COMMUNITY HEALTH DEVELOPMENT

I. INTRODUCTION:

A. HEALTH AS A MULTI-FACTORIAL PHENOMENON REVIEW

B. COMMUNITY AS CLIENT

C. REVIEW ON THE APPROACHES TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

a. WELFARE APPROACH / Spiritualist / Dole out Approach

b. MODERNIZATION APPROACH / Project Development
c. TRANSFORMATION / PARTICIPATORY APPROACH / Liberative

D. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT

a. COLONIAL PERIOD (15th Century- WWII): Development was defined as relief and
rehabilitation work just to patch up the damages brought about by the war.
 It was indeed a social work but it was a temporary nature of development.

b. POST WWII- Mid 1960’s: development meant “ECONOMIC GROWTH”

 Increased agricultural production
 Increased gross national product

c. Mid 1960’s-1970’s: Development is

i. Industrialization – physical and environmental growth
ii. Redistribution of economic gains – POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT – workers had
to struggle for such because control over the economic gains was in the hands of a
few who wanted to personally own the economic gains.

d. 1980’s: Socio-cultural Development or development of the human specie

e. 1990’s to the Present: Development means

i. Total development or a planned change on all the factors that comprise a community
(SPECEP)
ii. Development is a process and an end in itself

 PROCESS - development is defined as a “planned change” on a slow step by step and committed
pursuit of problem resolution from the point of view of individual, family, community or nation in
order to move away from a life situation that is considered to be unsatisfactory to a situation that is
satisfactory.

 AS AN END TO ITSELF - Development means:

1. Continued/ sustained delivery of goods and services

2. Continuation of local action stimulated by outside programs or agencies
3. Generation of successor services and initiatives as a result of program of project-
built local capacity.
S: Sustainability.
I: Independence and interdependence
E: Empowerment
G: Growth
E: Equitable distribution of natural resources and the fruits or benefits derived
from such natural resources.

E. COMPONENTS OF DEVELOPMENT:
1. Social development
2. Political development
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 3. Economic development.

4. Cultural development

5. Ecological, Environmental/ Physical development

6. Community Health Development

F. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (CD)

1. CD is concerned with all the people of the community, rather than any particular or
segment of the population.
2. CD is concerned with the whole of community life instead of any one specialized
aspect.
3. CD is concerned with bringing about social change in the community
4. CD is concerned with the problem solving of social issues and conflicts.
5. CD is based upon the philosophy of self-help and participation by as many member
of the community as possible
6. CD usually involves technical assistance, personnel, equipment, supplies, money or
consultation from the government or voluntary private organizations, both domestic
and foreign
7. CD is essentially interdisciplinary
8. CD is both a concern task goals and process goals
9. CD involves educational process. It is always concerned with “teaching and
learning” from the people.
10. CD continues over a substantial period of time. It is not a CRASH program, but
rather it is a process.
11. CD program should be based on felt needs, and desires, as well as aspirations of the
people in the community.
12. CD directs participation is open to any resident who wishes to participate.

G. GOALS OF DEVELOPMENT:

1. Educate and motivate people for self -help

2. Develop responsible local leadership in health
3. Inculcate among members of rural communities sense of citizenship and among
urban dwellers of civic consciousness in relation to health.
4. Revitalize institution designed to serve as instruments of local participation.
5. Initiate a self-generative, self-sustaining and enduring process of growth in health.
6. Enable people to establish and maintain cooperative and harmonious relationship.
7. Bring about gradual and self chosen changes in the community’s health with a
minimum of stress and disruptions.

H. OBSTACLES OF DEVELOPMENT:

1. Man himself (ex. Greediness, selfishness, dishonesty, etc)

2. Conditions that are less humane brought about by a number of causes like poverty,
ignorance, ill health
3. Unjust oppressive structures and situations which serves to dehumanize man.
Examples: social injustice and human exploitation
Non-participatory approaches utilized in trying to bring about change.

I. ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT AND COPAR (in

order to prevent the above obstacles to happen)

ASSUMPTIONS PRINCIPLE

1. Issue that threaten people’s lives move them 1. Do not ignore a highly pressing issue that is
to action, therefore; identified by the majority.
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2. Any person is afraid to go against many, 2. Mass-based leadership is imperative
strong and organized people, therefore;

3. People are open to change, have the capacity 3. Provide opportunity to change and capability
to change and are able to bring about change, if to change
given the chance to do so, therefore; 4. Provide them the chance to make
development happen that should lead to a just
and self-reliant community

4. Learning happens fast when one experiences 5. Provide practical true-to-life activities where
something successful, concrete and practical, people will likely succeed. (experiential
therefore; learning)

5. Any person is an image of God, full of worth 6. Let the people decide or allow for consensus
and dignity so he/she is responsible for his own building, instead of making decisions for them
life, therefore;

6. Development is not offered in a silver 7. People who want development to happen

platter, therefore; should strive for it.

7. People who develop the attitude or practice 8. Always conduct ARAS with the people
of self-evaluation every after an activity is able
to identify areas for improvement, therefore;

J. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (COPAR):

An alternative approach to Community Health Development

A. Background of Community organizing in the Philippines:

1. The health Scenario
2. Responses to the health situation
3. The alternative approach: COPAR

B. DEFINITIONS:

ORGANIZING: Is an effective strategy for building people’s capabilities towards self

determination and self reliance.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING (CO): It is a social development approach that aims to

transform the apathetic, individualistic, and voiceless poor into a dynamic, participatory and
politically responsive community.
It also means:

GO IN SEARCH OF YOUR PEOPLE

LOVE THEM;
LEARN FROM THEM;
SERVE THEM;
BEGIN WITH WHAT THEY KNOW
BUILD ON WHAT THEY HAVE;

BUT OF THE BEST LEADERS

WHEN THEIR TASK IS ACCOMPLISHED,
THEIR WORK IS DONE,
THE PEOPLE ALL REMARK,
“WE HAVE DONE IT OURSELVES”

By: LAO TSE

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PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR)

1. It is an investigation of problems and issues concerning the life and environment of the
underprivileged by way of collaboration with them as equal partners.

2. It is a strategy of development where in community needs, conditions and problem are

identified, solutions are planned and priorities are implemented through a partnership
with the community and with the other concerned agencies.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL AND PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH

TRADITIONAL PAR

1. Research for purpose of identifying 1. Research seeks social transformation

And meeting individual need with
Existing social systems.

2. Community problems or needs are 2. The research problems are defined by

Defined by experts or external the community members themselves who
Researchers to community group are viewed as “experts of their own and
considered neutral or non biased. Reality.”

3. The research problem is studied 3. The community group undertakes the

by the researchers who control the investigation or research from data Collection
research process. to analysis. External researchers work
alongside the community group

4. Recommendations for the community 4. The community formulates

are based on the researcher’s recommendations and an action plan
findings and analysis based on research outcome.

THREE (3) CONCEPTS / STEPS OF PAR:

1. Conscientization / Arousal
2. Participation / Organize
3. Action / Mobilization

II . COPAR - is a social development approach and a systematic, continuing process

of people transforming themselves from their “culture of silence” to a
collective voice and action.

A. IMPORTANCE OF COPAR:

1. COPAR is an important approach for community development and people empowerment as

this help the community workers to generate community Participation in development
activities.

2. COPAR prepares people to eventually take over the management of a development

program(s) in the future.

3. COPAR maximizes community participation and involvement.

B. WHY COPAR IS USED AS AN APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT:

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1. COPAR recognizes that individuals and small group with varying interests compose a
community.

2. COPAR acknowledges the importance of leadership but emphasizes the participation of the
members.

3. COPAR is a genuine bottom-up strategy.

4. COPAR attempts to rectify the powerlessness and passivity of the poor.

C. GOALS OF COPAR:

1. People empowerment.
2. Social restructuring which means:
a. Equitable distribution of wealth, power in health and resources.
b. Organize the silent PDOES to speak up
c. Decision making that is now coming from the majority instead of the elite.
3. Alliance building
4. Genuine democracy
5. Improved quality of life.

D. THE ROLES OF THE COMMUNITY ORGANIZERS:

1. AS FACILITATOR:
a. Helps enhance individual and group strengths and helps maximize weakness and
conflicts.
b. Heightens group unity.
c. Assists individuals and group respond to common interests.

