Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit

RVAC
Professional solutions
lutions ,
Reliable powerr
Automotive
Powering
business
worldwide
Aerospace

Eaton delivers the power inside hundreds of products that

are answering the demands of today’s fast changing world.
We help our customers worldwide manage the power
they need for buildings, aircraft, trucks, cars, machinery
and entire businesses. And we do it in a way that
consumes fewer resources.

Next generation Powering Greener Buildings

Truck transportation and Businesses
Eaton is driving the Eaton’s Electrical Group is a
development of new leading provider of power
technologies – from hybrid quality, distribution and control
drivetrains and emission control solutions that increase energy
systems to advanced engine efficiency and improve power
components – that reduce fuel quality, safety and reliability.
consumption and emissions in Our solutions offer a growing
trucks and cars. portfolio of “green” products
and services, such as energy
Higher expectations audits and real-time energy
consumption monitoring.
We continue to expand our
Eaton’s Uninterruptible Power
aerospace solutions and
Hydraulics services to meet the needs of
Supplies (UPS), variable-speed
drives and lighting controls help
new aviation platforms,
conserve energy and increase
including the high-flying light jet
efficiency.
and very light jet markets.

Building on our strengths

Our hydraulics business
combines localised service and
support with an innovative
portfolio of fluid power
solutions to answer the needs
of global infrastructure projects,
including locks, canals and
Electrical dams.

1
MV switchgear technology
is in our DNA

Eaton Corporation is a worldwide leader in the

design, manufacture, and sale of safe, reliable
and high-performance medium voltage power
distribution equipment in accordance with IEC,
ANSI and GB / DL standards

Complete Global Medium Voltage Switchgear Solutions

Eaton, a premier leader in designing and manufacturing power
distribution and protection equipment in the electrical industry,
offers a comprehensive range of medium voltage (MV) solutions
to meet the needs of virtually every application. From products
that feature cutting-edge design that allow for easy access,
maintenance and space savings, to arc-resistant products that
enhance safety, Eaton’s medium voltage solutions provide a
variety of products for every need. Additionally, Eaton’s global
service network provides maximum customer support in all
regions of the world.
As one of the few completely vertically integrated and diversified
industrial manufacturers in the world, Eaton designs not only MV
assemblies, but also the key components that comprise the MV
solutions – from steel housing and circuit breaker compartments
to vacuum interrupters, circuit breakers, bus systems and fuses.
Eaton’s MV heritage, strengthened by acquisitions such as
Westinghouse DCBU, Cutler Hammer, MEM and Holec, has
resulted in breakthrough MV technologies and numerous
international patents over the years.
Part of Eaton’s complete electrical PowerChain Solutions
– which help businesses minimize risks while realizing greater
reliability, cost efficiencies, capital utilization and safety –
Eaton’s medium voltage equipment meets all applicable
standards and certifications such as IEC, NEMA / ANSI, GB / DL,
UL, IEEE, KEMA and CSA.
When it comes to medium voltage solutions, you can trust the
one name with a long history of proven performance: Eaton.

2
 RVAC
Ring Main Unit

The development of current power system focuses on the usage

of ecological resources. Low power loss, low maintenance
spending, reliable performance, flexible configuration are required
on the medium voltage switchgear. Due to its features such as
long service life, compact size and recycling, Eaton RVAC ring main
units have proved successful in terms of economy and ecology. It
appears more important for Underground cabled power distribution
network in improving its devices and other aspects, with rapid
development of urbanization; ring main units (RMU), as the major
device for protection and segment isolation to ground cabled
distribution network, are widely used in urban power grids, due to
its safe and reliable performance, compact and superior cost
effectiveness.

Eaton as the leader in the field of distribution switchgear has Lean

to designing and manufacture high-quality power distribution
switchgear since 1942, with over 2 million switchgear operating
reliably over the world till now.

Based on the design concept of full insulation and fully sealed, all
primary parts within RVAC RMU are fully sealed inside the
stainless-steel main enclosure, protect to against condensation and
external contaminated environment; the protection degree of the
main tank body is up to IP67, equipped with Cooper’s water-
proofing touchable cable bond, which can provide effective
protection against accidental flood in rainy climate.

