A Class A Class A
6) + (col 5 x 8) + (col 5 x
1 One lane / one span loaded 500 0 484.72 0.00 4.200 0.00 2035.83
2 Two lane / one span loaded 500 0 969.44 0.00 2.450 0.00 2375.13
3 One lane / Both span loaded 554 0 547.01 0.02 4.200 12.79 2297.43
4 Two lane / Both span loaded 554 0 1094.01 0.02 2.450 25.57 2680.33

Longitudinal forces
1 Calculation of Braking Forces
Caused by braking of vehicles ……. (Ref. cl. 211 of IRC 6-2014, page-37)
Case - I Case - II

Class A - Class A -
one lane / Two Lane
Braking force line of action 1.2m
one span both span
loaded loaded
a Total Load kN = 500 554
b Braking force Fh kN = 100 111
c Each side Fh/2 kN = 50.0 55.4
d ThickNess of wearing coat m = 0.075 0.075
e Ht. of Braking force act above bearing m = 3.53 3.53
f Moment at bearing level kN-m = 352.50 390.57
g Reaction as push/pull (+/-) kN = 9.26 10.26
h For moment at pier base, lever arm m = 9.74 9.74
i Longitudinal moment at pier base kN-m = 487.25 539.87

HYDRAULIC ACTIONS
Water current forces:
As the pier portion bellow Highest Flood Level shall be submerged in running water, pressure on
pier by water is calculated here.
On piers, perallel to the direction of water current , the intensity of pressure is calculated
by equation, P =52KV2 ……..( Clause 210.2, IRC:6-2014, page-34)
Where, V = velocity of the current at the point where the pressure
intensity is in meter per second.
K = A constant depending on shape of pier

Circular piers or piers with semicircular ends, K = 0.66 ……(Clause 210.2, IRC:6-2014, page-34)
Mean velocity of current, Vm = 0 m/s
Now, if maximum velocity = V
V2 = 2Vm2 ……..(Clause 210.3, IRC:6-2010, page-32)

Water current pressure at HFL level = 0.000 Kg/m2

= 0.00 kN/m2
Water current pressure at MSL level = 0
Calculation of water current force in transeverse direction

0.00 kN/m2 HFL =0 m

#DIV/0! kN/m2
Top of pile cap = 100.4m

#DIV/0! kN/m2 Bottom of pile cap = 98.6m

0 Maximum Scour Level = 0m

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

Water current pressure diagram

Area of projection plane of pier shaft in transeverse direction = -251 sqm

Total force acting in transeverse direction = #DIV/0! kN
Distance of the line of force above top of pile cap = -50.2 m
Moment in transeverse direction at Pier bottom location = #DIV/0! kN-m

Calculation of water current force in longitudinal direction

For longitudinal direction, K = 0.66
Considering 20˚ variation of water current direction, pressure in longitudinal direction = #DIV/0! kN

Area of projection plane of pier in longitudinal direction = -251 m2

Total force acting in longitudinal direction = #DIV/0! kN
Distance of the line of force above top of pile cap = -50.2 m
Moment in longitudinal direction at Pier bottom location = #DIV/0! kN-m

Buoyancy at HFL condition

HFL =0 m

-100.4 m

1.8 m

Water pressure in horizontal direction on structure will nullify each other

Water pressure at top of pile cap level = -1004 kN/m2
Water pressure at bottom of pile cap level = -986 kN/m2
Excess pressure on bottom of cap = 18 kN/m2
So, total force on bottom of pile cap due to cap only, in upward direction = Net pressure x plan area
798.66 kN
Load on shaft only = -11200.9 kN
Total load on bottom of pile cap = -10402.2 kN

Calculation of WIND LOAD

a Wind Force on superstructure:
i. Transverse wind force (FT) :
Solid area (A1) = Exposed area in Transverse direction = 90.684 m2
FT = 216 kN
ii. Longitudinal wind force (FL) :
FL = 25% of transverse wind force = 53.93 kN
iii. Vertical wind load (FV) :
Plan area (A3) = 479.6176 m2
Lift Coefficient (CL) = 0.75
FV = 439 kN
b Wind force on live load:
as per clause 209.3.7 of IRC: 6, 2014, bridge shall not be considered to carry any live load if the basic wind velocity exceeds 36m/sec

c Wind force on Substructure:

Pier Cap Velocity Of Wind
i. Transverse wind force: Position Direction vert. comp. Horz. Comp.
Exposed area = 3.96 m2 kN kN
Super
Transverse wind force = 3.9 kN Transverse 438.79 215.71
structure
ii. Longitudinal Wind Force: Longitudinal 53.93
Exposed area = 14.4 m2
Transverse wind force = 14.1 kN Live load Transverse 0.00 0.00
Pier Shaft Longitudinal 0.00
i. Transverse wind force:
Sub structure
Exposed area = 28.3 m2 (pile cap)
Transverse 0.00 3.86

Transverse wind force = 29.3 kN Longitudinal 14.05

ii. Longitudinal Wind Force:
Exposed area = 28.3 m2 Substructure Transverse 29.34
0.00
Transverse wind force = 29.3 kN (pile shaft) Longitudinal 29.34

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

Calculation of shear rating of support

Type of bearing at support = Pot cum PTFE

For a simply supported span sitting on identical elastomeric bearing at each end resting on unyielding supports,
Force at each end = Fh/2 + (Vr x Itc) ( Ref:IRC:6-2014,clause 211.5,where, Vr = shear rating ,Itc = movement
of deck above bearing other than that due to applied load )
Size Elastomeric Bearing (in cm)= = 40 x 30 x 8
No of girder = 6
No of bearing pad taking load = 6
ThickNess of neoprene that taking shear = 4.80 cm
Shear Modulus = 10 Kg/cm2
Shear Rating (Vr) = 15000 Kg/cm
Movement of deck (Itc) = = 0.992 cm ( Due to temperature and shrinkage )
40
0.6
8 0.4
40 8
30
0.4
0.6

Force on Pier in Non-Seismic case = (Fh/2 + Vr.Itc - Vr.Itc) Where Fh = Braking Force on Pier
Hence Force on Pier cap in Non-Seismic Condition
( Case I ) = 100/ 2 + (15000 x 0.992/100) - (15000 x 0.992/100) = 50 KN
( Case II ) = 110.8/ 2 + (15000 x 0.992/100) - (15000 x 0.992/100) = 55.4 KN

ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS
Seismic Hazards
Seismic Zone of bridge location = IV
Zone factor, Z = 0.24 (Table 7, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Seismic importance factor of the structure I = 1 (Table 8, IRC:6-2014, page-55)
Average response acceleration co-efficient (Sa/g) = 2.5 (Clause 219.5.1, IRC:6-2014, page-54)
Horizontal seismic co-efficient Ah (Z/2)X (I)X(Sa/g)/R = 0.3 /R Where R is response reduction factor to be considered
Is ductile detailing to be done ? no
Value of R for sub-structure = 2.5
Hence horizontal seismic co-efficient (Ah) for sub-structure = 0.12
Horizontal seismic force, Feq = Ah.(Dead Load+Appropriate Live Load)

Seismic force due to dead load

(Inertia loads due to self-mass generated in bridge structure by ground acceleration)