2. AS TRAINOR:
a. Assesses training needs of local leaders.
b. Helps plan and conduct educational programs to strengthen individual and group
capabilities.
c. Assists key leaders in training others.
d. Engages in continuous dialogues with people.
e. Helps in remolding the leaders and members in terms of skill and attitudes towards
self-determination.

3. AS ADVOCATES:
a. Helps analyze and articulate critical issues.
b. Assists others to understand and reflect upon these issues.
c. Evokes and provokes meaningful discussions and actions.

4. AS RESEARCHER:
a. Conducts social analysis
b. Engages in participatory research wherein people become co-investigator.
c. Simplifies/enriches appropriate research concepts and skills in order to make these
functional for the people interests.
d. Engages in social integration to understand social phenomena from the people’s
point of view.

5. AS PLANNER:
a. Conducts initial analysis of area resources and potentials
b. Assists local groups in planning for their common good, including appropriate
strategies and alternative actions.
c. Helps systematize groups’ actions to attain desired goals.

6. AS A CATALYST:
a. Initiates debates and actions regarding critical problems.
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 b. Monitors and nurtures growth of individuals and groups to facilitate long term
structural transformation for people’s welfare.

E. QUALITIES OF AN ORGANIZER:

1. Irreverence
2. Sense of Humor
3. Visionary
4. Tenacity
5. Flexibility
6. Genuine Love for People
7. Critical Thinker

F. THE DO’S AND DON’TS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

DO’s:

1. Be one and be familiar with the people you are working with.
2. Have an orientation or faith in the power of people to transform. Have trust in the
people’s capability to change.
3. Be conscious of balancing local and national issues. The entire CO revolves around
concrete local issues as the best starting point for training consciousness and motivation
for action. CO ought not to be limited to local issues because the roots of the local
problems are to found in larger national structures.
4. Assess action on the basis whether they are consensus oriented. CO is democratic and
participatory in all aspects.
5. Anticipate the responses of outside forces and be prepared for this. This is to prepare
both the people and the organizer on what actions to be undertaken. Always prepare
with the people to the incoming problems.
6. If there is conflict between authority and the people, go with the people. This is the
general rule that governs CO.
7. Should there be economic projects as entry point, it must be undertaken within the
context of supporting and sustaining the struggle towards people’s goals, elevating their
awareness and consciousness by inculcating values and a concrete expressions of the
alternative system we are working for.

DON’T’S:

1. Don’t romanticize
2. Don’t be an empiricist.
3. Don’t protect people from hardships.
4. Don’t be dogmatic

III. PHASES OF COPAR

A. PRE ENTRY PHASE (activities done before going to community)

 Initial phase where the CO identifies the community where he/she is going to work with
based on a pre set criteria
 Considered as the simplest phase in terms of actual outputs, activities, strategies and time
spent for it.

CRITICAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE PHASE

1. SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE AREA OR COMMUNITY FOR HEALTH
DEVELOPMENT WORK.

1.1 Criteria for community selection:

A. DOPE COMMUNITY

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 B. Clustered household of at least 100
C. Health services in the site are inaccessible to meet the needs of the community
residents

D. Poor health status of the community

E. Presence of verbalized or requested need from the community

F. Absence or inadequacy of similar health services by any NGO or GO health

agency. If there is an existing agency, the approach that they use is not similar to
COPAR.

1.2. Initial consultation with the LGU’s, existing PO’s and other relevant agencies.
Thus facilitates the CO in:
a. identifying the communities that fit the criteria
b. Initially introducing the importance and goals of community health development
work.

2. PRELIMINARY SOCIAL INVESTIGATION (PSI)

The process of looking systematically for issues which organize people based on actual
situations and experiences of the community.

PURPOSES OF PSI
For the CO to get to know the community he or she is going to immerse and work with and identify
potential issues which might motivate people to action. It must be an issue that:
A. Affect a large number of community folks
B. People affected strongly feel that it is an urgent and important concern
C. Preferably winnable or the people should be able to get what they want.