3
RVAC Ring Main Unit Construction Feature

Smart grid readiness Modular design and flexible configuration

Designed to integrate solutions for sensing, monitoring and • Both multi-functions in one tank solution and individual panel can
remote control for feeder automation and load management be freely combined and extended, to satisfy demands of
purposes. different customers;
• Non-extensible and both side extensible design suit for your
Personal safety requirements.

• Logical mechanical and electrical interlocks; • Flexible extension of unit modules on site, easy to build medium
voltage transformer substations according to different require-
• Complete enclosure earthing, to ensure zero potential for ments;
interface;
• Compartments protected against penetration of objects; • Two options are available for transformer and line protections:
load break switch-fuse combination units and circuit breakers
• Capacitive voltage detection system for verification of safe with relay protection.
isolation from supply;
• Feeder earthing by means of make-proof earthing switch.
All-weather and high adaptability to environment
Environmental-friendly concept • SF6 gas tank is made of stainless steel plates, with anti-rust
painting treatment on the surface, to protect against salt spray,
• Low power loss, low maintenance spending, ensuring more humidity, dirt and temperature, and to ensure durable nice
reasonable cost investment; appearance;
• Only reusable and/or recyclable materials can be used to do the • COOPER pre-fabricated shielding touchable cable terminal is
most compact design; supplied, suitable for long-term operation underwater or in other
• In normal working conditions, gas leakage rate of lower than severe conditions.
1‰ ensures more than 30 years life-cycle;
• Without gas work on site through installation, operation,
Operation
extension, and replacement of the product. • Complete design certified in accordance with GB / DL and IEC
standards;
• Arc fault tested according GB3906 / IEC 62271-200;
User friendly
• Quality assurance in accordance with ISO 9001;
• Cable connection and user interfaces for operation on the same
front side of the panel; • Touching safe and hermetically sealed primary enclosure;

• Ergonomic cable connection height; • Gas tank’s zero gauge voltage withstand (1min) can reach power
frequency withstand voltage.
• A customized low voltage compartment is optional;
• Clear and simple straightforward operation panels.

4
Main Construction

Vacuum technology features

• Eaton has an unsurpassed leadership in vacuum technology supported by a strong

heritage of innovation from companies such as Westinghouse and Holec
• Pioneers in vacuum technology for over 90 years. First vacuum interrupter supplied at
15kV-12kA in 1967
• Eaton was the first one to develop and patent copper-chromium alloy content for
contacts and center shields
• Our vacuum interrupters for contactor applications can perform up to 2.5 million
mechanical operations
• More than 5 million units delivered worldwide, operating safely and reliably in all
types of networks, medium voltage applications and environments
• High end certified supplier to almost all major electrical manufacturers worldwide

SF6 gas insulated system

• All primary high-voltage components are completely enclosed in SF6 gas tank, free
from environment impact, thus ensuring fully insulation and maintenance-free;
• SF6 gas tank is made of high-quality stainless steel materials, free from
influence of salt spray, humidity, dirt and temperature, ensuring a durable nice
outlook;
• With IP67 protection degree, can reliably prevent from flood immersion in summer;
• Advance gas shielded welding as well as a sealing pressure system of less
than 1‰ leakage rate ensure a 30 year service cycle;
• Non-extensible is standard busbar extensible is optional.

Load break switch

The load break switch is a 3-position switch, with Close, Open and earthing position.
When in Open position, the moving blade has sufficient insulation distance. An
operating handle can be used to make close-open operations on load break switch and
earthing switch. There are mechanical interlocks between the load break switch and
the earthing switch.

• The load break switch applies metal deionizing arc suppress technology, ensuring
good interruption performance for the switch;
• The working speed of switch’s moving contact depends on its operation mecha
nism; and the open-close speed of the switch will not be influenced by operators;
• When moving from closing to opening, the load break switch depends on moving
contact speed and arc suppress devices simultaneously, to suppress arc and break
current;
• The spring operation mechanism with an operating handle to complete closing
and opening operations. Motorization module and opening coil can be added, to
achieve remote control.