A. Seismic on Superstructure:
Dead Load from super-structure and SIDL without surfacing = = 6234.85 KN
C.G. of Deck from girder bottom = 2.461 m
Design Horizontal Seismic coefficient Ah = 0.12
Seismic force in longitudinal direction Fh Ah(Total Dead Load)= 748.18 KN
Seismic force in longitudinal direction taken by one support Fh = 748.18 KN ………r1
Acting at RL = 112.61 m
Lever arm for moment at bearing level = 2.46 m
Longitudinal moment at bearing level = 1841.05 KN-m
Vertical pull-push effect due to Horizontal seismic force = 48.38 KN
Lever arm for moment at pier base = 9.74 m
Longitudinal moment at pier base = 7291.03 KN-m ……..Mz
Horizontal seismic force in transeverse direction = Fh = 748.18 KN ………..r2
Acting at RL = 112.61 m
Lever arm for moment at pier base = 9.74 m
Transeverse moment at pier base = 7291.03 KN-m ……Mx
Vertical component of seismic force = 498.79 KN ………r3 (Clause 219.3, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Combination of force components …….(Clause 219.4, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Design force in longitudinal direction = ±r1±0.3r2±0.3r3 = = 1122.27 KN
Design force in transeverse direction = ±0.3r1±r2±0.3r3 = = 1122.27 KN
Design force in vertical direction = ±0.3r1±0.3r2±r3 = = 947.70 KN
Design longitudinal moment = Mz + 0.3Mx = 9478.34 KN-m
Design transeverse moment = 0.3Mz + Mx = 9478.34 KN-m

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

B. Seismic on Sufacing:
Surfacing or load due to wearing coat = 830.45 KN
C.G. of wearing coat from girder bottom = 2.29 m
Design Horizontal Seismic coefficient Ah = 0.12
Seismic force in longitudinal direction Fh Ah*(Total Dead Load) = 99.65 KN
Seismic force in longitudinal direction taken by one support = 99.65 KN ………r1
Acting at RL = 112.43 m
Lever arm for moment at bearing level = 2.29 m
Longitudinal moment at bearing level = 227.96 KN-m
Vertical pull-push effect due to Horizontal seismic force = 5.99 KN
Lever arm for moment at pier base = 12.03 m
Longitudinal moment at pier base = 1199.08 KN-m ……..Mz
Horizontal seismic force in transeverse direction = Fh = 99.65 KN ………..r2
Acting at RL = 112.43 m
Lever arm for moment at pier base = 12.03 m
Transeverse moment at pier base = 1199.08 KN-m ……Mx
Vertical component of seismic force = 66.44 KN ………r3 (Clause 219.3, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Combination of force components …….(Clause 219.4, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Design force in longitudinal direction = ±r1±0.3r2±0.3r3 = = 149.48 KN
Design force in transeverse direction = ±0.3r1±r2±0.3r3 = = 149.48 KN
Design force in vertical direction = ±0.3r1±0.3r2±r3 = = 126.23 KN
Design longitudinal moment = Mz + 0.3Mx = 1558.80 KN-m
Design transeverse moment = 0.3Mz + Mx = 1558.80 KN-m

C. Seismic on Pier Cap:

CG of the pier cap from top of pile cap = 8.91 m
Longitudinal seismic force = A_h x W_cap = 193.02 KN ……….r1
Acting at RL = 109.32 m RL
Longitudinal moment = 1720.77 KN-m ……..Mz
Transverse seismic = A_h x W_cap = 193.02 KN ……….r2
Acting at RL = 109.32 m RL
Transeverse moment = 1720.77 KN-m ……..Mx
Vertical component of seismic force = 128.68 KN ………r3 (Clause 219.3, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Combination of force components …….(Clause 219.4, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Design force in longitudinal direction = ±r1±0.3r2±0.3r3 = = 289.53 KN
Design force in transeverse direction = ±0.3r1±r2±0.3r3 = = 289.53 KN
Design force in vertical direction = ±0.3r1±0.3r2±r3 = = 244.49 KN
Design longitudinal moment = Mz + 0.3Mx = 2237.01 KN-m
Design transeverse moment = 0.3Mz + Mx = 2237.01 KN-m

D. Seismic on Pier :
CG of the pier from top of pile cap = 4.16 m
Longitudinal seismic force = A_h x W_Pier = 110.67 KN ……….r1
Acting at RL = 104.56 m RL
Longitudinal moment = 460.11 KN-m ……..Mz
Transverse seismic = A_h x W_Pier = 110.67 KN ……….r2
Acting at RL = 104.56 m RL
Transeverse moment = 460.11 KN-m ……..Mx
Vertical component of seismic force = 73.78 KN ………r3 (Clause 219.3, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Combination of force components …….(Clause 219.4, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Design force in longitudinal direction = ±r1±0.3r2±0.3r3 = = 166.01 KN
Design force in transeverse direction = ±0.3r1±r2±0.3r3 = = 166.01 KN
Design force in vertical direction = ±0.3r1±0.3r2±r3 = = 140.18 KN
Design longitudinal moment = Mz + 0.3Mx = 598.14 KN-m
Design transeverse moment = 0.3Mz + Mx = 598.14 KN-m

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

E. Seismic on Pile Cap :

CG of the pile cap from bottom of pile cap = 0.90 m
Longitudinal seismic force = A_h x W_Pile cap = 239.60 KN ……….r1
Acting at RL = 99.50 m RL
Longitudinal moment = 215.64 KN-m ……..Mz
Transverse seismic = A_h x W_Pile cap = 239.60 KN ……….r2
Acting at RL = 99.50 m RL
Transeverse moment = 215.64 KN-m ……..Mx
Vertical component of seismic force = 159.73 KN ………r3 (Clause 219.3, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Combination of force components …….(Clause 219.4, IRC:6-2014, page-51)
Design force in longitudinal direction = ±r1±0.3r2±0.3r3 = = 359.40 KN
Design force in transeverse direction = ±0.3r1±r2±0.3r3 = = 359.40 KN
Design force in vertical direction = ±0.3r1±0.3r2±r3 = = 303.49 KN
Design longitudinal moment = Mz + 0.3Mx = 280.33 KN-m
Design transeverse moment = 0.3Mz + Mx = 280.33 KN-m

F. Seismic on carriageway live load …….(Clause 219.5.2, IRC:6-2014, page-55)

(Inertia loads due to mass of vehicular live load)

Transverse
Sl. 20% Reaction Transverse Acting RL at Lever arm at vertical force
Live Load Case Ah moment at
No. (KN) seismic force (+1.20) Pier base component
pier vase
For Class-A Class A
1 One lane / one span loaded 96.94 0.07 6.50 113.67 13.27 86.19 4.33
2 Two lane / one span loaded 193.89 0.07 12.99 113.67 13.27 172.38 8.66
3 One lane / Both span loaded 109.40 0.07 7.33 113.67 13.27 97.27 4.89
4 Two lane / Both span loaded 218.80 0.07 14.66 113.67 13.27 194.54 9.77

G. Effects of liquefaction of soils

Incorporating the reccomendtations on effect of liquefaction of soil (if any), strength of piles are determined and considered during design of piles.

