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05 ALGEBRA/ch”kxf.kr
 Square Formula:-  Factor Formula
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab or (a–b)2 + 4ab 1. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
2. (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab or (a+b)2 – 4ab
2. (x – a) (x – b) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab
3. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
4. a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab 3. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a+b+c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
5. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
6. (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2 (a2 +b2) Special Case 1: If a = b = c
7. (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
2 2 then a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
a+b a – b

r
8. ab =   – 
 2   2  thus a3 + b3+ c3 – 3abc = 0

si
9. (a – ab + b ) (a + ab + b2) = a4 + a2b2 +b4
2 2 2

10. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca) Remember

11.
12. an by
a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2 (ab + bc + ca)
2 (ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c)2 – (a2 + b2 + c2)
If a = b = c then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

n
13. (b + c) (c + a) (a + b) + abc = ( a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) Special Case 2: If a + b + c = 0 then
14. a2(b – c) + b2 (c – a) + c2 (a – b) = – (b – c) (c – a) (a – b)
15.
ja
a(b2 – c2) + b (c2 – a2) + c (a2 – b2) = (b – c) (c – a) (a – b) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
R s
16. a3(b – c) + b3 (c – a) + c3 (a – b)
= – (b – c) (c – a) (a – b) (a + b + c) Remember
a th

 Cube Formula:- If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

Special Case 3: a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc

ty a

1. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3 ab2 + b3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)

2. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b)
3. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) 1
di M

= (a + b + c)[(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 ]

4. (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2 b + 3 ab2 – b3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) 2
5. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b)
6. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) What if two number are equal and third number
7. a4 – b4 = (a2)2 – (b2)2 = (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2) is one more than the numbers than.
= (a2 + b2) (a + b) (a – b)
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = a + b + c
Special Case 1: If a2 – ab + b2 = 0 then a3 + b3 = 0
Special Case 2: If a2 + a + 1 = 0 then a3 – 1 = 0 or a3 = 1 Special Case 4:

a b a2 + b2 + c2 – ab–bc–ca
Special Case 3: If + = 1 then a3 + b3 = 0
b a
= 1/2 [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 3d2
A

1 1 1
Special Case 4: If –  then a3 + b3 = 0 Where a,b,c are in A.P and common difference is d.
a b a–b
a b Special Case 5:
Special Case 5: If + = – 1 then a3 – b3 = 0
b a
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
a b 1
Special Case 6: If +  then a3 – b3 = 0 = 1/2 (a+b+c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 9bd2
b a a b
1 Where a,b,c are in A.P. and common difference
Special Case 7: If ab (a + b) = 1 then – a 3 – b3  3
3
a b
3 is d and middle term is b.

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 Function and invers function  Cube Formula:-

1 1
 Square formula:- If x   a&x –  b
x x
1 1
If x  a&x – b 3
x x 1  1  1
 x3    x   – 3 x  
2 2 x3  x  x
1  1  1
 x2   x   – 2  x –  2
x2  x  x 1  1 
3
1
Remember  x3 –   x –   3 x  
x3  x  x
1 Remember
 x2 +  a 2 – 2  b2  2
x2
1
2  x3   a 3 – 3a
 1 1  x3
 x + 4 =  x4 + 4  – 2
4

x  x 
1
 x3 –  b3 – 3a
2
x3

r
1  1 
 x8 + =  x4 + 4  – 2
x8  x  1

si
Special case 1: If x   3 then
1  1 
2
x
x  x  –2
x  x
an by x3 

x3
 3  
3
–3 3 3 3–3 3 0

n
2 2
 1  1
 x    x –   4 Remember
 x  x

ja
2 2 1 1
R s
 1  1  If x   3 then x 3   0 or x 6  –1
 x –   x   – 4 x x3
 x   x
a th

Remember 1
If x   2 then x = 1,
x
1
x   b2  4
x 1
ty a

If x   –2 then x = –1
1 x
x–   a2 – 4
di M

x 1 1  1  1   1
 x+ = a  x5 + 5 =  x2 + 2   x3 + 3  –  x + 
First equation may be given by following type- X x  x  x   x
1
x  3 or x 2 – 3x  1  0 1 1  1  1   1
x  x– = a  x5 – 5 =  x2 + 2   x3 – 3  –  x – 
x x  x  x   x
x2  1
or 3
x 1 1  1 
2

 x+ = a  x6 + 6 =  x3 + 3  – 2
1 1 x x  x 
Special case 1 : If x   2 then x 2  2  0
x x
or x4 + 1 = 0 or x4 = – 1 1 1  1  1   1
 x+ = a  x 7 + 7 =  x 4 + 4   x3 + 3  –  x + 
x x  x  x   x
A