5
Product Features
RVAC is developed to be an economical and ecological user-friendly power distribution device of compact size, reliable
performance and flexible configuration, with the application of advanced R&D technical resources.

Computer simulation Mechanical

movement Magnetic
design analysis and field analysis
force analysis
3D simulation design analysis
softwares are applied during
R&D process, strengthening Mechanical
strength Electric field
design capacity, and thus analysis
analysis
improving product reliability
greatly.

Gas pressure Gas motion

analysis analysis

Capacitive voltage detection Sealed enclosure design, to Anti-internal arcing concept Eaton supports the philosophy
system for verification of safe effectively protect against that it is best to avoid internal
Eaton has always been focusing
isolation from supply foreign objects arcs than to cure, in line with
on building consistently safe
the relevant standard GB 3906,
Each panel type within the In the design of RVAC, it is not switchgear devices for opera-
IEC 62271. Within the RVAC
RVAC family is equipped with a possible for external staff or tors. The biggest potential risk
design a double prevention
standard three phase Voltage tools to accidentally enter into for operators is internal arcing
philosophy is used. Firstly, the
Detection System for voltage the panel. within the switchgear device.
design is constructed in such a
testing. The VDS shows the
way that an internal arc is
operator if the panel is isolated Smooth contemporary design Therefore, design engineers
prevented. In the unlikely case
from supply or not. have taken all necessary
All compartments of the RVAC that an internal arc could occur,
meausres to prevent internal
panels are designed in such a the RVAC is equipped to
Logical mechanical and arcing during product design
way that the system is safe to provide maximum safety to the
electrical interlocks prevent process.
touch from the outside. By operator, and to control and
incorrect operation using a smooth and smart minimise damage to the rest of
Within the RVAC design design it is not possible for the the switchgear and room.
misoperation by an operator is operator to injure himself by
prevented by using different moving parts or by parts that
interlocks. The interlocks are stick out of the switchgear
mechanical and electrical. For when moving in front of the
example electrical and mechani- switchgear.
cal interlocks prevent operation
of the change-over switch when Routine tests
the circuit-breaker is switched Various prescribed routine tests
on. All mechanical interlocks are are carried out during the
constructed in such a way that production of the switchgear.
they directly block the mecha- To assure quality, all processes
nism. are in accordance with ISO
9001. This means that at every
Only when the cable stage of production the
compartment door is closed, components, circuit-breakers
the device can be operated to and current transformers are
power-on position inspected for correct functional-
Only when the switch is ity. When the entire installation
operated to Earthing position, has been assembled, a
the cable compartment door thorough visual inspection is
can be opened in a normal way. carried out, together with
Only when the cable compart- mechanical, functional and
ment door is closed completely, electrical checks.
a closing operation can be
conducted on the earthing
switch. After the earthing
switch is opened, the mains
switch can conduct closing
operation to complete power-on
process.

6
 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Gas

The insulating and arc quenching medium -SF6

SF6 gas, previously used mainly in circuit breaker of higher voltage

level and with successful achievements, has now been found into
medium voltage load switching system in recent years. This
change happens to systems all over the world, since each insula-
tion and arc-extinguishing medium, including air, oil and solid
material, has its own critical defect more or less:
• Air insulation system occupies a large amount of space, which
requires maintenance in extreme climate or environment;
• Oil insulation system will cause huge safety risks due to internal
faults, although not influenced by external environment;
• Finally, solid system has the same maintenance issue as air
insulated devices do, but with problems to a higher level due to
its compact structure.