All the actions at pier base analised above are summarised bellow, loads are in KN
Sl.N
LOAD DESCRIPITION V HL HT LA ML MT
O
A PERMANENT LOADS
i Dead Load from super-structure 5725.00
ii Self weight of Pier Cap 1608.50
iii Self weight of pier 922.23
VARIABLE GRAVITY TREATED AS PERMANENT
i SIDL except surfacing 509.85
ii Surfacing 830.45
B VARIABLE LOAD
Carriageway Live Load
a For Class-A
i One lane / one span loaded 484.72 0.00 2035.83
ii Two lane / one span loaded 969.44 0.00 2375.13
iii One lane / Both span loaded 547.01 12.79 2297.43
iv Two lane / Both span loaded 1094.01 25.57 2680.33
Braking Force
a For Class-A
i One lane / one span loaded 9.26 50.00 9.74 487.25
ii Two lane / one span loaded 10.26 55.40 9.74 539.87
iii One lane / Both span loaded 9.26 50.00 9.74 487.25
iv Two lane / Both span loaded 10.26 55.40 9.74 539.87
WIND LOAD
Wind load from super-structure 438.79 53.93 215.71 10.79 582.01 2328.03
Wind load from sub-structure 0.00 33.21 43.40 4.76 157.98 206.45
SEISMIC EFFECTS
on superstructure except surfacing 947.70 1122.27 1122.27 9.74 9478.34 9478.34
on pier cap 244.49 289.53 289.53 9.74 2237.01 2237.01
on pier 140.18 166.01 166.01 4.16 598.14 598.14
On surfacing/ wearing coat 126.23 149.48 149.48 8.91 1558.80 1558.80
for Live load
For Class-A
One lane / one span loaded 4.33 6.50 13.27 86.19
Two lane / one span loaded 8.66 12.99 13.27 172.38
One lane / Both span loaded 4.89 7.33 13.27 97.27
Two lane / Both span loaded 9.77 14.66 13.27 194.54
HYDRAULIC LOAD
Water current force on shaft 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Buoyant force on shaft 0.00

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 A. LOAD CALCULATION & ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR PIER

Load combination at bottom of pile cap level

Sl.N
LOAD DESCRIPITION V HL HT LA ML MT
O
A PERMANENT LOADS
i Dead Load from super-structure 5725.00
iiSelf weight of Pier Cap 1608.50
iiiSelf weight of pier 922.23
iv Self weight of pile cap 1996.65
VARIABLE GRAVITY TREATED AS PERMANENT
i SIDL except surfacing 509.85
ii Surfacing 830.45
B VARIABLE LOAD
Carriageway Live Load
a Class-A
One lane / one span loaded 484.72 0.00 2035.83
ii Two lane / one span loaded 969.44 0.00 2375.13
One lane / Both span loaded 547.01 12.79 2297.43
iv Two lane / Both span loaded 1094.01 25.57 2680.33
Braking Force
Class-A
One lane / one span loaded 9.26 50.00 1.80 90.00
Two lane / one span loaded 10.26 55.40 1.80 99.72
One lane / Both span loaded 9.26 50.00 1.80 90.00
Two lane / Both span loaded 10.26 55.40 1.80 99.72
THERMAL LOAD
i Temperature variation effect 0.00 11.55 0.00
WIND LOAD
Wind load from super-structure 438.79 215.71 12.59 2716.30
Wind load from sub-structure 43.40 6.56 284.57
SEISMIC EFFECTS
on superstructure except surfacing 1184.62 1402.84 1402.84 11.55 16195.79 16195.79
on pier cap 305.62 361.91 361.91 11.55 4178.28 4178.28
on pier 175.23 207.51 207.51 5.96 1236.22 1236.22
On surfacing/ wearing coat 157.78 186.85 186.85 10.72 2002.10 2002.10
on pile cap 379.37 449.25 449.25 1.80 808.65 808.65
for Live load
For Class-A
One lane / one span loaded 4.33 6.50 15.07 97.88
Two lane / one span loaded 8.66 12.99 15.07 195.77
One lane / Both span loaded 4.89 7.33 15.07 110.46
Two lane / Both span loaded 9.77 14.66 15.07 220.92
HYDRAULIC LOAD
Water current force on shaft 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water current force on pile cap 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.00
Buoyant force on pile cap 0.00

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 B. LOAD COMBINATION FOR PIER SHAFT BASE (For Ultimate Limit State)

Loads V ML MT HL HT
Dead Load 8255.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SIDL 509.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Surfacing 830.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Class A(2L/1S) LL1 969.44 0.00 2375.13 0.00 0.00
Class A(2L/BS) LL2 1094.01 25.57 2680.33 0.00 0.00
BrakingClass A(2L/1S) LL1 10.26 539.87 0.00 55.40 0.00
BrakingClass A(2L/BS) LL2 10.26 539.87 0.00 55.40 0.00
Dead Load Seismic 1458.60 13872.29 13872.29 1727.29 1727.29
Seismic Class A(2L/1S) LL1 8.66 0.00 172.38 0.00 12.99
Seismic Class A(2L/BS) LL2 9.77 0.00 194.54 0.00 14.66
Wind load 438.79 739.99 2534.48 87.13 259.10
Water Current force 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NON-SEISMIC CASE

(I) HFL / DRY CONDITION (II) HFL / DRY CONDITION WIND (III) ONE SPAN DISLODGED CASE
DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL+Br. LL+WCF DL+SIDL+Surfacing+/-WL+WCF DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF
Loads FOS Loads FOS Loads FOS
Dead Load 1.35 Dead Load 1.35 Dead Load 1.35
SIDL 1.35 SIDL 1.35 SIDL 1.35
Surfacing 1.75 Surfacing 1.75 Surfacing 1.75
LL 1.50 Wind load 1.50 Water Current force 1
Braking LL 1.15 Water Current force 1.00
Water Current force 1.00

SEISMIC CASE

(I) HFL / DRY CONDITION (II) ONE SPAN DISLODGED CASE

DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL+Br. LL+Sis. DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF (Non-
LL+WCF+DL SEISMIC seismic/Seismic)
Loads FOS Loads FOS
Dead Load 1.35 Dead Load 1.35
SIDL 1.35 SIDL 1.35
Surfacing 1.75 Surfacing 1.75
LL 0 Water Current force 1
Braking LL 0.2 DL Seismic 1
Seismic LL 1
DL Seismic 1
WCF 1

Vu MLu MTu HLu Htu

1 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Braking LL1+WCF 14752.77 620.85 3562.70 63.71 0.00

HFL Condition
Non Seismic

2 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Braking LL2+WCF 14939.63 659.22 4020.50 63.71 0.00

3 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WL+WCF (Wind Leading) 13944.99 1109.99 3801.72 130.70 388.66

4 DL+SIDL+Surfacing-WL+WCF (Wind Leading) 12628.62 1109.99 3801.72 130.70 388.66

5 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Braking LL1 14752.77 620.85 3562.70 63.71 0.00

DRY Condition
Non Seismic

6 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Braking LL2 14939.63 659.22 4020.50 63.71 0.00

7 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WL(Wind Leading) 13944.99 1109.99 3801.72 130.70 388.66

8 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+ (-)WL (Wind Leading) 12628.62 1109.99 3801.72 130.70 388.66

9 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Br. LL1+Sis. LL1+WCF+DL SEISMIC 14756.12 13980.26 14044.67 1738.37 1740.28

Condition
Seismic
HFL

10 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Br. LL2+Sis. LL2+WCF+DL SEISMIC 14757.23 13980.26 14066.82 1738.37 1741.95

11 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Br. LL1+Sis. LL1+DL SEISMIC 14756.12 13980.26 14044.67 1738.37 1740.28

Condition
Seismic
DRY

12 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Br. LL2+Sis. LL2+DL SEISMIC 14757.23 13980.26 14066.82 1738.37 1741.95

No LL 13 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+DL SEISMIC 14745.40 13872.29 13872.29 1727.29 1727.29

14 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF (Non-seismic) 13286.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

dislodged
Span

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 B. LOAD COMBINATION FOR PIER SHAFT BASE (For Ultimate Limit State)

dislodged
Span 15 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+DL Seismic+WCF (Seismic) 14745.40 13872.29 13872.29 1727.29 1727.29