HOW TO DO PSI:
A. Study the existing documents or reports (secondary data) at the municipal, barangay health
offices and related agencies. Data would include the following:

B. Observe and engage in actual dialogues and informal interviews with key informants of the
community.

C. Collation and analysis of preliminary data in order to identify

 Current needs/problems or issues that highly affect them at the moment and may
galvanize action from them
 Important data needed in a health program but which are not found in the existing
secondary data
 Stage of health development of the community and its health programs and activities
being implemented and the approach being utilized.
 Constraints and problems encountered by other agencies while working in the area.

D. Write-up analysis and formulation of an initial plan which will later serve as a guide for the
CO when he/she facilitates the community in formulating their own development action
plan.

3. Final networking and consultation with LGU’s

Purposes of Courtesy Call:

a. Pay respect to the leaders of the community as a form of initially establishing rapport.

b. To strengthen initial contacts established during community selection and PSI.

c. To introduce the agency being represented in terms of

 Personnel

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  Philosophy, principles of community health development work, objectives and program
components.

d. To evaluate results of analysis or observations to the current needs, problems or

Issues affecting the community, undergoing health programs/activities and strategies
utilized.

e. To know the other municipal and barangay officials, especially the heads of
Offices and other health/non health related agencies based in the same community.

f. To level off expectations with the municipal officials in terms of support, roles etc.

g. Initial discussions planning of some immediate activities upon entry of the program with the
key persons.

4. Ocular survey, informal dialogues with community residents and key informants within
selected community and further contact building.
Importance of Ocular Survey:
a. To identify
 political boundaries,
 points of entry to and exit from the community,
 location of different households, landmarks,
 residence of contact persons
 possible staff house
 barangay hall meeting places, etc.

b. To meet contact persons in the community

c. Conduct initial dialogues with the community residents available and obtain ideas, feelings
and reactions about possible entry of a health agency and about their experiences with
previous agencies.

d. To further identify key contacts who were not identified earlier.

5. Orientation of Agency Community Health Workers

Content of Orientation:

B ENTRY PHASE
 This signals the actual entry and immersion of the CO in the selected community
 Also termed as the social preparation and critical awareness building phase and it is
considered as the most crucial phase because it includes major activities on sensitizations of
the people on the critical events on their lives.

CRITICAL ACTIVITIES

A. COURTESY CALLS AND SENSITIZATION of Formal and Informal Leaders at

the selected Barangay to:

1. Recognize the important role of the local authorities, especially in relation to

mobilizing the community members of health activities later on.
2. To establish rapport or a trusting relationship with them
3. Discuss initial plans such as:
 community visits,
 immersion, settling down,
 utilization of participatory approach to community health development work.

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B. COMMUNITY/SOCIAL INTEGRATION- it is a basic continuing activity by
which the CO becomes one with the poor through immersing self in the community
in order to;

A. Get to know their

 Culture
 Economy
 Leaders
 History
 Lifestyle of the community more deeply

B. Be accepted as a community resident

C. Respected the people and recognize the positive aspects of their culture
that give them the strength to struggle.

D. Understand how the people analyze their own situation, and

E. Modify their own values and lifestyle in keeping with that of the community

Guidelines in Community Integration:

1. The health worker’s appearance, speech, behavior and lifestyle should be

keeping with those of the community residents, without disregard of his/her
being a model

2. Avoid raising the expectation of the community residents by adopting a low key
profile and approach
3. Live with the poor sectors of the community for at least three months

4. Visit as many people as possible in the community through house to house visits
answering house calls to avoid creating jealousies and factions

5. Participate in direct production and social activities of the people as well as

household chores

6. Seek out and converse with people where they usually congregate such as in the
stores, wells, washing streams, church or house yards

7. Avoid too much drinking and NO drinking

8. Avoid flirting with male and female community folks

9. Share people’s housing, food, entertainment and meetings

C. LEADER SPOTTING and CORE GROP FORMATION

 Laying down the foundation of a strong people’s organization by bringing together
several of the most advanced indigenous leaders to exchange knowledge and
insights towards a deeper understanding on the dynamics of society.

 CORE GROUP – a group of people initially identified as leaders

(key persons and opinion leaders) with the following
characteristics:

a. Share high level of interest and needs and are open/willing to share
needs and interests with others on a collective basis.

b. Manifest attitudes/values of integrity and credibility in words and in

Actions.