SF6 is a non-toxic, inert and Final disposal of SF6 gas

electronegative gas, heavier
than air, offering very effective
arc-extinguishing performance, 1. The policy of Eaton is that SF6 2. Fore more details, refer to
along with the above-mentioned gas shall be inhibited to emit IEC’s technical report 1634
high insulation capability. In the into air during the process of (1995): High Voltage Switch-
case of high temperature arc installation, maintenance and gear and Controlgear - Usage
produced by circuit breaking, scrapping of devices. Environ- and Disposal of SF6 in High
SF6 gas will resolve into mental solutions can be used to Voltage Switchgear and
subfluorides. After cooling dispose SF6 gas which can’t be Controlgear Devices, Chapter
down, these active subfluorides recycled or reused any more, 6.5: “ Disposal of SF6 at life
will quickly return back to SF6 which produce natural product end- refilling devices.”
gas. Therefore, SF6 gas which gypsum (CaSO4) and fluorite
is used under sealing for a long (CaF2).
time will not decrease or
deteriorate, although under the
effect of arc extinguishing
several times. The amount of
arc decomposition depends on
water content contained in SF6
gas. In this way, it is very critical
to control water content below
specified values. Adsorbing
agents such as commonly used
activated alumina or activated
carbon and synthetic zeolite
remove water and arcing
products, which means the
volume of the gas originally
introduced keeps unchanged
SF6 gas has very high dielectric and can satisfy requirements for
strength as an insulation working life or mechanism of
medium, thus offering very the whole system. An evalua-
compact products in the design tion of advantage and potential
of structural arrangement, and risks shows that at present
maintenance free since all live there is no substitutable
parts are completely sealed. solution of technical and
ecological values.

7
Features and benefits

The benefit of a sealed for life tank Computer simulation design Smart grid readiness
A “sealed for life” steel enclosure contains 3D simulation design analysis softwares are Automation upgrading
all primary parts and driving mechanisms applied during R&D process to strengthen design • Remote close/open
• Maintenance free capacity, thus improving product reliability greatly.
• Auxiliary contacts for each
• Internal arc proof • Electric field analysis position local or remote
• Protection degree up to IP67 for prevention of • Magnetic field analysis indications
summer floods • Gas pressure and motion analysis • Measuring CT and current
• Mechanical strength analysis signal

The benefit of a compact design • Mechanical movement (speed and force) Option
analysis
• Trip indicator with auxiliary
• Minimal floor space • Finite element analysis contacts
• Low building costs
• Fault indicator
• Easy to install
• Current meter

Flexible solutions
• Reliable busbar extended design and interfaces reservered for future project expansion
• Complete types of functional units

Load break
Load break switch-fuse Circuit
switch panel combination panel breaker panel Rise panel
“K” “T” “V” & ”CB” “A” & ”B”

Metering Voltage
Busbar coupler Busbar coupler panel transformer panel
“L(k)” “L(v)” “M” “PT”

8
 Configuration information

Load break switch panel (Function K)

Standard Options
630A load break switch Extension on both sides
SF6 pressure gauge Lateral incoming and outgoing
Voltage presence indicator Motorization mechanism
Reliable interlock Bottom plate
Operating handle Cable inspection window
Cable clamp and bracket Short circuit fault indicator
Earthing switch

Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)

12 370 800 1400 120
24 370 870 1400 132

Lift panel (Function A/B)

Standard Options
Voltage presence indicator Extension on both sides
630A bushing Lateral incoming and outgoing
Padlock for cable compartment cover Cable inspection window
SF6 pressure gauge Short circuit fault indicator
Voltage presence indicator Current meter
Operating handle Bottom plate
Cable clamp and bracket

Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)

12 370 800 1400 100
24 370 870 1400 110
Note: A without gas tank; B with gas tank

9
Load break switch-fuse combination panel (Function T)
Standard Options
630A load break switch Extension on both sides
Earth switch Lateral incoming and outgoing
Fuse tube Motorization mechanism
SF6 pressure gauge Electric shunt release
Voltage presence indicator Bottom plate
Reliable interlock Cable inspection window
Operating handle Short circuit fault indicator
Cable clamp and bracket

Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)

12 370 800 1400 150
24 370 870 1400 170

The fuse dimension

The length after fuse blown 30max(Spring type)

O45
OD

A 34 Fuse striker:
Medium type (according IEC 60282-1, DIN and GB 15166.2, alternating current switch-fuse
A+68 combinations).