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 C. PIER SHAFT DESIGN

Total Load on Pier (Ultimate Loads) (Loads in KN, moments in KN-m)

Resultant
Load Case Vu MLu MTu
Moment
9 Maximum longitudinal Moment case 14756.12 13980.26 14044.67 19816.6756
2 Maximum vertical load case 14939.63 659.22 4020.50 4074.18732
4 Minimum vertical load case 12628.62 1109.99 3801.72 3960.45285
14 1 Span dislodged case 14745.40 13872.29 13872.29 19618.3797

Section Check at Pier Base

Diameter of Pier Shaft, D = 2.50 m = 2500 mm
Clear cover to the reinforcement = 50 mm
fck of concrete = 35 N/mm2
fy of steel = 500 N/mm2
d= 2.352 m
Diameter of bars provided = 32 mm
Spacing = 143 mm
No. of bars provided = 52 Nos.
Percentage of stee, p = 0.852
So, p/fck = 0.024
d'/D = 0.026
Pu/fck.D2 = 0.068

From SP 16, chart 59, we get,

Mu1/fckD3 = 0.05
So, Mu1 = 27343.75 KN-m
Now, Mu/Mu1 = 0.725 SAFE

Provide distribution reinforcement 16 mm dia. @ 150 mm c/c

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 D. PIER CAP DESIGN

No. of bearings = 6 Nos.

a
ac

hc
a= 4.75 m
Here, ac = 1.1 m
hc = 2m
Now, ac/hc = 0.55
Design is to be done as corbel

Loads on the cap

Sl No. Vertical Load MT Load Factor ULS Load Factor SLS
Dead Load 954.167 0.000 1.350 1.000
SIDL 84.974 0.000 1.350 1.000
Surfacing 138.408 0.000 1.750 1.000
C/W LL 161.574 2680.33 1.500 1.000

Spacing between bearings = 2.35 m

So, force due to Transeverse moment at outer girder = 228.114 KN

Calculation of self weight:

Projected part of pier cap, a = 4.75 m
Height, hc = 2 m
Width = 3.3 m
Self weight of projected portion = 548.625 KN

Load summary: (ULS)

Design Design
Load Case Vertical Force Lever Arm
Shear Moment
Dead Load 954.167 1.1 1288.13 1416.938
SIDL 84.974 1.1 114.71526 126.187
Surfacing 138.408 1.1 242.213 266.434
Self Wt. 548.625 2.375 740.64375 1759.029
C/W LL 389.687 1.1 584.531 642.984
Total 2970.23 4211.571

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 D. PIER CAP DESIGN

Load summary: (SLS)

Design Design
Load Case Vertical Force Lever Arm
Shear Moment
Dead Load 954.167 1.1 954.17 1049.583
SIDL 84.974 1.1 84.974 93.472
Surfacing 138.408 1.1 138.408 152.248
Self Wt. 548.625 2.375 548.625 1302.984
C/WLL 389.687 1.1 389.687 428.656
Total 2115.86 3026.943

Design of pier cap in flexure

Grade of concrete = M 35
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Width of section considered = 3.3 m

Section is checked for ULS

Design moment = 4211.57 KN-m
Width of section = 3.3 m
Depth of section = 2 m
"E" value of steel = 200000 Mpa
"E" value of concrete = 31000 Mpa
Design compressive strength of concrete = fcd=afck/gm = 15.63 Mpa Where, a = 0.67
gm = 1.5
Design peak strength of steel = fy/gs = 434.783 Mpa Where, gs = 1.15
Concrete failure strain = Ôcu1 = 0.0035 (Table 6.5, IRC:112-2011, page-38)
Concrete limiting strain = Ôc2 = 0.002 (Table 6.5, IRC:112-2011, page-38)
Yield strain of steel = 0.87fy/Es = 0.00218
Limiting strain of steel = (0.87fy/Es+0.002) = 0.00418

Reinforcement provided: 25 mm dia.

20 Nos in two layers(10 nos, each layers)
Total reinforcement provided = 9817 mm2
Clear cover = 50 mm
Effective depth "d" = 1937.5 mm
Actual Neutral Axis depth xu = (0.87fyAst )/(0.36fckb )= 102.71 mm
Actual strain in steel = 0.066 mm
Stress in steel = 434.783 Mpa
Balanced Neutral Axis depth xu,max = 883.5 mm
So, Section is under reinforced, OK, Proceed

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 D. PIER CAP DESIGN

CG of compressive force = 42.727 mm from most compressed surface

Moment of resistance, Mu = (Stress in steel)x(area of steel)x(d-CG of compressive force) =
8087.78 OK

CHECK FOR SHEAR IN PIER CAP (Clause 10.3.2, IRC:112-2011, page-88)

Design Shear Force = 2970.228 KN

The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement, VRd.c =
=[0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp]bw.d

Where, K = 1+√(200/d)<=2.0
So, K = 1.321
r1 = Asl/bw.d
Where Asl = Area of steel provided = 9817 mm2
bw = Width of section = 3300 mm
d= 1937.5 mm
r1 = 0.0015
scp = NEd/Ac < 0.2fcd, where, NEd = Axial compressive force = 0
Ac = Cross Sectional area of concrete
scp = 0
So,VRd.c = 1640.43 KN

Now, VRd.c minimum = (nmin+0.15scp)bw.d

where nmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2 = 0.2785
So, VRd.c minimum = 1780.933 KN
So, governing shear resistance = 1780.93 KN
< Design Shear, Shear Reinforcement Required

Provide shear reinforcement 16 mm 4 legged stirrups.

@ 100 mm c/c
Shear resistance with vertical stirrups is smaller of the followings:

(Eq. 10.7, IRC:112-2011, page-90) ……….1

and

(Eq. 10.8, IRC:112-2011, page-90)………..2

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 D. PIER CAP DESIGN

Asw = cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement s = spacing of the stirrups

fywd = yield strength of shear reinforcement = 0.8fywk = 347.826 Mpa
ѵ1 = strength reduction factor = 0.6 for f ck <= 80M pa
z = lever arm = 0.9hc = 1.8 m
acw = co-efficient taking account of the state of stress = 1 where, scp = 0
fcd = 15.63 Mpa
Now for cotU = 1
Resistance from from Eq.1 5035.3 KN
Resistance from from Eq.2 27858.6 KN
Governing resistance, 5035.3 KN OK, Shear Reinforcement is sufficient

Serviceability limit state check

Stress level check:
Grade of concrete = M 35
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Width of section considered = 3.3 m

Section is checked for SLS

Design moment = 3026.94 KN-m
Width of section = 3.3 m
Depth of section = 2m
"E" value of steel = 200000 Mpa
"E" value of concrete = 31000 Mpa
Modular ratio in tension = 8.000
Concrete failure strain = 0.0035
Maximum allowable stress in concrete = 0.48fck = 16.8 Mpa
(Clause 12.2.1(1), IRC:112-2011, page-120)
Maximum allowable stress in steel = 0.8fyk = 400 Mpa
(Clause 12.2.2, IRC:112-2011, page-120)

Total reinforcement provided = 9817 mm2

Effective depth "d" = 1937.5 mm
Netral axis depth = x = 315.93
CG of compressive force = 105.311 mm from most compressed surface
Now moment, M = (Stress in steel)x(area of steel)x(d-CG of compressive force) =

So, stress in steel = 168.28 Mpa OK, within permissible limit

Total force = 1652.09 KN
Stress in concrete = 10.458 Mpa OK, within permissible limit

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 D. PIER CAP DESIGN

Crack width check:

Crack width, Wk = Sr.max(εsm-εcm) Where, Sr.max = Maximum crack spacing
εsm = mean strain in the reinforcement under the relavant combination of loads
εcm = mean strain in the concrete between cracks.