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 c. Open to know more and gain skills

d. Committed to share time and resources

e. Express willingness to act on something, solve problems and needs collectively

f. Share similar vision, goals and values with that of the people

FUNCTIONS OF A CORE GROUP

1. Serve as the initial contact group of the community development

worker/CO

2. performs the initial action/ mobilization of the community

3. Later on be selected as officers of the People’s organization (P.O.) or

Become chairs of the different working committee

4. Helps the CO gather data for a community, spot additional potential

leaders and prospective members for the community wide organizational
representatives of the various sectors.

5. Helps in laying out plans and tasks for the formation and maintenance
community wide organization

SOCIOGRAM – a systematic process of identifying indigenous leaders in the

community who can facilitate change process.

 Sociogram helps the people to:

a. Identify key persons, opinion leaders and deviants/isolates in the community

 KEY PERSON – star in the sociogram. The person who is most approach
by many people. An obvious leader, a person/ people from whom the CO has
to win support and train the local CO or the alter ego.

 OPINION LEADER – person who is approached by the KP and is therefore

the person behind the key person’s ideas and opinions, In other words, the
adviser of KP.

 DEVIANT/ISOLATE – a person who is not or never approached by any

view community members.

b. Get the identified indigenous leaders to express their support to the COPAR
approach, its phases and activities.

D. TENTATIVE PROGRAM PLANNING

An activity in which the CO:
 Choose one major issue or concerns identified during the PSI and works on it
with the community leaders, while waiting for the result of DSI
 Closely coordinates with existing local community health workers in relation to
health service delivery especially attending to common ailments as a “come on”
activity to community organizing.

*In areas where there are no volunteers, home visit will be done by the CO
himself/herself.

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 *In areas where there are trained community health volunteers, the CO plans with
them regarding shared home visit, where the community volunteer health worker act
as the frontline and the CO helps to enhance skills of the volunteer worker.

E. GROUNDWORKING
 A basic tactic used in community organizing work where the CO goes around and
motivate peoples and identified leaders on a one to one basis to do something about
an issue at hand or to raise a particular issue during a barangay meeting.
 To mind set community leaders and residents about a particular issue.
F. COMMUNITY MEETING/CONSULTATION
The first of a series of community meetings that will be held during this phase with
the following objectives:

A. To get the people’s collective ideas and feelings about the entry of the agency
to their community in terms of acceptability or unacceptability.

B. To formally introduce to the community the agency’s purpose/objectives,

philosophy, principles, objectives,and program components and the COPAR
approach that will be utilized.

C. To present the initial results of investigation, particularly the PSI result

D. To evoke from the community residents about their vision of a happy family
and developed community in the light of their analyzed situation.

G. COMMUNITY STUDY (DEEPENING SOCIAL INVESTIGATION MAKING

USE OF PAR)
A systematic process of collection , collation and analysis of primary and secondary
data not reflected in the PSI in order to:

1. Further draw a clearer picture about the community

2. Have a basis for planning and organizing activities
3. Determine the correct approach and method of organizing.

COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS (CDx)

Output of the community study or deepening social investigation which is defined as
both profile and a process.

 As a profile, a CDx is a description of the community’s state of health as

determined by its SPECEP factors

 As a process, the CDx is a continuous learning experience for both the

agency and the community.

- For the agency- it learns to alter its initially drafted plans and programs in order
to adapt to the results of the community analysis.

- For the community- it allows them the opportunity to gradually understand

their own situation and the potential advantages that change can bring about.

- As a continuous activity in all the phases of COPAR, social investigation goes

on even if there is already an existing CDx

GUIDELINES/POINTERS IN CONDUCTING SOCIAL INVESTIGATION

1. This activity can be well facilitated if the CO has well integrated with and has
acquired the trust of the people.

2. For this to be considered as a truly participatory study, community leaders can

be trained to assist the CO worker in the study.