The guide for fuse selection

General type Rated voltage (kV) Rated fuse current (A) Length A (mm) Diameter D (mm)
XRN-T/12 12 3.15 / 6.3 / 7.5 / 10 / 16 / 20 / 25 / 31.5 / 40 292 51
50 / 63 / 80 292 66
100 / 125 292 76
XRT1-24 24 3.15 / 6.3 / 7.5 / 10 442 51
16 / 20 / 25 / 31.5 442 66
40 / 50 / 63 / 80 442 76
100 / 125 442 86

Fuse selection and transformer application

Rated voltage (12kV)
Transformer rated capacity (kVA) 50 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250
Fuse rated current (A) 6.3 10 16 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 80 100 125

Rated voltage (24kV)

Transformer rated capacity (kVA) 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000
Fuse rated current (A) 3.15 6.3 10 10 16 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125

10
 Circuit breaker panel (Function V)
Standard Options
630A vacuum breaker Extension on both sides
3-position disconnector Lateral incoming and outgoing
SF6 pressure gauge Motorization mechanism
Voltage presence indicator Two cable outgoing lines
Reliable interlock Cable inspection window
Operating handle Short circuit fault indicator
Cable clamp and bracket Protection relay

Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)

12 480 800 1400 220
24 520 870 1400 250

Circuit breaker panel (Function CB)

Standard Options
630A vacuum breaker Extension on both sides
3-position disconnector Lateral incoming and outgoing
SF6 pressure gauge Motorization mechanism
Voltage presence indicator Two cable outgoing lines
Reliable interlock Cable inspection window
Operating handle Short circuit fault indicator
Cable clamp and bracket Protection relay

Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)

12 480 800 1400 220

11
Busbar coupling panel (Function L)
Standard Options
Voltage indicator 630A CB
630A LBS Motor operation
630A load break switch

Circuit-breaker typ L(k)

Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)
12 480 800 1400 135
24 480 870 1400 150

Circuit-breaker typ L(v)

Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)
L (k) L (v)
12 600 800 1400 250
24 600 870 1400 275

Metering panel (Function M) / Voltage transformer panel (Function PT)

Standard Options
Electromagnetic lock (with live latch) Energy meter
PT Voltage loss meter
PT protection fuse Temperature and humidity controller
CT
Meter
Voltage presence indicator
Voltage meter
Current meter
Transfer switch

Function M
Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)
12 750 800 1400 240
24 800 1050 1500 260

Function PT
Rated voltage (kV) W (mm) D (mm) H (mm) Weight (kg)
M PT 12 500 800 1400 180
24 520 870 1400 200

12
 PBD protection relay
• 3-phase 3-step directional current protection (quick break, timed
quick break, over-current inverse time), with low voltage locking
function
• 3-phase 3-time reclosing (inspection for no voltage, inspection
for synchronization, no inspection), the number of reclosing
operations can be set, including the function of post-acceleration
• Zero sequence voltage locking direction zero sequence over
current protection (alarm, optional tripping operation)
• Low current grounding line selection function
• Low voltage protection
• Overload alarm
• 24V DC

PSW Self-powered protection device

The PSW Self-powered protection device is a kind of protection
device for 10 kV feeder lines which has over current, instantaneous
trip and ground protection functions. This product can
be used in conjunction with the ONT-W series current transform-
ers (CT), and the power is supplied from line current through CT,
so over current, instantaneous trip and ground protection
for distribution network lines could be achieved without auxiliary
power supplies by driving low power trip coils.

PSW 100 Function:

• Definite time over current protection (ANSI 50/51)
• Definite time instantaneous trip protection (ANSI 50/51)
• Inverse time over current protection (ANSI 50/51)
• Definite time single phase to ground protection (ANSI 50N/51N)

13
Main Components

Voltage indicator Connection mode

A device on all functional units makes it possible to check the Extension interface
presence(or absence) of voltage in the cables. With the holes for For future extension connected to another module RVAC.
phase comparators.

Voltage indicator

Fault indicator
The indicator is used for detecting and indicating ground fault and
short-circuit fault in corresponding cable sections. The indicator Busbar Linker
light flashes with alarm when short-circuit fault or single-phase Connected existing module
ground fault occurs in the power distribution system. RVAC with another module
RVAC.

Busbar ender stop

Fault indicator When the cabinet is reserved
for future expansion on
Extension interface, and the
Cooper Screened Separable Connectors busbar linker is not installed,
you need to use Busbar ender
For connection of extruded polymeric cable to transformers, stop to protect the main busbar
switchgear, motors and other equipment with a premolded bushing.
screened separable connectors for XLPE insulated 1 or 3-core
cabled with aluminum or copper conductors.