Now, (Eq. 12.6, IRC:112-2011, page-125)

Where, σsc = stress in the tension reinforcement = 168.28 Mpa

αe = Es/Ecm = 6.452
fct.eff = mean value of tensile strength of concrete = 2.9 Mpa (IRC:112-2011, Cl.12.3.3 pg-124)
ρr.eff = As/Ac.eff Where, Ac.eff = Effective area of concrete in tension, surrounding
the reinforcement of depth h c.eff
Where, hc.eff = lesser of the followings

Where, A = level of steel centroid

x
2=0 B = Effective tension area, Ac.eff
d h ε1,ε2 = greater and lesser tensile strain

A
So, hc.eff = 156.25 mm
hc.eff Ac.eff = 156250 mm2
1 B

Now. ρr.eff = As/Ac.eff = 0.0628319

kt = factor dependant on duration of the load may be taken as 0.5
Now in situations where spacing of bonded reinforcement within the tension zone is reasonably
close (i.e <=5(c+f/2)), the maximum crack spacing,

Where, f = diameter of bar = 25 mm c = clear cover = 50 mm

k1 = co-efficient taking acount of bond properties of reinforcement = 0.8
k2 = co- efficient taking account of distribution of strain = 0.5
So,Sr.max = 237.641 mm
And, εsm-εcm = 0.000679242
Minimum value of εsm - εcm = 0.0005048
So, governing value of εsm - εcm = 0.0006792
So, crack width, Wk = Sr.max(εsm-εcm) = 0.161 mm
Maximum crack width = 0.3 mm (Table 12.1, IRC:112-2011, page-122)
Crack width within permissible limit

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 D. LOAD COMBINATION FOR PIER PILE CAP (Ultimate Limit State)

Loads V ML MT HL HT
Dead Load 10252.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SIDL 509.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Surfacing 830.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Class A(2L/1S) LL1 969.44 0.00 2375.13 0.00 0.00
Class A(2L/BS) LL2 1094.01 25.57 2680.33 0.00 0.00
Braking Class A(2L/1S) LL1 10.26 99.72 0 55.40 0
Braking Class A(2L/BS) LL2 10.26 99.72 0 55.40 0
Seismic Class A(2L/1S) LL1 10.83 0.00 195.77 0.00 12.99
Seismic Class A(2L/BS) LL2 12.22 1.00 220.92 1.00 14.66
Dead Load Seismic 2753.27 24421.04 24421.04 2608.36 2608.36
Wind load 438.79 0.00 3000.87 0.00 259.10
Water Current force 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Buoyant force 0.00 0 0 0 0

NON-SEISMIC CASE

(I) HFL / DRY CONDITION (II) HFL / DRY CONDITION WIND (III) ONE SPAN DISLODGED CASE
DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL+Br. LL+WCF DL+SIDL+Surfacing+/-WL+WCF DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF
Loads FOS Loads FOS Loads FOS
Dead Load 1.35 Dead Load 1.35 Dead Load 1.35
SIDL 1.35 SIDL 1.35 SIDL 1.35
Surfacing 1.75 Surfacing 1.75 Surfacing 1.75
LL 1.50 Wind load 1.50 Water Current force 1
Braking LL 1.15 Water Current force 1.00
Water Current force 1.00

SEISMIC CASE

(I) HFL / DRY CONDITION (II) ONE SPAN DISLODGED CASE

DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL+Br. LL+Sis. DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF (Non-
LL+WCF+DL SEISMIC seismic/Seismic)
Loads FOS Loads FOS
Dead Load 1.35 Dead Load 1.35
SIDL 1.35 SIDL 1.35
Surfacing 1.75 Surfacing 1.75
LL 0 Water Current force 1
Braking LL 0.2 DL Seismic 1
Seismic LL 1
DL Seismic 1
WCF 1

Vu MLu MTu HLu Htu

1 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Braking LL1+WCF 17448.25 114.68 3562.70 63.71 0.00
Condition

2 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Braking LL2+WCF 17635.11 153.04 4020.50 63.71 0.00

Non
HFL

3 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WL+WCF (Wind Leading) 16640.47 0.00 4501.30 0.00 388.66

4 DL+SIDL+Surfacing-WL+WCF (Wind Leading) 15324.10 0.00 4501.30 0.00 388.66
5 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Braking LL1 17448.25 114.68 3562.70 63.71 0.00
Conditio Condition Condition

6 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Braking LL2 17635.11 153.04 4020.50 63.71 0.00

Non
DRY

7 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WL(Wind Leading) 16640.47 0.00 4501.30 0.00 388.66

8 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+ (-)WL (Wind Leading) 15324.10 0.00 4501.30 0.00 388.66
9 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Br. LL1+Sis. LL1+WCF+DL Seismic 16007.38 20.94 416.69 12.08 27.65
Seismic
HFL

10 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Br. LL2+Sis. LL2+WCF+DL Seismic 15995.16 19.94 195.77 11.08 12.99

11 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Br. LL1+Sis. LL1+DL SEISMIC 16007.38 20.94 416.69 12.08 27.65

DRY

12 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Br. LL2+Sis. LL2+DL SEISMIC 15995.16 19.94 195.77 11.08 12.99

No LL 13 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+DL SEISMIC 15993.11 0.00 195.77 0.00 12.99
dislodge

14 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF (Non-seismic) 15982.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Span

15 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+DL Seismic+WCF (Seismic) 15993.11 0.00 195.77 0.00 12.99

Design of Bridge (Circular Pier)

 E. CHECK FOR PILE CAPACITY
3.6
Diameter of pile = 1.2 m
C/C of pile along longitudinal direction = 3.6 m
C/C of pile along transeverse direction = 3.6 m
No. of piles along longitudinal direction = 2 nos.
No. of piles along transeverse direction = 3 nos.
Edge Clearance = 0.15 m 3.6
Pile cap dimension in longitudinal direction = 5.1 m
Pile cap dimension in transeverse direction = 8.7 m
Pier dimension in longitudinal direction = 2.5 m
Pier dimension in transeverse direction = 2.5 m
Depth of pile cap = 1.8 m
Height of earth above pile cap = 0 m
Effective depth of pile cap = 1.7 m

Load combination for pile load (with unfactored load)

Load Case V ML MT HL HT
MLmax 1 13000.90 0.00 3000.87 0.00 259.10
Considering Wind
Vmax 2 13000.9 0.00 5376.00 0.00 259.10
MLmax 3 15315.38 24421.04 24421.04 2608.36 2608.36 Consudering
Vmax 4 15315.38 24421.04 24421.04 2608.36 2608.36 Seismic
MLmax 5 12562.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Normal Case
Vmax 6 12562.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 span dislodged
MLmax 7 8730.17 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
(Non-seismic)
1 span dislodged
MLmax 8 15993.11 0.000 195.767 0.000 12.991
(Seismic)

Check for pile capacity

Traffic Direction
Total no. of pile = 6
PILE CAP
Pile No. Trans. Long. 1.8 3.6
xi yi A xi2 yi2 6 1
1 1.80 3.60 3.24 12.96 -1.8 3.6
2 1.80 0.00 3.24 0.00
3 1.80 -3.60 3.24 12.96
4 -1.80 -3.60 3.24 12.96 1.8 0
5 -1.80 0.00 3.24 0.00 5 2 8.7
6 -1.80 3.60 3.24 12.96 -1.8 0