1
Remember  If x   2 then x 4  1  0
x 1 1  1  1   1
 x+ = a  x7 – 7 =  x4 + 4   x3 – 3  +  x – 
1 1 x x  x  x   x
Special case 2 : x    b2  4 & x –   a2 – 4
x x
1 1  1 1
1 1  x+ = k  x 2 – 2 =  x +   x –  = ± k k2 – 4
xn   a then x n – n   a 2 – 4 x x  x  x
xn x

1 1 1 1  1  1
If x n –  b then x n  n   b2  4  x– = k  x 2 – 2 =  x +   x –  = ± k k2 + 4
xn x x x  x  x

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b b2  Quadratic Equation/f}?kkr lehdj.k

 ax + = k  a 2 x 2 + 2 = k 2 – 2ab
x x
1. An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c=0, is called
quadratic equation.
b b2
 ax – = k  a 2 x 2 + 2 = k 2 + 2ab
dksbZ
ax2 + bx + c = 0 izdkj dk lehdj.k f}?kkr
x x
lehdj.k dgykrk gSA
b b
 ax  = k then ax – =  k ² – 4ab
2. Roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
x x

b b lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 ds ewy

 ax – = k  ax + = ± k 2 + 4ab
x x
– b  b2 – 4ac
3 given by  =
b b 2a
 ax + = k  a 3 x 3 + 3 = k 3 – 3kab
x x
2

r
b b3 and β = –b – b – 4ac
 ax – = k  a 3 x 3 – 3 = k 3 + 3kab 2a

si
x x
3. If andare the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c=0
 Componendo & Dividendo
a x
an by ;fn  vkSj lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 ds ewy gks rks

n
If  then
b y
(i) Sum of roots/ewyksa dk ;ksxiQy
ab
ja
xy
R s

a–b x–y –b – Coefficient of x
a th

(  β)  
Special case: a Coefficient of x 2
2ab
If x  then
ab (ii) Product of roots/ewyksa dk xq.kuiQy
ty a

x  2a x  2b
di M

 2 c Constant term
x – 2a x – 2b ( . β)  
a Coefficient of x 2
x y x – y x  y
   2  Or 4. If the roots andare known then the equation
x– y x y x – y
is given by x2 – (+)x +(.)= 0

1 2(a + b)
If x +
1
=
a+ b
+
a– b
then x + = ;fn ewy rFkk Kkr gksa rks lehdj.k
x a– b a+ b x (a – b)

1 x2 – (+)x +(.)= 0 gksxkA

= A 3 a2 + B 3 a + C
  3 2
a – a +1 3
 5. Maximum and Minimum value of a quardratic
A

equation/f}?kkr lehdj.k ds vf/dre rFkk U;wure eku

1 1
A=0;B= ;C =
a +1 a +1 F (x) = ax2 + bx + c
1
= A 3 a2 + B 3 a + C
 3 2
a + a +1 3
4ac – b2
F(x)min = When a < 0 ;
4a
1 –1 4ac – b2
 A=0;B= ;C = F (x)max = When a > 0
a –1 a +1 4a

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Nature of Roots

If b²–4ac = 0 If b²–4ac > 0 & If b²–4ac > 0 & If b²– 4ac<0

(Roots are real a perfect not a perfect (Root are
& equal) square (Roots square (Roots imaginary)
are real, are real,
unequal & unequal &
rational) irrational)

 Sum of Series/Js.kh dk ;ksxiQYk 4. Sum of the cubes of first 'n' natural numbers.

r
1. Sum of first 'n' natural numbers
izFken izkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds ?kuksa dk ;ksxiQy

si
2
n(n + 1)  (n + 1) 
1 + 2 + 3 +.........+ n = 13 + 23 + 33 +...........+n3 = n 
an by
izFken izkÑfrd la[;kvksa
2  2 

Sum of even integers/le iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksxiQy

n
5.

2 + 4 + 6........... + 2n = n (n + 1)

ja dk ;ksxiQYk
n(n + 1)
R s
1 + 2 + 3 +.........+ n =
2 6. Sum of odd integers/fo"ke iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksxiQy
a th

2. Sum of the squares of first 'n' natural numbers. 1 + 3 + 5 + +............(2n – 1) = n2

izFken izkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds oxksaZ dk ;ksxiQy  Division Algorithm/foHkktu ,YxksfjFe

ty a

1. Dividend/HkkT;
= Divisor/Hkktd × Quotient/
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 +..........+ n2 = HkkxiQy
+ Remember/'ks"kiQy
di M

6
Dividend – Remainder
3. Sum of the squares of 'n' natural numbers. 2. Divisor/Hkktd=
Quotient
n izkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds oxksaZ dk ;ksxiQy 3. Remainder/'ks"kiQy
= Dividend/HkkT;
– (Divisor/
Hkktd× Quotient/HkkxiQy
)
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
=
6
A

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