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 3. The use of survey questionnaire is discouraged as much as possible due to the
following possible reasons:

o Dishonesty of data that will be given especially if the worker has not yet
fully integrated with the people.
o Difficulty of the community folks and leaders in reading and answering
usually very long questionnaires.
o Previous experience of community folks with traditional researchers that
leave them a feeling of being subjects of study instead of being active
participants of the study
o Data can be more effectively gathered through information methods like
casual conversation and the use of participatory appraisal tools

4. Validation of community data should be done regularly.

C. ORGANIZATIONAL BUILDING PHASE

 After the formation and training of a core group, the other members of the community are
encouraged to join and form a formal structure and the inclusion of more formal procedures
of Planning, Implementation, monitoring and Evaluating community wide activities.
 Community organization facilitates community participation health and health related
development activities.

CRITICAL ACTIVITIES:

1. COMMUNITY MEETINGS OR ASSEMBLIES in preparation for organizational building

 These are series of community gatherings where all community members or
household representatives are enjoined to attend to the following purposes;
- Collectively discuss, agree, plan, or act on something that they have already
decided or thought about individually.
- To give the community folks their collective power and confidence to act on
something.
- To draw up guidelines for the organization like:
*To formulate their vision
*To identify possible obstacles that block them from achieving such vision
*To formulate their mission, goals and objectives.
*To collectively decide on the activity they are going to do after the formulation
of their goals and objectives.
*To evoke from them the characteristics and qualifications of a leader of a
specific committee.
*To select from among the chairs and members of the different committee
*To formulate names for each of the committees of the group that they have
formed based on their identified tasks
*To discuss roles of the leaders and be approved by the community residents
*The roles, functions and tasks of PO members and officers should be clearly
defined before PO is organized.

2. Training and education of PO leaders

3. Setting up the PO – the formation of a community wide organization requires preparation in two
equally important aspects:

a. Legal requirement-organization of constitution and by-laws, registration papers,

guidelines for election of officers, financial statements, etc.
b. Technical requirement-formation of committees

4. Team building activities

CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATION:

1. It is a group of individual

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 2. It has an internal structure
3. new leaders continually emerge
4. Raises its own funds by using their own resources

D. COMMUNITY ACTION PHASE

ACTIVITIES
1. Organization and training of the different committees
2. Project implementation, monitoring and evaluation based on CDAP
3. Action-Reflection-Action-Session
 A regular cycle of evaluation which largely focuses on self reflection about
one’s contribution to the success and failure of an activity and what one can
do to enhance or improve future similar activity/actions.

Objectives:
a. For an individual or group to identify and celebrate their own strengths related to an
activity just completed
b. For them to critically analyze the cause of mistakes and failures in that particular
activity, so that consequent suggestion can be done, thus, they will be more capable
of effectively transforming the next activity and their daily errors in life.
c. To relieve the pains experienced due to errors or mistakes due to behaviors of others
in the community.
d. To reconcile hurt feelings among the members of the group.

E. SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING/

CONSOLIDATION/INSTITUTIONALIZATION
 This refers to the continuous effort of the CO to undertake consolidation of
the organization of members with the following task:
1. Ensuring regular conduct of organizational meeting
2. Facilitate enhancement of financial management system
3. Deliberate plan to develop the leaders to be self reliant
4. Development of 2nd liners as future leaders
5. Assistance to the organization in establishing networks with
other sectors (local, national, international, GA, NGA

The word INSTITUTIONALIZATION also stresses two ideas: process and institution. When we
talk of institution, it suggest that a permanent structure has been established wherein a process has
taken place to achieve its present state.

In the process of institutionalizing community based organization, there are several steps that
should be undertaken:

1. Networking/Linkage Building
a. It involves establishing of working relationship with different agencies other
organization/sectors
b. Community based organization can form network or federation to enhance their
organization capabilities and widen their support base.
c. It is in phase that when the organization has attained unity and ability for collective
decision-making, consolidation and expansion activities can be pursued.

2. Consolidation/Expansion
Consolidation means more advanced skills training, higher form of mobilization, integrated
and long term program/projects, additional committees and tasks.

Expansion means an increased membership, wider area/work coverage, establishing

linkages with other groups.

3. Phase out/Pull out of the organizing program

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**The relationship between the CO and the people is temporary. If the goal of empowering the
community is achieved, then roles of the outside organizer end and shift to a supportive role.

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