-1.8 -3.6
4 3
3
ZL = 10.8 M 1.8 -3.6
ZT = 14.4 M3 5.1

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 E. CHECK FOR PILE CAPACITY
3.6
Moment per unit load on pile at provided pile cap position = 3.5 KN-m/KN
Moment in pile
Load
due to horizontal
Case V/N ML/ZL MT/ZT H/N force
1 2166.82 0.00 208.394 43.184 151.144
2 2166.82 0.00 373.333 43.184 151.144
3 2552.56 2261.21 1695.905 614.796 2151.787
4 2552.56 2261.21 1695.905 614.796 2151.787
5 2093.69 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 2093.69 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000
7 1455.03 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000
8 2665.52 0.00 13.595 2.165 7.578

Vertical Loads on piles Now

Load Pile marks 1,3,4,6 Pile marks 2,5 Vmax = 3254.838 KN
Case Vmax Vmin Vmax Vmin Coresponding moment = 2151.79 KN-M
1 2375.21 1958.42 2166.82 2166.82 Load case no. = 3
2 2540.15 1793.48 2166.82 2166.82 Mmax = 2151.787 KN-M
3 3254.84 -1404.55 4813.77 291.36 Coresponding Vmin = -1404.550 KN
4 3254.84 -1404.55 4813.77 291.36 Load case no. = 3
5 2093.69 2093.69 2093.69 2093.69 Maximum horizontal force = 0.000 KN (non seismic)
6 2093.69 2093.69 2093.69 2093.69 From geotechnical investigation report
7 1455.03 1455.03 1455.03 1455.03 For pile length 34.00 m from bottom of pile cap
8 2679.11 2651.92 2665.52 2665.52 Vertical capacity = 5700 KN OK
Horizontal capacity = 530.00 KN OK

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 F. DESIGN OF PILE CAP BY BENDING ANALOGY (ULS)

Load
LOAD CASE Vu MLu MTu HLu HTu
comb SL
2 MLmax 17635.11 153.040 4020.50 63.710 0.000
2 Vmax 17635.11 153.040 4020.50 63.710 0.000
4 Vmin 15324.10 0.00 4501.30 0.00 388.66
15 1 span dislodged 15993.11 0.00 195.77 0.00 12.99
No. of piles = 6

0.55 ML 0.55 0.75

0.75
C 6 1
C

3.6
A A
MT
1.581 5 2 2.5 8.7
B B 0.4595
1.709 2.35
4 3
1.851 D 0.75
D

1.581 1.709 0.051

1.3 5.1

1.709 1.851

1.8

Transverse direction 1.2

Load
Case V/N ML/ZL MT/ZT
2 2939.18 14.17 279.202
2 2939.18 14.17 279.202
4 2554.02 0.00 312.591
15 2665.52 0.00 13.595

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 F. DESIGN OF PILE CAP BY BENDING ANALOGY (ULS)

Loads on piles
Load Moment in
Pile 1 Pile 2 Pile 3 Pile 4 Pile 5 Pile 6
Case each piles
2 3232.56 2953.35 2674.153 2645.813 2925.014 3204.22 37.164
2 3232.56 2953.35 2674.153 2645.813 2925.014 3204.22 37.164
4 2866.61 2554.02 2241.425 2241.425 2554.016 2866.61 226.716
15 2679.11 2665.52 2651.923 2651.923 2665.518 2679.11 7.578

Considering case 2
Bending Moment at section B-B (in KN-m)
Moment
Sl. No. Force due to Force Moment
arm
1 Pile 1 3232.556 3.642 11772.232
2 Pile 2 2953.355 0.55 1624.345
3 Pile 3 2674.153 3.642 9738.656
4 Self Wt. -508.950 0.65 -330.818
Total 22804.42
Design moment positive means tension at bottom of pile cap
As the piles in longitudinal direction are within the effective depth of pile (d= 1709 mm) so these piles will not
contribute in shear force but piles in transverse direction are beyond the distance 'd' so we shall check the shear
force in this direction.
Shear force at section D-D ("d" distance away from B-B) in KN
For Shear
Sl. No. Force due to Total Force
at D-D
1 Pile 3 2674.153 2674.153
2 Pile 6 3204.216 3204.216
3 Self Wt. -424.690 -220.786
Total 5657.583
Design of pile cap in flexure
Grade of concrete = M 35
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Width of section considered = 1m

Section is checked for ULS

Design moment = 2621.20 KN-m (for 1m width)
Width of section = 1 m
Depth of section = 1.8 m
"E" value of steel = 200000 Mpa
"E" value of concrete = 31000 Mpa
Design compressive strength of concrete =
fcd=afck/gm = 15.63 Mpa Where, a = 0.67
gm = 1.5
Design peak strength of steel = fy/gs = 434.783 Mpa Where, gs = 1.15
Concrete failure strain = Ôcu1 = 0.0035 (Table 6.5, IRC:112-2011, page-38)
Concrete limiting strain = Ôc2 = 0.002 (Table 6.5, IRC:112-2011, page-38)
Yield strain of steel = 0.87fy/Es = 0.00218

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 F. DESIGN OF PILE CAP BY BENDING ANALOGY (ULS)

Limiting strain of steel = (0.87fy/Es+0.002) = 0.00418

Reinforcement provided: 32 mm dia.
125 mm c/c
Total reinforcement provided = 6434 mm2
Clear cover = 75 mm
Effective depth "d" = 1709 mm
Actual Neutral Axis depth xu = (0.87fyAst )/(0.36fckb )= 222.13 mm
Actual strain in steel = 0.027 mm
Stress in steel = 434.783 Mpa
Balanced Neutral Axis depth xu,max = 779.304 mm
So, Section is Under Reinforced, OK
CG of compressive force = 92.404 mm from most compressed surface
Moment of resistance, Mu = (Stress in steel)x(area of steel)x(d-CG of compressive force) =
4522.238 kN OK

CHECK FOR SHEAR IN PILE CAP (Clause 10.3.2, IRC:112-2011, page-88)

Design Shear Force = 325.148 KN
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement, VRd.c =
=[0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp]bw.d
Where, K = 1+√(200/d)<=2.0
So, K = 1.342
r1 = Asl/bw.d
Where Asl = Area of steel provided = 6434 mm2
bw = Width of section = 1000 mm
d= 1709 mm
r1 = 0.0038
scp = NEd/Ac < 0.2fcd, where, NEd = Axial compressive force = 0
Ac = Cross Sectional area of concrete
scp = 0 So,VRd.c = 598.77 KN
Now, VRd.c minimum = (nmin+0.15scp)bw.d
where nmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2 = 0.285147
So, VRd.c minimum = 487.317 KN
So, governing shear resistance = 598.77 KN OK, Safe in Shear

CHECK FOR PUNCHING SHEAR FOR PIER SHAFT

(Clause 10.4, IRC:112-2011, page-98)
a Basic Control
Perimeter u1
2d

b
Reduced Control
Perimeter

Face of Pier Shaft

loaded area

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 F. DESIGN OF PILE CAP BY BENDING ANALOGY (ULS)

Punching shear is to be checked at distance "2d" from pier shaft face

Now from pier shaft, Maximum Vertical design force, VEd = 14939.63 KN
Corresponding longitudinal design moment, MLu = 659.22 KN-m
Longitudinal eccentricity, el = 0.044 m
Corresponding transeverse design moment, MTu = 4020.50 KN-m
Transeverse eccentricity, et = 0.269 m

