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4 views

CMP24

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jafasoh293
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Auroras[edit]

Magnetometers can give an indication of auroral activity before the light from the aurora becomes visible. A grid of magnetome-
ters around the world constantly measures the effect of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field, which is then published on
the K-index.[39]

Coal exploration[edit]
While magnetometers can be used to help map basin shape at a regional scale, they are more commonly used to map hazards
to coal mining, such as basaltic intrusions (dykes, sills, and volcanic plug) that destroy resources and are dangerous to longwall
mining equipment. Magnetometers can also locate zones ignited by lightning and map siderite (an impurity in coal).
The best survey results are achieved on the ground in high-resolution surveys (with approximately 10 m line spacing and 0.5 m
station spacing). Bore-hole magnetometers using a Ferret[clarification needed]can also assist when coal seams are deep, by using multiple
sills or looking beneath surface basalt flows.[citation needed]
Modern surveys generally use magnetometers with GPS technology to automatically record the magnetic field and their loca-
tion. The data set is then corrected with data from a second magnetometer (the base station) that is left stationary and records
the change in the Earth's magnetic field during the survey.[40]

Directional drilling[edit]
Magnetometers are used in directional drilling for oil or gas to detect the azimuth of the drilling tools near the drill.[41] They are
most often paired with accelerometers in drilling tools so that both the inclination and azimuth of the drill can be found.[41]

Military[edit]
For defensive purposes, navies use arrays of magnetometers laid across sea floors in strategic locations (i.e. around ports) to
monitor submarine activity. The Russian Alfa-class titanium submarines were designed and built at great expense to thwart such
systems (as pure titanium is non-magnetic).[42]
Military submarines are degaussed—by passing through large underwater loops at regular intervals—to help them escape de-
tection by sea-floor monitoring systems, magnetic anomaly detectors, and magnetically-triggered mines. However, submarines
are never completely de-magnetised. It is possible to tell the depth at which a submarine has been by measuring its magnetic
field, which is distorted as the pressure distorts the hull and hence the field. Heating can also change the magnetization of steel.
[clarification needed]

Submarines tow long sonar arrays to detect ships, and can even recognise different propeller noises. The sonar arrays need to
be accurately positioned so they can triangulate direction to targets (e.g. ships). The arrays do not tow in a straight line, so flux-
gate magnetometers are used to orient each sonar node in the array.
Fluxgates can also be used in weapons navigation systems, but have been largely superseded by GPS and ring laser
gyroscopes.
Magnetometers such as the German Foerster are used to locate ferrous ordnance. Caesium and Overhauser magnetometers
are used to locate and help clean up old bombing and test ranges.
UAV payloads also include magnetometers for a range of defensive and offensive tasks.[example needed]

Mineral exploration[edit]
Main article: Exploration geophysics

A Diamond DA42 light aircraft, modified for aerial survey with a


nose-mounted boom containing a magnetometer at its tip
Magnetometric surveys can be useful in defining magnetic anomalies which represent ore (direct detection), or in some cases
gangue minerals associated with ore deposits (indirect or inferential detection). This includes iron ore, magnetite, hematite, and
often pyrrhotite.
Developed countries such as Australia, Canada and USA invest heavily in systematic airborne magnetic surveys of their respec-
tive continents and surrounding oceans, to assist with map geology and in the discovery of mineral deposits. Such aeromag sur-
veys are typically undertaken with 400 m line spacing at 100 m elevation, with readings every 10 meters or more. To overcome
the asymmetry in the data density, data is interpolated between lines (usually 5 times) and data along the line is then averaged.
Such data is gridded to an 80 m × 80 m pixel size and image processed using a program like ERMapper. At an exploration
lease scale, the survey may be followed by a more detailed helimag or crop duster style fixed wing at 50 m line spacing and
50 m elevation (terrain permitting). Such an image is gridded on a 10 x 10 m pixel, offering 64 times the resolution.
Where targets are shallow (<200 m), aeromag anomalies may be followed up with ground magnetic surveys on 10 m to 50 m
line spacing with 1 m station spacing to provide the best detail (2 to 10 m pixel grid) (or 25 times the resolution prior to drilling).
Magnetic fields from magnetic bodies of ore fall off with the inverse distance cubed (dipole target), or at best inverse distance
squared (magnetic monopole target). One analogy to the resolution-with-distance is a car driving at night with lights on. At a dis-
tance of 400 m one sees one glowing haze, but as it approaches, two headlights, and then the left blinker, are visible.
There are many challenges interpreting magnetic data for mineral exploration. Multiple targets mix together like multiple heat
sources and, unlike light, there is no magnetic telescope to focus fields. The combination of multiple sources is measured at the
surface. The geometry, depth, or magnetisation direction (remanence) of the targets are also generally not known, and so multi-
ple models can explain the data.
Potent by Geophysical Software Solutions [1] is a leading magnetic (and gravity) interpretation package used extensively in the
Australian exploration industry.
Magnetometers assist mineral explorers both directly (i.e., gold mineralisation associated with magnetite, diamonds in kimberlite
pipes) and, more commonly, indirectly, such as by mapping geological structures conducive to mineralisation (i.e., shear zones
and alteration haloes around granites).
Airborne Magnetometers detect the change in the Earth's magnetic field using sensors attached to the aircraft in the form of a
"stinger" or by towing a magnetometer on the end of a cable. The magnetometer on a cable is often referred to as a "bomb" be-
cause of its shape. Others call it a "bird".
Because hills and valleys under the aircraft make the magnetic readings rise and fall, a radar altimeter keeps track of the trans-
ducer's deviation from the nominal altitude above ground. There may also be a camera that takes photos of the ground. The lo-
cation of the measurement is determined by also recording a GPS.

Mobile phones[edit]

Tri-axis Electronic Magnetometer by AKM Semiconductor,


inside Motorola Xoom
Many smartphones contain miniaturized microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) magnetometers which are used to detect
magnetic field strength and are used as compasses. The iPhone 3GS has a magnetometer, a magnetoresistive permalloy sen-
sor, the AN-203 produced by Honeywell.[43] In 2009, the price of three-axis magnetometers dipped below US$1 per device and
dropped rapidly. The use of a three-axis device means that it is not sensitive to the way it is held in orientation or elevation. Hall
effect devices are also popular.[44]
Researchers at Deutsche Telekom have used magnetometers embedded in mobile devices to permit touchless 3D interaction.
Their interaction framework, called MagiTac
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