Insulation cap
When the cabinet is reserved busbar bushing for transformer on
the main busbar side, and the cable plug is not installed, you need
to use Insulation cap to protect the busbar bushing.

14
 RVAC Technical Data

Item Ratings
General
Rated voltage kV 12 24
Power frequency withstand voltage (1min)
Phase to phase/Phase to earth kV 42 50
Between isolating distance 48 60
Lightning impulse withstand voltage (BIL)
Phase to phase/Phase to earth kV 75 125
Between isolating distance 85 145
Rated frequency Hz 50 50
Internal arc classification (IAC) kA-s AFLR 20-1 AFLR 20-1
Degree of protection in service IP3X IP3X
Degree of protection with doors/covers open IP2X IP2X
Busbar system
Rated normal current A 630 630
Rated short-time withstand current kA-s 20-4 20-3
Rated peak withstand current kA 50 50
Load break switches panel
Rated normal current A 630 630
Rated short-circuit making current kA 50 50
Rated short-time withstand current kA-s 20-4 20-3
Mechanical endurance class (Lood break switch) M1 5000 M1 5000
Mechanical endurance class (Earthing switch) M1 2000 M1 3000
Electrical endurance class (active load breaking capacity 630A) E3 E3
Circuit-breakers panel
Rated normal current A 630 630
Rated breaking current kA 20 20
Rated short-circuit making current kA 50 50
Rated capacitive switching current class C2 C2
Mechanical endurance class (Circuit-breakers) M2 10000 x M1 3000
Mechanical endurance class (Earthing switch) M1 2000 M1 3000
Electrical endurance class E2 E2
Rated short-time withstand current kA-s 20-4 20-3
Mechanism type O - 0.3s - CO - 180s - CO O - 0.3s - CO - 180s - CO
Switch-fuse combination panel
Normal current of load-break switch A 630 630
Normal current with fuses A 125 125
Rated breaking current kA 31.5 31.5
Rated short-circuit making current kA 80 80
Rated transfer current A 1750 900
For others, please contact local Eaton sales representative.

RVAC designed to IEC standards

RVAC complies with the following standards
IEC62271-1 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear
IEC62271-103 High-voltage switches for rated voltages above 1kV up to and including 52 kV
IEC62271-102 High-voltage alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC62271-200 A.C. metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 1kV and up to including 52kV
IEC62271-100 High-voltage alternating-current circuit breakers
IEC62271-105 High-voltage alternating current switch-fuse combinations for rated voltage above 1kV up to and including 52kV

15
RVAC Product Frame

16
 RVAC Outlines and Dimensions

Type K panel dimension Type T panel dimension

1400

1400
110 110
725

725 110 110

452

452
370 800 (12kV) 370 800 (12kV)
870 (24kV) 870 (24kV)

Type V panel dimension Type M panel dimension

530
1740
1740

1400
1400

130 130
603

480 (12kV) 800 (12kV) 750 (12kV) 850 (12kV)

520 (24kV) 870 (24kV) 800 (24kV) 870 (24kV)

17
Basic Installation Diagram

6-Ø14 Unit

25 320 50 E 50 320 50 G
I

H
This row of
mounting holes
B （8# steel channel）

is available
（Chassis）

as an option
A

525
KMTV

370 D 370 F
34.5

23.5
30

The front of the switchgear

Size (mm)

Rated voltage (kV) A B C D E F G H I

12 730 680 633.5 750 700 480 430 62 58
24 800 730 683.5 800 750 520 470 82 8

18
 Recommended Floor Plan

800 (12kV)
Size (mm)
870 (24kV)

The front of the switchgear

1740

1400

10

I II

B
800~1000

M8 x 30

M8 x 30
Chassis

(8# steel (8# steel

Chassis
channel) channel)

23.5

I II

19
 21.4

Sales and Service

Toll Free Hotline:
1800 425 5758

2020

EPQ-CPS-PL-006/May 2020/ Digital