As the basic control perimeter is exceeding the pile cap dimension, we will check the
punching shear at reduced control perimeter which is at inner face of piles
b

a= 8.7 m Distance of reduced control perimeter from pier face =

b= 2.4 m -0.05 m
2 2
Now, b = 1+1.8√((el/a) +(et/b) ) (b = Factors accounting for effects of bending
= 1.202 moment and axial load acting on loaded area)
Now, reduced control perimeter, u = 17.4 m
So, total load for punching shear = Load from pier shaft+ Wt. within reduced control perimeter
VEd = 15879.23 KN
Shear stress, vEd = bVEd/ud = 0.642 Mpa

Punching shear check at face of pier shaft

a= 3m
b= 2.5 m
Now, b = 1+1.8√((el/a)2+(et/b)2) (b = Factors accounting for effects of bending
= 1.196 moment and axial load acting on loaded area)
Now, reduced control perimeter, u = 12.850 m
So, total load for punching shear = Load from pier shaft
VEd = 14939.63 KN
Shear stress, vEd = bVEd/ud = 0.814 Mpa

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 F. DESIGN OF PILE CAP BY BENDING ANALOGY (ULS)

Calculation for punching shear resistance at reduced control perimeter

Maximum punching shear resistance, nRd.max = (1/2).n.fcd
where, n = 0.6[1-fck/310]
= 0.532 (Eq. 10.6, IRC:112-2011. page-90)
So, nRd.max = 4.160 Mpa
Again, Minimum punching shear resistance, nmin .2d/a=
where nmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2 = 0.285
a= distance from the face of column to control perimeter
= -0.05 m
Minimum punching shear resistance = -19.493 Mpa
1/3
Now punching shear resistance, nRd = 0.12K(80rlf ck ) .2d/a
where, rl = √(rll.rlt) = 0.211
So, nRd = -92.435 Mpa
So, governing nRd = 92.435 Mpa OK, Safe at Reduced Control Perimeter

Punching shear resistance at face

Punching shear resistance at face, nRd = 0.18/gcK(80rlf ck )1/3+(0.1scp)>=nmin+0.1scp
Here, scp = 0
So, nRd = 1.352 nmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2 = 0.285
So, governing shear resistance, nRd = 1.352 Mpa OK

Punching shear check for pile reaction

a
Reduced
control
Basic perimeter
control
perimeter Reduced control perimeter for corner piles =
= P.(dia. of pile+a)/4+2.(radius of pile+0.150m)
So, u = 2.403 m
Now, net reaction force, VEd.red = VEd-∆VEd

2d Here, ∆VEd = wt. of pile cap portion within control perimeter =

7.324 KN

Vertical
Reduced Control Shear
Pile No. Force Status
perimeter at distance a stress
VEd.red
1 3225.23 2.403 0.7854 OK
2 2946.03 2.403 0.7174 OK
3 2666.83 2.403 0.6494 OK

Vertical Reduced Control Shear

Pile No. Status
Force perimeter at pile face stress
1 3232.56 2.826 0.6693 OK
2 2953.35 2.826 0.6115 OK
3 2674.15 2.826 0.5537 OK

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 I. DESIGN OF PILES

Diameter of piles, D = 1200 mm

fck of concrete = 35 N/mm2
fy of steel = 500 N/mm2
Clear cover to the reinforcement = 75 mm
Loads on Piles
Moment in
Pile 1 Pile 2 Pile 3 Pile 4 Pile 5 Pile 6
Load Case each piles KN-
kN kN kN kN kN kN
m
2 3232.56 2953.35 2674.15 2645.81 2925.01 3204.22 37.164
2 3232.56 2953.35 2674.15 2645.81 2925.01 3204.22 37.164
4 2866.61 2554.02 2241.43 2241.43 2554.02 2866.61 226.716
15 2679.11 2665.52 2651.92 2651.92 2665.52 2679.11 7.578

d
Diameter of bars provided = 25 mm
No. of bars provided = 24 Nos.
Percentage of stee, p = 1.042
So, p/fck = 0.030
d'/D = 0.073
Now for case 1, Pile No. 1
Pu/fck.D2 = 0.064

From SP 16, chart 60, we get,

Mu1/fckD3 = 0.046
So, Mu1 = 2782.08 KN-m
Now, Mu/Mu1 = 0.081 SAFE

Continue all bars upto end of pile

Provide distribution reinforcement 10 mm dia.
@ 150 mm c/c
The long flexible pile is treated as a cantilever fixed at some depth below the ground level.

The depth of fixity of pile is determined using plots given IS:2911 2014
Where
T = (E I / K 1 ) 1/5
E = Young's modulus of the pile in kg/m2
I = Moment of inertia of the pile in cm4
K1 are the constants given in table 2 & 3 of IS:2911

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 I. DESIGN OF PILES

Fck = 30 Mpa Pile dia = 120 cm

2 4
E= 2.74E+05 kg/cm I= 10178760 cm
3
K1 = 0.525 kg/cm

T= 351 cm

L1 = 0 m
L1/T = 0.00
For Fixed Head Piles in Preloaded Clays, from Fig.2 of Append.C
Lf/T = 2.2
Lf = 5.14 m

The fixed end moment of the eq. Cantilever = Q(L1+Lf)*0.5*m for fixed head pile

Q = lateral load = 0.00 T m = reduction factor = 0.85

M= 0.00 Tm

Allowable deflection of pile = 0.00E+00 cm

= 0.000 mm < 12mm at pile tip

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 G. LOAD COMBINATION FOR PIER PILE CAP (Servicebility Limit State)

Loads V ML MT HL HT
Dead Load 10252.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SIDL 509.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Surfacing 830.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Class A(2L/1S) LL1 969.44 0.00 2375.13 0.00 0.00
Class A(2L/BS) LL2 1094.01 25.57 2680.33 0.00 0.00
Braking Class A(2L/1S) LL1 10.26 99.72 0 55.40 0
Braking Class A(2L/BS) LL2 10.26 99.72 0 55.40 0
Seismic Class A(2L/1S) LL1 10.83 0.00 195.77 0.00 12.99
Seismic Class A(2L/BS) LL2 12.22 1.00 220.92 1.00 14.66
Dead Load Seismic 2753.27 24421.0 24421.04 2608.36 2608.36
Wind load 438.79 0.00 3000.87 0.00 259.10
Water Current force 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Buoyant force 0.00 0 0 0 0

NON-SEISMIC CASE

(I) HFL / DRY CONDITION (II) HFL / DRY CONDITION WIND (III) ONE SPAN DISLODGED CASE
DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL+Br. LL+WCF DL+SIDL+Surfacing+/-WL+WCF DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF
Loads FOS Loads FOS Loads FOS
Dead Load 1.00 Dead Load 1.00 Dead Load 1.00
SIDL 1.00 SIDL 1.00 SIDL 1.00
Surfacing 1.00 Surfacing 1.00 Surfacing 1.00
LL 1.00 Wind load 1.00 Water Current force 1.00
Braking LL 0.75 Water Current force 1.00
Water Current force 1.00

Vu MLu MTu HLu Htu

1 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Braking LL1+WCF 12569.81 74.79 2375.13 41.55 0.00
Condition

2 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Braking LL2+WCF 12694.38 100.36 2680.33 41.55 0.00

Non
HFL

3 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WL+WCF (Wind Leading) 12031.46 0.00 3000.87 0.00 259.10

4 DL+SIDL+Surfacing-WL+WCF (Wind Leading) 11153.88 0.00 3000.87 0.00 259.10
5 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL1+Braking LL1 12569.81 74.79 2375.13 41.55 0.00
Span dislodged Condition

6 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+LL2+Braking LL2 12694.38 100.36 2680.33 41.55 0.00

Non
DRY

7 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WL(Wind Leading) 12031.46 0.00 3000.87 0.00 259.10

8 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+ (-)WL (Wind Leading) 11153.88 0.00 3000.87 0.00 259.10

9 DL+SIDL+Surfacing+WCF (Non-seismic) 11592.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 H. CHECK PILE CAP (SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE)

SL NO. LOAD CASE Vu MLu MTu HLu HTu

2 MLmax 12694.382 100.36 2680.33 41.550 0.000
2 Vmax 12694.38 100.36 2680.33 41.55 0.00
4 Vmin 11153.879 0.00 3000.87 0.000 259.104
9 1 span dislodged 11592.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
No. of Piles = 6

ML 0.75
0.55 0.55

C 0.75
4 1 C
3.6
A A
MT
1.581 5 2
8.7
B B
1.709

1.851 6 2 3
D 3 D

5.1
1.3

1.8

Transverse direction 1.2

Load
Case V/N ML/ZL MT/ZT
2 2115.73 9.29 186.134
2 2115.73 9.29 186.134
4 1858.98 0.00 208.394
9 1932.11 0.00 0.000

Vertical Loads on piles

Load
Pile 1 Pile 2 Pile 3 Pile 4 Pile 5 Pile 6
Case
2 2311.16 2125.02 1938.89 2292.57 2106.44 1920.30
2 2311.16 2125.02 1938.89 2292.57 2106.44 1920.30
4 2067.37 1858.98 1650.59 2067.37 1858.98 1650.59
9 1932.11 1932.11 1932.11 1932.11 1932.11 1932.11

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 H. CHECK PILE CAP (SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE)

Considering case 2
Bending Moment at section B-B (in KN-m)
Moment
Sl. No. Force due to Force Moment
arm
1 Pile 3 1938.889 3.642 7060.99
2 Pile 6 1920.303 0.55 1056.17
3 Self Wt. -508.950 0.65 -330.82
Total 7786.34

Design moment positive means tension at bottom of pile cap

As the piles in longitudinal direction are within the effective depth of pile (d= 1709 mm) so these piles will not contribute in
shear force but piles in transverse direction are beyond the distance 'd' so we shall check the shear force in this direction.

Shear force at section D-D ("d" distance away from B-B) in KN

For Shear at
Sl. No. Force due to Total Force
D-D
1 Pile 3 1938.889 1938.889
2 Pile 6 1920.303 1920.303
3 Self Wt. -424.690 -220.786
Total 3638.406

Stress level check:

Grade of concrete = M 35
Grade of steel = Fe 500
Width of section considered = 1m

Section is checked for SLS

Design moment = 894.98 KN-m (for 1m width)
Width of section = 1.0 m
Depth of section = 1.8 m
"E" value of steel = 200000 Mpa
"E" value of concrete = 31000 Mpa
Modular ratio in tension = 8
Concrete failure strain = 0.0035
Maximum allowable stress in concrete = 0.48fck = 16.8 Mpa
(Clause 12.2.1(1), IRC:112-2011, page-120)
Maximum allowable stress in steel = 0.8fyk = 400 Mpa
(Clause 12.2.2, IRC:112-2011, page-120)

Total reinforcement provided = 6434 mm2

Effective depth "d" = 1709 mm
Netral axis depth = x = 319.545
CG of compressive force = 106.515 mm from most compressed surface
Now moment, M = (Stress in steel)x(area of steel)x(d-CG of compressive force) =

So, stress in steel = 86.80 Mpa OK, within permissible limit

Total force = 558.50 KN
Stress in concrete = 3.496 Mpa OK, within permissible limit

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 H. CHECK PILE CAP (SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE)

Crack Width Check:

Crack width, Wk = Sr.max(Ôsm-Ôcm) Where, Sr.max = Maximum crack spacing

Ôsm = mean strain in the reinforcement under the relavant combination of loads
Ôcm = mean strain in the concrete between cracks.

Now,

(Eq. 12.6, IRC:112-2011, page-125)

Where, ssc = stress in the tension reinforcement = 86.80 Mpa
ae = Es/Ecm = 6.4516129
fct.eff = mean value of tensile strength of concrete = 2.9 Mpa
rr.eff = As/Ac.eff Where, Ac.eff = Effective area of concrete in tension, surrounding
the reinforcement of depth h c.eff
Where, hc.eff = lesser of the followings

Where, A = level of steel centroid

2=0 x
B = Effective tension area, Ac.eff
d h Ô1,Ô2 = greater and lesser tensile strain

hc.eff

1 B

So, hc.eff = 227.5 mm

Ac.eff = 227500 mm2
Now. rr.eff = As/Ac.eff = 0.02828124
kt = factor dependant on duration of the load may be taken as 0.5

Now in situations where spacing of bonded reinforcement within the tension zone is reasonably
close (i.e <=5(c+f/2)), the maximum crack spacing,

Where, f = diameter of bar = 32 mm c = clear cover = 75 mm

k1 = co-efficient taking acount of bond properties of reinforcement = 0.8
k2 = co- efficient taking account of distribution of strain = 0.5
So,Sr.max = 447.354 mm
And, Ôsm-Ôcm = 0.000130893
Minimum value of Ôsm - Ôcm = 0.00026041
So, governing value of Ôsm - Ôcm = 0.00026

So, crack width, Wk = Sr.max(Ôsm-Ôcm) = 0.116 mm

Maximum crack width = 0.3 mm (Table 12.1, IRC:112-2011, page-122)
Crack Width Within Permissible Limit

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)

 J. Summarised Reinforcement Detailing
(According to chapter 16, IRC:112-2011, page-171)
PIER SHAFT
Total vertical reinforcement provided = 41821 mm2
Concrete area, Ac = 4908738.521 mm2
Now, 0.002Ac = 9817.477 mm2 < Steel provided, OK Cl-16.2.2(3); IRC:112-2011
0.1NED/fyd = 3436.115 mm2 < Steel provided, OK Cl-16.2.2(3); IRC:112-2011
and 0.04Ac = 196349.5 mm2 > Steel provided, OK Cl-16.2.2(4); IRC:112-2011

Horizontal Reinforcement provide 12 mm dia. @

150 mm c/c.
Total horizontal reinforcement provided = 792 mm2

Vertical reinforcement provided =

32 mm dia @ 143 mm c/c.
Horizontal reinforcement provided =
16 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c.

PILE CAP
Main reinforcement provided 32 mm dia. 125 mm c/c
Steel in 1m strip = 6434 mm2
or, 0.0013btd = 2221.7 mm2 OK
Distribution reinforcement provided at bottom and both direction at top
16 mm dia. 125 mm c/c
REVISE
Provide side face reinforcement 16 mm dia. 6 Nos. each face

PIER CAP
Main reinforcement provided 25 mm dia. 20 nos in two layers
Provide 4 legged vertical stirrup of 16 mm dia @ 100 mm c/c

PILE
Main reinforcement provided 25 mm dia. 24 Nos.
Continue all bars upto end of pile
Distribution reinforcement provided 8 mm dia. 150 mm c/c

Design of Bridges (Circular Pier)